Are You suprised ?

T.R. 

PRIME MINISTRY 

STATE PLANNING ORGANIZATION 

UNDERSECRETARIAT 

EASTERN ANATOLIA PROJECT 

MASTER PLAN 

CURRENT SITUATION AND ANALYSIS 

VOLUME IV 

LOCAL CHARACTERISTICS, 

SETTLEMENTS, 

GENERAL EVALUATION 

PREPARED BY 

CONSORTIUM 

ATATÜRK UNIVERSITY 

FIRAT UNIVERSITY 

İNÖNÜ UNIVERSITY 

KAFKAS UNIVERSITY 

YÜZÜNCÜYIL UNIVERSITY 

2000

CONTENTS 

I 

Pages 

6.1. CULTURE AND TOURISM 001 

6.1.1. Development of Tourism in the World and in Turkey 001 

6.1.2. Natural and Cultural Resources of the Region 002 

6.1.2.1. Natural Resources 002 

6.1.2.2. Cultural Sources 012 

6.1.3. Tourism Enterprises 022 

6.1.3.1. The Number of Tourists Who Stay in Touristic 

Facilities 023 

6.1.4. Significance of Iranian Tourists 025 

6.1.5. The Relations Between Turkey and Nahçõvan-Azerbaijan 027 

6.1.6. Main Approach for the Development of Tourism in the Region 027 

6.1.6.1. High Level of Accessability 028 

6.1.6.2. Terms of the Tours 028 

6.1.6.3. Decreasing Transportation Expenses to the Minimum 029 

6.1.6.4. Safety of the Journeys 029 

6.1.6.5. A Comfortable Tourism 029 

6.1.6.6. Activities that Support Tourism 030 

6.1.7. Crisis; Framework Conditions 031 

6.1.8. Evaluation 033 

6.1.8.1. Tourism Planning 034 

REFERENCES 035 

AP1: Tourism Potential in the Provinces According to the Provincial 

Tourism Inventory and Tourism Development Plan 

Prepared by the Ministry of Tourism 036 

AP2: Certified Tourism Assets in the Eastern Anatolia Region 044 

AP3: SAP (Southeast Anatolia Project) Tourism Proposals 076 

6.2. TRADITIONAL HANDICRAFTS 081 

6.2.1. Weaving 081

6.2.1.1. Carpet 081 

6.2.1.2. Rug 082 

6.2.1.3. Cecim 085 

6.2.1.4. Ehram 086 

6.2.1.5. Gej 087 

6.2.1.6. Shawl 087 

6.2.1.7. Siirt Blanket 088 

6.2.1.8. Bristle Tent 088 

6.2.1.9. Harik 088 

6.2.1.10. Manusa 089 

6.2.1.11. Çit Printing 089 

6.2.1.12. Natural Dyes 089 

6.2.2. Knitting and Embroidery 090 

6.2.2.1. Needle Embroidery 090 

6.2.2.2. Bead Embroidery 091 

6.2.2.3. Sock Knitting 091 

6.2.3. Arts Related with Stone and Soil 091 

6.2.3.1. Oltu-Stone Carving 091 

6.2.3.2. Stone and Marble Working 092 

6.2.3.3. Pots and Pans 093 

6.2.4. Arts Based on Wood 093 

6.2.4.1. Cane Manufacturing 093 

6.2.4.2. Wooden Objects Manufacture 094 

6.2.5. Arts Based on Metal 094 

6.2.5.1. Coppersmith 094 

6.2.5.2. Blacksmith 095 

6.2.6. Jewellery and Glaziery 095 

6.2.6.1. Jewellery 095 

6.2.6.2. Glass for Chandelier 096 

6.2.7. Arts of Toys 096 

6.2.7.1. Folkloric Toy Baby Manufacturing 096 

6.2.7.2. Üzerlik 096 

II

7.0. SETTLEMENTS (URBANIZATION, RURAL AND 

URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE AND HOUSING IN EAP REGION) 099 

7.1. FACTORS IDENTIFYING THE PATTERN OF SETTLEMENTS 

OF THE REGION 102 

7.1.1. The Effects of Natural Disasters on Settlements 108 

7.1.2. The Seismism of the Eastern Anatolia 108 

7.1.3. The Analysis of Avalanche Risk towards the Settlement Areas 114 

7.1.3.1. Past Avalanche Phenomena in the Project Region 114 

7.1.3.2. Avalanche on Regional Scale 119 

7.1.3.3. Result 124 

7.1.3.4. Proposals 125 


APPENDICES : CITIES WHERE IMPORTANT AVALANCHE 

PHENOMENA OCCURED IN THE PROJECT REGION 

AND AVAILABLE INFORMATION 128 

7.1.4. Flood 146 

7.1.4.1. Analysis of Flood Risk towards the Settlements Areas 146 

7.1.4.2. Flood Incidents in Respect to Cities 147 

7.2. SETTLEMENT CONFIGURATION OF THE REGION 162 

7.2.1. Rural Settlements 162 

7.2.1.1. Density of Villages in the EAP Region 165 

7.2.1.2. EAP Region Villages According to Foundation Places 168 

7.2.1.3. Villages of EAP Region in Respect to Structures 169 

7.2.1.4. Villages of EAP Region in Respect to Their Populations 170 

7.2.2. Evacuated Rural Settlements 173 

7.2.2.1. Rural Development Projects 174 

7.2.3. Urban Settlements 174 

7.2.3.1. Urban Population Development in the Provinces of EAP 

Region 174 

7.2.3.2. Functional Structure of Provinces in the EAP Region 180 

III

7.2.4. Distribution of Urban Settlements 184 

7.2.5. Urban Hierarchy 186 

7.3. PLANNING STUDIES IN THE URBAN SETTLEMENTS 195 

7.4. URBAN AND RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE 209 

7.4.1. Infrastructure for Drinking Water and Water for Use in Urban 

Settlements 209 

7.4.2. Drinking Water and Water for use in the Rural Settlements 215 

7.4.3. Sewerage Infrastructure in Urban Settlements 219 

7.4.4. Sewerage Infrastructure in Rural Settlements 224 

7.5. HOUSING 225 


AP 1: Natural Structure That Affects The Settlement 237 

AP 2: Urban Hierarchy And Transportation 238 

AP 3: Demographic And Socioeconomic Structure 239 

AP 4: List of Central Villages and Their Population in the EAP Provinces 241 

AP 5: Maps of Central Villages and Municipalities in Respect to Provinces 253 

8.0. ENVIRONMENT 271 

8.1. ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES AND ENVIRONMENTAL 

PROBLEMS 271 

8.1.1. Air Pollution 271 

8.1.1.1. Urbanization 272 

8.1.1.2. Industrialization 273 

8.1.2 Quality of Air in the Region According to Pollution Elements 274 

8.1.2.1. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Concentrations 274 

8.1.2.2. Particle Material (PM) Concentrations 274 

8.2. NOISE 276 

8.2.1. Sources of Noise 277 

8.2.1.1. Noise in Residential Areas 277 

IV

8.3. WATER POLLUTION 279 

8.3.1. Water Quality Evaluations 279 

8.3.1.1. Surface Water Quality 283 

8.3.2. Wastewater 307 

8.3.2.1. Industrial Wastewater 307 

8.3.2.2. Residential Wastewater 315 

8.4. SOIL POLLUTION 316 

8.4.1. Sources of Soil Pollution 316 

8.4.2. Soil Problems in the Eastern Anatolia Region 316 

8.4.2.1. Erosion 316 

8.4.2.2. Utilization of Soil for Non-Agricultural Purposes 319 

8.4.2.3. Stony Fields, Wetness and Aridity 319 

8.4.2.4. Salinity and Sodification 320 

8.4.2.5. Fertilizers and Application of Fertilizers 323 

8.4.2.6. Pesticides 324 

8.4.2.7. Soils with Boron 325 

8.4.2.8. Eastern Anatolia Water Basin Rehabilitation Project 326 

8.4.3. Solid Waste 331 

8.4.3.1. Residential Solid Waste 331 

8.4.3.2. Hospital Waste 333 

8.4.3.3. Industrial Solid Waste 334 

8.5. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 337 


AP 1: 

Table A1.1: Main Sources of Environmental Pollution in Erzurum 343 

Table A1.2: Main Sources of Environmental Pollution in Erzincan 343 

Table A1.3: Main Sources of Environmental Pollution in Van 343 

Table A1.4: Main Sources of Environmental Pollution in Elazõğ 344 

Table A1.5: Main Sources of Environmental Pollution in Malatya 344 

Table A1.6: Main Sources of Environmental Pollution in Kars 345 

Table A1.7: Main Sources of Environmental Pollution in Gümüşhane 345 

Table A1.8: Main Sources of Environmental Pollution in Tunceli 345 

V

AP 2: 

Table A2: Quality Standards of Surface Water in Turkey 346 

AP 3: 

Table A3: Potable Water Quality Standards to Protect Fish Life 

in the European Union 347 

AP 4: Water Quality in Some Dams and Lakes in the Project Scope 348 

Table A4.1: Lake Van,Water Quality (Sampling Locations V1, V2,V3,, 1994) 348 

Table A4.2: Lake Van, Water Quality (Sampling Locations V4, V5,V6,, 1994) 349 

Table A4.3: Lake Van, Water Quality (Sampling Locations V7, V8,, 1994) 350 

Table A4.4: Lake Van, Water Quality (Sampling Locations V1,V2,V3, 1995) 351 












Table A4.16: Average Chemical Qualities of Lake Van Water 363 

Table A4.17: Keban Dam, Eyüp Bağlarõ Pumping Station, Year-1997 

Quality Observations 364 

Table A4.18: Keban Dam Eyüp Bağlarõ Pertek Station Year-1997 


Table A4.19: Keban Dam, Çemişgezek Station Year-1997 Quality Observations 366 

Table A4.20: Lake Hazar In front of Tekevler Year-1996 Quality Observations 367 

Table A4.21: Lake Hazar In front of Sivrice District Year-1996 


Table A4.22: Lake Hazar In front of Tekevler Year-1997 Quality Observations 369 

Table A4.23: Lake Hazar, SHW Facilities Water Enterence Year-1996 


Table A4.24: Lake Hazar, SHW Facilities Water Enterence Year-1997 


AP 5: Water Quality of Some Rivers and Streams in the Scope of the Project 372 

Table A5.1: Murat River, Palu Station Year-1997 - Quality Observations 

(Stations No: 21-09-00-096) 372 

VI

Table A5.2: Munzur River, Melekbahçe Station Year-1997 - Quality 

Observations (Stations No: 21-09-00-099) 373 

Table A5.3: Peri River, Loğmar Station Year-1996 – Quality Observations 

(Stations No: 21-09-00-098) 374 

Table A5.4: Peri River, Loğmar Station Year-1997 – Quality Observations 

(Stations No: 21-09-00-098) 375 

Table A5.5: Elazõğ Haringet Stream-Bridge (Bef. Discharge Treatment Plant) 

Year-1996 Quality Observations (Stations No: 21-09-00-038) 376 

Table A5.6: Elazõğ Haringet Stream-Bridge (Bef. Discharge Treatment Plant) 


Table A5.7: Elazõğ Haringet Stream (Bef. Discharge Treatment Plant) 


Table A5.8: Elazõğ Haringet Stream (After Discharge Treatment Plant) 


Table A5.9: Lülük Stream in Which Elazõğ Sugar Factory Wastewater 

Discharged Year 1996 Quality Observations 

(Stations No: 21-09-00-038) 380 

Table A5.10: Lülük Stream in Which Elazõğ Sugar Factory Wastewater 

Discharged Year 1997 Quality Observations 

(Stations No: 21-09-00-038) 381 

Table A5.11: Ferrochrome Factory Wastewater Year-1996 Quality 


Table A5.12: Ferrochrome Factory Wastewater Year-1997 Quality 


Table A5.13: Bingöl Gayt Irrigation 1996-1997 – Quality Observations 384 

Table A5.14: Bingöl Göynük Irrigation 1996-1997 – Quality Observations 385 

Table A5.15: Elazõğ Kuzova Cip Irrigation 1996-1997 – Quality Observations 386 

Table A5.16: Malatya Deme- Sahnahan Irrigation A 1996-1997 – Quality 

Observations 387 

Table A5.17: Malatya Yazõhan-Sahnahan ( R-C) Irrigation 1996-1997 – 


Table A5.18: Malatya Polat Irrigation 1996-1997 Quality Observations 389 

Table A5.19: Erzurum and Neighborhood Surface Water Quality 

Observation Results 390 

Table A5.20: Erzurum and Kars Neighborhoods Surface Water Quality 

Observation Results 391 

AP 6: 

Table A6.1: Physical and Chemical Analysis Results of Elazõğ Central District 

Deep Wells 392 

Table A6.2: Chemical Analysis Results of Well Waters in Uluova 395 

VII

TABLES 

VIII 

Pages 

Table 6.1.1: Priority List of Tourists who Came to Turkey in the Year 1998, 

According to their Countries 002 

Table 6.1.2: Turkish Skiing Centers 003 

Table 6.1.3: Number of Skiing Centers and Visitors in Turkey 004 

Table 6.1.4: Physical Data Regarding to the Current and Potential Skiing 

Centers in and Around Erzurum 005 

Table 6.1.5: Current Situation and Planned Facilities in the Centers which 

Have Potential for Winter Sports and Skiing Center 010 

Table 6.1.6: Immovable Assets that Belong to Museums 014 

Table 6.1.7: Distribution of Cultural Assets According to the Provinces 015 

Table 6.1.8: Cultural Activity Equipment of the Region 016 

Table 6.1.9: Visitor Situation of Museums of the Region 017 

Table 6.1.10: Situation of Plays and Audience of the State Theatres 

in the Region 018 

Table 6.1.11: The List of The Works Done in The Provinces of The East 

Anatolia Region in The Years 1997 and 1998 and The list of 

The Payments For The First Six Months of The Year 1999 020 

Table 6.1.12: The List of Investment Projects of the Ministry of Culture 021 

Table 6.1.13: Projects Under The Control of The Gen. Dir. of Foundations 021 

Table 6.1.14: Capacity of Touristic Beds in The Region 022 

Table 6.1.15: Number of Municipality Certified Facilities and Beds 

in The Provinces of the Region (1997) 022 

Table 6.1.16: Number of Guests and the Nights Spent in the Facilities 

Certified as Touristic and Municipality Certified Facilities, 

According to the Provinces 024 

Table 6.1.17: Top Five Provinces That Host Foreign Tourists in the Region 025 

Table 6.1.18: Top Six Provinces That Host Local Tourists in the Region 025 

Table 6.1.19: The List of Iranian Tourists who Entered Turkey 

according to the Custom Gate Used (1998) 026 

Table 6.1.20: Transportation Modes Used by the Iranian Tourists 

Who Visit Turkey 027 

Table 6.2.1. Enumeration of Ehram Weaving in the EAP Region According 

to Work 086 

Table 6.2.2. Cane Manufacturing in Bitlis Province 093 

Table 7.1.1: Distribution of The Provinces According to the Earthquake 

Regions 108 

Table 7.1.2: Avalanche Phenomena Occurred in Turkey between 

1950 and 1997 118 

Table 7.1.3: Locations of Avalanche Phenomena Occurred in Turkey 

between 1960 and 1996 and Records of Casualties 119

Table 7.1.4: Meteorological Data Recorded at Bitlis State Meteorology 

Station on 5-11 February 1992 123 

Table 7.1.5: Instantaneous Wind Velocities Recorded at Bitlis State 

Meteorology Station on 9-10 February 1992 123 

Table 7.1.6: Avalanche Disaster Occurred at Üzengili, Bayburt on January 

1993 and Its Destruction 123 

Table 7.1.7: Physical Parameters Related to the Avalanche Path Occurred 

at Üzengili, Bayburt 123 

Table 7.1.8: Avalanche Phenomena Occurred at Van and Surroundings 128 

Table 7.1.9: Avalanche Phenomena Occurred at Tunceli and Surroundings 129 

Table 7.1.10: Avalanche Phenomena Occurred at Muş and Surroundings 131 

Table 7.1.11: Avalanche Phenomena Occurred at Malatya and Surroundings 132 

Table 7.1.12: Avalanche Phenomena Occurred at Kars and Surroundings 133 

Table 7.1.13: Avalanche Phenomena Occurred at Hakkari and Surroundings 134 

Table 7.1.14: Avalanche Phenomena Occurred at Gümüşhane and 

Surroundings 135 

Table 7.1.15: Avalanche Phenomena Occurred at Erzurum and Surroundings 136 

Table 7.1.16: Avalanche Phenomena Occurred at Erzincan and Surroundings 137 

Table 7.1.17: Avalanche Phenomena Occurred at Elazõğ and Surroundings 138 

Table 7.1.18: Avalanche Phenomena Occurred at Bitlis and Surroundings 139 

Table 7.1.19: Avalanche Phenomena Occurred at Bingöl and Surroundings 141 

Table 7.1.20: Avalanche Phenomena Occurred at Bayburt and Surroundings 144 

Table 7.1.21: Avalanche Phenomena Occurred at Ağrõ and Surroundings 145 

Table 7.2.1: Distribution of Rural Settlement Places in EAP Region 

in Respect to Provinces 162 

Table.7.2.2: Distribution of Villages and Central Villages in the EAP Region 

in Respect to Provinces (1997) 165 

Table 7.2.3: Status of Number of Villages per 1000 km 2 in EAP Region 

in Respect to Provinces 166 

Table 7.2.4: Distribution of Villages in EAP Region in Respect to Foundation 

Places 168 

Table 7.2.5: Distribution of Villages in EAP Region in Respect to Type of 

Villages 170 

Table 7.2.6: Number of Villages in the Provinces of the EAP Region 

in Respect to Population Groups ( As of 1997) 171 

Table 7.2.7: Average Village Populations of the Provinces in 

the EAP Region (1997) 171 

Table 7.2.8: Evacuated Rural Settlements in the EAP Region 173 

Table 7.2.9: Development of Urban Population in the Provinces of 

the EAP Region (1960- 1997) 175 

Table.7.2.10: Population Development in Urban Settlements of 

the EAP Region Having Population More Than 20,000 176 

Table 7.2.11: Sectorial Distribution of Active Population in the Cities of 

the EAP Region Having Population More Than 20,000 (1990) 181 

Table 7.2.12: Provinces, County, District and Village Settlements in 

the EAP Region 188 

IX

Table 7.3.1: Planning Status in the Municipalities of EAP Region 197 

Table 7.4.1: Settlements with Completed Water Infrastructure 210 

Table 7.4.2: Drinking Water and Water for Use in Rural Settlements 218 

Table 7.4.3: Ratio of Rural Settlement Places Having Sufficient Drinking 

Water and Their Population to the Total Settlement Places and 

Total Population (1997) 219 

Table 7.4.4: Sewerage Infrastructure in Urban Settlements 

(City and District Centers) in the EAP Region 221 

Table 7.4.5: Status of Sewerage in Rural Settlements 225 

Table 7.5.1: Household Population in the Settlements of the EAP 

Region Having Population More Than 20,000 226 

Table 7.5.2: Residence Stock and Farseeing for Necessity of It in 

the Settlements Having Population More Than 20,000 227 

Table 7.5.3: Buildings Constructed in the EAP Region and in Turkey 

(per 1,000 People) 228 

Table 7.5.4: Projects Built by Social Housing Administration 229 

Table 7.5.5: Projects Credited to Municipalities by Social Housing 

Administration 229 

Table 7.5.6: Projects Credited to Cooperative Organizations by 

Social Housing Administration 230 

Table 7.5.7: Applications Credited under Housing Assistance Fund (HAF) 

by Social Housing Administration 231 

Table 7.5.8: Disaster Houses in the Provinces of the EAP Region 232 

Table 7.5.9: Inventory of Village Roads 232 

Table 7.5.10: Inventory of Drinking Water in Villages 233 

Table 8.1.1: SO2 Concentrations (µg/m 3 ) As Winter Time Averages in 

Measurements Between 1990-1998 274 

Table 8.1.2: Particle Material Concentrations (µg/m 3 ) As Winter Time 

Averages in Measurements Between 1990-1998 275 

Table 8.1.3: Change in Average Hydrocarbon Quantity in Erzurum 276 

Table 8.1.4: NOx Concentrations (µg/m 3 ) Measured in Winter Season 

in 1990 in Different Locations in Erzurum 276 

Table 8.2.1: Number of Working People Working in Different Levels of 

Noise in Industries That Have Made Noise Measurements 277 

Table 8.2.2: The Locations of Noise Measurements and the Levels 

of Noise Determined in Erzurum 277 


of Noise Determined in Erzincan (1995) 278 


of Noise Determined in Van 278 

Table 8.3.1: Characteristics of Rivers in the Project Area 280 

Table 8.3.2: Lakes and Water Reservoirs in the Project Area 281 

Table 8.3.3: Dam Lakes Under Construction in the Project Area 281 

Table 8.3.4: Dam Lakes in Exploration-Master Plan and 

Planning-Engineering Stages in the Project Area 282 

Table 8.3.5: Distribution of Water Surface According to Provinces 283 

X

Table 8.3.6: Measured Heat, Dissolved Oxygen, Oxygen Saturation Rate, pH 

and Light Permeability in Eastern Bay of the Lake Van 287 

Table 8.3.7: Analysis Results at Points Where Streams Flow into 

Karakaya Dam Lake 289 

Table 8.3.8: Some Pollution Parameters Taken Samples From 

Karakaya Dam Lake 290 

Table 8.3.9: Summary of Measurements and Results Performed during 

August 1991 and July 1992 Between Palu-Elazõğ part of 

Keban Dam Lake 294 

Table 8.3.10: Physical and Chemical Analysis Results of Water Samples 

Taken From Hazar Lake in April 1996 297 

Table 8.3.11: Physical and Chemical Analyses Results of Water Samples 

Taken From Hazar Lake in May 1996 298 

Table 8.3.12: Malatya Province Kaptaj and Network Water Chemical Analysis 

Results (1997 April-May Average) 302 

Table 8.3.13: Malatya Province Network Water Analysis Results (Feb. 1998) 302 

Table 8.3.14: Malatya Province Water Hygiene Studies (1997) 302 

Table 8.3.15: Elazõğ Province Water Hygiene Studies (1998) 303 

Table 8.3.16: Test Results for Parameters Affecting Drinking Quality of 

Elazõğ City Network Water 304 

Table 8.3.17: 1 B Industrial Group Wastewater Amount Discharged into 

Receiving Environment According to Provinces in 

Project Area (1994) 308 

Table 8.3.18: 1 A Industrial Group Wastewater Amount Discharged into 

Receiving Environment According to Provinces in 

Project Area (1994) 309 

Table 8.3.19: The Distribution of Primary Industrial Enterprises Affecting the 

Environment Across Provinces in the Region 310 

Table 8.3.20: Completed, On-going and Planned Organized Industrial Zones 

and Small Industrail Sites in the Region 310 

Table 8.3.21: Water Pollution Caused by the Most Important Industrial 

Activities 311 

Table 8.3.22: Analysis Results of Composite Samples Taken from Elazõğ 

Elet Integrated Meat Plant 312 

Table 8.3.23: Analysis Results of Daily Composite and Canal Samples from 

Elazõğ Mill Products Enterprise 314 

Table 8.3.24: Micro-biological Analysis Results of Elazõğ City Wastewater 

Collection and Treatment Facility in June and July Months 

(microorganism/mL ) 315 

Table 8.3.25: Wastewater Pollution Evaluations of the Provincial Centers 

in the Scope of EAP 316 

Table 8.4.1: Areas That Have Problems in Elazõğ Province Lands 319 

Table 8.4.2: Fertile Lands Used as Residential Areas in the Urban Centers 

in the Scope of the Eastern Anatolia Project 320 

Table 8.4.3: The Area Occupied by Industrial Enterprises and Their 

Connection to Agricultural Land 320 

XI

Table 8.4.4: Limit Values of Parameters in Soils That Have Problems 321 

Table 8.4.5: The Status of Salty Soils 321 

Table 8.4.6: Soil Reactions According to pH Values 321 

Table 8.4.7: Soil Analysis Results Taken from Urban Centers in the Scope 

of the Eastern Anatolia 322 

Table 8.4.8: Soils That Have Problems in Elazõğ Province and Quality 

Parameters of Irrigation Water 322 

Table 8.4.9: Fertilizers Applied to Agricultural Lands in the Provinces 

in the Scope of the Eastern Anatolia Project and Their Quantity 323 

Table 8.4.10: Fertilizers Used and Their Quantity in the Agricultural Lands of 

the Provinces in the Scope of the Eastern Anatolia Project 324 

Table 8.4.11: Residual Amounts of Chlorodazon in Agricultural Soil of Elazõğ 325 

Table 8:4.12: Residual Amounts of pp- DDT in Agricultural Soil of Elazõğ 325 

Table 8.4.13: Residual Amounts of Trifluralin in Agricultural Soil of Elazõğ 325 

Table 8.4.14: The Eastern Anatolia Water River Basins Rehabilitation Project 

Physical Evaluation of Elazõğ 327 

Table 8.4.15: The Eastern Anatolia Water River Basins Rehabilitation Project 

Physical Evaluation of Malatya 329 

Table 8.4.16: 1990 Populations of City Centers in the Eastern Anatolia Region, 

Their Collected Solid Waste Amount in Summer and Winter 

Seasons (kg/day) and the Present Situation of the 

Method of Treatment 333 

Table 8.4.17: Daily Collected Garbage Amount and Per Capita Garbage 

Amount of Elazõğ City and its Districts 333 

Table 8.4.18: Waste Type Generated by Industrial Groups and Amount of 

Those Being Recycled, Sold and Eliminated According to City 

Centers 335 

Table 8.4.19: Eliminated Material Amount and Elimination Methods of 

Industrial Groups According to City Centers 336 

GRAPHS 

XII 

Pages 

Graph 6.2.1: The Number of Carpet Looms and Workers in the EAP Region 082 

Graph 6.2.2: Number of Rug Loom and Worker in the EAP Region 085 

Graph 7.1.1: Depth of Snow, Maximum Daily Temperature and Minimum 

Temperature Change in Previous Day Recorded at Van, Hakkari, 

Elazõğ, Palandöken and Ağrõ State Meteorology Station 120 

Graph 7.1.2: Hydrography of Baykan Flood in Bitlis Stream 156 

Graph 7.1.3: Hydrography of Karasu-Karaköprü Flood 156 

Graph 7.1.4: Hydrography of Zidan D.Koç Flood 157 

Graph 7.1.5: Hydrography of Harşit Bridge Floods in Harşit 157

MAPS 

XIII 

Pages 

Map 7.1.1: Regions and Provinces of Turkey 103 

Map 7.1.2: Altitute Zones 104 

Map 7.1.3: Climate Zones 105 

Map 7.1.4: Geological Structure 106 

Map 7.1.5: Earthquake Status 107 

Map 7.1.6: Historical Earthquakes in Turkey 110 

Map 7.1.7: Major Tectonic Lines and Distribution of Macro-Earthquake 

Epicenters 111 

Map 7.1.8: Earthquake Regions in Turkey Eastern Anatolia 

Fault Zone (EAFZ) 112 

Map 7.1.9: Areal Distribution of Avalanche Regions in Turkey 116 

Map 7.1.10: Points on Which Avalanche Falled in the Avalanche 

Disaster of February 1992 and the Number of Casualties 117 

Map 7.1.11: Isohyet Map Recorded at Tatvan on 1 April 1969 158 

Map 7.1.12: Flood Regions 159 

Map 7.1.13: Area Covered by Floods on 1 April 1969 160 

Map 7.1.14: Isohyet Map Obtained from the Rain Falling on River Basin 161 

Map 7.2.1: Distribution of Central Villages in Respect to Provinces in 


Map 7.2.2: Number of Villages per 1,000 km 2 As of Provinces in 


Map 7.2.3: Average Village Population of the Provinces in 


Map 7.2.4: Provinces of The Eastern Anatolia Region 178 

Map 7.2.5: Urban Centers in The Eastern Anatolia Region and 

Transportation Connections 179 

Map 7.2.6: Sectorial Distribution of Active Population As of 

Provinces Having Population More Than 20,000 (1990) 183 

Map 7.2.7: Important Urban Centers in the EAP region 193 

Map 7.2.8: Socioeconomic Development Ranking of the Provinces 194 

Map 8.1.1: Main Industrial Activities Leading to Water Pollution 273 

Map 8.3.1: Keban Dam Site Where the Research Was Conducted 293 

Map.8.4.1: Turkish Protective Measures Map 318

ABBREVIATIONS I 

APK Research, Planning and Coordination 

EAP Eastern Anatolia Project 

EAR Eastern Anatolia Region 

GDP Gross Domestic Product 

GNP Gross National Product 

HDI Human Development Index 

HEB Higher Education Board 

HUNEE Haccettepe University Population Studies Institute 

VHS Vocational High School 

MCHFP Mother and Child Health and Family Planning 

MNE Ministry of National Education 

MPHS Multi-program High School 

MYO Vocational Higher School 

ODTÜ/METU Middle East Technical University 

ÖSYM Student Selection and Placement Center 

PSD Primary School with Dormitory 

RPBS Regional Primary Boarding School 

SIS State Institute of Statistics 

SMEs Small and Medium Size Enterprises 

SPO State Planning Organization 

SSK Social Security Institution 

TPHR/TNSA Turkey Population and Health Research 

TÜBİTAK Turkish Science and Technical Research Institution

ABBREVIATIONS II 

ACC Agricultural Credit Cooperative 

AGM General Directorate of Forestration 


DHMİ State Airport Administration 



EİE Electrical Power Research & Survey Administration 

FU Fõrat University 

GDRA General Directorate of Rural Affairs 

GSMO Grain Storage and Marketing Organization 

KHGM General Directorate of Rural Affairs 

OGM General Directorate of Forest 

ORKOY General Directorate of Forest-Village Affairs 

SAP Southeastern Anatolia Region 

SEEs/KİT State Economic Enterprises 

SHW State Hydraulic Works 



TİGEM General Directorate of Agricultural Enterprises 

TKB Development Bank of Turkey 

TKV Development Foundation of Turkey 

TMMOB Turkish Union of Chambers of Engineers and Architects 

TÜBİTAK Turkish Science and Technical Research Institution 

YYU Yüzüncü Yõl University 

DEBAG Marine Science Resarch Grouph

ABBREVIATIONS III 


BİB Ministry of Reconstruction and Settlements 

DHMİ State Airport Administration 



EKKP Erzurum Integrated Rural Development Project 

FTZ Free Trade Zone 

GDP/GSYİH Gross Domestic Product 

GNP Gross National Product 

GDTEC General Directorate of Turkish Electrical Company 

ITO Istanbul Trade Chamber 

KGM/GDH General Directorate of Highways 

KOSGEB Administration for Developing Small and Medium Size Enterprises 

MIT Ministry of Industry and Trade 

MRS Ministry of Reconstruction and Settlement 

MTA Mineral Research and Exploration 

RTÜK Radio and television High Council 

SAP/GAP Southeastern Anatolia Region 



SMEs/KOBİ Small and Medium Size Enterprises 


TBB Bank Association of Turkey 

TCDD General Directorate of Turkish State Railways 

TEDA Turkish Electricity Distribution Agency 

TDÇİ Turkish Iron and Steel Enterprises 

TGM General Directorate of Wireless Communication 

TKİ Turkish Coal Enterprises 

TPAO Turkish Petroleum Joint-Stock Company 

TTK Turkish Hardcoal Enterprises 

TÜBİTAK Turkish Science and Technical Research Institution 

TÜSIAD Association of Turkish Manufacturer 

UFT Undersecretary of Foreign Trade 

UT Undersecretary of Treasury

ABBREVIATIONS IV 

ARİ Flow Observation Station 

BP Bank of Provinces 

EPRSA Electrical Power Research & Survey Administration 



EAFZ Eastern Anatolia Fault Zone 

GDDA General Directorate of Disaster Affairs 

GDH General Directorate of Highways 

GDRA General Directorate of Rural Affairs 

GDSM General Directorate of Statues and Museums 

MC Ministry of Culture 

ME Ministry of Environment 

MIT Ministry of Industry and Trade 

MRS Ministry of Reconstruction and Settlement 

MT Ministry of Tourism 

MRE Mineral Research and Exploration 

NAFZ Northern Anatolia Fault Zone 

NEAFZ Northeastern Anatolia Fault Zone 

SAP Southeastern Anatolia Region 

SEAFZ Southeastern Anatolia Fault Zone 




TÇV Turkish Environment Foundation 

TEMA Erosion Control and Forestation Foundation 

TMMOB Turkish Union of Chambers of Engineers and Architects 

TÜBİTAK Turkish Science and Technical Research Institution

PERSONS WHO TOOK A RESPONSIBILITY IN THE EASTERN ANATOLIA 

PROJECT (EAP) MASTER PLAN STUDIES* 

MEMBERS OF PRIME MINISTRY STATE PLANNING ORGANISATION 

UNDERSECRETARIAT EAP MASTER PLAN STEERING AND 

EVALUATION COMMITTEE 

İsmail SARICA Chairman, Regional Development and Structural Adjustment 

General Director 

Refet TURTİN Chairman, Vice General Director 

Lütfi ELVAN Priority Development Regions Department Head 

Cavit DAĞDAŞ Financial Markets Department Head 

Erhan USTA Finance Department Head 

Zeynep Ada EROĞLU Financial Markets Department Head 

Adil TEMEL Strategic Researches Department Head 

Zafer Ali YAVAN Economic Models Department Head 

Hayri YÜRÜR Agriculture Department Head 

Abdüllatif TUNA Industry Department Head 

Osman Olcay GÜNEĞİ Infrastructure and Services Department Head 

Rõfkõ ÜNAL Legal Measures and Institutional Arrangement Department Head 

Cüneyd DÜZYOL Project, Investment Evaluation and Analysis Department Head 

Recep DUMANLI Social Policies Department Head 

Mustafa DEMİREZEN Human Resources Development Department Head 

İsmail Hakkõ YÜCEL Social Physical Infrastructure Department Head 

Mehmet TEKİN Social Researches Department Head 

Mustafa DÖNMEZ European Union Policies Department Head 

Nuri BİRTEK Bilateral Economic Relations Department Head 

Danyal AŞIK Regional Development Department Head 

Mehmet KONTAŞ Social Policies Department Head 

İstiklal ALPAR Social Physical Infrastructure Department Head 

Nezih KAYNAR Economic Models Department Head, Expert 

Ramazan GÜVEN Finance Department Head, Expert 

SPO REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT 

GENERAL DİRECTORATE EAP MASTER PLAN WORKING GROUP 

İsmail SARICA Chairman, Regional Development and Structural Adjustment 

General Director 

Lütfi ELVAN Priority Development Regions Department Head 

Mustafa EPİKMAN Coordinator 

Cemalettin KAYMAK Coordinator 

Nevin SORGUÇ Coordinator 

Necla UĞURLU Coordinator 

Necati EŞSİZ Coordinator 

Mehmet ÇIRAK Coordinator 

Ayşe ÖZÇÖREKÇİ Coordinator 

* According to titles at the time of their responsibility. 

