AIR POLLUTION – MONITORING MODELLING AND HEALTH

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178 Air Pollution – Monitoring, Modelling and Health systems for collection of gas and aerosol samples and instruments for express chemical analysis of some samples (gas chromatographs, mass-spectrometer, x-ray fluorimeter); integrated (combined with GIS) PC-system for data collection; communication TV and audio systems For some special experiments various instruments belonging to the partner institutions were deployed, namely, multi-channel chromatograph ACATS-IV (NOAA-ESRL, Hurst et al., 2004); proton-transfer-reaction mass spectrometer (MPIC); different mobility particle sizer, air ion spectrometer, humidity – tandem differential mobility analyzer (UH); particle into liquid sampler with ion chromatograph, aethalometer (FMI); and some others. A computerized integrated instrumentation set was developed for continuous atmospheric observations on the basis of the mobile laboratory. Detailed description of the used instruments can be found in the TROICA related publications. It is important to estimate the degree of influence of the leading train and of oncoming trains in the area where the measurements are performed for adequate interpretation of the results obtained from the TROICA mobile observatory. Detailed analysis of the collected dataset showed that measurements performed on board of the laboratory moving along electrified railroads (air samples are taken above the roof just after locomotive) is capable of reflecting the principal peculiarities of the background state of the atmosphere over the continent. However, under calm conditions with nighttime temperature inversions, air pollution along the route can be accumulated within the boundary layer and in these cases a railroad can be considered as an enterprise polluting the atmosphere (Panin et al., 2001). Therefore prior to the analysis of the phenomena of different scale all data were separated into several groups representing different pollution conditions, namely polluted (urban and industrial) and unpolluted (rural) route sections. The special and temporal features of trace gases variations were analyzed for each group separately. 3. Gases and aerosol over the continent 3.1 Surface ozone variations Most of the observations were performed along the Trans-Siberian railroad covering a belt of the North-Eurasia between 48 o and 58 o N and 37 о and 135 о Е (exclusive of the Khabarovsk- Vladivostok zonal route section). The entire data file was divided into two groups of data corresponding to polluted areas (towns/villages and industrial regions) and unpolluted areas. The regions with the NO and CO mixing rations lower than 0.4 ppb and 0.2 ppm, respectively, were taken as the unpolluted areas; the rest regions were considered as the polluted ones. Surface ozone mixing ratio was measured with 1008RS and 1008AH gas analyzers Dasibi. These instruments are based on the photometric method. They are capable of measuring mixing ratios in the range from 1 to 1000 ppb with a total uncertainty of ±1 ppb. Analysis of the data of all expeditions shows that minimum ozone mixing ratios were observed in the boundary layer under nighttime temperature inversions. Maximum mixing ratios were always associated with daytime conditions which are favorable for ozone generation. The spatial distribution of ozone is characterized by slight zonal gradient to the
Train-Based Platform for Observations of the Atmosphere Composition (TROICA Project) 179 East with a magnitude of 0.47±0.02 ppb per 10 degrees longitude. Such a spatial gradient is probably due to increasing availability of precursors toward the eastern part of the country (biogenic СН 4 and VOC emissions in Siberia, forest fires, transport of ozone precursors from China), intensive air exchange between stratosphere and troposphere over east continental regions, and some other factors (Crutzen et al., 1998; Elansky et al., 2001b; Golitsyn et al., 2002; Markova & Elansky, 2002). Analysis of the campaign averaged ozone mixing ratios under unpolluted conditions showed that spring campaigns are characterized by the highest ozone mixing rations. This is likely to be connected with intensive stratosphere–troposphere exchange (Shakina et al., 2001), bringing ozone from the stratosphere, especially at the eastern part of the continent. The absence of the pronounced summer maximum, which is often reported for the stations in the Central Europe, indicates that photochemical ozone production in temperate latitudinal belt of the substantial part if Eurasia is weak and that ozone destruction under powerful continental temperature inversions plays very important role. Diurnal variations of the surface ozone mixing ratio averaged over several expeditions and over the whole expedition route (Fig.3) confirm an important role of vertical mixing and ozone destruction on the surface by pronounced morning minimum and daily maximum (re-build ozone levels due to the developed mixing in the boundary layer). Comparison of the diurnal variations for different seasons allowed estimation of the average rate of ozone dry deposition over extended continental regions: 0.08 and 0.65 cm/s on the surfaces covered and not covered with snow, respectively (Elansky et al., 2001b). 3.2 Nitrogen oxides variations Nitrogen oxides distribution along the route is characterized by high and quite localized peaks, associated with main anthropogenic emission sources (Markova et al, 2004). The city plumes stretch over several tens of kilometers and, under some conditions, can reach even several hundreds of kilometers (e.g. under stable atmospheric stratification with slow mixing in the boundary layer). The NO and NO 2 mixing ratios were measured in different expeditions either with TE42C- TL instrument (Thermo Electron Corp., USA) or with M200AU instrument produced by Teledyne Corp. (USA). Both instruments are based on the chemiluminescent method. The minimum NO and NO 2 mixing ratios detectable with these instruments are 0.05 ppb allowing for measurements under unpolluted conditions. Numerous anthropogenic emission sources in the latitudinal belt 48-58 o N lead to the excesses in the NO and NO 2 mixing ratios averaged over this part of the route (all data) above NO and NO 2 mixing ratios measured at background (unpolluted) conditions. The excess in NO 2 mixing ratio is less pronounced than the one in NO mixing ratio (Markova et al, 2004) due to the fact that NO is a primary form for nitrogen oxides emission while NO 2 is already oxidized and diluted. There was no strong seasonal cycle detected in the NOx mixing rations. Diurnal cycle of NOx is also weak in the considered latitudinal belt, except for the NO mixing ratio which is enhanced during the daytime over small and large cities as a result of household heating. Burning of the dry grass in spring and autumn can have some impact on NOx levels as well.
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AIR POLLUTION - MONITORING, MODELLI
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Contents Preface IX Chapter 1 Urban
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Preface This book provides a compre
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AIR POLLUTION – MONITORING MODELLING AND HEALTH

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