AIR POLLUTION – MONITORING MODELLING AND HEALTH

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180 Air Pollution <strong>–</strong> Monitoring, Modelling and Health Fig. 3. Mean daily variations of ozone mixing ratio along Moscow <strong>–</strong> Vladivostok route. 3.3 Carbon compounds CO, CO 2 and CH 4 Observations of carbon dioxide and methane were used to study natural and anthropogenic sources of these important long-lived greenhouse gases. Taking into consideration diversity of ecosystems across the Eurasian continent and very limited availability of the stationary observations, train based observations can be used to validate emission inventories used for atmospheric greenhouse gas modeling. Carbon monoxide (CO) mixing ratios were detected continuously using an automated infrared absorption gas filter correlation instrument TE48S instrument (Thermo Electron
Train-Based Platform for Observations of the Atmosphere Composition (TROICA Project) 181 Corp). It allows for measuring background CO mixing ratios at a level of less than 100 ppb with the total uncertainty of ±10 ppb. Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) measurements were carried out in situ using a differential nondispersive infrared analyzer LI-6262 (LiCor, USA). The measurement range is 0−3000 ppm. The outputs from the analyzer were averaged over 10-min periods and reported in ppm on a dry air basis. The accuracy of the measurements is ±1 ppm. Mixing ratios of CH 4 and non-methane hydrocarbons (NMHC) were measured with APHA- 360 instrument (Horiba Company, Japan). This gas analyzer separates CH 4 and NMHC using selective catalytic absorbers and measures gas mixing ratios with a flame-ionization detector. The total uncertainty of CH 4 and NMHC mixing ratio measurements doesn’t exceed ±5 ppb. To supply the flame-ionization detector with hydrogen necessary for its operation, the instrumentation set included hydrogen generators of different types. Observation of CO, CH 4 and CO 2 averaged over 10 degrees latitude for different seasons are presented in Fig. 4. The plot shows no systematic large scale gradient either Eastward or Westward in CO 2 spatial distribution. Analysis of CO 2 diurnal variations (Belikov et al., 2006) demonstrated that high CO 2 mixing ratios are observed during night-time, when vegetation and soil respiration fluxes are intensive and mixing is weak, so that CO 2 is accumulated in the boundary layer under temperature inversions. In industrial regions CO 2 from anthropogenic sources is accumulated as well. CO 2 peaks in many cases are accompanied by the accumulation of anthropogenic CH 4 . Important findings on the key greenhouse gases and CO distribution and variability are summarized in the number of papers (Oberlander et al., 2002; Belikov et al., 2006, Tarasova et al., 2005a and Tarasova et al., 2005b). Below the results are presented for rural areas, where anthropogenic emissions do not influence observed mixing ratios. Mean CO mixing ratio equals to 0.210.03 ppm for the cold periods. For warm periods, the mean CO mixing ratio is significantly lower, 0.120.03 ppm. This seasonality is controlled by CO sink in the reaction with OH in summer, which is rather typical for unpolluted stations in the mid latitudes (Tarasova et al., 2005b). CO distribution function is a bit broader for winter, showing bigger variability around the average than in summer months. Such variability is connected with a higher stability of the PBL in winter than in summer, which leads to irregular accumulation of CO from local sources along the train track. Different shape of the distribution function is observed for CO 2 in different seasons (Belikov et al., 2006). If in winter CO 2 distribution is quite narrow and most of values are in the range 380-400 ppm, then in summer period, active biosphere causes substantial variations in CO 2 mixing ratio, especially under the influence of strong surface temperature inversions. The mean summertime CO 2 mixing ratio is 37634 ppm. Excess of the winter CO 2 levels over the summer ones demonstrates that biosphere in the studied latitudinal belt of Russia servers as a sink for CO 2 . Nevertheless, summer peaks in CO 2 (e.g. under night temperature inversions or in the zones of biomass burning) exceed winter CO 2 levels which are primarily controlled by anthropogenic sources. The frequency distribution of CH 4 mixing ratios is similar to that of CO 2 (Tarasova et al., 2005a; Belikov et al., 2006); however, the CH 4 mixing ratio depends on the surface temperature inversions to a lesser degree than CO 2 mixing ratio does.
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AIR POLLUTION - MONITORING, MODELLI
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Contents Preface IX Chapter 1 Urban
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Preface This book provides a compre
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AIR POLLUTION – MONITORING MODELLING AND HEALTH

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