i

MEMBERS OF EAP IMPLEMENTATION BOARD 

Name and Last Name University Date of Start Date of End 

Prof. Dr. A. Feyzi BİNGÖL 

Prof. Dr. Eyüp G. İSBİR 

Fõrat 

07 August 2000 


31 December 2000 


Prof. Dr. Yaşar SÜTBEYAZ 

Prof. Dr. Erol ORAL 

Atatürk 





Prof. Dr. Fatih HİLMİOĞLU 

Prof. Dr. Ömer ŞARLAK 

İnönü 





Prof. Dr. Necati KAYA 

Prof. Dr. Nihat BAYŞU 

Kafkas 

03 November 1998 



02 November 1998 

Prof. Dr. Yücel AŞKIN 

Prof. Dr. Cengiz ANDİÇ 

Yüzüncü Yõl 

26 April 1999 



25 April 1999 

EAP GENERAL COORDINATORS 


Prof. Dr. A. Feyzi BİNGÖL Fõrat 07 August 2000 31 December 2000 

Prof. Dr. Eyüp G. İSBİR Fõrat 27 August 1998 06 August 2000 

EAP UNIVERSITY COORDINATORS 


Prof. Dr. Asaf VAROL Fõrat 27 August 1998 31 December 2000 

Prof. Dr. Yõlmaz ÖZBEK Atatürk 27 August 1998 31 December 2000 

Prof. Dr. Satõlmõş KAYA İnönü 27 August 1998 31 December 2000 

Prof. Dr. Hasan CEYLAN Yüzüncü Yõl 27 August 1998 31 December 2000 

Ass. Prof. Dr. Şaban MARAŞLI Kafkas 27 August 1998 31 December 2000 

ii

PROJECT MANAGERS AND THEIR ASSISTANTS IN THE EAP CONSORTIUM 

Prof. Dr. Yunus SERİN Crop Production (Atatürk University) 

Dr. Ayhan ÜNLÜ Environment (Fõrat University) 

Prof. Dr. Vehbi ÇELİK Education (Fõrat University) 

Ass. Prof. Dr. Mehmet GÜROL Education (Fõrat University) 

Prof. Dr. Hamza GÜNDOĞDU Handicrafts (Atatürk University) 

Dr. Münevver ÜNSAL Handicrafts (Yüzüncü Yõl University) 

Prof. Dr. Muhammet KÖKSAL Energy (İnönü University) 

Instructor. Abdi KURT Communication (Fõrat University) 

Prof. Dr. Nazir DUMANLI Animal Husbandry (Fõrat University) 

Prof. Dr. Cahit KALKAN Animal Husbandry (Fõrat University) 

Ass. Prof. Dr. Metin BAYRAKTAR Animal Husbandry (Fõrat University) 

Ass. Prof. Dr. Osman DEMİRDÖĞEN Manufacturing and SME (Atatürk University) 

Prof. Dr. Mahmut ATAY Women and Family (Fõrat University) 

Dr. Ömer AYTAÇ Women and Family (Fõrat University) 

Prof. Dr. Abdülselam ULUÇAM Culture and Tourism (Yüzüncü Yõl University) 

Dr. Kadir KOŞAN Culture and Tourism (Atatürk University) 

Prof. Dr. Feyzi BİNGÖL Mining (Fõrat University) 

Ass. Prof. Dr. Erol ÇAKMAK Financial Structure and Banking (Atatürk University) 

Dr. Berna İPEKTEN Financial Structure and Banking (Atatürk University) 

Prof. Dr. Sebahattin GÜLLÜLÜ Population Structure and Employment (Atatürk 

University) 

Dr. Sevil ÖNER Population Structure and Employment (Atatürk 

University) 

Prof. Dr. Zeki YAHYAOĞLU Forestry (Kafkas University) 

Prof. Dr. Sõrrõ KILIÇ Health (Fõrat University) 

Ass. Prof. Dr. Erkan PEHLİVAN Health (İnönü University) 

Prof. Dr. Sõtkõ ARAS Water Products (Atatürk University) 

Prof. Dr. Bülent ŞEN Water Products (Fõrat University) 

Ass. Prof. Dr. Osman ÇETİNKAYA Water Products (Yüzüncü Yõl University) 

Prof. Dr. Cevat GERNİ Trade and Construction (Atatürk University) 

Dr. Hayati AKSU Trade and Construction (Atatürk University) 

Prof. Dr. Vahap YAĞANOĞLU Soil and Water Resources (Atatürk University) 

Dr. Mehmet TUĞAL Transportation (Fõrat University) 

Dr. C. Emin EKİNCİ Transportation (Fõrat University) 

Prof. Dr. Hayati DOĞANAY Settlement (Atatürk University) 

Dr. Kerem KARABULUT Settlement (Atatürk University) 

Assistant Murat KARABATAK Project Assistant (Fõrat University) 

Assistant Erkan TANYILDIZI Project Assistant (Fõrat University) 

iii

EASTERN ANATOLIA PROJECT MASTER PLAN 

PLAN GROUP 

Prof. Dr. Orhan KUNTAY Manager; Tourism and Culture, Urban Development, 

Women and Family, Handicrafts (Gazi University) 

Prof. Dr. Servet MUTLU General Consultant; Scenarios, General Analyses 

Regarding Plan and Implementation, Manufacturing 

Industry, Financial Structure, Banking and Finance 

(Başkent University) 

Prof. Dr. Gazi ÖZHAN Scenarios for Regional Development Based upon 

Input-Output Analysis (Ankara University) 

Ass. Prof. Dr. Meral ÖZHAN Scenarios for Regional Development Based upon 

Input-Output Analysis (Hacettepe University) 

Bengü DUYGU Objectives and Strategies, Rural Development, Women 

and Family, Handicrafts 

Instructor Dr. Demet EROL Development of Human Resources, Population, Health, 

Education (Gazi University) 

Nadir İZGİN Agriculture 

Ass. Prof. Dr. Ömer Faruk ÇOLAK Manufacturing Industry (Gazi University) 

Dr. Haluk SOYUER Manufacturing Industry (Gazi University) 

Prof. Dr. Sezai DİNÇER Energy (Gazi University) 

Dr. Timur AYDEMİR Energy (Gazi University) 

Erhan ÖNCÜ Transport 

Murat KARAKUŞÇU Trade and Construction 

Ass. Prof. Dr. Feral EKE Urban Development (Gazi University) 

Ayla BEŞKARDEŞ Rural Development 

Prof. Dr. Özdemir AKMUT Finance (Ankara University) 

Instructor Dumrul YAVAŞ Geographic Information System, Drawing 

Assistant Nazõm ÖZER Geographic Information System, Drawing (Gazi 

University) 

Assistant Ceren ERCOŞKUN Geographic Information System, Drawing (Gazi 

University) 

Assistant Özge YALÇINER Geographic Information System, Drawing (Gazi 

University) 

Assistant Semih Halil EMÜR Software (Gazi University) 

Assistant Ogan KIRSAÇLIOĞLU Assistant Manager (Gazi University) 

Yasemin CİCİBIYIK Typing, Page Set Up (Gazi University) 

iv

ADDITIONAL PARTICIPANTS IN 

THE CURRENT SITUATION AND ANALYSIS 

Dr. Nihan ÖZDEMİR Assistant Manager (Gazi University) 

Prof. Dr. Ali ERYILMAZ Agricultural Economics (Atõlõm University) 

Ass. Prof. Dr. Yücel ÇAĞLAR Forestry 

Dr. Mustafa ÇETİNER Water Products 

Ayhan ELÇİ Animal Husbandry 

Prof. Dr.Ergun KİP Manufacturing Industry and SMEs (Atõlõm University) 

Ass. Prof. Dr.Neşe ÇELEBİ Mining (ODTÜ) 

Prof Dr.Güven BİLSEL Spatial Development (Erciyes University) 

Assistant Tanyel ÖZELÇİ Factorial Analysis (Gazi University) 

Prof. Dr.Vedat DOYURAN Earthquake (ODTÜ) 

Prof. Dr.İbrahim GÜRER Avalanche Risk (Gazi University) 

MS Eng. Tuncay SOSYAL Flood, Torrent 

SECTOR-WISE DISTRIBUTION OF PERSONS TAKING RESPONSIBILITY 

IN THE PREPARATION OF EAP PROJECT 

CURRENT SITUATION AND ANALYSIS REPORTS 

CROP PRODUCTION 

Prof. Dr. Müjgan ENGİN Project Manager (100. Yõl) 

Prof. Dr. Yunus SERİN Assistant Project Manager (Atatürk) 

Dr. Mehmet ÜLKER Expert (100. Yõl) 

Dr. M.Ali KOYUNCU Expert (100. Yõl) 

Ass. Prof. Dr. Kemalettin KARA Expert (Atatürk) 

Assistant Ahmet EŞİTKEN Expert (Atatürk) 

Instructor Ömer TERZİOĞLU Data Gatherer (100. Yõl) 

Dr. Fatma KOYUNCU Data Gatherer (100. Yõl) 

Dr. Ali ÖZTÜRK Data Gatherer (Atatürk) 

Assistant Ayhan ZÜLKADİR Data Gatherer (Atatürk) 

Assistant Mehmet YAĞMUR Support Personnel (100. Yõl) 

Assistant M. Alp FURAN Support Personnel (100. Yõl) 

Ass. Prof. Dr. Faik KANTAR Support Personnel (Atatürk) 

Dr. Mustafa TAN Support Personnel (Atatürk) 

ENVIRONMENT 

Dr. Ayhan ÜNLÜ Project Manager 

Dr. Nilüfer Nacar KOÇER Expert 

Assistant Gülsat USLU Data Gatherer 

Assistant Ubeyde İPEK Support Personnel 

Assistant Halil AVŞAR Support Personnel 

v

EDUCATION 

Ass. Prof. Dr. Vehbi ÇELİK Project Manager (Fõrat) 

Ass. Prof. Dr. Mehmet GÜROL Assistant Project Manager (Fõrat) 

Dr. Abdullah DİKİCİ Expert (Fõrat) 

Dr. İ.Yaşar KAZU Expert (Fõrat) 

Dr. İbrahim KOCABAŞ Expert (Fõrat) 

Instructor Yüksel EMRE Data Gatherer (Fõrat) 

Assistant Bilal YILDIRIM Data Gatherer (Fõrat) 

Expert Abdullah AÇIKGÖZ Data Gatherer (MEB) 

Instructor Mukadder BOYDAK Support Personnel (Fõrat) 

Instructor Çetin SEMERCİ Support Personnel (Fõrat) 

Assistant Bünyamin ATICI Support Personnel (Fõrat) 

HANDICRAFTS 

Dr. Münevver ÜNSAL Project Manager ( 100. Yõl ) 

Prof. Dr. Hamza GÜNDOĞDU Assistant Project Manager (Atatürk) 

Dr. Kadir PEKTAŞ Expert (100. Yõl) 

Department Head Cenap ÜNSAL Expert (100. Yõl) 

Dr. Hüseyin YURTTAŞ Expert (Atatürk) 

Instructor Tahsin PARLAK Expert (Atatürk) 

Dr. Şefik TÜFENKÇİ Data Gatherer (100. Yõl) 

Instructor Zübeyde TAPAN Data Gatherer (100. Yõl) 

Assistant Zerrin KÖŞKLÜ Data Gatherer (Atatürk) 

Dir. Mirzaali KURTOĞLU Data Gatherer (Atatürk) 

Chief Mahmut DAL Support Personnel (100. Yõl) 

Civil Servant Murat ŞAD Support Personnel (100. Yõl) 

Dr. A. Ali BAYHAN Support Personnel (Atatürk) 

Assistant Halidun ÖZKAN Support Personnel (Atatürk) 

ENERGY 

Prof. Dr. Muhammet KÖKSAL Project Manager 

Ass. Prof. Dr. Mehmet CEBECİ Expert 

Dr. Sadettin HERDEM Expert 

Dr. Salih MEMİŞ Data Gatherer 

vi

ANIMAL HUSBANDRY 

Prof. Dr. Nazir DUMANLI Project Manager 

Prof. Dr. Hüseyin DEVECİ Support Personnel 

Prof. Dr. Harun ÖZER Support Personnel 

Prof. Dr. Yusuf BOLAT Support Personnel 

Prof. Dr. Eşref DEMİRCİ Data Gatherer 

Prof. Dr. Mükremin APAYDIN Data Gatherer 

Prof. Dr. Cemal ÇELİK Expert 

Prof. Dr. İ. Halil ÇERÇİ Expert 

Ass. Prof. Dr. Metin BAYRAKTAR Support Personnel 

Ass. Prof. Dr. Cahit KALKAN Expert 

Prof. Dr.Hayati ÇAMAŞ Project Manager 

Prof. Dr.Semin ÖZSAR Expert 

Prof. Dr. Necati KAYA Expert 

Prof. Dr. D. Ali ERCAN Expert 

Dr. A. Müslüm GÜVEN Expert 

Dr. Turgut KIRMIZIBAYRAK Expert 

Dr. İbrahim TÜKENMEZ Expert 

Dr. A. Rõza AKSOY Data Gatherer 

Dr. Turgay ŞEYDA Data Gatherer 

Dr. Enver BEYTUT Data Gatherer 

Dr. Turgay ŞEYDA Support Personnel 

Dr. İsmail KAYA Support Personnel 

Assistant Metin ÇENESİZ Support Personnel 

Assistant Mehmet KAYA Support Personnel 

Instructor Kadir ÖNK Support Personnel 

Lecturer Ethem BAZ Support Personnel 

Lecturer Abdurrahman GÜRBÜZ Support Personnel 

Lecturer Aysel İTİK Support Personnel 

Uzm. Haluk POLAT Support Personnel 

Prof. Dr.Yücel AŞKIN Project Manager 

Prof. Dr. Fuat ODABAŞIOĞLU Expert 

Prof. Dr. Fõrat CENGİZ Expert 

Ass. Prof. Dr. Erol BAYTOK Data Gatherer 

Assistant Cihangir AKDEMİR Data Gatherer 

Assistant İsmail Hakkõ EKİN Data Gatherer 

Assistant Taylan AKSU Support Personnel 

Assistant Davut BAYRAM Support Personnel 

vii

MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY AND SMEs 

Ass. Prof. Dr. Osman DEMİRDÖĞEN Project Manager 

Instructor Gülnaz BAL Expert(Textile) 

Ass. Prof. Dr. Reşat KARCIOĞLU Expert (SMEs) 

Assistant Lütfü TAYFUR Data Gatherer 

Ass. Prof. Dr. Recep GÜNEŞ Support Personnel 

Eng. İsmet TORÖZ Support Personnel 

Yalçõn DERİCİOĞLU Support Personnel 

STRENGTHENING WOMEN AND FAMILY 

Prof. Dr. Mahmut ATAY Project Manager 

Dr. Ömer AYTAÇ Assistant Project Manager 

Instructor Uğur KABASAKAL Expert 

Assistant Mehtap YEŞİLORMAN Expert 

Lecturer Fatih TÖREMEN Expert 

Assistant İlhan Oğuz AKDEMİR Data Gatherer 

Assistant M. Ruhat YAŞAR Data Gatherer 

Instructor Yelda SEVİM Support Personnel 

Assistant M. Cengiz YILDIZ Support Personnel 

Assistant Zahir KIZMAZ Support Personnel 

CULTURE AND TOURISM 

Prof. Dr. Hamza AKTAN Project Manager (Atatürk) 

Prof. Dr. Abdüsselam ULUÇAM Assistant Project Manager (100. Yõl) 

Ass. Prof. Dr. Fahri YAVUZ Data Gatherer (Atatürk) 

Ass. Prof. Dr. Adem ŞAHİN Expert (Atatürk) 

Dr. Osman AYTEKİN Expert (100. Yõl) 

Dr. Salih MERCAN Expert (100. Yõl) 

Dr. M.Dursun KAYA Support Personnel (Atatürk) 

Instructor Gökalp N. SELÇUK Data Gatherer (Atatürk) 

Dr. Ali BORAN Data Gatherer (100. Yõl) 

Assistant Rafet ÇAVUŞOĞLU Data Gatherer (100. Yõl) 

Dr. A. Kadir KOŞAM Expert (Atatürk) 

Dr. Gülümser KESKİN Support Personnel (Atatürk) 

Instructor Erdoğan ÇAVUŞOĞLU Support Personnel (100. Yõl) 

Exp. M.Fatih ULUÇAM Support Personnel (100. Yõl) 

viii

MINING 

Prof. Dr. A. Feyzi BİNGÖL Project Manager 

Ass. Prof. Dr. Bahattin ÇETİNDAĞ Expert(Maden) 

Dr. Emin ERDEM Expert(Maden) 

Dr. Ayten ÖNAL Expert(Maden) 

Geol. Eng. Ali ÖNAL Data Gatherer 

Dr. Bünyamin AKGÜL Support Personnel 

Dr. Sevcan KÜRÜM Expert 

Dr. Melehat BEYARSLAN Expert 

Assistant Osman BAYKENDİ Support Personnel 

Geol. Müh. Rõza CENGİZ Support Personnel 

FINANCIAL STRUCTURE AND BANKING 

Ass. Prof. Dr. Erol ÇAKMAK Project Manager 

Dr. O Berna İPEKTEN Assistant Project Manager 

Prof. Dr. Özdemir AKMUT Expert 

Ass. Prof. Dr. Ramazan AKTAŞ Expert 

Ass. Prof. Dr. Güven SAK Expert 

Assistant Ö. Faruk İŞCAN Data Gatherer 

Assistant Şükrü YAPRAKLI Data Gatherer 

Assistant Sevda O. GÜMÜŞ Data Gatherer 

Dr. Üstün ÖZEN Support Personnel 

Assistant Fatma GÜNDOĞDU Support Personnel 

Assistant Bener GÜNGÖR Support Personnel 

POPULATION STRUCTURE AND EMPLOYMENT 

Prof.Dr. Sebahattin GÜLLÜLÜ Project Manager 

Prof.Dr.Hüseyin AKYÜZ Assistant Project Manager 

Dr. Sevil ÖNER Expert 

Dr.Sinan TİMURLENK Expert 

Dr. Muhsin DOĞAN Expert 

Assistant Sema ÇINAR Data Gatherer 

Assistant Cumhur ASLAN Data Gatherer 

Assistant M. Kemal DEĞER Data Gatherer 

Dr. İskender YILMAZ Support Personnel 

Assistant Ömer YILMAZ Support Personnel 

Assistant Nuray EREMREM Support Personnel 

ix

FORESTRY 

Prof. Dr. Şadi Yõlmaz ÖZTAN Project Manager 

Assistant Sinan GÜNER Support Personnel 

Assistant Bülent SAĞLAM Support Personnel 

Assistant Turan SÖNMEZ Support Personnel 

Assistant Ahmet YOLASIĞMAZ Support Personnel 

HEALTH 

Ass. Prof. Dr. Erkan PEHLİVAN Project Manager (İnönü) 

Prof. Dr. S. Sõrrõ KILIÇ Assistant Project Manager (Fõrat) 

Dr. Mücahit EĞRİ Expert (İnönü) 

Dr. Metin GENÇ Expert (İnönü) 

Prof. Dr. Erol SEZER Expert (Fõrat) 

Dr. Yasemin AÇIK Expert (Fõrat) 

Dr. Talat EZMECİ Data Gatherer (Atatürk) 

Assistant Dr. M. Ali KURÇER Data Gatherer (İnönü) 

Nurten YALÇINKAYA Data Gatherer (100. Yõl) 

Dr. Toker ERGÜDER Data Gatherer (Fõrat) 

Instructor Dr. Gülsen GÜNEŞ Support Personnel (İnönü) 

Prof. Dr. Zafer ÖZTEK Support Personnel (İnönü) 

Prof. Dr. Fatih HİLMİOĞLU Support Personnel (İnönü) 

Ass. Prof. Dr. Osman SARAÇBAŞI Support Personnel (İnönü) 

Prof. Dr. Mehmet TOKAT Support Personnel (İnönü) 

Dr. Saim YOLOĞLU Support Personnel (İnönü) 

Exp. Dr. M. Ali BİLİKER Support Personnel (İnönü) 

Exp. Dr. M. Rõfat KÖSE Support Personnel (Fõrat) 

Ass. Prof. Dr. M. Ziya DOYMAZ Support Personnel (Fõrat) 

Dr. Vedat BULUT Support Personnel (Fõrat) 

Dr. Bayram YILMAZ Support Personnel (Fõrat) 

Dr. Ahmet KALKAN Support Personnel (Fõrat) 

Dr. Ahmet AYAR Support Personnel (Fõrat) 

x

WATER PRODUCTS 

Prof. Dr. Bülent ŞEN Project Manager (Fõrat) 

Ass. Prof. Dr. Osman ÇETİNKAYA Proje Yürütücü Yard. (100. Yõl ) 

Prof. Dr. Sõtkõ ARAS Assistant Project Manager (Atatürk) 

Dr. Yaşar ÖZDEMİR Expert (Fõrat) 

Assistant H. Avni DUYAR Expert (100. Yõl) 

Assistant Fazõl ŞEN Expert (100. Yõl) 

Dr. Mahmut KOCAMAN Expert (Atatürk) 

Assistant Gürel TOPRAK Data Gatherer (Fõrat) 

Assistant Nuri ÇAKMAK Support Personnel (Fõrat) 

Assistant Mehmet KOCABAŞ Data Gatherer (100. Yõl) 

Dr. Telat YANIK Data Gatherer (Atatürk) 

Assistant M.Tahir ALP Support Personnel (Fõrat) 

Assistant Asiye GİRGİN Support Personnel (Fõrat) 

Assistant Feray ÖZRENK Data Gatherer (Fõrat) 

Assistant Şenol GÜZEL Support Personnel (100. Yõl) 

Assistant Mahmut ELP Support Personnel (100. Yõl) 

Assistant Ertuğrul KANKAYA Support Personnel (100. Yõl) 

Dr. N. Mevlüt ARAS Support Personnel (Atatürk) 

TRADE AND CONSTRUCTION 

Prof.Dr. Cevat GERNİ Project Manager 

Dr. Hayati AKSU Assistant Project Manager 

Dr.Ertuğrul DİLEKTAŞ Expert 

Dr. Alattin KIZILTAN Expert 

Dr. Yusuf AKAN Expert 

Assistant Serhat KOCA Data Gatherer 

Assistant M. Suphi ÖZÇOMAK Data Gatherer 

M.A. Student Sabri AZGÜN Data Gatherer 

Dr. Erkan OKTAY Support Personnel 

Dr. M. Suphi ORHAN Support Personnel 

Assistant Hüseyin ÖZER Support Personnel 

SOIL AND WATER RESOURCES 

Prof. Dr. Vahap YAĞANOĞLU Project Manager 

Ass. Prof. Dr. Abdurrahman HANAY Expert 

Dr. Üstün ŞAHİN Data Gatherer 

Ass. Prof. Dr. Ömer ANAPALI Support Personnel 

xi

TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION 

Dr. Cevdet Emin EKİNCİ Project Manager 

Dr. Mehmet TUĞAL Assistant Project Manager 

Dr. Taner ALATAŞ Expert 

Civ.Eng. Enver YILDIZ Expert 

Instructor Mehmet EMİNEL Data Gatherer 

Assistant Erdinç ARICI Data Gatherer 

Graphist H. Erkan TUĞAL Data Gatherer 

Instructor. Dr. Yasin VAROL Support Personnel 

Instructor. İbrahim TÜRKOĞLU Support Personnel 

Instructor. Abdi KURT Support Personnel 

SETTLEMENT AND URBANIZATION, URBAN AND RURAL 

INFRASTRUCTURE 

Prof.Dr. Hayati DOĞANAY Project Manager (Atatürk) 

Prof. Dr. Şule ÖZKAN Assistant Project Manager (Atatürk) 

Ass. Prof.Dr. İbrahim GÜNER Expert (Atatürk) 

Dr. Mustafa GİRGİN Expert (Atatürk) 

Assistant Kerem KARABULUT Expert (Atatürk) 

Dr. H.Hüseyin DOĞAN Expert (İnönü) 

Dr. Yaşar GÖK Data Gatherer (Atatürk) 

Assistant Mustafa ERTÜRK Data Gatherer (Atatürk) 

Assistant Fuat AKTAN Data Gatherer (Atatürk) 

Dr. İhsan BULUT Support Personnel (Atatürk) 

Assistant İ. Fevzi ŞAHİN Support Personnel (Atatürk) 

Assistant Selçuk EMSEN Support Personnel (Atatürk) 

xii

T.R. 





MASTER PLAN 


SECTOR 

TOURISM AND CULTURAL 

ACTIVITES 

PREPARED BY 

CONSORTIUM 






2000

6.1. CULTURE AND TOURISM 

6.1.1. Development of Tourism in the World and in Turkey 

The number of the recorded cultural entities along with the natural resources in the 

East Anatolia region has been seen as the indicators of touristic significance. 

A significant development in tourism, other than the winter sports, has not been 

observed in spite of the rich touristic capacity. A large development in tourism in the 

region has been expected as the touristic significance of Turkey increases. 

Tourism has becoming more common all over the world and its economic 

significance has been increasing. In 1998, 625 million tourists visited foreign countries and 

spent a total 445 billion US dollars. The international movement has been expected to 

increase 4 % and reach 638 million persons in the year 2000, while the income from 

tourism has been expected to increase 9 % and reach 527 billion US dollars. 

In 1998, 177.6 million or 28.4 % of the tourists visited France, Spain, Portugal, 

Greece, and Turkey in the Mediterranean. From this portion 9.2 million or 5 % came to 

Turkey. It can be said that among the Mediterranean countries, France, Spain and Italy 

came within reach of their tourism capacity. If it is assumed that tourism increases in the 

Mediterranean region at the same rate, the rest of the tourists are expected to come to 

Turkey. For this reason, approximately 26-30 million tourists are estimated to come to 

Turkey in the year 2015. 

In examining the reasons why tourists come to Turkey, we can list many factors. 

However, among these factors, attractiveness of the touristic facilities, price policy of 

touristic supply, supplies with lower prices, suitcase trades have been effective. The 

number of tourists who have come from Independent States Union, after Germany, is the 

highest and this can be shown as an indicator of the significance of the factors mentioned 

above. 

The order of the countries that send tourists to Turkey is shown in Table 6.1.1. 

When the table is examined it will be seen that 304,924 tourists who came from Iran, 

which is number eight on the list, is the most significant group for the East Anatolia 

Region. 

There were no statistics regarding the number of Iranian tourists who came to 

Turkey and visited the East Anatolia region. For this reason an evaluation will be made 

after examining the structure of tourism in the East Anatolia. However, the number of 

foreign tourists who are staying in the region is extremely limited. In the year 1996, 

188,231 foreign tourists came to the East Anatolia. 

1

Table 6.1.1: Priority List of Tourists who Came to Turkey in the Year 1998, 

According to their Countries 

COUNTRY NUMBER OF TOURISTS 

GERMANY 2,233,740 

INDEPENDENT STATES UNION 1,311,357 

ENGLAND 996,512 

ROMANIA 505,766 

U.S.A. 439,885 

FRANCE 436,932 

HOLLAND 328,002 

IRAN 304,924 

ITALY 259,483 

BULGARIA 244,741 

ISRAEL 238,298 

AUSTRIA 235,120 

GREECE 168,525 

BELGIUM 191,173 

SWEDEN 156,116 

Source: The Ministry of Tourism Statistics: December 1998. 

6.1.2. Natural and Cultural Resources of the Region 

The Ministry of Tourism has made an inventory for each province. Using this 

inventory, the tourism potential of the provinces are identified in terms of their tourism 

types (Appendix 1). 

6.1.2.1. Natural Resources 

The topographic structure of the region has many advantages for mountain 

climbing in general. The landscape of the plants and snow, the air which is quiet and rich 

in oxygen, the water resources and natural landscape provide multi-dimensional 

advantages for nature tourism with natural landscape. 

Two of the highest mountains of the country are located in the Region (Ararat and 

Süphan). Some of the mountains in the Region have significant potential for the 

development of winter tourism. Among these, Kaçkarlar, Cilo mountains, around 

Sarõkamõş and Palandöken mountains have been identified as the locations appropriate 

especially for skiing tourism. Among these areas, if the upper and infrastructure of some 

parts of Palandöken mountain is prepared it can be a center of attraction for tourists at the 

national and international level. Palandöken (Erzurum), Sarõkamõş plateau (Kars), Altõn 

Kambur and Sapgör (Bitlis), Kurucadağ (Bingöl), Büyük Ağrõ, Tekir mountain (Ağrõ), Cilo 

and Sat (Hakkari), and Munzur mountains (Erzincan) have been partially the center for the 

winter sports and have a potential to become a more popular center in the Region 

(Table 6.1.2). 

