AIR POLLUTION – MONITORING MODELLING AND HEALTH

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184 Air Pollution <strong>–</strong> Monitoring, Modelling and Health described by Turnbull et al. (2009). It was shown that the addition of fossil fuel, 14 C-free CO 2 had the greatest influence on the spatial distribution of Δ 14 CO 2 . In addition, 14 CO 2 produced by nuclear reactors caused local enhancement in Δ 14 CO 2 in some samples. Δ 14 CO 2 increases by 5± 1.0% across the transect from 40 0 E to 120 0 E (Fig. 5) and this difference is significant at the 99% confidence level. The magnitude of the Δ 14 CO 2 gradient is consistent with the dispersion of fossil fuel CO 2 emissions produced in Europe and atmospheric transport across northern Asia dispersing and diluting the fossil fuel plume. The observed isotopic change implies a gradient of 1.8 ppm of fossil fuel derived CO 2 (assuming a -2.8‰ change in Δ 14 CO 2 per ppm of fossil fuel CO 2 added). Δ 14 CO 2 measurements from Niwot Ridge, Colorado, USA (NWR, 40.05° N, 105.58° W, 3475 m.a.s.l.) representing relatively clean free troposphere, give a mean Δ 14 CO 2 value of 66.8±1.3‰ for 3 sampling dates during the time of the TROICA-8 campaign (grey bar in Fig. 5). The Eastern Siberian part of the TROICA transect shows values (62.8±0.5‰) most similar to the NWR value, consistent with an easterly dilution of the fossil fuel content in boundary layer air away from the primary source, but suggesting that some influence from the European fossil fuel CO 2 source remains in the Eastern Siberian air mass. Fig. 5. Δ 14 CO 2 as a function of longitude. Closed diamonds are the clean air Δ 14 CO 2 dataset. Open symbols indicate samples that may be influenced by either nuclear reactor effluent (triangles) or local city pollution (circles). The shaded bar indicates the Niwot Ridge Δ 14 CO 2 value measured over the same time period and its 1-sigma error envelope. Modeled estimates for each sampling time and location have been done on the basis standard (solid line) and fast (dashed line) mixing (see Turnbull et al., 2009). 3.6 Volatile organic compounds Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured in a number of expeditions (Elansky et al., 2000; Elansky et al., 2001a). VOCs were retrieved analyzing sorbent samples or in air samples pumped into stainless-steel canisters. These measurements can be performed in mobile or stationary chemical laboratories.
Train-Based Platform for Observations of the Atmosphere Composition (TROICA Project) 185 Among all campaigns, the highest VOC mixing ratios were observed in summer 1999. Extremely high levels and unusual distribution of pollutants during TROICA-5 were caused by the abnormally torrid weather that led to intense evaporation of organic substances and a high atmospheric oxidative capacity. In the TROICA-6 experiment the mixing ratios of a number of VOCs which are important for understand of reactivity of many species were measured using a proton massspectrometer (Elansky et al., 2001a). The highest VOC mixing ratios in this campaign along the Murmansk-Kislovodsk railroad, were seen in vicinities of cities of Novocherkassk, Ryazan', Moscow and St. Petersburg. A spring zonal VOC gradient associated with a northward decrease in biogenic emissions was revealed (Table 2) over the unpolluted rural areas. Substance Gradient, ppb /1000 km Methanol 2.37 ± 0.11 Acetonitrile 0.08 ± 0.01 Acetaldehyde 0.23 ± 0.03 Acetone 0.89 ± 0.04 Isoprene, vegetable alcohols 0.06 ± 0.01 C-pentane 0.03 ± 0.01 Benzene 0.07 ± 0.01 Toluene 0.05 ± 0.01 C8-benzenes 0.03 ± 0.01 C9-benzenes 0.07 ± 0.01 Table 2. Zonal gradient of VOC mixing ratios for TROICA-6 Kislovodsk-Murmansk route (May 27-29, 2000). Detailed Trans-Siberian VOC measurements were carried out using PTR-MS during summer experiment TROICA-12 (Timkovsky et al., 2010). Figure 6 shows a spatial distribution of isoprene from Moscow to Vladivostok. This plot in particular demonstrates an influence of meteorological conditions on isoprene levels. If for the Eastern transect the weather over most of the Trans-Siberian railroad was warm and sunny, the weather was colder and less sunny of the back route (Westward). Due to these weather difference biogenic emissions in boreal and broad-leaved forests at the East of the continent on Eastern transect were more active compared with western transect which can be clearly seen in the Fig. 6. Anthropogenic emissions are mostly ‘weather independent’. Observations of benzene and toluene which are connected with industrial activities or transport do not show difference between two transects of campaign. Most of peaks in the mixing ration of these compounds are associated with cities and industrial centers.
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AIR POLLUTION - MONITORING, MODELLI
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Contents Preface IX Chapter 1 Urban
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Preface This book provides a compre
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AIR POLLUTION – MONITORING MODELLING AND HEALTH

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