AIR POLLUTION – MONITORING MODELLING AND HEALTH

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106 Air Pollution <strong>–</strong> Monitoring, Modelling and Health Fig. 16. Sources influencing Istanbul for a) wintertime primary sources, b) summer secondary and natural sources, and potential impacts of Istanbul on c) wintertime primary sources and d) summertime secondary and natural sources Kocak et al. (2011). 6.6.1 Surface ozone variations in Istanbul Surface ozone is a secondary pollutant produced by a series of complicated photochemical reactions involving NO x and HCs in the present of intense solar radiation. The first measurements of surface ozone at two sites in Istanbul (Kadikoy and Aksaray as seen in Fig.1)) were studied by Topcu & Incecik (2002 and 2003). They showed that ozone levels do not show yet episodic values in the city. But, when meteorological conditions are favorable such as when Istanbul and its surrounding region were dominated by an anticyclonic pressure system, ozone levels becomes high. During conducive ozone days, southerly and south-westerly winds with low speeds (
Air Pollution in Mega Cities: A Case Study of Istanbul 107 evaluated the highest ozone concentrations in Istanbul. They observed in summer periods having sunny days and maximum temperatures above 25 °C, and the episodes were mainly characterized by south-westerly surface winds during the day and north-easterly surface winds during the night. A modeling study conducted by Im et al. (2011a) showed that a NO x -sensitive ozone chemistry is more pronounced in the northern parts of the city that are characterized by forested areas with high biogenic VOC emissions. Furthermore, the high anthropogenic NO x emissions in the urban parts leads to response of ozone more to changes in NO x , agreeing with the findings of Im et al. (2008). 400 Kadıkoy O 3 ( g/m 3 ) 300 200 100 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 400 Sarachane O 3 ( g/m 3 ) 300 200 100 0 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Fig. 17. Daily peak ozone concentrations measured in Aksaray (Sarachane) and Kadikoy. Furthermore, an assessment of the wind field simulations for a case study in explaining the ozone formation mechanism over Istanbul is performed by Anteplioglu et al., 2003. In this study, meteorological conditions favorable for high ozone concentrations appear when Istanbul and the surrounding region are dominated by an anticyclonic pressure system. During the ozone favorable days, south and south-westerly winds with low wind speed influence Istanbul. In addition to the examining of the available monitoring air quality data in the city, surface ozone concentrations and NO, NO 2 were measured first time at three different sites one is on the island (Prince’s Island or Büyükada) as background site; semi urban site, Kandilli just over the Bosphorus and as a nearby major high way site (Goztepe DMO). Figures 18a,b and 19a,b present the time serious of the data for the major high way and background stations (Incecik et al., 2010). The assessment of meteorological variables has shown that the production and destruction of the surface ozone was highly related to temperature and wind speeds. In urban and rural areas emissions of NO decrease ozone concentrations in the absence of solar radiation due to the reaction O 3 , NO, NO 2 and NO x . Conversely, O 3 concentrations show comparatively less diurnal variability in rural areas due to the absence of high NO x emission sources.
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AIR POLLUTION - MONITORING, MODELLI
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Contents Preface IX Chapter 1 Urban
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Preface This book provides a compre
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AIR POLLUTION – MONITORING MODELLING AND HEALTH

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