2

Table 6.1.2: Turkish Skiing Centers 

DATA 

Erzurum 

Palandöken 

Bursa Uludağ Kastamonu 

Ilgaz 

Bolu 

Kartalkaya 

Kayseri 

Erciyes 

Kars Sarõkamõş 

Bingöl 

Kurucadağ 

Bitlis 

Altunkalbur 

Antalya 

Saklõkent 

Ankara 

Elmadağ 

Number of Total Mech. Facilities 2 11 2 7 3 1 1 1 2 2 

Capacity of Ski Lifts (hour/person) 1,100 8,470 939 4,750 1,905 750 500 710 970 970 

Capacity of Comf. Carry (person) 660 2,950 255 1,300 805 2,800 ----- ----- ----- ----- 

The Longest Trail (meter) 1,244 2,000 700 1400 2,500 1,200 1,000 900 700 700 

Total Area (hectare) 47.0 104.3 12.3 44.6 32.8 20.0 6.0 4.5 2.8 14.0 

Number of Trails 2 11 2 12 3 1 1 1 2 ----- 

Difference in Altitude (meter) 916 500 145 300 509 227 240 190 150 150 

Lower Station Loading (meter) Inadequate 1,767 1,850 Inadequate 2,150 2,000 1,650 1,510 1,825 1,825 

Upper Station Loading (meter) Inadequate 2,179 1,995 Inadequate 2,150 2,000 1,650 1,510 1,825 1,825 

Slope Difficulty Middle-Advanced Unskilled- Unskilled- Unskilled- Middle Unskilled- Middle Unskilled- Unskilled- Unskilled- Unskilled- 

Middle Middle 

Middle 

Advanced Advanced Advanced Advanced 

Average Slope ( %) 35 12-7 20 10-45 12-40 Low level 25 25 35-40 20 

Trail Maintenance Machine 1 10 1 There isn’t 1 1 1 There isn’t 1 1 

Artificial Snow Making There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t 

Night Skiing There isn’t One path There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t 

Possibility of Avalanche Low There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t 

Snow Quality Good Middle Good Middle Good Good Good Good Weak Good 

Direction of Slope N-NW N-NW-NE NORTH N-NW-NE WEST SOUTH SE WEST NW NORTH 

Special Activities Alpdis. National Skiing with There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t 

Team Work Helicopter 

Number of Hotels: Private 

1 

15 

1 

2 1 

1 

- 

- 

- 

1 

Public 

4 

12 

2 

- 3 

- 

- 

1 

- 

5 

Number of Beds 265 2,086 358 1,259 450 40 - - - 108 

Number of Rooms Inadequate 946 166 380 111 - - - - - 

Number of Restaurants 2 (300) persons 14(3380) persons 3 2(1102) persons 3(600) persons 2(250) persons - 1(50) persons - - 

Employment: Private 

16 1092 

2 

250 - 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Public 

16 387 

42 

52 83 

- 

- 

- 

- 

- 

Skiing Pedal Rental There is There is - There is - - - - - - 

Skiing Courses There is There is - There is - There is - - - - 

Skiing Patrol There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t 

Shopping Centers There isn’t There is There isn’t There is There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t 

Entertainments There isn’t Disc.-bar-rest. There isn’t Disc.-bar-Sbar There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t 

Other Sport Facilities There isn’t -Swim Pool. 

-Squash, Phy. 

Train 

Summer Activities -Mount. climb Mount.climbing, 

-Climbing long walks. 

There isn’t -Swim Pool. 

-Squash, Phy. Train 

3 

There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t 

There isn’t Köroğlu nat. park walk There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t There isn’t 

Closest Airport (km) Erzurum, 6 İstanbul, 225 Ankara, 174 Erzurum, 180 Van, 170 Ankara, 50 

Source: “DPT, Erzurum-Palandöken Kõş Sporlarõ Merkezi ve Turizm Master Plan Çalõşmasõ”, Draft Report, 1991, pg. 8/6-9,11-15,17-19.

The locations which are appropriate for mountain sports tourism present a wide 

range of opportunities. Oltu, Göle, Sarõkamõş, Uzundere, Solhan, Tunceli, Ovacõk, 

Palandöken, and Karlõova, have a significant potential for eco, mountain, exploration and 

scientific tourism. For this purpose, Bayburt and Gümüşhane-Erikbeli high plateau have been 

declared as tourism centers and Plan of Environment with a scale 1/25,000 has been prepared. 

The Big Mount Ararat has played a significant role in tourism movements and in tour 

arrangements, because of the climbing, geological formation, and because it has the highest 

peak in Turkey. 

Climbing the Mount Ararat is not only about the sport of mountain climbing, because 

the mountain has been accepted as one of the sacred mountains in Turkey, and the foreigners 

believe that Noah’s Ark is on this mountain, the mountain has become an attraction. Climbing 

up and down the mountain takes minimum 4 days. The Mount Ararat is an important center 

for winter and summer tourism which needs to be evaluated first. 

This potential cannot be given a value because of the periodic ban on climbing and 

requirement of permission to climb and the lack of facilities, advertisement and image. 

Although the region has appropriate topographic and climatic characteristics, 

especially winter sports have not developed enough. This situation is seen in Table 6.1.3 

clearly. Palandöken Mountains are located in the south of Erzurum City, in the north east- 

south west direction with a height of 2,200-3,176 meters. It covers an area of 76 km in length 

and 25 km in width. The Palandöken Mountains, which is one of the primarily important and 

priority skiing centers of Turkey for winter sports and winter tourism, have characteristics of 

being an international station for skiing and winter tourism. 

Table 6.1.3: Number of Skiing Centers and Visitors in Turkey 

Skiers 

% 

Non-Skiers 

% 

4 

Total 

Skiers 

Total Non- 

Skiers 

General 

Total 

General 

Total 

in % 

Uludağ 0.8 0.2 140,000 35,000 175,000 0.7 

Kayseri 0.8 0.2 24,000 6,000 30,000 0.1 

Bolu-Kartalkaya 0.9 0.06 18,880 1,120 2,000 0.08 

Kastamonu-Ilgaz 0.9 0.15 2,471 429 2,900 0.01 

Kars-Sarõkamõş 0.9 0.12 549 76 625 0.003 

Palandöken 0.9 0.13 850 1,250 2,100 0.04 

Total 194.650 43.875 238,525 1,0 

Added 5 % Skiers for 4 Smaller Skiing Center 9.733 2.194 11,926 

General Total 204.383 46.069 250,451 

Source: “DPT, Erzurum-Palandöken Kõş Sporlarõ Merkezi ve Turizm Master Plan Çalõşmasõ”, Draft Report, 

1991, pg. 3-5. 

The whole mountain range is desert except protected valleys and forests. The 

landscape consists of desert and bushes. Because of the high level of erosion, a topographic 

shape in which sheer cliffs merge with plains that appear suddenly. When one goes to the 

upper areas of the mountain, the topography changes into a wide bowl and funnel shape. 

In the year 1991, a data base was created through examining the winter sports 

facilities in the region, within the “Master Plan for Winter Sports” by an international 

consortium which was formed by the Undersecretariat of the State Planning Organization

(DPT). The studies about Sarõkamõş-Cõbõltepe Skiing center which was declared as a tourism 

center in previous years by the Ministry of Tourism and the studies, projects and construction 

of infrastructure about the projects of Palandöken Skiing Center has been started. The studies 

about the use of the area and the planning of space in Erzurum Palandöken has started with 

examining the natural and physical conditions of the area. At this stage, the results of the 

examination were gathered through going into the details of the altitude analysis of 

environmental factors, analysis of falling line, slope rates, and the division of ski trails and at 

the end, three locations are identified as the most appropriate locations for skiing. These are 

The Erzurum Pass, The Gez Highland, Konaklõ Sub-region. With the addition of Yağmurcuk 

region by a decision of Council of the Ministers, number 93/4833, total 4 locations are 

declared as “Winter Sports and Tourism Center” and it is determined that 32,000 skiers can 

ski at the same time when the projects is completed (Table 6.1.4). 

Table 6.1.4: Physical Data Regarding to the Current and Potential Skiing Centers 

in and around Erzurum 

PHYSICAL DATA OF PALANDÖKEN SKIING CENTERS 

DATA GEZ ERZURUM PASS KONAKLI 

Height of Residential Area (meter) 2,400 2,205 2,250 

Height of Peak (meter) 2,750 2,975 3,150 

Difference in Altitude (meter) 335 770 860 

Potential Mechanic Facilities (meter) 14 11 16 

Longest Skiing trail (meter) 2,130 1,244 4,080 

Predicted Skier capacity 10,600 6,000-7,000 12,000-14,000 

Total Area (ha.) 293,5 233,1 504,0 

Skiiable area (ha.) 168,4 165,1 288,0 

Skiiable Surface 4 4 6 

Regional problems 

Limits of skiing area 

there is a steep 

topographic belt once 

a 2500 m height. 

5 

Step structure of the 

area, at feet of the 

mountain is 

inadequate for skiing 

Inappropriate use in the 

lower areas 

The rate of Slope Changes Good Very good 

Getting Sun Light Good Bad Good 

Getting Wind Bad South West Strong 

Winds 

South West 

· Dominant Wind 

Westerly/South West South/South West South 

· Harmful wind 

South 

Service capacity for all skiers Bad Bad Very good 

Differentiating Skiers according to 

their levels 

Good Good Very good 

Flora 0 % 0 % 0 % 

Highest altitude where trees grow 0 % 0 % 0 % 

Convenience to the residential area Very good Good Very Good 

Closeness of the skiing area to the 

residential area 

Good Bad Good 

Distance to reach 

Main Problems 

8 Km. 6 Km. 5 Km. 

· Wind 

Strong 

Strong 

Strong 

· Avalanche 

No 

Low 

High 

· Earthquake 

Potential 

Potential 

Potential 

Average Slope 20 % 30 % 35 % 

Source: “DPT, Erzurum-Palandöken Kõş Sporlarõ Merkezi ve Turizm Master Plan Çalõşmasõ”, Draft Report, 

1991, pg. 8/6-9,11-15,17-19.

6.1.2.1.1. Erzurum Pass (Hõnõs Pass) 

The chosen working area covers a ski area of 1,020 hectares. This area has an altitude 

difference of 1,070 meters between 2,100 and 3,170 meters. The most significant topographic 

characteristic is a cone shaped mountain and two wide bowels which merge gradually at the 

two side of the mountain and form a funnel shape. 

This survey for the Ezurum Pass showed that the area can carry 11 mechanical 

facilities and an area of 165 hectares total, in 11 different skiing areas. The distribution of the 

slope rates within the area in the Ezurum Pass is in favour of high level skiers. Steepness of 

the land makes the area appropriate only for the high level skiers. The excessive number of 

steep ski trails makes it very difficult for the low level skiers who come down from the top of 

the mountain to the residential area. 

Most of the ski areas face the north. Only 4 of the trails face to the north west and this 

direction is an indication of the good ski areas of good quality. The potential capacity of the 

skiers is estimated as 6-7 thousand. 

When the Erzurum Pass project started, there was ski lift with a capacity of carrying 

500 persons per hour and a skiing area of 15 hectares, and a teleski which has a capacity of 

carrying 600 persons and a skiing area of 74 hectares. As a result of the work in the Erzurum 

Pass according to the Master Plan : 

a) A land plan according to the seventh article of the Tourism Incentive Law (Turizm 

Teşvik Yasasõ) number 2,643, which includes feasibility of the region, is prepared. 

b) 90 % of infra-structural services, except energy is completed with the allowances 

sent by the Ministry of Tourism since 1993 and by the supplements of the investor 

corporations and Special Provincial Administration. Whereas, 70 % of the energy 

investments is completed. 

c) An accommodation facility which belongs to Special Provincial Administration, 

has been turned into and opened as an accommodation facility which has 630 beds 

and is certified as a tourism business through build-operate-transfer model to a 

private company for 29 years. 

d) An internship training facility which belongs to the Ministry of Finance was sold to 

another company for 34 million TL. in 1996 and a five starred facility with an 800 

bed capacity was started to be built, according to this, the facility is being prepared 

for opening. 

e) A land of 6,500 square meters which belongs to Special Provincial Administration 

was designated to build a three star hotel. 

f) Another five star facility with a 400 bed capacity, which is built on a land of 4,600 

square meters, was opened. 

g) Some lands are provided for the investors by the Ministry of Tourism for everyday 

facilities ( fast food, ice skating arena, restaurant, and parking garages ). 

h) A mechanical facility (gondol lift) which was bid on for approximately 84 million 

Austrian Shilling by the management of Special Provincial Administration has been 

serving since the 1998 skiing season. This mechanical facility has 3,140 meters of 

cables, three stations and a 140 enclosed cabins with heaters each of which can 

6

hold four persons, speed of 11 meter per second in two stages, and a capacity of 

carrying 1,500 persons per hour. 

i) Infra-structural works have been continuing in Konaklõ region, majority of the 

nationalisation has been completed and presented to business administrators. 

“Erzurum Pass” has been examined at the levels of infra-structure, accommodation 

facilities, and everyday facilities according to the suggestions of the Master Plan and currently 

it has been serving internal and international tourists with a mechanical facility with a 1,030 

bed capacity and a carrying capacity of 3,100 persons per hour. In Erzurum Pass, which is the 

first region, the construction of hotels that will reach to 2,000 bed capacity has been 

continuing and the mechanical facilities (gondola lift, ski lift, and teleski) are about to reach 

to a capacity of carrying 5,600 persons per hour. It is observed that the aimed bed capacity, 

mechanical facilities and the infra-structural investments are almost met. 

6.1.2.1.2. Konaklõ Sub-Region 

Konaklõ Sub-Region is the forest skiing trail to the city centers among all the potential 

skiing areas. The distance to Erzurum is 18 km and the bottom of skiable area is 2,225 m. and 

the top of it is 3,125 m. high. Total height is 900 m. and the directions of coming down 

changes between north east and north west. This region has various topographic structure. 

Since it has various slope rates, it gives opportunities to ski for the skiers at different levels. 

The region has a capacity of 16 mechanical facilities and skiable area of total 288 

hectares. The training courses have varieties of serving to all levels from beginners to very 

skilled ones. Formation of the land with separate skiing trails which provide every group of 

skiers along with the opportunity of connection between these trails is an important advantage 

of Konaklõ. Having a carrying capacity of 14,000 skiers at the same time shows that it is one 

of the leading skiing areas in the region. Having the directions in the north and north west is 

also a positive characteristic about the quality of the snow. 

Konaklõ Region is the most convenient area which comes to the front with its physical 

characteristics. The topographic view of the area looks similar to the topographic formation of 

the skiing centers of European Alp. It has a series of mountain sides all of which widens like 

bowls which lay down like funnels on long and shallow valley which has slopes which have 

no imperfections for the development purposes. These bowls appear to be very appropriate for 

a number of mechanical facilities and skiing trails. 

In the region of Konaklõ, which is known as the second region and will serve to 14,000 

skiers, purchasing of the land for the investors has been made by Special Provincial 

Administration; and two new roads, which provide transportation to the region, have been 

opened; their aesthetic structures and gravel coverings have been completed. Although a land 

designated for 13 hotels in March 1988, the abandonment of the designations in all over 

Turkey have started to cover the region. 

6.1.2.1.3. Gez Highland 

It is 7 km. east of Erzurum and has a skiing area of 54 hectares. Height of its proper 

skiing center is 2,200 m. and the height of its peak is 2,770 m. The skiable area is built on 

three wide upper parts of mountains which comes down towards the north east from the top. 

There are two valleys which gets narrower as one comes down towards the bottom of the 

7

upper parts of the mountains. The height of the lowest point of skiable area is 2,150 m., and 

there are 600 m. of altitude difference, if one goes up to the altitude of 2,750 m. 

The structure of the slope of Gez Highland is more convenient to the skiers with less 

skill. The most part of the area is convenient for beginners, unexperienced ones, and lowermiddle 

skilled skier groups. However, north side of the mountain can be used by uppermiddle 

skilled skiers as well as advanced skiers, even though it has very limited opportunities 

for the latter. 

The results of the survey in the region shows that there are enough space for 14 

mechanical facilities and a skiable area of 168 hectares. The fact that the skiing areas are on 

the north and north east can be evaluated as a good conditions for the quality of the snow. The 

capacity of carrying is estimated around 10-11 thousand persons. 

Because of the historical and the cultural richness of Erzurum and height of its 

highland, the province of Erzurum is very convenient for summer tourism too. However, it is 

a candidate firstly for being a center for winter tourism in the region, because of the 

appropriate topographic and climatic characteristics of Palandöken Mountains. The 

characteristics such as the distance between skiing centers and Erzurum, which is one of the 

most developed cities in the region, is only 3.5 km. and this is very advantageous. The 

province is a university town; it has an airport, many skiing trails, and long skiing season; the 

tickness of the snow is about 2 meters; the quality of the snow is very good (powder snow); it 

has accommodation facilities, even though they are limited. These characteristics give 

Erzurum an opportunity to become a tourism center with two seasons. 

Especially Erzurum Palandöken skiing areas has a characteristic of being a natural 

resource where the nation wide mass sports and sports tourism can be developed together. 

These areas which are located on the north west, north, and north east of the mountains 

provide opportunities for Alp Style or North Style Discipline. Additionally, there are 

appropriate areas for mountain residences close to skiing areas. 

6.1.2.1.4. Sarõkamõş 

When the winter tourism is evaluated from the perspective of the conditions of supply, 

Sarõkamõş has provided a social support and solidarity with the tradition of skiing for many 

years. Sarõkamõs has given birth to many expert skiers who have earned many national and 

international achievements in various branches of the sport. This tendency and effort is also 

continuing through today. 

Sarõkamõş has an altitude of 2,073 meters and receives an average of 2-3 meters of 

snow during a 5-6 month period of the year. The quality of the snow is crystal type which is 

defined as ideal for skiing. 

The dominant plant-life in Sarõkamõş are yellow pine forests, which provides a special 

beauty and a unique character for the skiing trails. 

In Sarõkamõş there are two skiing centers located at the east and the west sides of the 

town. Both centers are included in the tourism center which was declared by the Ministry. The 

first area is Osman Yüce Kayak Facilities in the Çamurlu Region in which sudies have been 

made for a long time. This facility has been serving under the umbrella of the Youth and 

8

Sports Provincial Directorate with a trail of 1,500 meters and a tele-ski with a capacity of 500 

persons/hour and accommodation facilities with 130 beds. According the information in the 

booklet, “Türkiye’nin İnsburg’u Sarõkamõş”, which was prepared by the district governor, the 

second ski area is Sarõçak Kayak Tesisleri which is located in the west of the town. In the 

region, a land designation for the investors has been made with the leadership of the Ministry, 

the efforts for the project design has been continuing. This region is 4 km from the town and 

located next to the highway. 

When all the projects are completed, 2,625 bed capacity will be reached. Currently, 

an oberj (mountain lodge) has been in service for everyday facilities. The Dedeman Group has 

been running this facility and there is a supply of 60 beds. In this center, 2 parcels of land 

have been designated by the Ministry for a holding under the leadership of Istanbul Chamber 

of Commerce for an accommodation facility with 200 beds. 

A private company was allocated 3 parcels land, and the construction of a five star 

hotel with a capacity of 600 beds has been continuing. Another investor has got 1 parcel land 

allocation and started construction of a hotel with 170 beds. Additionally, a land is allocated 

for a private company. 

The mechanical facilities of Sarõçam Skiing Center have been completed with two 

trails and have started to operate. Construction of 2,000 meters of first and 2,400 meters of 

second trails have been completed by an Austrian company. The capacity of the mechanical 

facilities are 3,000 for each of the first and second trails, and a total of 6,000 persons/hour, 

according to the data of the Ministry. The mechanical facilities, which are controlled by 

computers, have advanced technology and 4 ski lifts with heaters. 

A 4,350 meters of flowing drinking water line, construction of a 500 m 3 of drinking 

water tank and construction of approximately 2,700 meters of water disposal systems have 

been completed and thus the problem of infrastructure in Sarõkamõs Sarõçam Skiing Facility 

has been solved. Its roads have been paved with asphalt. 

There is a land for an airport, located on Kazõm Paşa Mountain Sides, which is 2 km 

away from the town center, at the north east of the town. It has been diagnosed that a 1,800 

meters of runway can be built here where small air planes such as propeller planes can land 

on. It has been said that the majority of the land belongs to the Treasury and the examinations 

have been continuing. With the speed of the construction of the buildings in the upper 

structure, the construction of the airport can be taken seriously. 

point. 

Sarõkamõş can be reached from Kars Airport in about half an hour. This is a positive 

In order to develop the winter tourism in the East Anatolia Region, planning and infrastructure 

works of Gümüşhane-Zigana, Bayburt-Kop Winter Sports and Skiing Centers have 

been continuing (Table 6.1.5). Time to time international shows and festivals have been 

organised in the Erzurum-Sarõkamõş Winter Sports Center, which is included within this 

project. 

9

Table 6.1.5: Current Situation and Planned Facilities in the Centers which Have 

Potential for Winter Sports and Skiing Center 

CENTERS 

BED CAPACITY 

MECHANICAL 

FACILITIES (Current) 

MECHANICAL FACILITIES 

(Planned) 

CURRENT PLANNED NUMBER CAPACITY NUMBER CAPACITY 

Kars-Sarõkamõş - 2,625 2 2,600 2 2,600 persons/hour 

Erzurum-Palandöken 650* 10,000 4 

2 

1,900 42 87,000 persons/hour 

Gümüşhane-Zigana - 420 0 3 2,400 persons/hour 

Bayburt-Kopdağõ - 320 2 1,600 persons/hour 

Source: “Turizm 98”, T.R. Ministry of Tourism, Ankara, 1998, pg.81. 

*: Bed capacity is about to reach 2000. 

6.1.2.1.5. Water Resources 

Çoruh River, which is 466 km long and the most convenient river for rafting, has one 

of the largest rapids in Turkey. İspir is the place where the beginning of the 1993 World 

Rafting Championships took place. The Çoruh River which comes downs from the Kaçkar 

Mountains is recognised as one of the 10 rivers of the world rafting league, there have been 

many international races in the part between Bayburt-Yusufeli-Oltu. 

The section between Erzincan-Keban on the river Karasu, and the sections between 

Keban-Karakaya and Atatürk Dams-Birecik on the river Fõrat have the highest potential for 

the region and our country. 

6.1.2.1.6. Flora and Fauna 

The generation of wild animals has decreased compared to the past in the region. In 

spite of this, bears, wolves, jackals, fox, lynx, wild goats, otters, and rabbits can be sighted. 

Tunceli Munzur Valley is the only national park of the region. This park has an area of 

42,900 hectares. The majority of this park is bordering the Munzur Mountains. The area 

brings attention because of the flora and fauna (abundant forests consist of different types of 

oak trees, bears, wolves, jackals, fox, lynx, wild goats, otters and rabbits). Although it has a 

touristic value because of its geological and zoological characteristics, the region is not 

sufficient for touristic infrastructure and superstructure. 

6.1.2.1.7. Caves 

As it is known caves attract tourists because of their natural beauty which is formed by 

stalactites and stalagmites, and their functions of thermal healing. 

The East Anatolia Region has caves whose touristic value is high, and can form a 

region of touristic attraction. 

The most important cave in the region is Karaca Cave which is 17 km away from 

Gümüşhane. The cave which looks like a horizontally developed eclipse, has an important 

touristic potential with its rich limestone deposits within the caves, and with its flowing 

streams and ponds, with 70 % humidity, and 1,500 meters of total area, and 105 meters in 

length. 

10

The other interesting caves are Elazõğ Buzluk Caves, Ağrõ Buz Cave, Ağrõ Meya 

Cave, Malatya Sulu Cave, Gümüşhane Arõlõ Cave, Tunceli Gelin Cave, Erzincan Buz Cave, 

Erzincan Şeyh Karpuz Cave, Kars Akkale Cave. 

6.1.2.1.8. Waterfalls 

Tortum Waterfall: It is located within the borders of Tortum town in Erzurum. It was 

formed on Tortum stream. The height of the falls are 48 m. and in front of the falls lies the 

Tortum lake which has an area of 8 km 2 . It has a scene of a natural wonder. There are no 

important facilities around. 

Girlevik Waterfall: It is located within the Erzincan Central Town borders and on the 

north east ledges of Munzur and Mercan Mountains which is 33 km away from the city 

center. It is formed with three surface falls which comes one after another. Its total height is 

53 meters. It is an important recreational region. It will be able to become an important 

tourism center when its environment is arranged and it is equipped with good quality 

accommodation facilities. 

Muradiye Waterfall (Bendi-Mahi) : It is located on the Bendi-Mahi Stream which is in 

the borders of Van Province, Muradiye Town, and on the highway to Erciş-Doğubeyazõt, and 

10 km away from the town center. It is an important recreational area, which can make 

visitors have fun times with its bubbling water that falls from 15-20 m of height to the deep 

pool with the help of snow waters as well as with the help of its rope bridge. Its facilities are 

not sufficient and there are some buildings under construction. 

6.1.2.1.9. Lakes 

There are many artificial and natural lakes in the region whose tourism potential are 

very high. Important ones are Hazar Lake (86 km 2 ), Keban Artificial Dam Lake (675 km 2 ), 

Karakaya and Atatürk Artificial Dam Lakes and Van Lake (3,713 km 2 ), Çõldõr Lake (115 

km 2 ) and Nemrut Crater Lake (12 km 2 ), Aygõr, Nazik, and Erçek Lakes. 

Among these, Van Lake is a tectonic set lake, which gave the city of Van its name. It 

is the largest natural lake of our country with an area of 3,713 km 2 . It has an altitude of 1,646 

meters and the maximum depth of 100 meters. Yaka Ada (Adõr Island) and İçeri Çarpanak 

Island are at the north east of the lake and Akdamar Island is the at the south east of the lake. 

Akdamar Church which is built in 10 th century and has been active until the World War I, is at 

this island. The building, which is built by cube-shaped volcanic stones, is found to be 

interesting by the visitors with the fresques on the inside and outside of its walls. The reliefs 

of the building symbolise “Adam and Eve,” and prophets such as Hz. Ismail, Jonah, Ibrahim, 

Daniel, and “Jesus and David prophets.” Furthermore, among the others, there are some 

reliefs, which symbolise many saints too. Majority of the tourists come to Van to visit this 

church. 

The shore of Van Lake, views of the lake, and cruising with motorboats can be 

counted as the potential tourism values of the lake region. Especially the south shore region 

between Van-Tatvan has become a place of interest for the purpose of recreation. Among the 

shore lines, Yelkenli (Reşadiye), Gümüşdere (Edremit) and Gevaş shores are the recreation 

areas which are visited daily and in which some public institutions have camping sites. 

11

Nemrut Crater Lake (12 km 2 ), which is located in the region, is on the volcanic block 

of Nemrut Mountain (2935 m) and is 22 km away from Tatvan. The deepest part of the lake, 

which resembles a crescent, reaches to 150 meters. The lake whose length reaches to 5 kms, 

is one of the largest crater lakes in the world. It is a natural wonder, which needs to be 

evaluated from a natural tourism potential. In the lake, cruising can be done by boats, 

vulcanological research can be done around it. The sides of the lake bowl is as shiny as a 

mirror, and its volcanic glass has a surface which refracts the sun light and reflects them to the 

surface of the lake. This colour carousel attracts many foreign tourists. 

The other natural tourism potentials are the Hazar Lake (86 km 2 ) which is within the 

borders of Elazõğ Province, and Keban Artificial Dam Lake (675 km 2 ). Hazar Lake is one of 

the most suitable lakes for tourism because of the easiness of the transportation and the view 

of the lake. However, today, it is important as an everyday recreational area for the people of 

Elazõğ. Especially Sivrice Region has become a camping site as a result of the facilities which 

were built by the public institutions. 

6.1.2.1.10. Thermal Spring Resorts 

There are water sources and sulfuric thermal spring resorts here and there within the 

plains of the Province of Erzurum, because of the tectonic based river basins. This potential is 

very dense in the Pasinler Plains. Ilõca, Köprüköy, and Pasinler thermal spring resorts have 

been used for the time of the Ottomans or even earlier times. 

Majority of the visitors consists of the people from Blacksea Region and from the 

close locations. The number of foreigners are almost none. 

Diyadin Thermal Spring Resorts of the province of Ağrõ, the thermal spring resorts of 

Bağõn of Tunceli, Kuzganlõ of Kars, and Van, Erciş Thermal Spring Resorts are the main 

resources of the region. Thermal spring resorts have been serving the local people as public 

bath except Pasinler, Ilõca, and Köprüköy. 

Although the region has a rich potential for thermal spring resort sources (such as 

Aladağ, Hölenk, Hasan Abdal, and Çukur), enough value could not have been given to it. 

6.1.2.2. Cultural Sources 

The East Anatolia Region has the richest cultural sources of our country. As a result of 

some archaeological research, the cultural ruins which go back to ten thousand years B.C. 

have been found. Examples of the cultures of Palaeontologic era were found in and around 

Hakkari, Kalkolitic era in Erzurum, Bronze and Iron age in the area between Van Lake region 

and Malatya. In the region, there are many works of art belonging to the periods of Hurri, 

Trans-Caucasia, Urartu, Roman-Bysantium, Vaspurakan Princedoms, Seljuks, Akkoyunlu- 

Karakoyunlu and Ottoman, all of which are known by their culture. 

6.1.2.2.1. Conserved Sites 

The list of archaeological, urban, and natural conserved sites, which are determined by 

the Councils for Protection of Cultural and Natural Wealth are presented in the appendixes. 

12

Other than these, separate buildings and natural values have been registered and 

placed under the protection. Naturally, there is a need for deeper research within the region, 

which has very rich cultural and natural wealth. 

We can list the following sites among the known ones. 

- The oldest residential areas whose histories go back to 10-5 thousand B.C. are: 

Hakkari Trişin Highland, Van Tilkitepe, Dilkaya, and İmikuşağõ. 

- Among the residential areas that remain from the period of Urartu, strongest state 

of Iron Age, there are Tuspa (Van), Zernakitepe, Çavuştepe, Anzaf, Ayanis, 

Altõntepe, Patnos, Tõkõzlõ, Bayburt, Hosap, Anzavurtepe Castles. 

- There are some important historical castles, which maintain their existence among 

today’s cities. The castels in Bayburt are examples for these. 

There are hundreds of architectural monuments made with local cube-shaped stones in 

Bitlis which has an interesting view with its topographical structure. Furthermore, Ahlat, 

which is an important center on the Van Lake shores, has also very rich potential for tourism 

with the most favoured tomb monuments (kümbet, akõt) of its time on the graveyards, which 

are like open air museums, left from the period of Seljuks; with hundreds of various types of 

tombstones; and with architectural art works such as castle, mosque, and madrasah. Although 

the archaeological excavating and restoration continues, it is not sufficient. 

Altõntepe, which is 15 km away from the Province of Erzincan, was one of the most 

important residential areas of Urartu Period. It has been keeping its archaeological value with 

its temple, palace, reception hall, graves, and storage buildings. 

Erzurum, one of the important cities of the East Anatolia, was built in 5 th century. 

There are number of art works left from Seljucks and Ottomans within this historical city, 

which is enclosed by the city wall. “Tabyas” which are located near the city center and built 

in the last period of Ottoman for military purposes, contribute to the military history and 

today’s tourism. 

“Ani,” which is 41 km away from Kars city center, is one of our important tourism 

centers not only with its history, which goes back to 5,500 B.C., but also the fact that it has 

been developed around the different culture and faiths of the Middle Ages and thus 

symbolises the synthesis between the cultures of the East and the West. There are many 

historical buildings such as mosque, church, palace, public bath in the city which is protected 

by the city wall. Although the efforts have been done for excavation and restoration, 

environmental arrangements, upkeeping and protection is very insufficient. 

Another archaeologically important residential area of the region is Aslantepe Höyüğü 

(tumulus), which is 8 km away from Malatya. Starting from the 3,000 B.C., the tumulus has 

been developed and has carried seven cultural remains. Another important residential area of 

Malatya is Old Malatya, which is within the borders of the Battalgazi Town today and takes 

our attention with art works of Turkish Period. 

Van, which is at the center of Van Lake Basin, just as it was in the past, has many 

historical art works and had been the capital city of Urartus, starting from the residence of 

Tilki Tepe in the years 5,000s B.C., had sheltered the Vaspurakan Kingdom in the Middle 

13

Ages, and had been settled by Seljuki and Ottoman States. Old Van City has been almost 

erased from the scene of history. The efforts for excavation and restoration need to be taken 

more effectively with the support of the government. 

6.1.2.2.2. Immovable Cultural Assets 

Architectural monuments in the historical residential areas are defined as “Immovable 

Cultural Assets.” Among these are buildings, most of which have the value of art and 

survived to this day, city walls, temples, palaces, monasteries and churches, madrasah, public 

facilities, public baths, inns, tomb monuments-tombs (kümbet-türbe), bridges, fountainspublic 

water fountains (çeşme-sebil), mansions, and houses. Among the immovable cultural 

sources, the following ones are the examples of those which come to mind first: Urartu 

Temples in Çavuştepe, Ayanis and Altõntepe; Ani and Akdamar churches; Van Hüsrev Paşa 

and Oltu Aslanpaşa Külliyehs; Bitlis, Malatya, Erzurum, Bayburt, Van and Hõnõs Grand 

Mosques (Ulu Cami); Yakutiye and Gökmeydan Madrasah with double minarets; Rahva 

(Eleman) Rüstem Paşa and Iğdõr Inns (Han); Tercan Mama Hatun, Erzurum Gümüşlü, Ahlat 

Usta Şakirt, Gevaş Halime Hatun, Erciş Anonim Tomb Monuments (Kümbets); Çobandede, 

Murat, Hoşap, Hurkan ve Bendimahi Bridges; Erzurum Bakõrcõlar, Boyahane, Ahlat Saray, 

Van Çifte Public Baths; İshak Paşa Palace, Erzurum Cennetzade Fountain (Table 6.1.6., 

Table 6.1.7. and Appendix 2). 

Table 6.1.6: Immovable Assets that Belong to Museums 

IMMOVABLE CULTURAL ASSET 

14 

OVERALL 

TURKEY 

THE EAST 

ANATOLIA 

REGION 

SEPARATE BUILDINGS (TOTAL) 27,868 914 

Military 559 175 

Cultural and Religious 7,037 399 

Administrative Buildings 530 60 

Civil Architecture Examples 17,908 269 

Industrial 132 7 

Natural Monuments 1,702 4 

CONSERVED AREAS (TOTAL) 3,673 132 

Archaeological 3,017 100 

Urban 184 2 

Historical 102 15 

Natural Monuments 325 15 

Source : State Institute of Statistics (SIS)-Economic and Social Indicators, 1998

MOSQUE 

TOMB 

MONUMEN 

TS (TURBE- 

KUMBET) 

Table 6.1.7: Distribution of Cultural Assets According to the Provinces 

CASTLE PALACE CHURCH GRAVE PUBLIC 

BATH 

INN FOUNTAIN BRIDGE MADRASAH 

15 

MEMORIAL 

FOR THE 

MARTIES 

KAPI KAPLICA TABYA HÖYÜK WATER 

FALLS 

MANSION 

PRIVATE/ 

PUBLIC 

Ağrõ 3 6 13 1 3 1 3 - 4 2 1 - 2 - - - - - - 39 

Ardahan - - 7 - 2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 9 

Bayburt 5 3 1 - - 1 - - - - - 1 - - - 4 - 28 6 49 

Bingöl - 1 2 - - - - - - 1 - - - - - - - - - 4 

Bitlis 31 40 6 - 1 5 8 11 5 18 5 - - 1 - - - 251 4 386 

Elazõğ 21 18 8 - 7 - 7 1 8 2 - 1 - - - 8 - 8 4 93 

Erzincan 12 17 13 1 9 2 6 1 2 5 - 2 - - - 4 - - 3 77 

Erzurum 75 15 58 2 7 7 20 7 27 10 9 11 4 2 20 10 1 24 12 321 

Gümüşhane 2 - 1 - 8 - 2 - - 13 - 1 - - - - 1 30 2 60 

Hakkari - 2 2 2 2 5 - - - 1 2 - - - - - - - - 16 

Iğdõr - 2 1 1 - 3 - 1 - - - - - - - - - - - 8 

Kars 15 1 7 2 16 - 7 - - 8 - 9 9 - 1 - - 41 63 179 

Malatya 30 8 4 1 4 10 6 2 2 5 1 - - - - - - 36 3 112 

Muş 7 6 8 - 3 4 2 2 1 4 2 8 - 6 - 5 - 2 2 62 

Tunceli 6 5 4 - - - 2 - 1 1 1 - - - - 1 - 1 - 22 

Van 16 15 24 - 24 28 2 7 - 8 10 1 1 2 - - 1 4 - 143 

Total 223 139 159 10 86 66 65 32 50 78 31 33 16 11 21 32 3 425 99 1,580 

Overall Turkey 27,868 

The Rate of Cultural Assets in the Region to the Overall Turkey 5.67 

Source: The Ministry of Culture (MC)-General Directorate of Preservation Natural Assets (GDPNA), Culture Inventory Records, Ankara, 1998. 

PROVINCE 

TOTALS

Among these monuments, those which are also used or visited today are still in 

good shape, while the others are abandoned and in ruins. 

6.1.2.2.2.1. Cultural Assets Under the Water of Dams 

Within the area covered by the Keban Dam, there are 59 villages, 26 mezras 

(small villages), and 6 complexes are completely covered by water, while 104 villages, 

24 mezras, 11 neighbourhoods, and 2 complexes are partly covered by water. Before 

these places were covered by water, the art works belonging to Urartu Period were 

transferred to museums. 

6.1.2.2.2.2.Cultural Equipment (Museums and Theatres) 

In spite of its rich cultural potential, museums and galleries, in which cultural 

entities are exhibited, are insufficient when compared to Turkey in general (see Table 

6.1.8.). Among the 16 provinces of the EAP region, there are not any museum which 

belong to the Ministry of Culture, General Directorate of Monuments and Museum, in the 

Provinces of Tunceli, Bingöl, Bitlis (menter), Muş, Ardahan, Iğdõr, Ağrõ, Gümüşhane, 

Bayburt and Hakkari. Additionally, the museums in the other provinces serve with 

insufficient places and personnel. However, historical residential areas such as Ani Ruins; 

Hoşap, Van, and Çavuştepe Castles; Ahlat and Akdamar islands have been visited as 

open air museums. 

Table 6.1.8: Cultural Activity Equipment of the Region 

UNITS OVERALL TURKEY EAST ANATOLIA 

Museums 163 11 

Cinemas 301 9 

Official Theatres 42 - 

State Theatres 26 2 

Official Institute Theatres 17 - 

Private Theatres 18 1 

Opera and Ballet Hall 6 - 

Source: SIS-Economic and Social Indicators, 1998 

Along with the decrease in the tourism sector, there has been a significant 

decrease in the number of tourists, who visit the museums and ruins, because of the 

terrorism, which has become condensed since 1991. While the number of tourists who 

visited the museums in the region were 91,898 in 1990, this number has decreased to 

52,734 in 1998 (Table 6.1.9.). People’s interest in museums and art galleries have been 

very weak. The activities in the galleries of art and paintings of the related units of 

Directories of Culture in the provinces (İl Kültür Müdürlükleri) and universities are 

limited usually with the staff of official institutions- corporations, the faculty and 

students. 

16

Table 6.1.9: Visitor Situation of Museums of the Region 

Museum 

1990 1996 1997 1998 

Local Foreign Total Local Foreign Total Local Foreign Total Local Foreign Total 

Ahlat 

Elazõğ 

1,267 3,553 4,820 786 325 1,111 1,134 481 1,615 1,028 716 1,744 

(Elazõğ ve 15,610 235 15,845 7,546 3 7,549 9,555 18 9,573 7,498 7 7,505 

Harput) 

Erzincan* 

Erzurum 

- - - - - - - - - - - - 

(Archel. 

Etnography 

andAtatürk 

12,906 1,486 14,392 43,561 1,018 44,579 18,083 1,384 19,467 29,196 683 29,879 

House) 

Kars 10,647 3,759 14,406 12,767 2,023 14,790 7,954 1,657 9,611 5,070 2,032 7,102 

Malatya** 23,119 39 23,158 16,099 110 16,209 10,984 156 11,140 - - - 

Van 11,913 7,364 19,277 9,205 774 9,979 7,997 702 8,699 5,912 592 6,504 

Total 74,652 16,436 91,898 89,964 4,253 94,217 55,707 4,398 60,105 48,704 4,030 52,734 

Source: Statistics by Museum Directorates, 1999 

* The museum has been closed to the visitors since 1988 because of the earthquake 

** It has been closed to the visitors since Summer 1997 because of redecorating. 

17

Among the provinces of the East Anatolia, there are State Theatres only in Erzurum 

and Van. Few cinemas are about to close because of the popularity of the television. There 

are no theatrical arts other than the theatre and the cinema in the region. 

The Erzurum State Theatre, which was opened in March 12, 1997, has shown 144 

plays to 27,853 audience, whereas the Van State Theatre, which was opened 9 months later 

than the former, received 66,885 audience for 167 plays (Table 6.1.10.). 

Table 6.1.10: Situation of Plays and Audience of the State Theatres in the Region 

NUMBER OF PLAYS NUMBER OF AUDIENCE TOTAL 

1997-1998 1998-1999 1997-1998 1998-1999 PLAY AUDIENCE 

Erzurum* 136 8 26,201 1,552 144 27,853 

Van** 118 49 57,285 9,600 167 66,885 

TOTAL 254 57 83,486 11,152 311 94,738 

* The records of Erzurum State Theatre Directorate between the dates 12.03.1997-31.12.1998. 

** The records of Van State Theatre Directorate between the dates 09.12.1997-31.12.1998. 

6.1.2.2.2.3. Cultural Projects in the Investment Programs 

Because of the limited budget of the Ministry of Culture (the budget allocated from 

the total budget of Turkey for the all units of the Ministry is 0.2 %.), cultural and natural 

assets which were inherited from past cultures could not have been protected; adequate 

research, excavation and restoration could not have been made. 

Caravanserais on the historical Silk Road, bridges, Ahlat tomb stones, Old Van 

City, Churches of Akdamar and Çarpanak have been abandoned and now, they are in need 

of upkeep and repair. Historical accommodations and houses in the region have been 

disappearing each day. Sacred locations and tomb monuments (turbah), which are the main 

sources of faith tourism, does not look upkeep adequately and away from modern touristic 

perspective. 

The road net is generally not adequate for the services in the current tourism 

potential. This inadequacy of road net creates difficulties for visits, especially to Ani 

Ruins, İshak Paşa Palace, Trişin Highlands, and the Mount Ararat. 

The buildings in the East Anatolia Region, in the Investment Proposals Program for 

the Year 1999 (1999 Yõlõ Yatõrõm Teklif Programõ), which was sent to the Undersecretariat 

of the State Planning Organisation by the Ministry of Culture, General Directorate of 

Monuments and Museums as follows: 

Kars 

• Restoration of Ani City 

Hakkari 

• Environmental Design of Historical graveyards. 

18

Bitlis 

• Restoration of Old Governor Mansion 

• Repair of Bitlis Castle 

• Repair of Ahlat Castle 

• Repair of Sahil Castle 

• Repair of Adilcevaz Castle 

• Environmental Arrangements of Güroymak Graveyard 

Ağrõ 

• Restoration of Doğubeyazõt İshakpaşa Palace 

Erzurum 

• Environmental Arrangements of Pasinler Castle 

• Environmental Arrangements of İspir Castle 

• Environmental Arrangements of Oltu Castle 

• Repair of Erzurum Museum 

• Restoration of Yoncalõk Military Public Bath 

• Repair of Atatürk House 

Elazõğ 

• Project of Harput Castle 

• Repair of Harput Castle 

Van 

• Additional Unit Construction of Van Museum 

• Repair and Environmental Arrangement of Akdamar Church 

• Repair of Van Castle 

• Repair of Hoşap Castle 

Muş 

• Construction of Museum Building 

Bayburt 

• Repair of Bayburt Castle 

19

Current projects, which have been managed by the Ministry of Culture and the 

General Directorate of Foundations (Vakõflar Genel Müdürlüğü), are as seen in 

Table 6.1.11., Table 6.1.12. and Table 6.1.13. 

Table 6.1.11: The List of The Works Done in The Provinces of The East Anatolia 

Region in The Years 1997 and 1998 and The List of The Payments For The 

First Six Months of The Year 1999 

(Million TL.) 

Provinces 1997 1998 1999 

Erzurum 

- Rol. Rest. Proj. of Yoncalõk Military Public Bath 

- Rol. Res. Proj. of İspir Castle 

- Rol. Res. Proj. of Pasinler Castle 

- Repair of İspir Ceneviz Castle. 

- Equip. of Erzurum Museum Against Fire and Theft. 

- Repair of Erzurum Rol. And Anõt Müd. Hizmet Building. 

Kars 

- Rol. Res. And Proj. Of Ani City. 

- Restoration of Ani City 

Erzincan 

- Rol. Rest. Proj. of Kemah City 

Van 

- Construction of Additional Building and Environmental 

Arrangement of Van Museum 

Elazõğ 

- Repair of Harput Castle. 

Bitlis 

- Repair Bitlis Castle. 

- Repair Ahlat Museum. 

- Construction of the Env. Wall of Ahlat and Güroymak Seljuk 

Graveyards. 

- Repair of İhlasiye Madrasah. 

- Repair of Old Vali Konağõ. 

Muş 

- Repair of Malazgirt Castle. 

Bayburt 

- Repair of Bayburt Castle. 

- Repair of Bayburt Kavallar House. 

- Environmental Arr. Of Bayburt Aydõntepe Underground City 

- Repair of Korgan Bridge. 

- Repair of the tomb Monuments in the province of Bayburt. 

Malatya 

- Repair of Malatya Museum. 

Hakkari 

- Repair of Historical Graves. 

Ağrõ 

- Rol. Rest. And Proj. Of İshakpaşa Palace 

- Rest. And Env. Arr. Of İshakpaşa Palace 

Bingöl 

-Env. Arrangement of Zulümtepe Ruins 

20 

4,000 

4,000 

6,000 

2,000 

7,800 

3,250 

5,000 

55,500 

4,150(*) 

8,600(*) 

7,000 

3,000 

2,600 

20,700 

6,000 

10,000 

5,900 

3,000(*) 

5,000 

13,500 

860(*) 

Source: Data taken from MC-General Directorate of Statues and Museum (GDSM) 

(*) Payments is made for Special Provincial Administrations. 

500 

9,000 

7,500 

10,000 

15,000 

9,000 

30,713 

20,000 

25,000 

10,000 

5,000(*) 

5,000 

10,000 

23,000 

10,000 

6,000 

23,000 

25,000 

15,000

Table 6.1.12: The List of Investment Projects of the Ministry of Culture 

Name of the Projects Place 

21 

Start- End 

Date of the 

Job 

Cost of the 

Project 

(Million TL.) 

1998 

Predicted 

Expenses 

1999 

Invest. 

Ahlat Castle Excavation and Rölöve Bitlis-Ahlat 

Restoration Project 

1995-2000 3,280 500 1,000 

Bitlis-Ahlat Bayõndõr Bridge City Bitlis-Ahlat 

Design/Env. Arr. 

1997-2000 7,000 5,903 1,000 

Old Van Castle Entrance 1/500 1/200 Van-Center 

and Lower sized projects 

1997-2000 11,000 4,000 2,000 

Old Van Castle Env. Arr. prject Van-Center 1996-2000 81,700 25,397 9,000 

Bayõndõr Köprüsü Env. Arr. Bitlis-Ahlat 1997-2000 55,000 16,400 25,000 

Bayburt Castle Env. Arr. 

Source: Taken from MC-GDSM 

Bayburt-Center 1998-2000 147,000 37,055 19,000 

Table 6.1.13: Projects Under The control of The General Directorate of Foundations 

Name of the Projects (*) 

Place 

Start- End 

Date of the 

Job 

(Million TL.) 

Cost of the 

Project 

1999 

Temp. 

Invest. 

Repair of Gökmeydan Madrasah (Mülhak) Bitlis-Ahlat 1999-1999 23,000 100 

Repair of Rahva (Eleman) Inn Bitlis-Center 1999-2000 23,000 100 

Repair of Başhan Bitlis-Center 1999-2000 23,000 100 

Repair of Papşan Inn Bitlis-Center 1999-2000 23,000 100 

Repair of Nadir Baba Tomb Monument. Elazõğ-Center 1999-2000 23,000 100 

Repair of Kale Turkish Bath. Elazõğ-Center 1999-2000 23,000 100 

Repair of Mamahatun Caravanserai 2 nd Part Erzincan-Tercan 1998-2000 30,000 3,000 

Repair of Old Turkish Bath Erzincan-Kemaliye 1999-2000 23,000 100 

Repair of Rüstempaşa Caravanserai and Bedes Erzurum-Center 1999-2000 50,000 100 

Repair of Muratpaşa Turkish Bath 2 nd part Erzurum-Center 1998-2000 40,000 2,500 

Repair of Gümrük Turkish Bath Erzurum-Center 1999-2000 23,000 100 

Repair of Saray Turkish Bath Erzurum-Center 1999-2000 23,000 100 

Repair of Pir Ahmet Tomb and Mehmet Gümüşhane-Center 1999-2000 23,000 100 

Çelebi Tomb 

Repair of Meydan Madrasah Hakkari-Center 1999-2000 23,000 100 

Repair of Hüseyin Paşa Bazaar (Bedesten) Malatya-Darende 1999-2000 30,000 100 

Repair of Hüseyin Paşa Turkish Bath 2 nd Part Malatya-Darende 1999-2000 11,000 100 

Repair of Ulu Camii Karvansaray Malatya-B.Gazi 1999-2000 30,000 100 

Repair of Seyit Mah. Mosque and Tomb Van-Erciş 1999-2000 30,000 100 

Repair of Hoşap Hasan Bey Mad. Tomb Van-Gürpõnar 1999-2000 30,000 100 

Repair of Yõldõrõm Village Ali Baba Tomb Bayburt-Center 1999-2000 30,000 100 

Repair of Çamur Village Tomb monument Bayburt-Center 1999-2000 30,000 100 

Repair of Şehit Osman Tomb Bayburt-Center 1999-2000 30,000 100 

Repair of Şeyh Hayran Tomb Bayburt-Center 1999-2000 23,000 100 

Repair of Masat Dede Korkut Tomb Bayburt-Center 1999-2000 30,000 100 

Repair of Çayõryolu Kutlu Bey Tomb Bayburt-Sünür 1999-2000 30,000 100 

Source: Foundations General Directorate 

(*) : Repair of 69 mosques have been continuing in the provinces of the EAP region.

6.1.3. Tourism Enterprises 

When the Table 6.1.14., which shows the capacity of beds in the region, is 

examined, we will see a significant data. The fact that the number of tourism certified beds 

is much lower (approximately 1/3) than the number of municipality certified beds shows 

that usually tourists with lower income accommodate in the region. 

Regions 

Table 6.1.14: Capacity of Touristic Beds in the Region 

Number of 

Tourism Certified 

Beds 

Number of 

Touristic 

Investment 

Certified Beds 

22 

Number of 

Municipality 

Certified Beds 

Total 

Number 

of Beds 

East Anatolia 4,734 6,369 12,482 23,585 

South East Anatolia 3,942 4,047 7,374 15,363 

Overall Turkey 313,298 236,632 344,551 894,481 

Source: MT-Tourism Statistics (1997). 

The evaluation of the hotels certified by the municipality according to their 

characteristics confirms the above mentioned results (Table 6.1.15.). 

Table 6.1.15: Number of Municipality Certified Facilities and Beds in the Provinces 

of the Region (1997) 

QUALIFIED UNQUALIFIED A- TOTAL 

PROVINCE Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of Number of 

Facilities Beds Facilities Beds Facilities Beds 

Ağrõ 16 871 16 519 32 1,390 

Bingöl 10 396 6 134 16 530 

Bitlis 7 399 4 122 11 521 

Elazõğ 11 815 20 755 31 1,570 

Erzincan 11 483 25 669 36 1,152 

Erzurum 39 1,857 60 2,033 99 3890 

Gümüşhane 7 291 15 413 22 704 

Hakkari 6 279 4 143 10 422 

Kars 11 591 4 81 15 672 

Malatya 10 443 12 415 22 858 

Muş 5 145 7 251 12 396 

Tunceli 5 210 8 185 13 395 

Van 13 1,610 24 1,493 37 3,103 

Bayburt 4 186 4 117 8 303 

Ardahan 1 34 2 44 3 78 

Iğdõr 5 220 9 208 14 428 

Total 161 8,830 220 7,582 381 16,412 

Turkey R. 5,142 250,889 3,261 104,026 8,403 354,925 

Source: MT- “1997 Yõlõ Belediye Belgeli Konaklama İstatistikleri Bülteni,” Pub. No: 1998/2, Ankara, 1998. 

As seen in Table 6.1.14., it is an important development that the number of beds, 

which has Touristic Investment Certification, is higher than the number of current beds. It

is seen that the touristic investments have been increasing rapidly and some significant 

developments are expected in two years. These investments are intensified in the centers of 

winter sports. 

6.1.3.1. The Number of Tourists Who Stay in Touristic Facilities 

The number of local and foreign tourists who stayed in the facilities in terms of the 

provinces is seen in Table 6.1.16. It can be understood from the table that 1,620,690 local 

tourists and 188,231 foreign tourists stayed in the region in 1996. Generally, touristic 

facilities supply services for domestic tourism and serve to the group of tourists with low 

income level. 

Table 6.1.17 and Table 6.1.18. should be examined for information about the 

distribution of provinces hosting domestic and foreign tourists. 

Considering the number of nights stayed in the facilities, it is understood that 

foreign tourists stay in the region as transitive tourists. However, it is seen that they stayed 

two nights on average in Erzurum winter sports center. 

From the analysis of Table 6.1.18., it is understood that the local tourists stayed in 

the city as transitive tourists or for the purpose of business meetings. 

23

Table 6.1.16: Number of Guests and the Nights Spent in the Facilities Certified as 

Touristic and Municipality Certified Facilities, According to the Provinces 

PROVINCES YEARS 

LOCAL 

CHECK IN 

FOREIGN TOTAL LOCAL 

NIGHTS STAYED 

FOREIGN TOTAL 

94 18,642 2,151 20,613 20,435 2,208 22,643 

AĞRI 

95 22,620 11,469 34,089 22,852 11,836 34,688 

96 142,756 7,678 150,434 143,540 10,763 154,303 

94 31,015 109 31,124 47,662 129 47,791 

BİNGÖL 

95 53,500 147 53,476 82,576 175 82,751 

96 57,038 148 57,186 83,308 83,461 166,769 

94 18,614 418 19,032 27,902 433 28,335 

BİTLİS 

95 36,419 225 36,664 63,449 350 63,799 

96 46,658 840 47,498 53,486 891 54,377 

94 32,873 171 33044 43,550 271 43,821 

ELAZIĞ 

95 95,759 639 96,398 138,757 1,262 14,019 

96 111,186 411 111,597 156,399 967 157,366 

94 7,987 172 8,159 14,087 197 14,284 

ERZİNCAN 

95 94,959 408 95,367 122,880 837 123,718 

96 112,500 662 113,162 152,195 1,269 153,464 

94 97,266 5,758 103,024 124,922 8,518 133,440 

ERZURUM 

95 377,796 9,597 387,393 485,326 16,221 501,547 

96 369,432 16,564 385,996 438,121 35,031 473,152 

94 17,600 93 17,693 20,914 581 21,495 

GÜMÜŞHANE 95 30,482 405 30,887 42,442 893 43,355 

96 32,479 9 32,488 40,063 58 40121 

94 12,197 410 12,607 17,033 491 17,524 

HAKKARİ 

95 41,997 5,127 47,124 53,923 5,930 54,853 

96 36,235 11,591 47,826 52,733 12,997 65,730 

94 33,287 1,523 34,810 40,857 1,970 42,827 

KARS 

95 68,221 1,314 69,535 82,023 1,607 83,630 

96 83,470 2,843 86,313 85,837 3,446 89,283 

94 36,064 420 36,484 59,783 721 60504 

MALATYA 

95 119,706 2,591 122,297 149,473 3,437 152,910 

96 115,208 3,498 118,706 142,824 6,545 149,369 

94 18,502 303 18,805 25,410 324 25,734 

MUŞ 

95 30,554 100 30,654 30,693 225 30,917 

96 21,832 46 21,878 23,811 85 23,896 

94 65,565 42 65,607 34,455 59 34,514 

TUNCELİ 

95 27,305 38 27,743 42,176 148 42,324 

96 47,018 28 47,046 59,538 28 59,566 

94 63,881 5,084 68,965 85,358 8,609 93,967 

VAN 

95 357,173 41,095 399,068 611,310 72,103 683,413 

96 367,087 71,189 438,276 133,166 121,290 254,456 

94 8,142 63 8,205 11,302 63 11,365 

BAYBURT 

95 15,334 158 15,492 19,674 163 19,837 

96 14,881 177 15,058 19,790 179 19,969 

94 -- -- -- -- -- -- 

ARDAHAN 

95 8,907 92 8,999 11,428 95 11,523 

96 12,261 26 12,287 13,131 48 13,179 

94 17,172 16,603 33,775 19,642 18,860 38,322 

IĞDIR 

95 28,547 33,988 62,534 29,111 35,090 64,201 

96 50,649 72,521 123,170 57,924 75,014 132,938 

EAST ANATOLIA 96 1,808,921 2,007,938 

OVERALL 

TURKEY 

96 28,943,086 67,723,755 

Source: MT-Bulletin for Accommodation Statistics, 1994 - 95 - 96. 

24

Table 6.1.17: Top Five Provinces that Host Foreign Tourists in the Region 

PROVINCES Incoming Foreign Tourists Local Tourists who stayed 

Iğdõr 72,521 75,014 

Van 71,189 121,290 

Erzurum 16,564 35,031 

Hakkari 11,591 12,997 

Ağrõ 7,678 10,763 

Source: MT- 1996 Statistics 

Table 6.1.18: Top Six Provinces That Host Local Tourists in The Region 

PROVINCES Incoming Local Tourists Foreign Tourists who stayed 

Erzurum 369,432 438,121 

Van 367,092 633,166 

Ağrõ 142,756 143,540 

Malatya 115,208 142,824 

Erzincan 112,500 152,195 

Elazõğ 111,186 156,399 

Source: MT-1996 Statistics 

6.1.4. Significance of Iranian Tourists 

304,924 Iranian tourists have entered Turkey in the year 1998. Through which 

custom gates Iranian tourists entered to Turkey and left Turkey is seen in Table 6.1.19. 

It is understood that Iranian tourists have entered to Turkey through Ağrõ 

(Gürbulak), Kilis (Öncüpõnar), İstanbul and Hakkari, respectively. 

25

Table 6.1.19: The List of Iranian Tourists who Entered Turkey according to the 

Custom Gates Used (1998) 

ENTRANCE 

NAME OF THE 

CUSTOM GATE 

NUMBER OF 

ENTRANCES 

NUMBER OF 

EXITS 

AĞRI Gürbulak 118,170 83,288 

KİLİS Öncüpõnar 101,082 95,557 

İSTANBUL Ahl.Karaköy 41,262 39,960 

HAKKARİ Esendere 23,915 12,763 

EDİRNE Motorway+Train 5,448 5,498 

HATAY Cilvegözü, 

3,451 2,743 

İskenderun, Yay 

IĞDIR Dilucu 2,4,51 2,535 

İZMİR Air+Sea 1,851 218 

MUĞLA Air+Sea 1,090 1,332 

SAMSUN Air+Sea 1,000 71 

ARTVİN Motorway+Sea 436 235 

KIRKLARELİ Dereköy 282 17 

ZONGULDAK Sea+Air 152 211 

İÇEL Sea 132 131 

ANTALYA Air+Sea 125 1,569 

ADANA Air+Sea 124 143 

TRABZON Air+Sea 55 69 

AYDIN Kuşadasõ 43 4 

KOCAELİ Derince 35 59 

TEKİRDAĞ Center 17 8 

ARDAHAN Çõldõr+Posof 15 11 

GAZİANTEP Islahiye Gargamõş 15 5 

ŞIRNAK Halõur 14 0 

MARDİN Nusaybin 12 22 

KAYSERİ Erkilet (Air) 3 0 

ŞANLIURFA Akçakale 1 17 

BALIKESİR Air+Sea 1 0 

ANKARA Air --- 2250 

RİZE Sea+Motorway --- 908 

TOTAL 301,182 251,478 

Total entrance according to the records 304,924 

Unknown Entrances 3,742 

Total exits 251,478 

Unknown Exits 53,546 

Source: MT 

It is understood that Iranians have come to Turkey to pass to Mecca for the purpose 

of pilgrimage. When the kinds of transportation Iranian tourists have used to come to 

Turkey is searched, it is understood that the majority of them came to Turkey by motorway 

(Table 6.1.20.). 

26

Number of 

Iranian 

Tourists who 

Entered 

Table 6.1.20: Transportation Modes Used by the Iranian Tourists 

Who Visit Turkey 

Air Motorway Train Sea TOTAL 

46,852 254,575 713 2,784 304,924 

Number of 

Iranian 

Tourists who 

left 

45,996 202,111 758 2,613 251,478 

Source: MT-1998 Statistics 

It is understood that the majority of those, who came to Turkey by air planes, 

entered and exited from Istanbul. 

Considering the East Anatolia, the issue which needs to be underlined is to direct 

200,000 Iranian tourists which enter and exit from Turkey by motorways.About the half of 

Iranian tourists enter and exit through Ağrõ Gürbulak Custom Gate.23,915 tourists who 

entered through Hakkari Esendere, do not exit through the same custom gate. Whereas The 

Van Kapõköy Custom Gate is not used. It is seen that when coming from the big cities like 

Tehran and Tabriz, the pass which is not hilly and does not require to climb mountains, is 

the Ağrõ (Gürbulak) Custom Gate. A tourist who left from Tehran needs to stay the night 

around Gürbulak. Thus, it is important that the first and important facilities, which will 

accommodate Iranian tourists, need to be around Doğu Beyazõt. Naturally, those Iranians 

who entered from the border should be accommodated for resting. 

As well known, Iran had used Trabzon Port as a gate of import densely in 1980s. 

However, as a result of the price policy in the port services, the tendency of the 

transportation companies to become monopoly and thus increase the prices, and some 

political reasons, they have moved transportation from this route to some other countries. 

6.1.5. The Relations Between Turkey and Nahçõvan-Azerbaijan 

One of the most active custom gates is Iğdõr Nahçõvan Custom Gate in recent years. 

This activity which was created as a result of border trade affects the trade. Furthermore, 

the free trade region and technocity project, which had already started to be built, are 

important for the relationship with neighbouring countries. 

6.1.6. Main Approach for the Development of Tourism in the Region 

Thinking of the development of tourism in the region independent from the East 

Anatolia Project (E.A.P.) would be a mistake. The Ministry of Tourism continues its 

efforts for the SAP (Southeast Anatolia Project) Tourism Master Plan. 

27

For tourism planning, first thing to do is to analyse the expectations of the tourists. 

We can list the expectations of the tourists as follows: 

a) The tourist will desire to come the region via the shortest way. 

b) The tourist will want to know the region with short-term tours rather than longterm 

tours. 

c) The tourist will want to minimize their expenses of transportation. 

d) The tourist will want to feel secure when they visit the region. 

e) The tourist will want to have his trip to be comfortable. 

f) Additional activities and cultural activities that support the tourism will affect 

the touristic demand. 

6.1.6.1. High Level of Accessability 

The tours to the region can be arranged via only motorway, via only airway or as a 

combination of both air and motorway. 

Already effective airports in the Region are; 

- On the Blacksea Coast, Samsun, Ordu, Trabzon, and Batum. 

- Malatya, Elazõğ, Erzincan, Erzurum, Kars, and Van. 

The most important issue is to reach the target area in shortest time and with the 

least cost. 

6.1.6.2. Terms of the Tours 

Examples of long term tours in the Region are; 

- Erzurum-Kars (Ani Ruins) – Iğdõr-Doğu Beyazõt (Ishakpaşa Palace) Çaldõran- 

Muradiye-Van Güzelsu Castle-Çavuştepe-Akdamar Island (the Van Lake) 

Elazõğ or Diyarbakõr. 

- Ankara-Samsun-Trabzon-Erzurum-Doğu Beyazõt (1,460 kms.) 

- Ankara-Yozgat-Sivas-Erzincan-Erzurum (929 kms.) 

- Trabzon-Rize-Artvin-Kars-Horasan (599 kms.) 

- Kayseri-Malatya-Elazõğ-Erzurum (799 kms.) 

- Ağrõ-Van-Tatvan-Bitlis-Muş-Bingöl-Elazõğ (777 kms.) 

28

Considering that the demand for 3 or 5 days short-term tours is higher than the 

demand for long-term tours, it seems that the short term tours are only meaningful in case 

of air transportation. Examples for those tours are given below; 

- Erzurum Palandöken Mountains and Skiing Centers 

- The Tortum Lake and Waterfalls and Girlevik Waterfalls (Erzincan) 

- Kars Ani Ruins 

- Mount Ağrõ, Mount Kop, Mount Dumlu – tracking 

- Mount Nemrut (Soft tracking) 

- Tunceli Munzur National Park 

- Van Lake Region (Ahlat, Çavuştepe, Ayanis Temple (Urartu), Akdamar Island, 

Van Castle etc.) 

6.1.6.3. Decreasing Transportation Expenses to the Minimum 

Generally, tourists generally spare 40 % of the expenses for the expenses of 

transportation. The portion left for the accommodation is about 30 %. Since the 

transportation expenses for the Region will be expensive, the difference can be 

compensated from the expenses of accommodation. 

6.1.6.4. Safety of the Journeys 

Although the region is very appropriate for the winter sports, the problem of 

avalanche is important. The reports about this issue is enclosed to the chapter about 

settlements in the study. As it can be seen in the study, safety against the avalanche has the 

first degree of importance. 

Safety on the roads is possible primarily with the adequacy of the infra-structure. 

It is observed that safe and comfortable transportation system will provide an 

increase in the number of Iranian transit passengers. 

6.1.6.5. A Comfortable Tourism 

For a comfortable tourism, accommodation types can be suggested as follows: 

- Hotel-motel, rest area facilities by the road 

- Camping (camping with tents, caravan, etc.) 

- Rural shelter, emergency medical services (Highways Gen. Dir. has facilities.) 

- Holiday villages 

29

- Youth camps, hostels, student dormitories, regional boarding schools, etc. 

- Highland tourism, highland houses 

6.1.6.6. Activities that Support Tourism 

Folklore 

The most important factor among the other factors which supports tourism is the 

rich culture of the people (folklore).Regional folk dancing which represents life styles are 

very rich and diverse. Among these dances which are performed with different costumes 

and motifs, using davul and zurna , and are similar in style of performing, there are Sarõ 

Çivil, Seyh Şamil, Terekeme, Azerbaijan and Karabağ dances of Kars; Hey Nare, Kol 

Sallama, Aşõrma and Bar dances of Erzurum; Ağõr Halay and Koçerliler dances of 

Hakkari; Lorke, Kekekvan and Papuri dances of Van; Herkuşta and Hançer-Bõçak dances 

of Muş; Bar dance of Bayburt; İki Ayak and Lorge dances of Tunceli; Sarõ Bülbül and Ağrõ 

Gülüm dances of Ağrõ; Çayda Çõra, Keban Çiftetellisi, Yavuz and Kafkas dances of Elazõğ; 

Karşõlama and Ayõ Oyunu dances of Erzincan; Derino and Lorke dances of Malatya; 

Koçeri and Küccarõ dances of Bitlis; Delilo and Bingöl Halayõ dances of Bingöl. 

Gastronomy 

Food culture, which is unique to the region, is also important. Food based on meat 

is primary because of the significance of the animal husbandry in the region. 

A gastronomy appears in which Kars becomes famous with cheddar cheese, 

Erzurum with honey, Elazõğ with tulum cheese (cheese encased in a skin) and oğma 

cheese. 

Tandour bread (bread baked in an oven on the ground) and Tandour kebab (kebab 

roasted in an oven on the ground) can be listed as the most important food. 

Handicrafts 

The East Anatolia Region presents a rich potential for the handicrafts. Labour 

intensive arts are at front. The detailed information about this issue is presented in the 

chapter related to handicrafts. 

Festivals and Specific Ceremonies 

Festivals include Nevruz, Hõdõrellez, Koç Katõmõ (Mating of Sheep), Kurban 

Bayramõ (the Feast of the Sacrifice), Yağmur Duasõ (Ritual Prayer for Rain), Weddings, 

The Game of Cirit, and Ceremonies for Circumcision. 

• Malatya Apricot Festival (July 20-22), 

• Arapgir Grape Harvest Fiestas (September 1-7), 

30

• Sivrice Desert Fiestas and Ağrõ Fiestas Elazõğ, 

• Adilcevaz Walnut Festival (October) Bitlis, 

• Ahlat Culture Week (August), Bitlis 

• Ahilik Culture Week (October 11-17), Erzincan, 

• Refahiye Honey Festival (August 5), 

• Kemaliye Carpet Festival (July 23-25), 

• İliç Cheese Festival (September 2-4), 

• Kemal Sheep Shearing Fair (August 2), 

• Dede Korkut Culture and Art Festival (July 13-20), Bayburt, 

• Kadõrga Plateau Fiestas (3 rd week of July), Gümüşhane, 

• Kuşburnu Pestil Culture Tourism Fiesta (September), Gümüşhane, 

• Aşõk Emrah Festival (September), Van-Erciş, 

• Chess Festival (August), Bahçesaray. 

The salvation days of the each province and town are also regarded as traditional 

festivals. 

The fairs which have significance for thousand years are Erzurum and Van fairs. 

Erzurum and East Anatolia Silk Road Fair and Van Fairs are celebrated every year 

internationally. 

6.1.7. Crisis; Framework Conditions 

Although the region is ecologically and socio-culturally rich, it could not have 

gained a place in the culture and tourism industry that it deserves. The following 

framework conditions can be listed for a sustainable tourism. 

Framework conditions for developing a sustainable tourism in the region: 

- Main Framework Conditions; 

• Developing the infra-structure for transportation (International Airport, 

Trans Asiatique Highway, etc.) 

• Establishing connections with tours in our country (Connections with 

Blacksea Ports, attracting transit passengers such as Iranian tourists to the 

region, establishing connections with S.A.P. Master Plan). 

• Providing safety for the tourists 

• Giving consciousness to society and improving their perspective to tourists 

31

- Economical Framework Conditions; 

• Supporting airway journeys economically (cheap fuel, making airport 

services with least amount of money etc.) 

• Providing special finance for touristic investments 

• Providing marketing and associations (rural tourism association, soft 

tourism association etc.) 

• Special support for advertising and marketing abroad 

• Tourism schools and special centers for tourism enterprises 

- Main Social and Ecological Conditions; 

• Bringing the environment front in tourism and determining special 

conditions for the tourism specific to the region 

• Planning archaeological areas and developing effective policies for the 

arrangements of these areas, supporting personnel of museums and 

touristic site areas in order to activate them, 

• Protecting natural sites and establishing special funds among the ministries 

under the support of local administrations for developing these sites 

- Cultural Investments and Conditions 

When cultural investments are examined, it is observed that the majority of them 

are education investments. 

Ardahan-Posof : District Public Library 

Ardahan-Hanak : District Public Library 

Bayburt : Culture Centre 

Bingöl : Culture Centre 

Bitlis-Mutki : District Public Library 

Erzincan-Üzimlü : Public Training Centre 

Erzincan : City Culture Centre 

Erzurum-Hõnõs : Culture Centre 

Gümüşhane : Culture Centre 

Hakkari : Culture Centre 

Hakkari-Yüksekova : Culture Centre 

Hakkari-Şemdinli : District Public Library 

Iğdõr : Culture Centre 

Malatya : Culture Centre 

Malatya-Akçadağ : Culture Centre 

Muş : Culture Centre 

32

Muş-Varto : Culture Centre 

Tunceli : Culture Centre 

Tunceli-Nazimiye : District Public Library 

Tunceli-Ovacõk : District Culture Centre 

Tunceli-Mazgirt : District Public Library 

Van : City Culture Centre 

Van-Başkale : District Public Library 

Van-Çatak : District Public Library 

It is not only important to complete on-going cultural facilities as soon as possible 

but also the personnel who are going to be employed in those facilities. 

6.1.8. Evaluation 

The most important problem of the tourism in the Region is its dependence on the 

season. The most important issue has been a short summer period and a long winter period, 

in order to develop the tourism in the Region. However, the existence of many features in 

the region that tourists recently look for is hopeful. 

- The region has a significant potential for sport and mountain climbing tourism, 

- It has a significance that may make those who are interested in explorative 

tourism excited because it is a newly discovered region with some legends. 

Examples such as Legend of Mount Ağrõ, Legend of Noah’s Ark, Monster of 

the Van Lake have significance, 

- Although their excavation is not completed, the findings such as the God Haidi 

Gate and Temple and Urartu Ayanis Temple and Castle next to the Van Lake 

are important excavations which may make archaeologists excited. Although it 

is hard, excavations which would be done in the region has significance in 

developing the tourism in the region, 

- A festival of planting trees was organised by a group of young people in 1998, 

and it was successful. Organising, especially, youth work camps and the 

participation of the young people who live in the region in these activities will 

be useful for cultural, scientific, and technological development. 

- The Ministry of Tourism provided a protocol signed by the Ministry of 

Tourism, the Ministry of National Education, and Kafkas University at the 

beginning of June 1999, in order to provide people’s participation in tourism 

activity and to serve in extensive and intensive education. These efforts need to 

be extended, 

- There have been many projects prepared to develop fishing industry. Arranging 

fishery and the touristic areas together will increase the success, 

- There are many lakes in the region whose touristic potential are very high. The 

small lakes such as the Aygõr, Nazik, and Erçek lakes along with the big lakes 

such as the Hazer Lake (86 km²), the Çõldõr Lake (115 km²), the Nemrut Crater 

33

Lake (12km²), the Karakaya and Atatürk Dam Lakes can be listed. Surfing, 

canoeing, water skiing, cruising with motor boats, and racing with sail boats in 

the lakes are waiting for interest, 

- In the context of Southeast Anatolia Project, a planning which overlaps with the 

Tourism Master Plan planned by the Ministry of Tourism should be made. For 

this purpose, suggestions for short, middle, and long terms which have been 

prepared for S.A.P., should direct the planning (see Appendix 3). 

6.1.8.1. Tourism Planning 

The following policies can be suggested for tourism planning: 

- A regional plan policy, which will regard the regional sources and direct the 

demands of the tourists, is required, 

- A holistic plan for the sub-region, which considers the current residences 

together with touristic sub-regions, should be suggested, 

- Alternative tour periods that is considered with Sub-regions together with infrastructure, 

should be integrated with the following suggestions. 

• Efforts to extend the season; Arrangements of Summer-Spring-Winter 

• Elastic use of equipment should be provided such as in highland tourismrural 

life tourism. 

• Equipment should have various functions, for example, facilities of winter 

tourism can be used as foreign language schools or sport camps in the 

summer. 

• It should be provided that sub-region to be a whole and equipment to be 

supporting each other. 

• A diversity within the whole should be provided and instead of one type of 

tourism, a variety of tourism should be supplied and the demand varieties 

should be extended. 

- The harmony of touristic facilities to local architecture should be provided and 

thus the attraction should be increased, 

- Administrator planning such as the administration of lake shores, cultural 

entities, and river basins should be considered together with development plan. 

For example; 

• Establishment of associations in administrating the touristic facilities, 

• Supply of rural life without changing it, 

• Organizations for the protection, maintaining, and fixing the nature needs 

to be established. (Planting trees, protection from erosion, having endemic 

plants under the protection etc.) 

34

REFERENCES 

The Ministry of Tourism, 1996-1997,1998 Statistics 

The Ministry of Tourism, Inventories of Province 

The Ministry of Tourism, Summary of Province Inventories 

The Ministry of Culture (1998), Record of Cultural Inventories of General Directorate of 

Protection of Cultural and Natural Assets. 

Sustainable Tourism As a Development Option (1999), Practical Guide For Local Planners 

Developers And Decision Models, Deutsche Gesellaschaft For Technische 

Zusammenanbeit (G.T.Z.) Escborn, Deutschland. 

I.C.L.E.I. 1999, “Yerel Gündem 21 Planlama Giriş, Sürdürülebilir Gelişme Planlamasõna 

Giriş,” Union of International Local Administrations, İstanbul. 

35

APPENDIX 1:Tourism Potential in the Provinces According to the Provincial 

Tourism Inventory and Tourism Development Plan Prepared by the 

Ministry of Tourism 

1- AĞRI PROVINCE 

A- CULTURAL TOURISM 

- Ancient Cities: Patnos 

- Religious tourism: The Mount Ararat 

- Silk Road: İshakpaşa Palace (Doğubeyazõt) 

B- THERMAL TOURISM: Diyadin Hot Springs (Diyadin) Dambat Hot Spring (Centre) 

C- WINTER TOURISM: Zado Mountain and Küpkõran (Centre and Diyadin) 

D- ECO TOURISM 

- Plateau tourism: Sinek, Aladağ,Mezik (Centre and Diyadin) 

- Ornithology (bird observation) tourism: The Mount Ararat and surroundings 

- Photo safari: The Mount Ararat 

- Botanical (plant study) tourism: The Mount Ararat surroundings and rural area 

- Camp-caravan tourism: Centre,Doğu Beyazit, Diyadin 

- Cave tourism: Diyadin, Doğu Beyazõt 

E- TOURISM ORIENTED SPORT ACTIVITIES 

- Hunting tourism: Diyadin, Doğu Beyazõt 

- Tracking: The Mount Ararat 

F- YOUTH TOURISM: The Mount Ararat 

2- ARDAHAN PROVINCE 

WINTER TOURISM: Yalnõzçam-Uğurlu Mountain Winter Sports Centre 

ECO TOURISM 

- Plateau tourism: Centre; Yalnõzçam Plateau, Bilbilan Plateau, Göle; Okçuoğlu 

Plateau 

- Ornithology (bird observation) tourism: Çõldõr Lake (Akçakale Island) 

- Photo safari: Çõldõr Lake (Akçakale Island) 

- Botanical (plant study) tourism: Posof surroundings 

- Camp-caravan tourism: Çõldõr Lake bay 

TOURISM ORIENTED SPORT ACTIVITIES 

- Diving tourism: Çõldõr Lake 

- Wind Surfing: Çõldõr Lake 

- Bicycle tours: Çõldõr Lake surroundings 

36

- Fishing by fishing line: Çõldõr Lake 

- Tracking: Yalnõzçam Plateau (Centre), Bilbilan Plateau, (Göle) Okçuoğlu 

Plateau (Göle), Posof surroundings (Posof), Hanak surroundings (Hanak) 

- Tracking with horse: (Centre) Yalnõzçam Plateau, Okçuoğlu Plateau (Göle) 

3- BAYBURT PROVINCE 


- Ancient Cities: Aydõntepe (Hart) Ancient City and Underground City 

- The Silk Road: Taşhan (Centre) 

B- WINTER TOURISM: Kop Mountain Ski Resort 

C- ECO TOURISM 

- Plateau tourism: Sultan Murat, Limonlu Plateaus 

- Ornithology (bird observation) tourism: Sultan Murat Plateau, Çoruh Valley 

- Photo safari: Çoruh Valley 

- Botanical (plant study) tourism: Kop Mountain 

- Camp-caravan tourism: Kop Mountain Ski Centre 

D- TOURISM ORIENTED SPORT ACTIVITIES 

- River tourism (canoe-rafting): Çoruh River 

- Fishing by fishing line: Çoruh River and various Branches 

- Tracking: Kop Mountain 

- Tracking with horse: Çoruh Valley, Kop Mountain 

4- BİTLİS PROVINCE 

A- LAKE TOURISM 

- Coastal tourism: Van Lake 

B- CULTURAL TOURISM 

- Ancient Cities: Adilcevaz City (Adilcevaz), 

- Religious tourism: Ulu Mosque (Centre), Ahlat Dome-Ulu Dome, Hüseyin 

Timur Dome, Buğatay Aka Dome, Hasan Padişah, Erzen Hatun, Emir Bayindir 

Dome and Keşis Dome 

- The Silk Road: Hazo Hanõ (Centre), Papşin (Hüsrev Paşa) Hanõ (Centre), 

Eleman Caravanserai (Tatvan), Başhan (Tatvan) 

C- THERMAL TOURISM: Çukur (Güroymak), Nemrut Mountain Krateri, Alemdar Hot 

Spring, Köprüaltõ, Ilõcak (Germap) Hot Spring, Değirmen Hot Spring, Yam Acõsuyu 

(Yolazi) Küçük Hot Spring, Yõlan Dirilten Mineral Water 

D- WINTER TOURISM: Bitlis Ski Resort (Centre), Sapgör (Dideban), Nemrut Mountain, 

Rahva 

37

E- ECO TOURISM 

- Photo safari: Van Lake bay, Domes 

- Botanical (plant study) tourism: Süphan Mountain, Sapgör Mountain 

F- TOURISM ORIENTED SPORT ACTIVITIES 

- Bicycle tours: Van Lake Bay 

- Fishing by fishing line: Van Lake, Nazik Lake, Aygir Lake 

- Tracking: Süphan Mountain 

5- ELAZIĞ PROVINCE 


- Ancient Cities: Harput City, Sarõgöl Höyük, Kövenk Höyük, Sivrice City Ruins 

- The Silk Road: Katõrhan (Baskil District), Denizli Caravanserai (Keban 

District) 

B- THERMAL TOURISM: Kolan Hot Spring (Karakoçan), Dabakhane (Harput), Centre 


- Ornithology (bird observation) tourism: Hazar Lake, Keban Dam Lake 

- Photo safari: Hazar Lake 

- Camp-caravan tourism: Keban Dam, Karakaya Dam and Hazar Lake Coastal 

Areas 

- Cave tourism: Buzluk Cave (Harput) 


- Diving tourism: Keban Dam Lake 

- Wing surfing: Hazar Lake, Keban Dam Lake, Karakaya Dam Lake 

- Bicycle tours: Hazar Lake surroundings 

- Fishing by fishing line: Hazar Lake, Keban Dam Lake 

- Tracking: Fõrat River Valley 

E- YOUTH TOURISM: Hazar Lake (Present), Firat University Campus (Present) 

6- ERZİNCAN PROVINCE 


- Ancient Cities: Altõntepe Urartu Ancient City, Küçüktepe Höyük, Saztepe 

Höyük 

- The Silk Road: Mamahatun Caravanserai (Tercan) 

B- THERMAL TOURISM: Erzincan Centre 

C- WINTER TOURISM: Munzur Mountains, Ergan Mountain, Sakaltutan Ski resort 

38


- Photo safari: Munzur Mountains, Kemaliye, Girlevik Waterfall 

- Botanical (plant study) tourism: Munzur Mountains 

- Camp-caravan tourism: Girlevik Waterfall 


- River tourism (canoe-rafting): Fõrat River 

- Fishing by fishing line: Fõrat River 

- Tracking: Munzur Mountains 

7- ERZURUM PROVINCE 


- Religious tourism: Çifte Minaretli Medrese (Centre), Yakutiye Medresesi 

(Centre), Ulucami (Atabey Mosque) (Centre), Üç Domes (Centre) 

- The Silk Road: Hacõ Bekir Han (Aşkale), Karasu Village (Aşkale), Taşhan 

(Centre) 

B- THERMAL TOURISM: Pasinler Hot Springs, Ilõca Hot Springs, Köprüköy 

(Deliçermik), Hot Springs of Hölenk and Akdağ 

C- WINTER TOURISM: Palandöken Winter Sports Centre 


- Plateau tourism: Lower and Upper Tekman Plateau, Alabayõr Gökoğlan 

(Tekman), Uzunçayõr (Aşkale), Dumlu Umudum (Centre), Otlutepe (Narman), 

Tortumkale, Uncular (Tortum), Ilica Tortum nearby Aynalõkale Plateaues 

- Photo safari: City Centre, Palandöken 

- Camp-caravan tourism: Erzurum-Kars highway (Horasan) 

- Cave tourism: Possible 


- River tourism (canoe-rafting): Çoruh River (Erzurum-İspir) 

- Fishing by fishing line: In Aras and Çoruh Rivers, Oltu, Tortum and Hõnõs 

Streams and Tortum Lake 

- Tracking: Palandöken 

F- CONGRESS TOURISM: Erzurum 

G- YOUTH TOURISM: Palandöken 

8- GÜMÜŞHANE PROVINCE 


- Ancient Cities: Santa Ruins (Centre District), 

- The Silk Road: Zigana Caravanserai, 

39

B- WINTER TOURISM: Zigana Winter Tourism Centre 


- Plateau tourism: Erikbeli, Taşli, Elceğiz, Konukbeli (Kürtün), Kadõrga, 

Karagöller, Zigana (Torul) 

- Photo safari: Plateaus, Tomara Waterfall, Caves 

- Botanic (plant study) tourism: Plateaues 

- Camp-caravan tourism: Karagöller, Zigana Plateau (Torul), Tomara (Şiran) 

- Cave tourism: Karaca (Centre), Arõlõ (Torul); Kartalkaya Ardõçlõ, Buz Cave, 

Kaban Başõ (Centre) 


- Bicycle tours: Between plateaues 

- Fishing by fishing line: Kürtün-Kalis Stream 

- Tracking: Between plateaues 

- Tracking by horse: Between plateaues 

E- CONGRESS TOURISM: Fair Area (Centre) 

F- GOLF TOURISM: Zigana Plateau (Torul) 

9- HAKKARİ PROVINCE 


- Ancient Cities: Yüksekova Hirvata Village Ruins (Yüksekova) 

B- WINTER TOURISM: Sat Plateaues, Yüksekova, Cilo Plateaues, Golan Plateau, 

Berçelan Plateau. 


- Plateau tourism: Sat, Yüksekova, Cilo, Golan and Bervelan Plateaues 

- Ornithology (bird observation) tourism: Yüksekova 

- Photo safari: Cilo and Sat Mountains, Plateaues 

- Botanical (plant study) tourism: Cilo and Sat Mountains and Plateaues 


- Fishing by fishing line: Zap River 

- Tracking: Cilo and Sat Mountains 

10- IĞDIR PROVINCE 


- The Silk Road: On the Route (Harmandöven Caravanserai) 

40

B- ECO TOURISM 

- Plateau tourism: Aralõk (Gömük) 

- Ornithology (bird observation) tourism: The Mount Ararat 

- Photo safari: The Mount Ararat 

- Botanical (plant study) tourism: The Mount Ararat and surroundings 

C- TOURISM ORIENTED SPORT ACTIVITIES 

- Fishing by fishing line: Aras River 

- Tracking: The Mount Ararat 

- Tracking with horse: The Mount Ararat 

11- KARS PROVINCE 


- Ancient Cities: Ani (Ocakli) 

- Religious tourism: Menuçehr Mosque (Ani Ruins), Ebul Muammeras Mosque 

(Boz Minaret), Havariler Church (Dome Mosque) (Centre), Ani Ruins, Keçel 

Church (Aziz Pirkitch Church), Şirli Church (Aziz Gregor Church), 

Abughamrent Gregor Church, Güvercinli Church (Genç Kõzlar Church), 

Kemsera Kanlõ Church, Meryemana Cathedral (Fethiye Mosque), Arak’eeltos 

Church 

- The Silk Road: On the Silk Road route. 

B- THERMAL TOURISM: Kötek (Kağõzman), Akyaka 

C- WINTER TOURISM: Sarõkamõş Ski Resort 


- Photo Safari: Ani Ruins 

- Botanical (plant study) tourism: Rural area 


- Fishing by fishing line: Çengelli Lake (Kağõzman), Aygir Lake (Susuz), 

Sarõkamõş 

- Tracking: Sarõkamõş 

12- MALATYA PROVINCE 


- Ancient Cities: Silahtar Mustafapaşa Caravanserai (Battalgazi-Eski Malatya), 

Taşhan (Hekimhan), Bedesten (Darende) 

B- THERMAL TOURISM: İspendere Hot Spring, Balaban İçmeleri, Harap şehir İçmeleri. 


- Ornithology (bird observation) tourism: Karakaya Dam Lake 

- Photo safari: Karakaya Dam Lake 

41

- Cave tourism: Sulu Cave (Doğanşehir) 


- Diving tourism: Karakaya Dam Lake 

- Wind surfing: Karakaya Dam Lake 

- Bicycle tours: Nemrut Mountain Eastern side 

- Fishing by fishing line: Karakaya Dam Lake 

- Tracking: Nemrut Mountain Eastern side 

- Tracking with horse: Nemrut Mountain Eastern side 

13- MUŞ PROVINCE 


- Ancient Cities: Varto, Kayaldere ruins. 

- The Silk Road: Yõldõz Han, Aslanlõ Han (Centre) 

B- THERMAL TOURISM: Varto, Malazgirt, Bulanõk. 

C- WINTER TOURISM: Kõzõl Ziyaret Hill (Kurtik Mountain), Çizmaklõ Burnu, Bağlar 

Location 


- Ornithology (bird observation) tourism: Upper Murat River, Yoncalõ 

Surroundings, Hamurpet Gölleri (Varto), Haçlõ Lake (Bulanõk), Kaz Lake 

(Malazgirt) 

- Photo safari: Kaz Lake, Hamurpet Lake 

- Botanical (plant study) tourism: Dağlõk and Rural area 


- Akarsa tourism (canoe-rafting): Murat River 

- Fishing with fishing line: Hamurpet Akdoğan Lake, Small Hamurpet (Seki) 

Lake, Haçlõ Lake, Kaz Lake. 

14- VAN PROVINCE 


- Ancient Cities: Çavuştepe, Giyimli (Gürpinar), Eski Van (Centre), Tilkitepe, 

İremir Höyük 

- Religious tourism: Kaya Çelebi Mosque (Centre), Hüsrevpaşa Mosque 

(Centre), Çelme Hatun Türbesi (Gevaş), Aliyar Dome (Erciş), 

Aktamar Church (Aktamar Island) Çarpanak Church (Çarpanak Island) 

- The Silk Road: On the route 

B- THERMAL TOURISM: Defriş ve Dergezin Hot Springs (Muradiye), Doğancõ Hot 

Spring (Erciş), Zereni Hot Spring (Başkale) 

42

C- WINTER TOURISM: Van (Centre) Kurubaş point 


- Plateau tourism: Norduz Plateau 

- Ornithology (bird observation) tourism: Erçek Lake, Van Lake 

- Photo safari: Van Lake, Aktamar Island, Muradiye Waterfall 

- Botanical (plant study) tourism: Rural area 

- Camp-caravan tourism: Van Lake Coastals 


- Diving tourism: Van Lake 

- Wind surfing: Van Lake 

- Bicycle tours: Van Lake surroundings 

- Fishing by fishing line: Bendimahi Waterfall in the River mounts flowing into 

Van Lake 

- Tracking: Van Lake Bay 

F- YOUTH TOURISM: Van Lake Coastal areas 

43

APPENDIX 2: Certified Cultural Assets in the Eastern Anatolia Region 

PROVINCE – DISTRICT AND NAME GROUP TYPE 

AĞRI / CITY CENTER 

Castle Site Archeologic Site Archeologic Site 

Küpkõran (Harabe Göl) Castle Military Castle 

Pazi (Eyüp Paşa) Castle Military Castle 

A.Karahit Village Martyrs Martyrdom Martyrdom Martyrdom 

Military Martyrdom Martyrdom Martyrdom 

Airforce Martyrdom Martyrdom Martyrdom 

Kõlõçgedik Martyrdom Martyrdom Martyrdom 

Münevver and Hünkar Martyrdom Martyrdom Martyrdom 

AĞRI / DOĞUBEYAZIT 

Kütle Natural Site Natural Site 

Beyazõt Old Mosque (Mosque-İ Gevher Digar) Religious Mosque 

Şafi Mosque Religious Mosque 

Ahmedi Hani Tomb Cultural Tomb 

İshak Paşa Palace and Complex Cultural Complex 

Doğubeyazõt Martyrdom Martyrdom Martyrdom 

AĞRI / DİYADİN 

Tumulus (I.Degree Archeologic Site) Archeologic Site Tumulus 

Köprü Hot Spring (I.Degree Natural Site) Natural Site Natural Site 

Yõlõnlõ Hot Spring (II.Degree Natural Site) Natural Site Natural Site 

Davut Hot Spring (I. Degree Natural Site) Natural Site Natural Site 

Avnik Castle Military Castle 

Diyadin Castle Military Castle 

Kuje Castle Military Castle 

Tokluca Castle Military Castle 

Maya Cave Cave Cave 

Dambat Hot Spring and Mineral Water Hot Spring Hot Spring 

Diyadin Hot Spring Hot Spring Hot Spring 

Diyadin Martyrdom Martyrdom Martyrdom 

AĞRI / ELEŞKİRT 

Tumulus (3. Degree Archeologic Site Area) Archeologic Site Tumulus 

Toprakkale Mosque Religious Mosque 

Toprakkale Castle Military Castle 

Tahir Passage Martyrdom Martyrdom Martyrdom 

AĞRI / HAMUR 

Hamur (Havaran) Castle Military Castle 

Kõz Castle Military Castle 

Şoşik Castle Military Castle 

Sürmeli Mehmet Paşa Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Hamur Dome Cultural Dome 

AĞRI / PATNOS 

Anzavur Hill Natural Hill 

Giriktepe Tumulus Archeologic Site Tumulus 

Üç Domes Cultural Dome 

AĞRI / TAŞLIÇAY 

Üç Church Religious Church 

Kõzõl Ziyaret Ruins Cultural Ruins 

AĞRI / TUTAK 

Castles Military Castle 

Kan Castle Military Castle 

Zencir Castle Military Castle 

Karagöz Church Religious Church 

Damlakaya Village Martyrdom Martyrdom Martyrdom 

44

APPENDIX 2: Certified Cultural Assets in the Eastern Anatolia Region (Cont.) 

PROVINCE - DISTRICT AND NAME 

ARDAHAN / CITY CENTER 

GROUP TYPE 

Castle Site Archeologic Site Archeologic Site 

Kozan Castle And Around (I.Degree Historic Site Area) Historic Site Castle 

Karadağ Hill Natural Site Natural Site Hill 

Kunzut Tower (I.Degree Archeologic Site Area) Archeologic Site Tower 

Ruins (I. Derece Archeologic Site Area) Archeologic Site Ruins 

Osmanlõ Castle 

ARDAHAN / ÇILDIR 

Military Castle 

Akçakale Island (Archeologic + Natural Site Area) Natural Site Areas Island, Archeologic and 

Natural Site 

Akçakale Military Castle 

Karakale Military Castle 

Kurtkale Military Castle 

Şeytan Castle Military Castle 

Church 

ARDAHAN / GÖLE 

Religious Church 

Göle Castle 

ARDAHAN / HANAK 


Baltalõ Mosque, Beşik Horasan Location Caves 

(Site Area) 

Natural Site Cave 

Kõrrav Castle And Around I. Derece Historic Site Area Historic Site Castle 

Hanak Castle Religious Church 

Hanak Church 

BAYBURT / CITY CENTER 


Yazõbaşõ Tumulus Archeologic Site Tumulus 

Çorakköy Tumulus Archeologic Site Tumulus 

Kitre Tumulus Archeologic Site Tumulus 

Söğütlü Tumulus Archeologic Site Tumulus 

Tepecik Tumulus Archeologic Site Tumulus 

Akşar Tumulus (3. Degree Archeologic Site) Archeologic Site Tumulus 

Kayalik Hill and Water Area (2. Degree Natural Site 

Area) 

Natural Site Natural Site 

Ammonikito Rosso Fasiye (Fasils) (I. Degree Natural Natural Site Fasil 

Site Area) 

Çatalçeşme Village Mosque Religious Mosque 

Konursu Mosque Religious Mosque 

Pulur Mosque Religious Mosque 

Ulu Mosque Religious Mosque 

Bayburt Castle Military Castle 

Kitre Castle Military Castle 

Pulur Madrasah Cultural Madrasah 

Bayburt Castle Church Religious Church 

Ermeni Church Religious Church 

Ahi Emir Ahmet Fendi Dome Cultural Dome 

Seyyid-İ Mahmud Çaldiran Baba Dome Cultural Dome 

Sad Büş-Şeria Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Şeyh Hayran Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Paşa Oğullarõ –Kondolotlar- Galeri Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Bend Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Meydan – Çarşõ Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Hafizağa Fountain Cultural Fountain 

Konursu Fountain Cultural Fountain 

Paşaoğlu Fountain Cultural Fountain 

Veysel Efendi Mosque Fountain Cultural Fountain 

45


PROVINCE - DISTRICT AND NAME GROUP TYPE 

Balkaymak Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Korgan Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Alibaba Martyrdom Martyrdom Martyrdom 

Çavuş Şehit Osman Martyrdom Martyrdom Martyrdom 

Garnizon Martyrdom Martyrdom Martyrdom 

İmaret Hill Martyrdom Martyrdom Martyrdom 

Army Sub-officers House Civil Architecture Civil Architecture 

Example 

Example 

Government Building Civil Architecture Civil Architecture 

Example 

Example 

Headquarters Building I-II. Civil Architecture Civil Architecture 

Example 

Example 

Madrak Police Station Civil Architecture Civil Architecture 

Example 

Example 

Ziraat Bank Building Civil Architecture Civil Architecture 

Example 

Example 

House and Other (28 Units) Civil Architecture Civil Architecture 

Example 

Example 

Çorak Köy Tumulus Cultural Tumulus 

Söğütlü Tumulus Cultural Tumulus 

Tecik – Tepecik Tumulus Cultural Tumulus 

Yazõbaşõ Tumulus Cultural Tumulus 

Kitre Tumulus 

BAYBURT / ALTINTEPE 

Cultural Tumulus 

Underground City 

BAYBURT / DEMİRÖZÜ 

Cultural Underground City 

Mülhak Hacõ Ferahşad Mosque Religious Mosque 

Bayram Paşa Castle Military Castle 

Anonymous Dome 

BİNGÖL / CITY CENTER 

Cultural Dome 

Castle Ruins (Archeologic Site) Archeologic Site Castle Ruins 

Sebeteris Castle Military Castle 

Selene Bridge 

BİNGÖL / GENÇ 

Cultural Bridge 

Kral Kõzõ Castle 

BİNGÖL / KİĞI 


Şeyh Hacõ Yusuf Tomb 

BİTLİS / CITY CENTER 

Cultural Tomb 

Urban 3. Degree Natural (I.Degree Archeologic Natural Site 

Urban + Natural + 



Archeologic Site 

Alendar Mosque Religious Mosque 

Ayn-El Barit Mosque Religious C Ami 

Beğiye Small Mosque Religious Mosque 

Çarşõ Mosque Religious Mosque 

Dört Sandik Mosque Religious Mosque 

Gazi Bey Mosque Religious Mosque 

Gökmeydan Mosque Religious Mosque 

Kale Altõ Small Mosque Religious Mosque 

Kõzil Mosque Religious Mosque 

Kureyşi Mosque Religious Mosque 

Memi Dede Small Mosque Religious Mosque 

Mermutlu Mosque Religious Mosque 

Seydi İbrahim Small Mosque Religious Mosque 

Sultaniye Mosque Religious Mosque 

46



Şerefiye Mosque Religious Mosque 

Şeyh Galip Mosque Religious Mosque 

Şeyh Hasan Mosque Religious Mosque 

Şeyh İshak Mosque Religious Mosque 

Taş Mescit Religious Mosque 


Hatibiye Madrasah Cultural Madrasah 

İhlasiye Madrasah Cultural Madrasah 

Nuhiye Madrasah Cultural Madrasah 

Şerefiye Madrasah Cultural Madrasah 

Yusufiye Madrasah Cultural Madrasah 

Çõplak Baba Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Ensari Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Hacõ Yusuf Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Hoca Hasan Zaviye and Tomb Cultural Tomb 

İhlasiye Madrasah Nearby Ruins Cultural Ruins 

II. Şerefhan Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Kara Baba Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Küfrevi Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Memi Dede Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Nuhiye Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Saidiye Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Seyyid İbrahim Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Martyrdom Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Şerefiye İmareti Cultural Tomb 

Şerefiye Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Şeyh Garip Tomb and Zaviye Cultural Tomb 

Şeyh Tahir-İ Gürgi Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Şeyh Üryani Mahmut Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Üç Bacilar Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Veli Şemseddin Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Ziyaeddin Han Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Çõktabur Fountain Cultural Fountain 

Han Fountain Cultural Fountain 

Şeyh Tahir-i Gürgi Fountain Cultural Fountain 

Sinan Bulak Fountain Cultural Fountain 

Anonymous Inn Cultural Inn 

Babşin Inn Cultural Inn 

Başhan Cultural Inn 

Duhan Cultural Inn 

El -Aman (Rahva) Inn Cultural Inn 

Eski Arasta Inn Cultural Inn 

Hoza Inn Cultural Inn 

Küfündür Inn Cultural Inn 

Şehir (Tahir Ağa) Inn Cultural Inn 

Han Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Hüsrevpaşa Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Paşa Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Şerefhan Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Bitlis Castle Military Castle 

Ağacõk Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Alemdar Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Arap Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Gazi Bey Bridge Cultural Bridge 

47



Germik Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Hatuniye Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Hüsrev Paşa Bridge Cultural Bridge 

İskender Ağa Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Keşiş Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Kõşla Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Bridge (Nearby Hoza Inn) Cultural Bridge 

Menteşoğlu Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Mumhane Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Nemrutlu Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Obus Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Pamuk Pazarõ Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Şolik (Şum) Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Civil Architecture House Examples (200 Units) 

BİTLİS / ADİLCEVAZ 

Civil 

Architecture 

Example 

House 

Eski Mosque (Ulu Mosque) Religious Mosque 

Zalpaşa Mosque Religious Mosque 

Akcayuva Dome Cultural Dome 

Adilcevaz Castle Military Castle 

Kef Castle Military Castle 

Kohoz (Zalpaşa) Inn 

BİTLİS / AHLAT 

Cultural Inn 

Archeologic Historic Urban Site Area Other Site Areas Archeologic + 

Historic + Urban 

Site Area 

Nekropol Area (I.Degree Archeologic Site Area) Archeologic Site Netropol 

Ahlat Castle (Citadel) Military Castle 

Selçuklu Castle Military Castle 

Ahlat Ulu Mosque Religious Mosque 

Emir Bayindir Mosque Religious Mosque 

İskender Paşa Mosque Religious Mosque 

İskender Paşa Mosque Nearby Entry Gate and Tablets Religious Mosque 

Kadõ Mahmut Mosque Religious Mosque 

Dede Maksut Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Erzen Hatun Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Hasan Paşa Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Mirza Muhammed Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Şeyh Necmeddin Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Abdurrahman Gazi Dome Cultural Dome 

Alimoğlu Dome Cultural Dome 

Anonymous Dome Cultural Dome 

Emir Ali Dome Cultural Dome 

Emir Bayindir Dome Cultural Dome 

Erzen Hatun Dome Cultural Dome 

Hasan Padişah Dome Cultural Dome 

Hüseyin Timur Esen Tekin Dome Cultural Dome 

Keşiş Dome Cultural Dome 

Kitabesiz Dome Cultural Dome 

Şirin Hatun Boğatay Ata Dome Cultural Dome 

Usta Şakirt Dome Cultural Dome 

Yarõm Dome (Nearby Hasan Padişah) Cultural Dome 

Sultan Hava-i Fountain Cultural Fountain 

48



Ahlat Graveyard (Meydan Graveyard) Graveyard Graveyard 

Ahlat Museum Garden Museum Museum 

Historic Graveyard Nearby Hasan Padişah Dome Graveyard Graveyard 

Meydan Graveyard (Akitlar) Graveyard Graveyard 

Meydan Graveyard (Zaviye) Graveyard Graveyard 

Bezirhane Gate Cultural Gate 

Çifte Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Turkish Bath Ruins (Old Ahlat) Cultural Turkish Bath 

İskender Paşa Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Selçuklu Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Emir Bayõndõr Bridge Cultural Bridge 

House Examples from Civil Architecture (50 Units) 

BİTLİS / GÜROYMAK 

Civil Architecture 

Example 

House 

Haydar Bey Mosque Religious Mosque 

Aşağõ Kolbaşõ Village Historic Graveyard Graveyard Graveyard 

Norşin Dome and Graveyard Graveyard Graveyard 

Çukur Hot Springs 

BİTLİS / HİZAN 

Hot Spring Hot Spring 

Nefs-İ Hizan Castle 

BİTLİS / MUTKİ 


İkõzler Village Church 

BİTLİS / TATVAN 


Şahmiran Inn Mosque Religious Mosque 

Şeyh Hasan Mosque Religious Mosque 

Tokaçlõ Village Mosque Religious Mosque 

Eleman Inn 

ELAZIĞ / CITY CENTER 

Cultural Inn 

Historic Urban Site Area Other Site Areas Historic Site Urban 

Hanoğlu Tumulus Archeologic Site Tumulus 

Yilanlõ Island (I.Degree Natural Site) Natural Site Island 

Archeologic and Natural Site Area (I.Degree) Natural Site 


49 

Island Archeologic 

and Natural Site 

Area 

Natural Site Area (2.Degree) Hazar Lake Natural Site Natural Site 

Killiktepe Tumulus (I. Degree Archeologic Site 


Archeologic Site Tumulus 

Değirmendüzü Tumulus (I. Derece Archeologic 

Site) 


Seli Village Tumulus Archeologic Site Tumulus 

I.Degree Archeologic Site Area Archeologic Site Archeologic Site 

Buzluk Cave Natural Site Area Natural Site Cave 

Örençay, Hintsar Tumulus (I.Degree Archeologic 



Tadõm Tumulus (II.Degree Archeologic Site 



Tadõm Tumulus Castle (I.Degree Archeologic 


Archeologic Site Castle 

Hanoğlu Castle Military Castle 

Tadõm Tumulus Castle Military Castle 

Genefik Castle Military Castle 

İzzet Paşa Mosque Religious Mosque 

Ulu Mosque Fountain Cultural Fountain 

Sarahatun Fountain Cultural Fountain



Alaaddin Bey Fountain Cultural Fountain 

Yarõ Çavuş Fountain Cultural Fountain 

Kurşunlu Mosque Fountain Cultural Fountain 

Zeynep Fountain Cultural Fountain 

İmam Efendi Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Fatih Ahmet Baba Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Hõrkalõ Baba Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Ankuzu Baba Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Ahi Musa Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Kõzil Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Municipality House Civil 

Architecture 

Example 

House 

Storage Building Civil 

Architecture 

Example 

Building 

Old Public Building Civil 

Architecture 

Example 

Building 

Government Building Civil 

Architecture 

Example 

Building 

Civil Architecture House Examples (8 Units) Civil 

Architecture 

Example 

House 

İcadiye Area Martyrdom Martyrdom Martyrdom 

Değirmen Düzü Tumulus Cultural Tumulus 

Killik (Tilek) Tepe Tumulus Cultural Tumulus 

Orençay (Hintsor) Tumuluses Cultural Tumulus 

Seli (Dilek) Village Tumulus Cultural Tumulus 

Tadõm Tumulus Cultural Tumulus 

Buzluk Cave 

ELAZIĞ / BASKİL 

Cave Cave 

Barsik Castle Military Castle 

Katõr Inn Cultural Inn 

Ahmet Yesevi Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Teslim Abdal Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Derviş Ali Tomb 

ELAZIĞ / PALU 

Cultural Tomb 

Tegre Bridge 

ELAZIĞ / MADEN 

Cultural Höyül 

Tumulus (I.Degree Archeologic Site) Archeologic Site Tumulus 

Historic Church 

ELAZIĞ / KOVANCILAR 


Çõnaz Il. Tumulus (I.Degree Archeologic Site 



Çõnaz Il. Tumulus (I.Degree Archeologic Site 



Hoşmat Tumulus (I.Degree Archeologic Site 



Sekarat Tumulus (I.Degree Archeologic Site 



Hoşmat (Çakirtaş) Church Religious Church 

Çinaz II. (Sigan) Tumulus Cultural Tumulus 

Haşmat Tumulus Cultural Tumulus 

50



Sakarat Tumulus 

ELAZIĞ / HARPUT 


Ağa Mosque Religious Mosque 

Ahi Musa Small Mosque and Tomb Religious Mosque 

Ahmet Bey Mosque Religious Mosque 

Alacalõ Small Mosque Religious Mosque 

Arap Baba Small Mosque and Tomb Religious Mosque 

Esediye Mosque and Turkish Bath Religious Mosque 

Fetih Ahmed Baba Small Mosque and Tomb Religious Mosque 

Kale Mosque (Small Mosque) Religious Mosque 

Kurşunlu Mosque Religious Mosque 

Meydan Mosque Religious Mosque 

Sara Hatun Mosque Religious Mosque 

Tabakhane Small Mosque and Hot Spring Religious Mosque 


Harput (Citadel) Castle and Mint Military Castle 

Harput Castle Military Castle 

Anonymous Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Mansur Baba Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Murat Baba Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Nadir Baba Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Seyit Ahmet Tomb = Zahir Baba Sanctuary Cultural Tomb 

Tayir Baba Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Urgan Baba Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Beşikli Baba Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Hulven Village Supkevork Monastry 

(Sağir Monastry) 


Church Religious Church 

Kõzõl Church Religious Church 

Meryem Ana Church Religious Church 

Cemşit (Cimşit) Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Dere Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Hoca Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Kale Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Yeni Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Nearby Meydan Mosque Fountain Cultural Fountain 

Üç Lüleli Fountain Cultural Fountain 

Harput Civil Architecture Examples Civil 

Architecture 

Example 

Building Over Tannery (Harput) Civil Architecture 

Example 

ELAZIĞ / İZOLU 

IV. Murat Inn (Kömürhan) Cultural Inn 

Kömürhan Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Muşar Castle Military Castle 

Şeyh Haşin Tomb and Small Mosque Cultural Tomb 

Urartu Rock Tablets Cultural Tablet 

ELAZIĞ / KARAKOÇAN 

Bağin Castle Military Castle 

ELAZIĞ / KEBAN 

Cave (Natural Site Area) Natural Site Cave 

Yusuf Ziya Paşa Mosque and Complex Religious Mosque 

Tomb of Yusuf Ziya Paşa’s Daugther Cultural Tomb 

51 


Example 


Example



ELAZIĞ / PALU 

GROUP TYPE 

Alacali Small Mosque Religious Mosque 

Cemşit Bey Small Mosque and Tomb Religious Mosque 

Küçük Mosque (Old Palu) Religious Mosque 

Merkez Mosque Religious Mosque 

Ulu Mosque (Old Palu) Religious Mosque 

Bridge (Old Palu) Cultural Bridge 

Castle (Old Palu) Military Castle 

Church (Old Palu) Religious Church 

Turkish Bath (Old Palu) 

ERZİNCAN / CITY CENTER 

Cultural Turkish Bath 

Kalecik Hill Tumulus (I.Degree Archeologic Site 



Elma Ağacõ Tumulus (I. Derece Archeologic 

Arkelolojik Sit Tumulus 

Site) 

Waterfall Natural Site Waterfall 

Saha (II. Derece Archeologic Site Area) Archeologic Site Archeologic Site 

Altõntepe Ruins (I.Degree Archeologic Site 


Archeologic Site Ruins 

II. Degree Archeologic Site Area Archeologic Site Archeologic Site 

Prayer Site (Mihrab) Religious Mosque 

Hacõ Mahinur Mosque Religious 

Mosque 

Altõntepe Military Castle 

Erzincan Castle Military Castle 

Pekeriç (Bogayaristen) Castle Military Castle 

Şirinli Castle Military Castle 

Bey (Paşa) Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Çadõrcõ Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Ermeni Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

İzzet Paşa Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Nafiz Paşa Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Second Alaeddin Keykubat Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Kümbet Baba Cultural Tomb 

Hacõ Nafiz Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Terzi Baba Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Acemoğlu I Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Çarşuluk Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Gani Zade Fountain Cultural Fountain 

Municipality Building Civil 


Architecture 

Example 

Example 

Government Building Civil 


Architecture 

Example 

Example 

Train Station Building Civil 


Architecture 

Example 

Example 

3. Army Martyrdom Martyrdom Martyrdom 

Elma Ağacõ Tumulus Cultural Tumulus 

Kalecik Hill Tumulus 

ERZİNCAN / AKYAZI 


Sastepe Tumulus (I.Degree Archeologic Site 



52



Sastepe Tumulus Cultural Tumulus 

ERZİNCAN / KEMALİYE 

Dörtyol Mosque Religious Mosque 

Eski Mosque Religious Mosque 

Kurt Gilin Mosque Religious Mosque 

Orta Mosque Religious Mosque 

Tahta Mosque Religious Mosque 

Taşlibel Mosque Religious Mosque 


(Eğin) Harap Pazur Arsanias Ruins Cultural Ruins 

Akşehir Ruins Cultural Ruins 

Haskel (Gecegi) Ruins Cultural Ruins 

Pingan Ruins Cultural Ruins 

Pingan Ruins Cultural Ruins 

Samuka Ruins Cultural Ruins 

Samuka Ruins Cultural Ruins 

Topkapõ Ruins Cultural Ruins 

Enciti Castle Military Castle 

Kõz Castle Military Castle 

Topkapõ Castle Military Castle 

Hõdõr Abdal Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Çaybağlari Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Kozlupinar Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Çakõrtaş Church Religious Church 

Çalurtaş Church Religious Church 

Gerusla Church Religious Church 

Kõz Castle Religious Church 

Roma Tomb Graveyard Graveyard 

Arnavutun Inn Cultural Inn 

ERZİNCAN KEMAH 

Historic-Urban Site Area Other Site Areas Historic+Urban 

Site 

Kömürköy Archeologic Site Area (3.Derece) Archeologic Site Archeologic Site 

Aşağõgedik Mosque Religious Mosque 

Gülabi Bey Mosque Religious Mosque 

Gülabi Bey Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Observatory Tower Military Tower 

Kemah Castle Military Castle 

Ali Baba Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Behram Şah Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Anonymous Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Gözcü Baba Tomb Cultural Tomb 

İskender Baba Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Kalem Yakup Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Midilli Baba Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Sancaktar Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Sultan Melik Tomb and Zaviye Cultural Tomb 

A Dome in ruins (in Killiç Stream) Cultural Dome 

Teşgeban (Taş Keban) Dome Cultural Dome 

Tugay-Tuvay Hatun Dome Cultural Dome 

İsa Voriç (Vank'i) Church Religious Church 

Meryem Ana Church Religious Church 

Taş Dibi Church Religious Church 

Pazar Yeri Fountain Cultural Fountain 

53



ERZİNCAN / ÜZÜMLÜ 

GROUP TYPE 

Kildirik Hill Tumulus Archeologic Site Tumulus 

Kildirik Hill Tumulus 

ERZİNCAN / REFAHİYE 


Çengerli Village Castle And Around (II.Degree 

Archeologic Site Area) 

Archeologic Site Archeologic Site 

Tombul Hill (Archeologic Site) Archeologic Site Tumulus 

Graveyard (Historic Site) Historic Site Graveyard 

Hasanlõ Tumulus and Hill (I.Degree Archeologic 



Hasanlõ Tumulus 

ERZİNCAN / TERCAN 


3.Derece Archeologic Site Area Archeologic Site Archeologic Site 

Historic Urban Site Area Other Site Areas Historic+Urban 

Site 

Şirinlikale (I.Degree Archeologic Site Area) Archeologic Site Castle 

Üçpõnar Village Church Related Structures, 

Erected Stones (I.Degree Archeologic Site Area) 


Castle and Immovables Around (I.Degree 

Archeologic Site Castle 


Hacõ Bektaş Balõm Sultan Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Mama Hatun Tomb Cultural Tomb 


Castle Military Castle 

Şirinli Castle Military Castle 

Mama Hatun Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Uçpõnar Village Church Religious Church 

Kervan Palace Cultural Palace 

Kötür Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Kõroğ Ruins Cultural Ruins 

February 17 Martyrdom 

ERZİNCAN REFAHİYE 

Martyrdom Martyrdom 

Seyin Sinan Hirabekir Sanctuary and 

Kalecik Castle 


Çengerli Village Castle Military Castle 

Sinoria (Sineryas) Ruins Cultural Ruins 

Subalis Ruins 

ERZİNCAN / ILIÇ 

Cultural Ruins 

Zinegar (Zimera) Ruins Cultural Ruins 

Karabaş Church 

ERZİNCAN / ÇAYIRLI 


Castle (I.Degree Archeologic Site Area) Archeologic Site Castle 

Gelengeç Salmalassus Ruins Cultural Ruins 

Civil Architecture Example From Yayla Kent 

Village 

54 

Civil 

Architecture 

Example 


Example 

Başköy Graveyard Graveyard Graveyard 

ERZURUM / CITY CENTER 

Karaz Tumulus (I.Degree Archeologic Site Area) Archeologic Site Tumulus 

Pulur Tumulus (I.Degree Archeologic Site Area) Archeologic Site Tumulus 

Cinis Tumulus (I.Degree Archeologic Site Area) Archeologic Site Tumulus 

Sos Tumulus (I.Degree Archeologic Site Area) Archeologic Site Tumulus 

Urban Site Area Urban Site Urban Site 

2. Degree Natural Site Area Natural Site Lake



Balõklõ Göl (II. Degree Natural Site Area) Natural Site Lake 

Erzurum Castle Archeologic Site Castle 

Güzelova Tumulus (I.Degree Archeologic Site) Archeologic Site Tumulus 

Erzurum Castle and Clock Tower Military Castle 

İstanbul Gate Cultural Gate 

İstasyon Gate Cultural Gate 

Kars Gate Cultural Gate 

Kavak Gate Cultural Gate 

Ali Paşa Mosque and Fountain Religious Mosque 

Aşağõ Habib Efendi Mosque Religious Mosque 

Aşağõ Mumcu Mosque Religious Mosque 

Ayas Paşa Mosque Religious Mosque 

Bakõrcõ Mosque Religious Mosque 

Boyahane Mosque Religious Mosque 

Caferiye Mosque Religious Mosque 

Cedit Mosque Religious Mosque 

Cennetzade Mosque Religious Mosque 

Çõrçõr Mosque Religious Mosque 

Çortan II Small Mosque Religious Mosque 

Dere Mosque Religious Mosque 

Derviş Ağa Mosque Religious Mosque 

Emir Şeyh Mosque Religious Mosque 

Erzurum (Atabey) Ulu Mosque Religious Mosque 

Erzurum İç Kale Small Mosque Religious Mosque 

Esat Paşa Mosque Religious Mosque 

Gez Neighborhood Mosque Religious Mosque 

Gümrük (Hacõ Derviş) Mosque Religious Mosque 

Gürcü Gate (Ali Ağa) Mosque Religious Mosque 

Gürcü Mehmet Paşa Mosque Religious Mosque 

Hacõ Cuma Mosque Religious Mosque 

İbrahim Paşa Mosque Religious Mosque 

İhmal (Topçuoğlu) Mosque Religious Mosque 

Kabe Small Mosque (From A.Uluçam Archive) Religious Mosque 

Kabe Small Mosque Religious Mosque 

Kadana Mosque Religious Mosque 

Karaköse Mosque Religious Mosque 

Kasõm Paşa Mosque Religious Mosque 

Kavaklar Mosque Religious Mosque 

Kemhan Mosque Religious Mosque 

Kõrmõzõ Mosque (not exists) Religious Mosque 

Köse Ömer Ağa Mosque Religious Mosque 

Kundakçõ Mosque (not exists) Religious Mosque 

Kurşunlu (Feyziye) Mosque Religious Mosque 

Lala Mustafa Paşa Mosque and Fountain Religious Mosque 

Mahmudiye Mosque (not exists) Religious Mosque 

Mehdi Efendi (Sivircik) Mosque Religious Mosque 

Merkez Mosque Religious Mosque 

Molla Kaya Mosque Religious Mosque 

Murat Paşa Mosque Religious Mosque 

Narmanlõ Mosque Religious Mosque 

Osman Efendi Mosque (not exists) Religious Mosque 

Pervizoğlu Mosque Religious Mosque 

Şafiler Mosque Religious Mosque 

Salihiye Mosque Religious Mosque 

55



Şabahhane (Şerefiler) Mosque Religious Mosque 

Şeyhler Mosque Religious Mosque 

Tahta Mosque Religious Mosque 

Taş (Karakulfukçu) Mosque Religious Mosque 

Taş Small Mosque Religious Mosque 

Tophane Small Mosque Religious Mosque 

Vani Efendi (Kel Hacõ) Mosque Religious Mosque 

Veysi Efendi Mosque Religious Mosque 

Yeğenağa Mosque Religious Mosque 

Yukarõ Habib Efendi Mosque Religious Mosque 

Yukarõ Mumcu Mosque Religious Mosque 

Zeynel Mosque Religious Mosque 

Altõnbulak (Tivnik) Village Prayer Site Religious Mosque 

1- Ahmediye Madrasah Cultural Madrasah 

Çifte Minareli Madrasah Cultural Madrasah 

Kurşunlu (Fevziye) Madrasah Cultural Madrasah 

Lala Mustafa Paşa School Cultural Madrasah 

Pervizoğlu Madrasah Cultural Madrasah 

Sultaniye Madrasah Cultural Madrasah 

Şeyhler Madrasah Cultural Madrasah 

Yakutiye Madrasah Cultural Madrasah 

Cimcime Sultan Dome Cultural Dome 

Çifte Minareli Madrasah Dome Cultural Dome 

Gümüşlü Dome Cultural Dome 

Karanlõk Dome (Sadrettin Baba) Cultural Dome 

Mehdi Abbas Dome Cultural Dome 

Üç Dome (A-Emir Saltuk, B-II. Dome, C-III. 

Cultural Dome 

Dome) 

Abdurrahman Gazi Tomb and Mosque Cultural Tomb 

Ahi Baba Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Anne Hatun Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Derviş Ağa Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Ebu İshak Kaziruni Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Emir Şeyh Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Habib Baba Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Hasan Basri Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Mahmut Paşa Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Rabia Hatun Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Mehdi Abbas Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Zahide Hanõm Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Ali Ravi (Yoncalõk) Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Militaryye Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Boyahane Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Çifte Göbek Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Gümrük Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Gürcü Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Hanõm (Numune) Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Kõrk Çeşme Turkish Bath and Fountain Cultural Turkish Bath 

Küçük Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Lala Paşa (Çöplük) Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Murat Paşa Turkish Bath Hültürel Turkish Bath 

Pastõrmacõ (Fuadiye) Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Palace Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Şeyhler Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

56



Tahta Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Akpõnar Fountain Cultural Fountain 

Bican Fountain Cultural Fountain 

Caferağa Fountain Cultural Fountain 

Cennet Fountain Cultural Fountain 

Çeteci Abdullah Fountain Cultural Fountain 

Dabahane Fountain Cultural Fountain 

Emir Şeyh Fountain Cultural Fountain 

Gümüş Göz Fountain Cultural Fountain 

Gürcü Gate (Ali Ağa) Fountain Cultural Fountain 

Gürcü Mehmet Paşa Fountain Cultural Fountain 

Hacõ Dede Ağa Fountain Cultural Fountain 

Hacõ Mehmet Fountain Cultural Fountain 

Hafõz Paşa Fountain Cultural Fountain 

Hüseyin Fountain Cultural Fountain 

İbrahim Paşa (Dört Güllü) Fountain Cultural Fountain 

İsmail Ağa Fountain Cultural Fountain 

Kale Fountain Cultural Fountain 

Kõrmõzõ Fountain Cultural Fountain 

Mehmet Kethuda Fountain Cultural Fountain 

Narmanlõ Mosque Fountain Cultural Fountain 

Palandöken Avenue Fountain Cultural Fountain 

Seyfullah Efendi Fountain Cultural Fountain 

Sivircik Fountain Cultural Fountain 

Şabahhane Fountain Cultural Fountain 

Şafiler Mosque Fountain Cultural Fountain 

Yazicizade Fountain Cultural Fountain 

Cennetzade Inn Cultural Inn 

Gümrük Inn Cultural Inn 

Hacõlar Inn Cultural Inn 

Kanburoğlu Inn Cultural Inn 

Rüstem Paşa Inn (Taşhan) Cultural Inn 

Adliye Palace (Courtroom) Civil 

Architecture 

57 

Example 

Atatürk House (Museum) Civil 

Architecture 

Example 

Atatürk Civil Works Vocational High School Civil 

Architecture 

Example 

Erzurum Government Building Civil 

Architecture 

Example 

Erzurum High School Civil 

Architecture 

Example 

İsmet Paşa Elementary School Civil 

Architecture 

Example 

Köşk Building Civil 

Architecture 

Example 


Example 


Example 


Example 


Example 


Example 


Example 


Example



Levazim Amirliği Building (Stone Storage) Civil 

Architecture 

58 

Example 

Marshall Fevzi Çakmak Hospital Civil 

Architecture 

Example 

Nene Hatun Girl’s High School Civil 

Architecture 

Example 

Numune Hospital Civil 

Architecture 

Example 

Protected Emplacements (Tabyalar) Civil 

Architecture 

Example 

a-Ağzõ Açõk Civil 

Architecture 

Example 

b-Ahali Civil 

Architecture 

Example 

c-Aziziye Civil 

Architecture 

Example 

d- Büyük Tumulus Civil 

Architecture 

Example 

e- Büyük Kiremitlik Civil 

Architecture 

Example 

f- Büyük Palandöken Civil 

Architecture 

Example 

g-Çobandere Civil 

Architecture 

Example 

h-Dolangez Civil 

Architecture 

Example 

õ- Gez Civil 

Architecture 

Example 

i- İlave Tabya Civil 

Architecture 

Example 

j- Kara Göbek Civil 

Architecture 

Example 

k-Küçük Tumulus Civil 

Architecture 

Example 

l- Küçük Kiremitlik Civil 

Architecture 

Example 

m-Küçük Palandöken Civil 

Architecture 

Example 


Example 


Example 


Example 


Example 


Example 


Example 


Example 


Example 


Example 


Example 


Example 


Example 


Example 


Example 


Example 


Example 


Example 


Example 


Example



N-Mecidiye Civil 

Architecture 

59 

Example 

O-Sivişli Civil 

Architecture 

Example 

Ö-Şahap Paşa Civil 

Architecture 

Example 

P-Tafta Civil 

Architecture 

Example 

R-Topalak Civil 

Architecture 

Example 

S-Uzun Ahmet Civil 

Architecture 

Example 

Tatbikat Elementary School Civil 

Architecture 

Example 

Civil Architecture House Examples (14 Units) Civil 

Architecture 

Example 


Example 


Example 


Example 


Example 


Example 


Example 


Example 


Example 

Altinbulak (Tivnik) Village Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Apaver (Demirgeçit) Village Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Dervişağa Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Karaz (Öznü) Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Kõz Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Kireçli Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Nebi Inn Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Tivnik Village Murat Inn Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Araplar Düzü Ayniyer Martyrdom Martyrdom Martyrdom 

Dumlu Garnizon Martyrdom Martyrdom Martyrdom 

Hava – Kars Gate Martyrdom Martyrdom Martyrdom 

Nene Hatun Martyrdom Martyrdom Martyrdom 

Cinis Tumulus Cultural Tumulus 

Güzelova Tumulus Cultural Tumulus 

Karaz Tumulus Cultural Tumulus 

Pulur Tumulus Cultural Tumulus 

Sos Tumulus Cultural Tumulus 

ERZURUM / AŞKALE 

Topal Çavuş Village Mosque Religious Mosque 

Osmanlõ Inn Cultural Inn 

Aşkale Castle Military Castle 

Güllüdere (Pirtin) Castle Military Castle 

Ortabahçe (Cinis) Castle Military Castle 

Ziravank Ruins Military Ruins 

Hacõbekir Caravanseraii Cultural Caravanserai 

Karasu Inn Cultural Inn 

Evreni Dome Cultural Inn 

Merdiven Village Şeyh Mehmet Tekke Cultural Inn 

Topalçavuş Village Complex Cultural Inn 

Derviş Ağa Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Garnizon (Garisson) Martyrdom Martyrdom Martyrdom



Kandilli Garnizon Martyrdom 

ERZURUM / ÇAT 


Bardakçi Village Mosque and Around Religious Mosque 

Yarmak Village Mosque Religious Mosque 

Yavi Village Mosque 

ERZURUM / HINIS 

Religious Mosque 

Hõnõs Ulu Mosque (Alaattin Bey Mosque) Religious Mosque 

Erence (Hirt) Village Seyit Ömer Halil 

Tomb 

Graveyard Graveyard 

Zirnak Dome and Graveyard Graveyard Graveyard 

Hinis Castle Military Castle 

Kazan Castle Military Castle 

Kalecik Castle Military Castle 

Toprakkale Military Castle 

Zirnak Castle 

ERZURUM / HORASAN 


Horasan Baba Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Hasan Dede Tomb 

ERZURUM / ILICA 

Cultural Tomb 

Alaca Tumulus (I.Degree Archeologic Site Area) Archeologic Site Tumulus 

Aşõklar Tumulus (I.Degree Archeologic Site 



Alaca Tumulus Cultural Tumulus 

Aşõklar Tumulus Cultural Tumulus 

Çidemli Tumulus Cultural Tumulus 

Ziya Paşa Turkish Bath 

ERZURUM / İSPİR 

Cultural Turkish Bath 

Around Castle (I.Degree Archeologic Site Area) Archeologic Site Archeologic Site 

Cankurtaran Castle Military Castle 

Fõsrõk Castle Military Castle 

İspir Castle Military Castle 

Laleli - Korlu Castle Military Castle 

Mohurgat Castle Military Castle 

Sanduk Castle Military Castle 

Senehrek Castle Military Castle 

İspir Kale Small Mosque Religious Mosque 

Melik Halil Gaz Small Mosque Religious Mosque 

Tuğrul Şah (Çarşi) Mosque Religious Mosque 

Numan Paşa (Hişen=Hemşen) Village Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Kadõoğlu Madrasah Cultural Madrasah 

Yazõcõ Zade Fountain Cultural Fountain 

ERZURUM / KARAYAZI 

Cunni Cave Church-Internal and External Sites 

and Around (Archeologic Historic Site) 

60 

Other Site Areas Archeologic + 

Historic Site 

Söylemez Village Domes Cultural Dome 

A- Söylemez Baba Dome Cultural Dome 

B- Söylemez Ana Dome Cultural Dome 

Cunni (Cinli) Cave Cave Cave 

ERZURUM / NARMAN 

Başkale Military Castle 

Iğnavut (Ergazi) Village Castle Military Castle 

Mehenk Ruins Military Castle 

Petuvan Castle Military Castle 

Semikale Military Castle



Yanõktaş (Ekrek) Akkoyunlu Tomb Graveyard Graveyard 

Narman Ethem Baba Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Narman Martyrdom Martyrdom Martyrdom 

Değirmen Suyu Şehitler Village Martyrdom 

ERZURUM / OLTU 


Aslan Paşa Mosque Religious Mosque 

Çengelli (Havdos) Village Castle Military Castle 

İğdeli CastleMilitary Military Castle 

İri Ağaç Village (Kõz-Oğlan) Military Castles Military Castle 

Kaleboğaz Village Castle Military Castle 

Sheep Form Tombstones Military Castle 

Köroğlu Castle Military Castle 

Oltu Castle Military Castle 

Ortaköy Maşatlik Ruins Military Castle 

Orucuk Village Castle Military Castle 

Samanes Castle Military Castle 

Tamrot Ruins Military Castle 

Ünlükaya Village Castle Military Castle 

Misri Zinnun Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Arslan Paşa Turkish Bath (Complexde) Cultural Turkish Bath 

Arslan Paşa Complex Cultural Turkish Bath 

Arslan Paşa Madrasah (in Complex) Cultural Turkish Bath 

Anonymous Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Aslan Paşa Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Oltu Kale Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Rus Church Religious Church 

Oltu Martyrdom 

ERZURUM / OLUR 


Aşağõ Karacasu Castle Military Castle 

Beğendik (Pitanos) Castle Military Castle 

Çataksu (Tavusker) Ruins Military Castle 

Filizli (Keleşat) Castle Military Castle 

Filizli Village Karacaoğlan Castle Military Castle 

Observatory Tower Military Castle 

Kaledibi Castle Military Castle 

Keçili (Nyrkom) Castle Military Castle 

Pertus (Eğlek) Archeologic Site and Castle Military Castle 

Sarõbaşõk (Sarõbaba) Castle Military Castle 

Vank Ruins and Church 

ERZURUM / PASİNLER 


Tepecki Tumulus (I.Degree Archeologic Site 



Bulamaç Tumulus (I.Degree Archeologic Site 



I. Degree Natural Site Area Natural Site Natural Site 

Rocky Graveyard and Surrounding Historic Site Historic Site Historic Site 

Güzelhisar (Avnik) Castle Military Castle 

Pasinler (Hasankale) Castle Military Castle 

Sos Tumulus Askkeri Castle 

Tepecik Tumulus Military Castle 

Emir Şeyh Mosque Religious Mosque 

İbrahim Hakkõ Mosque Religious Mosque 

Sivasli Mosque Religious Mosque 


61



Yeni Mosque Dinsek Mosque 

Miyadin Village Ferruh Hatun Dome Cultural Dome 

Çobandede Bridge Cultural Bridge 

a- Big Hot Spring, b- Small Hot Spring Hot Spring Hot Spring 

Altõnbaşak Village Graveyard Graveyard Graveyard 

Alvar Graveyard Graveyard Graveyard 

Rocky Graveyard Graveyard Graveyard 

Bridgeköy Inn Cultural Inn 

Bridgeköy Martyrdom Martyrdom Martyrdom 

Bulamaç Tumulus Cultural Tumulus 

Tepecik Tumulus 

ERZURUM / ŞENKAYA 


Gaziler (Bardiz) Castle Military Castle 

Penek Castle (Oğlan Ve Kõz Castle) Military Castle 

Somun Ruins Military Castle 

Yanõkkaval (Kahmis) Village Castle Military Castle 

Seven Rooms (Yedi Odalar) Military Castle 

Bardõz Graveyard Graveyard Graveyard 

Bardõz Mosque Religious Mosque 

Penek Church Religious Church 

Vank Church Religious Church 

Yanõkkaval Village Church Religious Church 

Pernek – Timurkõşla Church 

ERZURUM / TORTUM 


Pehlivanli Village Mosque Religious Mosque 

Cevizli Village Tower Military Castle 

Kale Altõ (Nikah) Castle Military Castle 

Parsor Ruins Military Castle 

Pehlivanlõ (Vibik) Village Tower Military Castle 

Tortum Castle Military Castle 

Uzunkavak (Kavaklõ) Observatory Tower Military Castle 

Yukarõ Katõklõ Village Observatory Tower Military Castle 

Ziyaretli Village Observatory Tower Military Castle 

Kireçli (Ağasor) Village Kireçli Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Bağbaşõ (Bağlarbaşõ-Haho) Church Religious Church 

Çamliyamaç (Öşvank) Church 

GÜMÜŞHANE / CITY CENTER 


Structures of Imera Monastry and Around (I.Degree 



Emirler Mosque Religious Mosque 

Küçük Mosque Religious Mosque 

Hagios Theodoros Church Religious Church 

İmera Manastiri Religious Church 

Panaghia Kaya Church Religious Church 

Paşa Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Balkaymak Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Hasköy Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Kabane Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Kalkanlõ Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Kamberlõ Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Kazantaş Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Kermut Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Kõrõklõ Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Korgan Bridge Cultural Bridge 

62



Uğrak Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Yeniyol Harşit Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Abdi Bey House Civil Architecture Civil Architecture 

Example 

Example 

Bağlar Başõ Fevzi Paşa Elementary School Civil Architecture Civil Architecture 

Example 

Example 

Hasan Fehmi Bey House Civil Architecture Civil Architecture 

Example 

Example 

Remzi Bey House Civil Architecture Civil Architecture 

Example 

Example 

Şahbendaroğlu House Civil Architecture Civil Architecture 

Example 

Example 

Civil Architecrure House Examples (26 Units) Civil Architecture Civil Architecture 

Example 

Example 

Ekmalettin Babertli Martyrdom 

GÜMÜŞHANE / KELKİT 


Archeologic Site Area Archeologic Site Archeologic Site 

Castle Military Castle 

Üççatõ Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Government Building Civil Architecture Civil Architecture 

GÜMÜŞHANE / KÜRTÜN 

Example 

Example 

Archeologic Site Area (3.Derece) Archeologic Site Archeologic Site 

Meryemana Church Religious Church 

Orta Mahalle Church Religious Church 

I.Degree Natural Site 

GÜMÜŞHANE / ŞİRAN 


Tamara Waterfall (I.Degree Natural Site Area) Natural Site Waterfall 


Tomara Waterfall 

GÜMÜŞHANE / TORUL 

Waterfall Waterfall 

Baş Mahalle Church Religious Church 

Monastry (Manastõr) Church Religious Church 

Torul Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Damlataş (Karaca) Cave 

HAKKARİ / CITY CENTER 

Cave Cave 

Bay Castle Military Castle 

Çölemerik Castle Military Castle 

Meydan Madrasah Cultural Madrasah 

Zeynel Bey Madrasah Cultural Madrasah 

Historic Graveyard Graveyard Graveyard 

Kalealtõ Graveyard Graveyard Graveyard 

Kõrmõzõ Dome Graveyard Graveyard Graveyard 

Melik Esed Graveyard Graveyard Graveyard 

Kõrmõzõ Dome Zaviye Cultural Zaviye 

Derav Church Religious Church 

Halil Church 

HAKKARİ / ÇUKURCA 


Historic Graveyard 

HAKKARİ / ŞEMDİNLİ 

Graveyard Graveyard 

Taş Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Hayme Palace Cultural Palace 

Kelat Palace Cultural Palace 

63



IĞDIR / CITY CENTER 

Rocky Graveyard Archeologic Site Rocky Graveyard 

Karakale Castle Cultural Dome 

Kul Yusuf Dome Cultural Dome 

Caravanserais Cultural Caravanserai 

Ejder Caravanserai Cultural Caravanserai 

Historic Tomb Stones Before the Municipality Graveyard Graveyard 

IĞDIR / ARALIK 

Hacõ İbrahim Dome Cultural Dome 

IĞDIR / KARAKOYUNLU 

Karakoyunlu Urartu Residential Site Cultural Residential Site 

Karakoyunlu Historic Graveyard Cultural Graveyard 

IĞDIR / TUZLUCA 

Urartu Rocky Graveyard Graveyard Graveyard 

KARS / CITY CENTER 

Aliağa Mosque Religious Mosque 

Beşik (Church) Mosque Religious Mosque 

Boyalõ Abdi Ağa Mosque Religious Mosque 

Evliya Mosque Religious Mosque 

Fethiye Mosque (Turned From Church) Religious Mosque 

Hacõ Veli Small Mosque (Mosque) Religious Mosque 

Kale Small Mosque (Mosque) Religious Mosque 

Laçin Bey Mosque Religious Mosque 


Vaizoğlu Mosque Religious Mosque 

Yusuf Paşa Mosque Religious Mosque 

Beylerbeyi (Paşa) Palace and Fountain Cultural Palace 

Kars Castle (Citadel) and Internal structures Military Castle 

Ebu’l Hasanü’l Harkani Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Celal Baba Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Mazlumağa Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Muradiye (İlbeyoğlu) Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Topçuoğlu (Cuma) Turkish Bath (Old Turkish Bath) Cultural Turkish Bath 

Bedirler Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Behre Hatun Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Benli (Ahmetçi) Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Çõldõr Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Divrik Dere Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Oluk Bridge Cultural Bridge 


Uzun Zaim Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Üç Göz Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Kanlõ Protected Emplacement (Tabya) Cultural Protected 

Emplacement 

Havariler Church Religious Church 

Tezekli Church Religious Church 

Yõkõk Church (on Erzurum Highway) Religious Church 

Güvercin Village Martyrdom Martyrdom Martyrdom 

Kars Garnizon Martyrdom Martyrdom Martyrdom 

Civil Architecture Examples - Official- (30 Units) Civil 

Architecture 

Example 

64 


Example



Civil Architecture Examples – Private- (41 Units) Civil 

Architecture 

Example 

65 


Example 

KARS / ANİ 

Ani Citadel Military Castle 

Acemağili Gate Cultural Gate 

Beğsekisi Gate Cultural Gate 

Çiftebeden Gate Cultural Gate 

Divin Gate Kültüre Gate 

Eğribucak Gate Cultural Gate 

Hõdõr-Ellez Gate (Satrançlõ Gate) Cultural Gate 

Kars Gate Cultural Gate 

Miğmiğderesi Gate Cultural Gate 

Orta Gate (Arslanlõ Gate) Cultural Gate 

Ebu’l Ma’meran Mosque Minaret 

(Bozminare) 


Fethiye Mosque (Citadel) Religious Mosque 

Manüçahr Mosque Religious Mosque 

Bakireler Manastiri Religious Church 

Gağõk Church Religious Church 

Gürcü Church Religious Church 

İçkale Kamsarakan Church Religious Church 

Palace Church in Citadel Religious Church 

II. Aşot Church Religious Church 

Keçel Church Religious Church 

Kõz Church Religious Church 

Poladoğlu Church Religious Church 

Şirli Church Religious Church 

Structure on the West of Şirli Church Religious Church 

I. Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

I. On the South of Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

II. Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Turkish Bath Near Manüçahr Mosque Cultural Turkish Bath 

Mikdad Pehlivan Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Kamsarakan Palace Cultural Palace 

Sultan Palace Cultural Palace 

Tek Gözlü Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Chapel Nearby Arpa Stream (Below the Bakireler Civil Architecture Civil Architecture 

Monastry) 

Example 

Example 

Beğ Sekisi Civil 

Architecture 

Example 

Shopping Centre Civil Architecture 

Example 

Caravanserai Civil 

Architecture 

Example 

Structure Nearby Mõğmõğ Dere Gate Civil 

Architecture 

Example 

Middle City Walls (Nearby Manüçahr Mosque) Civil Architecture 

The Structure on the East of Poladoğlu Church and the 

South of Mameran Mosque 

Example 


Example 


Example 


Example 


Example 


Example 


Example 


Example



The Structure on the South of Poladoğlu Church Civil Architecture Civil Architecture 

Example 

Example 

Urartu Structures Civil 


KARS / ARPAÇAY 

Architecture 

Example 

Example 

Ani Ruins (I. Degree Archeologic Site Area) Archeologic Site Tumulus 

Tumulus Archeologic Site Tumulus 

Şahindere Martyrdom 

KARS / DİGOR 


Küçük Abdi Ağa Mosque Religious Mosque 

Beşler Church Religious Church 

Kozca Church Religious Church 

Küçük Kozca Church Religious Church 

Müren Church 

Magazbert Castle 

KARS / KAĞIZMAN 



Keçivan Castle Military Castle 

Avci Mehmet Martyrdom 

KARS / SARIKAMIŞ 


Eski Church Religious Church 

Forests (Natural Site Area) Natural Site Forestry 

Micingirt (İnkaya) Castle Military Castle 

Zivin (Süngü Taş) Castle Military Castle 

Micingirt (İnkaya) Dome Cultural Dome 

Gurbet Pinar Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Menteş Stream I. Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Menteş Stream II. Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Menteş Stream III. Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Ağa Baba Martyrdom Martyrdom Martyrdom 

Village Martyrdom with Turkish Bath Martyrdom Martyrdom 

Yukarõ Sarõkamõş Village Martyrdom Martyrdom Martyrdom 

Civil Architecture Examples - Official- (33 Units) Civil Architecture Civil Architecture 

KARS / SELİM 

Example 

Example 

Liutenant Hulusi Bey Martyrdom 

KARS / SUSUZ 


Osman Sergent Martyrdom 

MALATYA / CITY CENTER 


Maltepe Tumulus Archeologic Site Tumulus 

Samanköy Tumulus Archeologic Site Tumulus 

Aslantepe Tumulus (I.Degree 2. Degree Archeologic 

Site) 


Fõrõncõlar Tumulus Archeologic Site Tumulus 


Alacakaya Mosque Religious Mosque 

Çarşõ Mosque Religious Mosque 

Söğütlü Mosque Religious Mosque 

Yeni Mosque Religious Mosque 


Yusuf Ziya Paşa Mosque Religious Mosque 



66



Cafer Tumulus Cultural Tumulus 

Değirmen Hill Tumulus Cultural Tumulus 

Gelincik Hill (Fethiye) Tumulus Cultural Tumulus 

İmamoğlu Tumulus Cultural Tumulus 

Köşkerbaba Tumulus Cultural Tumulus 

Pirot Tumulus Cultural Tumulus 

Aslan Hill Cultural Tumulus 

Tahtalõ Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Çarşõ Church Religious Church 

Taşhoron Church Religious Church 

Venk Church Religious Church 

Bakõrcõlar Bazaar Cultural Bazaar 

Fleamarket (Bitpazarõ) Cultural Bazaar 

Sweeties (Şira) Market Cultural Bazaar 

İnderesi Cave Cave Cave 

Balanlilar House Civil Architecture Civil Architecture 

Example 

Example 

Derme Elementary School Civil Architecture Civil Architecture 

Example 

Example 

Gazi Elementary School Civil Architecture Civil Architecture 

Example 

Example 

Public Training Centre Building = Atatürk House Civil Architecture Civil Architecture 

Example 

Example 

Karakaş House Civil Architecture Civil Architecture 

Example 

Example 

Sinema Road. 33 Houses Civil Architecture Civil Architecture 

Example 

Example 

Tüccarlar Market Civil Architecture Civil Architecture 

Example 

Example 

Military Martyrdom 

MALATYA / AKÇADAĞ 


Akçadağ Tumulus (I.Degree Archeologic Site) Archeologic Site Tumulus 

İkinciler Tumulus Cultural Höyül 

Ören Tumulus Cultural Tumulus 

Ören Tumulus (I.Degree Archeologic Site Area) Archeologic Site Tumulus 

Arga Hill Cultural Hill 

Levent Valley – Bağköy Rocky Tablets 

MALATYA / ARAPGİR 

Cultural Valley 

Çobanli Mosque Religious Mosque 

Hacõ Şerefağa Mosque Religious Mosque 

Mirliva Ahmet Paşa Mosque Religious Mosque 

Yeni Mosque Religious Mosque 

Çarşi Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Elmasik Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Hacõ Şerefağa Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Hacõ Şerefağa Fountain Cultural Fountain 

Çarşõ Inn 

MALATYA / ARAPGİR (OLD) 

Cultural Inn 

Caferpaşa Mosque Religious Mosque 

Gümrükcü Osman Paşa Mosque Religious Mosque 

Molla Eyüp Mosque Religious Mosque 


Büyük Kozluk Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Meydan Bridge Cultural Bridge 

67

Appendix 2: Certified Cultural Assets in the Eastern Anatolia Region (Cont.) 


Osman Paşa Fountain Cultural Fountain 

Osman Paşa Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Old Arapgir Castle Military Castle 

Çobanlõ Mansion Cultural Mansion 

Şakir Paşa Mansion Cultural Mansion 

Ispanakçõ Mustafa Paşa Library Cultural Library 

Hanikâh Civil Architecture Exp. Civil Architecture Exp 

MALATYA / ARGUVAN 

KaraTumulus Archeological and Natural Site Area Other Site Areas Tumulus Archeologic and 

Historic Site 

İsa Tumulus Cultural Tumulus 

Kara Tumulus Cultural Tumulus 

Morhamam (Uzunoğlan) Tumulus Cultural Tumulus 

Tarlacõk Tumulus Cultural Tumulus 

Isa Tumulus (I.Degree Archeologic Site) Archeologic Site Tumulus 

Morhama Tumulus (I.Degree Archeologic Site) Archeologic Site Tumulus 

MALATYA / BATTALGAZİ 

Ahmet Duran Small Mosque and Tomb Religious Mosque 

Ak Minaret Mosque Religious Mosque 

Alacakapõ Small Mosque Religious Mosque 

Emir Ömer Small Mosque Religious Mosque 

Halfetih Minaret Religious Mosque 

Karahan Mosque Religious Mosque 

Melik Sunullah Minaret Religious Mosque 

Prayer Place (Namazgah) Religious Mosque 

Toptaş Mosque Religious Mosque 


Şahabiye-i Kübra Madrasah Cultural Madrasah 

Kanlõ Dome Cultural Dome 

Siddi Zeynep Dome Cultural Dome 

Kara Baba Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Karababa Graveyard Graveyard Graveyard 

Kõrk Kardeş Martyrdom Martyrdom Martyrdom 

Silahtar Mustafa Paşa Caravanserai Cultural Caravanserai 

Castle Walls Military Castle 

Resident Civil Defense Example Civil Defense Example 

MALATYA / DARENDE 

Maşattepe Tumulus (I.Degree Archeologic Site Area) Archeologic Site Tumulus 

Dana Bey Minaret Religious Mosque 

Hacõ Müsrif Minaret Religious Mosque 

Somuncu Baba Mosque Minaret Religious Mosque 

Ulu Mosque Minaret Religious Mosque 

Korucutepe Tumulus (I.Degree Archeologic Site Area) Archeologic Site Tumulus 

Maltepe I. Tumulus (I.Degree Archeologic Site Area) Archeologic Site Tumulus 

Kavlak Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Nadir Bridge Cultural Bridge 


Maltepe II. Tumulus (I.Degree Archeologic Site Area) Archeologic Site Tümlüs 


Sadrazam Complex Cultural Complex 

İki Tepe Tümlüsü (I.Degree Archeologic Site Area) Archeologic Site Tumulus 

Günpõnar Waterfall Natural Site Waterfall 

Kõz Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Mehmet Paşa Tomb Cultural Tomb 

68



Şengber Place Site Area Archeologic Site Archeologic Site 

Tohma Stream Valley Somuncu Baba Passage, Natural 

Aquarium 


Şeyh Hamid-i Veli Zaviye (Somuncu Baba) Cultural Zaviye 

Bazaar (Bedesten) (Hacõ Hüseyin Paşa Arastas) Cultural Bazaar 

Hasan Paşa Turkish Bath (Çarşõ Turkish Bath) Cultural Turkish Bath 

Monumental Tomb Graveyard Graveyard 

İkitepe Tumulus Tumulus Tumulus 

Korucu Hill Tumulus Tumulus Tumulus 

Maltepe I and II Tumulus Tumulus Tumulus 

Maşad Hill Tumulus Tumulus Tumulus 

Merkez Tumulus Tumulus Tumulus 

Ozan Village Roma Monumental Tomb Tumulus Tumulus 

Roma Tomb Tumulus Tumulus 

Number 1 and 2 Graveyards Graveyard Graveyard 

Mehmet Paşa Library Cultural Library 

Zengibar Castle 

MALATYA / DOĞANŞEHİR 


Sulu Cave Cave Cave 

City Wall Ruins 

MALATYA / HEKİMHAN 

Military Caste Wall Ruins 

Köprülü Mehmet Paşa Mosque Religious Mosque 

Köprülü Mehmet Paşa Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Taş Inn Cultural Inn 


Güzelyurt Tumulus 

MALATYA / KULUNCAK 


Çirit Belen Village - Leylek Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Kabak Abdal Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Mehmet Halife Tomb (Siyahi Baba) Cultural Tomb 

Eşref Tumulus 

MALATYA / PÖTÜRGE 


Gagar Castle Nan-I Guni Military Castle 

Battalgazi Monument 

MALATYA / YAZIHAN 

Cultural Monument 

Abdülrezzak Mosque Religious Mosque 

Fethiye Village - Hasan Patrik Mosque Religious Mosque 

İriağaç Village Mosque Religious Mosque 

Fethiye Tumulus Cultural Tumulus 

Kuruçay Tumulus (Hacõ Tumulus) Cultural Tumulus 

İri Ağaç Village - Ünür Small Village Castle Military Castle 

Buzluk Caves 

MALATYA / YEŞİLYURT 

Cave Cave 

Ottoman Style Houses Civil Architecture Civil Architecture 

Example 

Example 

Kaletepe Tumulus Civil Architecture Civil Architecture 

MUŞ / CITY CENTER 

Example 

Example 

Dere Church Religious Church 

Dere Neighborhood Church Religious Church 

Surp Varabet Monastry (Çengelli Church) Religious Church 

Hasbet Castle Military Castle 

Mercimek Castle Military Castle 

Muşet Castle Military Castle 

69



Alaattin Mosque Religious Mosque 

Hacõ Şeref Mosque and Fountain Religious Mosque 

Muş Ulu Mosque Religious Mosque 

İbrahim Samidi Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Kesik Baş Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Şeyh Halil and Mustafa Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Şeyh Muhammed-İ Mağribi Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Alaaddin Bey Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Dere Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Arslanlõ Inn Cultural Inn 

Yõldõzlõ Inn Cultural Inn 

Alaattin Mosque Fountain Cultural Fountain 

Murat Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Anadolu High School Civil Architecture Civil Architecture 

Example 

Example 

Atatürk Elemantary School Civil Architecture Civil Architecture 

Example 

Example 

Tahsin Saraç House Civil Architecture Civil Architecture 

Example 

Example 

Military Martyrdom Martyrdom Martyrdom 

Mercimek Castle Tumulus 

MUŞ / BULANIK 


Esenlik Village Mosque Religious Mosque 

Mollakent Village Vuduu Pool Religious Mosque 

Mollakent Village Mosque Religious Mosque 

Mollakent Village Madrasah Cultural Madrasah 

Mollakent Village Tekke Cultural Madrasah 

Mollakent Village Graveyard Graveyard Graveyard 

Mirza Bey Castle Military Castle 

Esenlik Village - Şeyh İbrahim Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Şeyh Ömer Sahubi Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Şar (Şor) Lake Mineral Water Hot Spring Hot Spring 

Civil Defense Example Civil Defense Example Civil Defense Example 

Alparslan Martyrdom Martyrdom Martyrdom 

Erentepe Martyrdom Martyrdom Martyrdom 

Kültür Neighborhood Martyrdom Martyrdom Martyrdom 

Eren Hill Tumulus 

MUŞ / KORKUT 


Yünören Village Mosque 

MUŞ / MALAZGİRT 


Bostan Kaya Castle Military Castle 

Katerin (Zincirli) Castle Military Castle 

Tõkõzlõ Castle Military Castle 

Malazgirt Castle Military Castle 

Meydan Graveyard Graveyard Graveyard 

Urartu Rocky Graveyard Graveyard Graveyard 

Aradere Village Graveyard Graveyard Graveyard 

Bostankale Tumulus Cultural Tumulus 

Dolabaş Tumulus Cultural Tumulus 

Konak Kuran Tumulus Cultural Tumulus 

Erken Devirden Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Malazgirt Kõz Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Malazgirt Bridge (Hanõm Bridge) Cultural Bridge 

70



Ancient Cave Houses Civil Architecture Civil Architecture 

Example 

Example 

Historic Documents Civil Architecture Civil Architecture 

Example 

Example 

Tomb Ruins Civil Architecture Civil Architecture 

Example 

Example 

Local Rugs Civil Architecture Civil Architecture 

MUŞ / VARTO 

Example 

Example 

Kayalõdere Ruins Civil Architecture Civil Architecture 

Example 

Example 

Bazõkan Hot Spring Hot Spring Hot Spring 

Derik Mineral Water Hot Spring Hot Spring 

Kayalõdere Mineral Water Hot Spring Hot Spring 

Safyan Mineral Water Hot Spring Hot Spring 

Yukarõ Alagöz Hot Spring 

Varto Martyrdom 

TUNCELİ / ÇEMİŞGEZEK 

Hot Spring Hot Spring 

Süleymaniye Mosque (Ulu Mosque) Religious Mosque 

Yelmaniye Mosque Religious Mosque 

Hamidiye Madrasah Cultural Madrasah 

Uzun Hasan Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Atik Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Yeni Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Baş Fountain Cultural Fountain 

Tahar (Yusuf Ziya Paşa) Bridge 

TUNCELİ / MAZGİRT 

Cultural Bridge 

Elti Hatun Mosque Religious Mosque 

Kale Village Castle Military Castle 

Mazgirt Castle Military Castle 

Çoban Baba Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Elti Hatun Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Til Tumulus 

TUNCELİ / PERTEK 


Baysungur Mosque Religious Mosque 

Çelebi Ağa Mosque Religious Mosque 

Sağman Mosque Religious Mosque 

Besime Hatun Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Sağman Mosque Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Sağman Complex Cultural Complex 

Derun-i Hisar Castle Military Castle 

Pertek Castle 

TUNCELİ / PÜLÜMÜR 

Examples from Civil Architecture 


Bride Rooms Civil Architecture Civil Architecture 

VAN / CITY CENTER 

Example 

Example 

Tuşpa Necropolisis (3.Degree Archeologic Site 


Archeologic Site Nekropol 

Abbas Ağa Mosque Religious Mosque 

Horhor Mosque Religious Mosque 

Hüsrev Paşa Mosque Religious Mosque 

Kaya Çelebi Mosque Religious Mosque 

71



Kõzõl Minareli Mosque Religious Mosque 

Sinaniye Mosque Religious Mosque 

Süleyman Inn Mosque Religious Mosque 


I. Degree Archeologic Site Area Archeologic Site Archeologic Site 


Mosque Kebir Madrasah Cultural Madrasah 

Hüsrev Paşa Madrasah Cultural Madrasah 

İskender Paşa Madrasah Cultural Madrasah 

Topçuoğlu Madrasah Cultural Madrasah 


Abdurrahman Gazi Tomb and Mosque Cultural Tomb 

Galip Paşa Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Hüsrev Paşa Tomb Cultural Tomb 

İkiz Tombs Cultural Tomb 

I. Degree Natural Site Area Natural Site Natural Site 

Karagündüz Tumulus Ancient Iron Age 

Archeologic Site Tumulus + 

Necropolis 

Necropolis 

Old (Çifte) Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Hüsrev Paşa Turkish Bath Cultural Turkish Bath 

Yoncatepe Castle Archeologic Site Castle 

Adõr Island (I.Degree Archeologic and Natural 

Other Site Areas Island Archeologic 


and Natural Site 

Amik Christian Graveyard Graveyard Graveyard 

Old Van City Graveyard Graveyard Graveyard 

Molla Kasim Graveyard Graveyard Graveyard 

Otluca Village Graveyard Graveyard Graveyard 

Zeve Village Graveyard Graveyard Graveyard 

Aşağõ Anzaf Castle (I.Degree Arceologic Site) Archeologic Site Castle 

Yukarõ Anzaf Castle and Graveyard Area Archeologic Site Castle and 

Graveyard 

Alaköy (Urartu) Castle Military Castle 

Amik Castle Military Castle 

Aşağõ Anzaf Castle Military Castle 

Ayanis Castle Military Castle 

Beyüzümü (Şahbaği) Castle Military Castle 

Edremit Castle Military Castle 

Old Van Castle and City Military Castle 

Kavuncu Castle Military Castle 

Keklik Bucağõ Castle Military Castle 

Toprakkale Military Castle 

Van Castle Military Castle 

Yukarõ Anzaf Castle Military Castle 

Van Castle Tumulus Archeologic Site Tumulus 

Van Castle and Old Van City Archeologic Site Ancient City and 

Castle 

Hüsrev Paşa Complex Cultural Complex 

Urartu Graveyard and İslamic Graveyard Archeologic Site Graveyard 

Part of Van City (3.Degree Archeologic Site) Archeologic Site Ancient City 

Toprakkale-Meker Gate Cultural Gate 

Aktamar Island (I. Degree Archeologic and 

Other Site Areas Island Archeologic 

Natural Site Area) 

and Natural Site) 

Adõr Church (Island) Religious Church 

Çarpanak Church (Kthous Monastry) Religious Church 

72



Surb Paolos Church Religious Church 

Yedi Church Religious Church 

Old Van City – Church Religious Church 

Çarpanak Island (I.Degree Archeologic Natural 

Site) 

73 

Other Site Areas Island+ 

Archeologic Site 


Toprakkale (I.Degree Archeologic Site Area) Archeologic Site Excavation Area 

Civil Architecture House Examples (2 Units) Civil Architecture Civil Architecture 

Example 

Example 

Civil Architecture (2 Units) Civil 


Architecture 

Example 

Example 

Ağartõ Castle Archeologic Site Castle 

2. Degree Natural Site Area Natural Site Natural Site 

Pers Tablet in Old Van Castle Civil 


Architecture 

Example 

Example 

Old Van City - Argişti Tomb Civil 


Architecture 

Example 

Example 

Old Van City – Eastern Room Graveyard Civil 


Architecture 

Example 

Example 

Old Van City - Inn (Arpa Inn) Civil 

Architecture 

Example 

Old Van City – Cistern (Sarnõç) Civil 

Architecture 

Example 

Van - İnili Kõz (Open Tomb Monument) Civil 

Architecture 

Example 

Van Houses Civil 

Architecture 

Example 

Van Museum Civil 

Architecture 

Example 


Example 


Example 


Example 


Example 


Example 

Hoşap Castle Interiors Archeologic Site Castle 

Zeve Martyrdom Martyrdom Martyrdom 

VAN / BAHÇESARAY 

Kõrmõzõ Mosque Religious Mosque 

Şeyh Şemseddin Mosque Religious Mosque 

Mir Hasan-i Veli Madrasah Cultural Madrasah 

Mehmet Çavuş Dome Cultural Dome 

Kõrmõzõ Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Bahçesaray Castle Military Castle 

Andzphouts Church Religious Church 

Arkelok Chapel Religious Church 

Dire Gele (Saint Georges) Church Religious Church 

Jamatun Religious Church 

Holy Cross (Kutsal Haç) Church Religious Church 

Holy Apostle (Kutsal Havari) Sanctuary Religious Church 

S. Astuacacin Church Religious Church



Saint Jacques Church Religious Church 

St. Stefanos Church Religious Church 

VAN / BAŞKALE 

Başkale Houses Civil 

Architecture 

74 

Example 


Example 

Hüsrev Paşa Madrasah (Pizan) Cultural Madrasah 

Ören Kale Village Tombs (Pizan) Cultural Tomb 

Barõş Village Graveyard Graveyard Graveyard 

German Village Graveyard Graveyard Graveyard 

Kaleören Village Graveyard Graveyard Graveyard 

Molla Hõdõrõ Firinda Graveyard Graveyard Graveyard 

Tepebaşõ Neighborhood Graveyard Graveyard Graveyard 

Yavuzlar Village Graveyard Graveyard Graveyard 

Albayrak Church Religious Church 

Yanal Church Religious Church 

Örenkale Village Castle (Pizan) Military Castle 

VAN / ÇALDIRAN 

Kübik Village Open Field Tomb Monument Cultural Dome 

Kübik Village I. Dome and II. Dome Cultural Dome 

Kübik Village Graveyard Graveyard Graveyard 

VAN / ÇATAK 

Natural Site Natural Site Natural Site 

Çatak Bridge (Center) Cultural Bridge 

Hurkan Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Zeril Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Çatak Graveyard Graveyard Graveyard 

Görentaş Graveyard Graveyard Graveyard 

Zeve (Zive) Inn Cultural Inn 

Çatak Church Cultural Church 

Elmacõk Village Church Cultural Church 

Çatak Castle Military Castle 

VAN / ERCİŞ 

Karataş Tablets (I.Degree Archeologic Site Area) Archeologic Site Archeologic Site 

Kara Yusuf Mosque Religious Mosque 

Urartu Çayi Kale-Ehir Ruins Archeologic Site Archeologic Site 

Cuneiform Tablet Cultural Tablet 

Yahya Bey Madrasah Cultural Madrasah 

Alaca Inn Cultural Inn 

Binbaşõ Fountain Inn Cultural Inn 

Hangedik Inn Cultural Inn 

Karahan Cultural Inn 

Beyler Graveyard Graveyard Graveyard 

Çelebibağõ Graveyard Graveyard Graveyard 

Gölağzõ Neighborhood Graveyard Graveyard Graveyard 

Haydar Bey Graveyard Graveyard Graveyard 

Kara Şeyh Village Graveyard Graveyard Graveyard 

Madavank Rocky Graveyard Graveyard Graveyard 

Tekler Village Graveyard Graveyard Graveyard 

Yoldere (Akrak) Graveyard Graveyard Graveyard 

Ziyaret Village Graveyard 

Aliyar (Kadem Paşa) Dome Cultural Dome 

Haydar Bey Tomb Cultural Dome



Nişancõ Dome Cultural Dome 

Zortul (Anonymous) Dome Cultural Dome 

Eski Erciş Castle Military Castle 

Zernaki Hill Military Castle 

Haydar Bey Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Hasan Abdal Hot Spring Hot Spring Hot Spring 

Salman Ağa Church Religious Church 

VAN / GEVAŞ 

İzzettin Şir Mosque Religious Mosque 

Halime Hatun Dome Cultural Dome 

İzzettin Şir Madrasah Cultural Madrasah 

Göründü Village Church Religious Church 

Gevaş Selçuklu Graveyard Graveyard Graveyard 

Gevaş Zaviye Cultural Zaviye 

Aktamar Church Religious Church 

Altinsaç Church Religious Church 

İnköy Church Religious Church 

Hişet Castle Military Castle 

VAN / GÜRPINAR 

Hamurkesen Castle Small Mosque Religious Mosque 

Hamurkesen Village Mosque Religious Mosque 

Hoşap Mosque (Outher Castle) Religious Mosque 

Citadel Small Mosque (Hoşap) Religious Mosque 

Çavuştepe Castle Military Castle 

Hamurkesen Castle and Turkish Bath Military Castle 

Hoşap Citadel Military Castle 

Hoşap Castle Military Castle 

Hoşap Castle-Selamlõk (Men’s Room) Military Castle 

Evliya Bey Madrasah Cultural Madrasah 

Hasan Bey Madrasah and Tomb Cultural Madrasah 

Hasan Bey Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Süleyman Bey Tomb Cultural Tomb 

Bey Inn Cultural Inn 

Hoşap Inn Cultural Inn 

Hamurkesen Historic Graveyard Graveyard Graveyard 

Hoşap Graveyard Graveyard Graveyard 

Evliya Bey (Hoşap) Bridge Cultural Bridge 

VAN / MURADİYE 

Bendi Mahi Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Şeytan Bridge Cultural Bridge 

Körzüt Castle Military Castle 

Muradiye Castle Military Castle 

Muradiye Church Religious Church 

Dergezin Hot Spring Hot Spring Hot Spring 

Muradiye Waterfall Waterfall Waterfall 

Source: The Ministry of Culture 

75

APPENDIX 3: SAP (Southeast Anatolia Project) Tourism Proposals 

1. Short Run Proposals: 

• Training: To prepare training programs for the training of personnel to be 

employed in the tourism sector, 

• Promotion: To prepare promotion programs at the national and international 

level in order to introduce existing natural and cultural values in the SAP 

Region as well as resource values created by the SAP Project, 

• Financial and Administrative Measures: To complete legal process 

regarding financial and administrative measures that are significant for the 

development of tourism sector in the SAP Region, 

• Organisation: To identify a unit that shall coordinate among public 

agencies, local administrations, private investors and tourism sector 

representatives, in order to implement basic policy and strategies laid out in 

the SAP Region tourism development plan, 

• Physical Arrangements: To complete sub regional projects and 

implementations for daytime staying and recreation in order to introduce 

local people into the tourism sector and utilise natural assets. 

2. Medium Run Proposals: 

• Physical Arrangements: To complete projects and regulations regarding the 

existing natural and cultural values in the SAP Region in the framework of 

strategies and priorities of the SAP regional tourism development plan and 

to integrate them into the tourism sector, 

• Tourism Infrastructure: To complete flexible and low quality tourism 

infrastructure (Quantity and quality of hotels, transport infrastructure, 

information guidance and tour services), 

• SAP Project : To complete projects (like Golf Tourism Facilities at 

international standards, water sports centres, etc.) and to promote investors 

for implementation with those projects that are going to be the motor force 

with respect to regional tourism sector by using new resource values that 

shall be created as a result of the completion of the SAP Project to a great 

extent (Atatürk Dam and surroundings, Birecik Dam, etc.). 

76

3. Long Run Proposals: 

• Diversification of Tourism: To create multi-dimentional, and flexible 

movements that shall last throughout the year, using not only the existing 

assets as a tourism potential but also new superstructures and infrastructures 

of the region in the future, 

• To support congress tourism and creation of fairs at regional, national and 

international levels in the provincial centres such as Şanlõurfa, Gaziantep 

and Diyarbakõr that are important cities with nationally acceptable standards 

in training infrastructure, urban infrastructure and the like, 

• To create regional parks at regional level in the fields created by the SAP 

Project, 

• Identification of areas for water sports, fishing, hunting and natural tourism, 

and preparation of infrastructure required in those areas. 

• Creation of areas for youth camps, cultural tours, international academic 

study groups. 

• National Tourism Potential: To make it competitive vis-à-vis the other 

regions within the national tourism sector potential and capacity in terms of 

both tourism revenues and other benefits of tourism. 

77

T.R. 





MASTER PLAN 


SECTOR 

HANDICRAFTS 

PREPARED BY 

CONSORTIUM 






2000

6.2. TRADITIONAL HANDICRAFTS 

Handicrafts which have been executed traditionally in the EAP provinces indicates 

variety. Together with meeting the needs of population, this sector supports family economy 

and national economy in a great extent. In case of examining them, each of them has 

peculiarities different from one another, if not more than each other. Although population of 

the region posses practices, by the reasons of terror and economic problems production 

couldn’t be done well and potential of information and practices face to be lost. For this 

reason, population providing their livelihoods in this sector face economic problems. This 

result affects the income per person in the EAP provinces negatively. In regulating of socioeconomic 

level of the region by removing of mentioned problems develop and extend the 

handicrafts become important. 

In each province and district in scope of the Project the most expanded handicraft 

branch is weaving. Carpet, Rug, Cecim, Siirt Blanket, Sack, Woollen Tent, Pyramid 

(Ehram), Gej, Shawl are among regional products. Of them Carpet Weaving is produced in 

every settlement centers in the region. As carpet weaving is executed by means of state 

support, it is done by people own efforts. Provincial Special Administratorships, University 

Carpet Makership Centers, Regional Administratorships of Sümer Carpet Manufacturing, 

Public Education Centers, Development Wakfs Administratorships, Civil Managements are 

active in this sector and provide income to region in a great extent. 

6.2.1. Weaving 

6.2.1.1. Carpet 

In Carpet weaving becoming difficult day and day of providing raw material, 

increasing of raw material prices in this situation and its being unqualified, economic 

difficulties, not providing raw material from its original place affect the development of 

sector. 

In the region local carpets with some authentic characters in micro fields and 

differently called and in favour of people are produced (For example: Kars Caucasian 

Carpet, Van Haliçe Carpet etc.) 

Near Erzurum and Gümüşhane, Hereke type carpets have been woven. Well trained 

weaver family could easily weave 11 m 2 Hereke carpet in a year in workshop or house. As 

thought 1000 looms are delivered to better weavers, here 2000-3000 young girls will be 

employed and 1000 family will have an important additional income, only near Erzurum 

11.000 m 2 carpet with a quality of export will be produced and this will make country earn 

millions of dollars to national economy. 

Organised as a company, Sümer Carpet have been continuing its activities by securing, 

developing, extending and inheriting to next generations hand weaving carpet makership and 

81

other handicrafts, together with national economy, state policy of culture, education and 

especially employment in a great extent since its establishment. Sümer Carpet with its present 

organisation will contribute to create expanded employment fields with a little investment by 

preserving cultural and artistic structure of carpet and to assist sectoral development and 

expansion by helping civil entrepreneurs. 

Furthermore, besides being used by the aim of exhibition, carpet is also used for 

different purposes. Especially in the Erzurum center, while in previous years 8-9 shops have 

been continuing to produce carpet-pillow as a family business, today only one workshop 

continues production in a difficult condition. Attracting home and foreign tourists pillowcarpets 

constitute a branch of handicrafts and potential of tourism. 

It is defined that there are nearly 4,770 looms in the region. The number of 

employment in these looms is 7,960. It seems that the number of looms could be easily raised. 

Number of Carpet Looms and Workers 

Graph 6.2.1: The Number of Carpet Looms and Workers in the EAP Region 

2300 

2200 

2100 

2000 

1900 

1800 

1700 

1600 

1500 

1400 

1300 

1200 

1100 

1000 

900 

800 

700 

600 

500 

400 

300 

200 

100 

0 

6.2.1.2. Rug 

Looms Halõ Tez. Workers 

Halõ Tez. Çalõşan 

Ağrõ Bingöl Erzurum Hakkari Malatya Van 

Provinces in the Project 

It seems that rug production in the EAP region is in a high level next to carpet. In fact, 

it is defined that rug weaving in the region has a significant place in handicraft sector. Rug is a 

82

kind of weaving that provides the most income to the regional economy, addresses to internal 

and external tourism, possesses shorter weaving period compared to carpet, easily importable 

raw material and extensive markets. However, the decrease in rug weaving caused by 

economic problems, the slowness in production of rug could be revived in short time since its 

weaving is well known by the population. Together providing raw material easily, this 

handicraft is affected by the terror in a way that picking up plants and animal feeding has 

become difficult. Difficulties in providing raw material, insufficiency of offer and low 

economic level of people, and stability of internal and external tourism, thus rug weaving in 

the region is about to face a loss in its influence. 

As examples for this kind of weavings in the region, Jirki, Gevdi, Herki, Bardõz, Zilli 

etc. take attention. Since among these Jirki, Gevdi and Herki are woven in Hakkari by 

tribesmen, take these names and have authentic peculiarities of colour, motive and design. 

Jirki rugs are mostly woven among these with similar characters. Jirki rugs are not only woven 

by tribesmen, but also woven and marketed by HISAŞ which belongs to the Hakkari 

Provincial Governorship. These rugs are produced in the districts and villages of Van and 

found consumers. Rugs are woven in ground looms easily established by people. In the 

provinces and districts wooden õstar looms and iron looms which are delivered by the Ministry 

of Industry and Trade are in use. As woven in 6.4 and 2 m 2 etc. dimensions extensively, they 

are also woven as saddle-bag, hurç, pillow, cushion and room suite. 

Zili Rug has become popular as a cultural and artistic work peculiar to Kelkit. 

Although it was very extensive until previous 40-50 years, today its loom number is highly 

decreased. Zilli Rug, produced wholly from sheep wool and woven in “bone” looms with 

nearly 40 motives and designs, might be woven by three persons in about one month through 

the use of 8-10 kgs. wools in times without housework. With changeable dimensions 

according to demand, Zilli rug could be produced in a short time with a variety of kinds 

(cushion face, corridor covering, saddle-bag, bag, etc.) in a lower cost in case of mass 

production. If the production is increased and marketing problems is removed, to contribute 

young girls and women national economy and to their being employed and introduction of 

Kelkit could be provided. Furthermore, demand for raw material in sheep wool will increase, 

and this will support sheep feeding in the region that lost its importance in the last few years. 

All of these contribute to sources of economic incomes and employment and prevent some of 

the significant problems of unemployment and migrations in an important level. 

Traditional Bardõz Rug Weavership in the Gaziler (Bardõz) subdistrict of Şenkaya 

and Çayüstü, Dokuzdeğirmen, Ipekçayõr, Nüğürcük and Çatak villages of Oltu has developed 

as a result of manpower training courses opened by the Work and Worker Finding Institution 

since 1990. Bardõz rugs are being woven extensively. At the beginning it was woven for 

commercial purposes, today weaving continues in family and individual level. 

Among general characteristics of Bardõz rugs, its being hand made and of wholly 

woollen disentangle and cord takes attention. Although its basic peculiarity is being woven 

83

from natural colours of cords, today used woollen cords are dyed with plant dyes. Because of 

its weaving character both of its surfaces could be used. The peculiarity in used design is rose. 

Furthermore, sprinkled flower motives, motives of clove, figures of various animals (bird, 

deer, lion, ram head) and some geometrical shapes are used. These rugs are woven in wooden 

looms by using woollen cords over disentangled woollen disentangle. For one m 2 rug 1,150 

kgs. disentangle and woollen cord are used. 

By means of courses opened by the Work and Worker Finding Institution, weaving 

continues at homes and workshops. Rugs are woven in different dimensions as kelle, divan 

and prayer rug. These rugs are sold for 10,000,000 TL. since 1998 Fall. The biggest problem 

in this subject is providing raw material from far (Uşak, Kayseri). At the same time, cords 

dyed with chemical dyes are used. If an institution of natural dyes and cord preparation is 

established in the region which is rich in natural dyes, there will not be a problem of providing 

raw material. 

As (in the region where extensive migrations have experienced) development of 

handicrafts is a leading factor for preventing migrations, it is necessary to develop and expend 

Bardõz rugs. 

In and near Oltu young girls who are 15-20 of age in 16 villages, are being employed 

by means of courses of rug and carpet maker-ship by the Work and Worker Finding Institution 

for employing them in their original place. By a company established in Oltu have opened 

sources of carpet-rug in the EAP region and have executed. 

Necessary regulations for reviving Bardõz rug weaving which is a potential for the 

region should be immediately edited. 

There are 3,312 looms for mentioned rug weaving. In these looms 4,295 people have 

been employed. Peoples who don’t have any looms and migrated from villages to cities caused 

by the terror posses necessary information and experience. 

84

Number of Carpet Looms and Workers 

Graph 6.2.2: Number of Rug Loom and Worker in the EAP Region 

Furthermore, directly in addition to number of employed people, there is an 

intermediary group buying loom products, plant dye products and cord products and selling 

them to markets. There being a high level of intermediary persons in the region indicates an 

important phenomenon. 

For doing all these services, to give confidence and execute these works under the 

structure of an organisation is necessary. Market must be absolutely provided. Products should 

be suitable to original quality of products. 

6.2.1.3. Cecim 

1500 

1400 

1300 

1200 

1100 

1000 

900 

800 

700 

600 

500 

400 

300 

200 

100 

0 

Ağrõ 

Ardahan 

Bayburt 

Bingöl 

Rug Loom Worker 

Bitlis 

Erzincan 

Erzurum 

Elazõğ 

Gümüşhane 

The kind of weaving, known as Cicim, Cacim and Cecim because of accent 

differences, can be found in the region as; Disentangle Faced, Wrapping Designed and 

Weft and Disentangle Faced. Disentangle Faced cicim is woven in the Van center, Erciş, 

Gevaş and Gürpõnar districts; Ahlat and Adilcevaz districts of Bitlis and Tunceli. In cecims 

woven in kamçõlõ looms with very thinly curled woollen cords, weft and disentangle cords are 

the same. These weavings in which plaid and fish back designs and loosely woven and 

produced and used as dinner clothes, quilts and bed wardrobe covering, bedspread, and prayer 

rug. 

85 

Hakkari 

Iğdõr 

Provinces in the Project 

Kars 

Malatya 

Muş 

Tunceli 

Van

Wrapping designed Cicim is more rudely appeared than disentagle faced rugs 

composed of rede designs by using disentagle and weft cords with design cord have been 

woven in Gökalp district of Van. Designs of these weavings similar to rug looks like being 

embroidered with needle. These weavings are being woven in õstar and ground looms. Since 

they are established and collected easily, it is impossible to give a number for looms. In the 

same district weft and disentagle faced weavings are found and ground covering, cushion, 

and pillow are produced. 

6.2.1.4. Ehram 

Among weavings in the region Ehram, Gej and Shawl are taking place. In Bayburt, 

Gümüşhane, Erzurum and Erzincan Ehram preserves its fashion as a woman clothes worn as 

a outher clothes. Today older women, girls and brides prefer Ehram as a simply dressed 

covering. It is known that although utility of Ehram is decreasing continuously, it is also used 

not only as clothing, but also as a clothing good and acsessory and used for different purposes 

by developing ehram materials and dying in various kinds an dimensions. For example, 2.5-3 

kgs. sheep wool is needed for an ehram of 2 x 1.5 ms. dimensions. 

The natural colour of wool is used as raw material in Ehram weaving art. Accordingly, 

white, purple and black sheep wool is employed in its own colour and they are never taken 

into processes of dying. 

In deed, ehram basically woven for clothing; is woven after necessary raw material is 

provided in double pedalled loom by technique of cloth foot. For improving cord strength 

apparelling is executed with water obtained after boiling asphodel that grows in the region. 

A project called “Modernizing and Giving New Fonctions to Bayburt Ehram Weaving” 

prepared by Bayburt Provincial Governership is made to create new utility fields since 

clothing ehram has been loosing its functions (1997). For this reason different coloured and 

designed ehrams are being researched in the region and defined their original dimensions. 

Rather than being only clothing material, ehram is thought to be used by enriching its utility 

fields as jacket, vest, skirt, shirt, tailor-made custom, cushion, table covering, curtain, prayer 

rug, coffee-table covering, coverlet, glass-cover, lavender box etc. Thus, it is seen as solution 

for unseen unemployment, an occupation for spare times, a significant support for family 

budget, and a barrier for migration and will give people a profession by evaluating own 

sources. 

Table 6.2.1: Enumeration of Ehram Weaving in the EAP Region According to Work 

LOCATİON LOOM WORKER WORKSHOP 

Gümüşhane Undetermined 

Bayburt 50 62 20 

Erzurum 5 4 2 

Erzincan (Üzümlü) 2 2 -- 

TOTAL 57 68 22 

Source: Bayburt Province, Bayburt, Erzurum and Erzincan Public Education Centers 

86

Today in above provinces totally; 68 individuals weave ehram in 57 looms. One ehram 

is woven by the use of one kgs. wool approximately. One person could produce one ehram in 

a week and four in a mounth. An income of 120,000,000 TL. per person is provided since an 

ehram is sold as 30.000.000 TL. In above provinces totally, 68 individuals weave ehram in 57 

looms. * 

Again, in Bitlis and Hakkari, gej and shawl weaving is now practised in 74 looms by 

96 persons. However, for the reason of its simply establishing and removing, looms and 

producers changed in times. 

6.2.1.5.Gej 

In the recent years, although General Administratorship of Vakfs and Culture and other 

institutions have sought to develop gej-weaving, these initiatives have been fruitless. 

Backwardness of animal feeding stemmed from terror and disappearance of wool goat feeding 

are influential in this development. As a result, it became difficult for population to perform 

this job with their own opportunities. 

Gej, as a very thinly woven bristle weaving, is a flat cloth weaving in whipped looms. 

Yellow and white bristle used in its weaving is also used in bristle wrapt. Cloth wove in 30 

cm. width is wrapped as layers of 15 cm. after taken from loom. Then, after putting it into hot 

water for a while, it is pressed with specially prepared press and become wrap marks not 

possible to open. These marks are characteristics of local dresses produced from gej weaving. 

Previously, the population had been making this weaving in old-fashioned looms. Today, only 

in Bitlis in the EAP region 16 persons are working in 10 looms. This weaving, being as very 

original kind, is used for several purposes, especially in artistic and touristic works it is 

evaluated as male and female dresses, bag, vest etc. The most important characteristic of the 

cloth is its owning a brightness when opposed to sunlight. 

6.2.1.6. Shawl 

Shawl weaving, mostly spread in Hakkari and its surrounding, is inclined to loose its 

importance. Especially people in villages aim to produce only for their own need not for 

commercial purposes. This negativeness stems from insufficiency and expensiveness of raw 

material and economic and social uncomfortability of populace. In fact, Gej and shawl 

weaving as in ehram weaving is evaluated in professional schools and population as local 

dresses and instruments like coverings etc. in decoration with various adorning techniques. 

Shawl cord woven in ground looms is prepared by weaver and dyed with natural dyes and 

produced in 12 numbered cord thinness and spun with teşi. Its surface is adorned with stylised 

animal and plant motives. However, these motives are not regularised, in fact, done 

completely according to weaver’s thoughts at that moment. 

87

6.2.1.7. Siirt Blanket 

The production of Siirt Blanket with its authentic character is realised in Van by 

Yüzüncü Yõl University Execution and Research Centre for Turkish Handicrafts. 

In weaving, produced by mohair of Angora goat cotton cord is being used as wrapt 

cord. Siirt Blanket woven as flat weaving is feathered by steel comb while it is in loom. The 

most important characteristic of this weaving is its surface being highly feathered. It is 

necessary to pay attention to feathering the whole surface equally in same level in combing 

process. After feathering process, blanket is taken into designation work peculiar to it by 

wetting and combing with wooden brush and steel comb. Blankets could be woven as smooth 

collared, striped and rug designed. At the beginning while this kind of weaving had been 

woven as coarse woollen cloth, today it is being woven for single or two persons and large 

dimension blanket, prayer rug, pillow, waistcoat and hooded coat. 

Siirt blanket is bought by local and foreign consumers with admiration. Its 

development is easy because its production is simple and raw material is provided easily. At 

the moment in Van nearly 700 Siirt blankets are produced in looms though physical 

insufficiency. If a very good potential and employment are provided, Siirt Blanket makership 

will bring a significant income to the region. 

6.2.1.8. Bristle Tent 

In touristic areas as a residence type Bristle Tent is produced by local tribesmen with a 

great experience. 

In bristle tent weaving only bristle and wool mixture is used. Cords of bristle tent is 

prepared in 3.5/2, 4/2 thickness and polyspun and woven in ground looms. To give an exact 

number of loom is impossible, since weaver establish and remove the loom himself. The 

length of tent is regularised according to its being 3, 4 or 5 poled. Single wingled weaving is 

united by sewing technique of tilting at middle. Today bristle tent production is still taking 

place in Hakkari and Başkale, Gürpõnar and Güzelsu districts of Van Province in the EAP 

Region. Bristle tents used rather by tribesmen in the region is also used in touristic regions of 

Antalya-Beldibi and Kemer as a residential type. If put into a system and market opportunities 

provided, it is clear that unemployed tribesmen will own an important income and region will 

obtain an economic support. 

6.2.1.9. Harik 

One of handicrafts that is defeated by time and technology is Harik (Reşik) makership. 

Harik is produced in the EAP provinces of Bitlis, Van (Bahçesaray) and Hakkari. Although 

Harik was used extensively until the last 20 years, it is now a type of shoes with a little utility. 

This branch of handicraft is faced with disappearance after the masters of far villages have 

88

died. However, for the reason of its folkloric significance, there is a demand at high level. In 

the “Course of Developing and Reviving Handicrafts”, established in 1995 in the structure of 

Bitlis Provincial Cultural Administratorship, surveys related with Harik are executed and two 

masters are brought up. Harik is highly important for foot health, since it keeps the feet cool in 

summer and hot in winter. In Harik making goat bristle, worked hemp and cloth are used. 

It is necessary to introduce and put Harik into its rightful place in Turkish culture. For 

this reason, Harik making courses ought to be established. If it is supported and its production 

is increased, this branch of handicraft could find market at an important level for its folkloric 

character. 

6.2.1.10. Manusa 

Although Manusa, made by using cotton cords in Jacaplive flat weaving looms, was 

mostly appeared in Arapkir as a kind of weaving, today, it disappeared completely. These 

clothes, woven in belted looms by cotton cords, was adorned by motives of branch, flower and 

leave using collared cords. Weavings used in clothes, curtain, pillow and sheet was exported 

to Halep. To revive Manusa weaving will prevent the unemployment and provide income to 

the regional population. 

6.3.1.11. Çit Printing 

Çit Printing is done in limited numbers at homes by populace in Elazõğ alone among 

the EAP provinces. Though it was made extensively in the past, today it has found limited 

place. Çit printing in Elazõğ is a prolongation of cloth printing by wooden print. Clothes 

designed by printing technique instead of embroidery is called Çit in this region. In fact, this is 

branch of handicraft peculiar to Harput and has a background of 200 years. Çit printing 

composed of black and white colours generally have been seen in previous times as headscarf, 

male shirt and dress cloth. Today, it is used as tablecloth, sofa covering, bundle and 

prayer rug. 

In the last years Çit printing is being sought to be developed by means of a project 

prepared by the Provincial Cultural Administratorship. When it is realised, this work will be 

an important income source especially for poor families. 

6.3.1.12. Natural Dyes 

Natural Dye, rather needed in production of carpet, rug and sock, is produced in 

Gümüşhane (Kelkit), Elazõğ, Malatya, Erzurum, Hakkari, Ağrõ and Kars areas. The production 

of these dyes, obtained from stem, leave and branch of various plants, is realised as systematic 

in Hakkari by the HISAŞ. Here two masters and eight personnel produce dye. In Erzurum 

Atatürk University, activities of natural dying is continuing. If in other province systematic 

89

production take place, the cost of natural dye as an important ant raw material will reduce and 

a significant advantage will be owned for producers of handicrafts related to this branch. 

When looked generally to handicrafts produced in the EAP provinces, it will be seen 

that weaving constitutes a more extensive employment field than others. When taken into 

consideration that 18.000 individuals are occupied with different handicrafts and 12.000 of 

them are related with carpet and rug weaving, this reality emerges itself. In addition to this, it 

seems that this number is higher when we think nomads are occupied with weaving in their 

looms that they could establish and remove easily. 

Besides this, there are many handicraft branches that to give a exact number of 

workers and looms and workshops is impossible as a result of this character. 

An important decrease in the production of in various handicrafts have been seen since 

1987, primarily carpet, rug and shawl. Production of handicrafts should be expanded. In the 

coming chapters of the project related suggestions should be taken into consideration detailed 

for solving the problem. 

6.2.2. Knitting and Embroidery 

6.2.2.1. Needle Embroidery 

Needle Embroidering, one of the most important handicrafts, is made in all provinces 

of the EAP Region. In surveys executed in the region it is defined that 608 women are 

occupied with this work. 

Turkish women’s handicraft in real sense needle embroidering has preserved its artistic 

character and value from the past to the present. Needle embroidering, reflecting high 

intelligence, skill and tenuously of Turkish population has been executed in everywhere in 

Anatolia skilfully. In various colours and especially in areas where sericulture is done 

extensively needle embroidering from pure silk adds to edges of clothes and handkerchief and 

gauze a speciality. Needle embroidering in every corner of Turkey, on the one hand, has taken 

place as speech and sense of people when brides couldn’t speak in her willing according to 

tradition, on the other hand, today it adorns our homes as tablecloth, room suit, even accessory 

of bride’s head. In the region, especially in Elazõğ, Malatya, Bitlis and Erzincan provinces 

needle embroidering is being made by females from young girls to older women in every 

houses. Embroidering is done either for their own need and commercial purposes to provide 

income to family. It is defined that needle embroidering is provided a great income to family 

economy especially in Elazõğ and its districts. The cost of products are between 2.000.000. 

TL. and 30.000.000.TL. this handicraft branch has difficulty in finding market, although its 

material is provided by peoples themselves. It seems that if necessary systematic 

regularisation is provided, it has a great employment rate, since there is a potential. Being 

90

unable to contact directly with marketers causes income to transfer to mediators and as a result 

producer are suffered. To solve the problem it will be useful to find markets by the state. 

6.2.2.2. Bead Embroidery 

Together with needle embroidering, bead embroidering takes place in the EAP region 

extensively. Bead embroidering constitutes only one kind of embroidering which is one of 

branches of traditional Turkish Handicrafts. Bead embroideries have made accepted itself as 

shaped in the hands of Turkish women. Its materials are cord, bead and knitting-needle. It is 

used in adorning gauzes and coverings by working with a great mastery of circle bead, cut 

bead and tube bead and pearl bead and taken an important place in adorning clothes. Bead 

embroidering as in needle embroidering is knitted with great pleasant by all females from 

child, young to olders. Bead embroidering is made especially in the center, district and 

villages of Van, provinces and districts of Bitlis, Ağrõ, Ardahan, Bingöl, Bayburt, Erzurum, 

Gümüşhane, Hakkari, Kars, Muş and Iğdõr for people’s own need. In Bitlis , different from 

other regions, peoples make bead embroidery not only for their own need but also for 

commercial purposes. In every year population is encouraged by awards in competitions by 

Provincial Cultural Administratorships. 

6.2.2.3. Sock Knitting 

As parallel to mentioned handicrafts Sock Knitting has an important place in the 

region. In places of extensive winter conditions and animal feeding sock knitting is made. 

Especially in Hakkari, Erzurum, Van, Bitlis and Ağrõ though it is practised for providing their 

own need, in Hakkari for commercial aim it is made in different colours and motives as 

attracting tourists. 

The character of Hakkari socks, knitted with very thin cord and by five spits as very 

collared, is its being very thin and its edge and heel part is exactly suitable for foot. Socks 

knitted in Hakkari are sold to two or five millions TL. suitability of the region to dying and 

easy providing of cord give opportunity to population in preparing their own cord and dying. 

For this reason, sock making provide a good income in this province for unemployed and 

economically poor people. 

6.2.3. Arts Related with Stone and Soil 

6.2.3.1. Oltu-stone Carving 

As one of the most important handicrafts branches in the region Oltu-stone carving is 

being done in an extensive scale in Oltu and Erzurum and a bit in Ardahan. Oltu-stone is a 

sediment structured carved out from the stone mines in the region and also called as black 

amber. It is found in thickness of a few cm in maximum in a layer of 70-80 cm from the aged 

91

neogenuine units and composed of mixture of three resins with clay and lignite mines in the 

geologic periods. 

Although it is carved out in Oltu, Şenkaya, Olur, Haymana, Bayburt and Ardahan, the 

center of Oltu-stone is the Oltu district of Erzurum. 

The most attracting character of it is its being very soft when carved out and preserving 

its softy if not contacted with air and becoming hard when contacted with air. The colours of 

Oltu-stone are black generally, sometimes dark brown, rarely grey and green. 

Although there isn’t any historical documents about history of Oltu-stone mines, it is 

thought that this stone was carved out and processed throughout the centuries of XVIII and 

XIX. 

Oltu-stone is carved out in the villages of Dutlu primarily and Günlüce, Sülünkaya, 

Güzelsu, Gökçedere, Alatarla, İnci, Çataksu, Taşlõköy, Ormanağzõ, Yeşilbağlar and Yolgözler 

of Oltu districts and its processing could be done in some settlements units of Tutmaç, İğdeli 

and İnci. Oltu-stone processing has showed visible improvement by courses organised in the 

last years. By the year of 1991, Jewellery Workshop and Foundry of the Oltu Public Education 

Center, jewellery and foundry workshop established in Erzurum in 1995, factory of stone and 

metal processing of Turkish Handicrafts Firm in Erzurum in 1996 and factory of stone and 

metal processing established by the Oltu Black amber Little Art Cooperative and KOSGEP 

commonly is equipped with modern machines and instruments. However, there is a problem in 

trained technical personnel. 

Negativity of Oltu-stone geologic structure of being in define layer underground and in 

very little quantity, difficult transportation in regional geographical conditions and unknowing 

where and how much carved out previously drew back the steps in matter of working Oltustone 

mines by the state. For this reason, it wasn’t be possible to evaluate these mines as stone 

mine or a kind of mine and interfering in great amount and this sector was appeared as product 

of efforts done with individual works and primitive methods. Nearly 10.000 persons are 

employed in Oltu-stone carving, transporting, workshop processing and selling. However, 

more income will be provided for the regional population, when widespread introduction will 

be done at home and abroad. Today, Oltu-stone is used only in making rosary. This sector has 

a potentiality for using in different purposes. In Erzurum and its districts 552 persons and in 

Ardahan 5 persons are defined working in Oltu-stone processing. Increase and decrease of this 

numbers depends on interests in times. 

6.2.3.2 Stone and Marble Working 

Characteristic stones have an important place as construction materials in house, 

mosque, minaret, etc. carved out naturally in Bitlis, Ahlat and their surroundings. Especially 

Ahlat became famous by the stone easily processed and called by its name from the past to the 

92

present. In this way, numerous families provides their incomes form carving out, processing 

and selling. In Bitlis and its surroundings 43 persons are defined occupied with stone working 

from the researches. Natural stones in Van and its surroundings, especially in near Özalp, are 

being used in sculpture. However, Ahlat stone working is facet to lose its importance because 

of transportation, insufficiency of material and unable to well-done introduction. Furthermore, 

in the Tercan district of Erzincan, stones are carved out in important quantities. Again, in 

Elazõğ marble with white vessels over morello cherry colour is carved out. Miniature stone 

working by engraving various figures and scripts is practised by one person in the Çavuştape 

village of the Gürpõnar district. 

6.2.3.3. Pots and Pans 

Manufacturing pots and pans is performed by 13 persons in Bingöl, 6 in Gümüşhane, 8 

in Muş, 12 in Tunceli and 17 in Van. Especially peoples in countryside makes water pitcher, 

vessel, tandour, pot ant etc. to meet their daily needs. This sector carries significant economic 

value in the region. Furthermore, pots and pans are among compulsory tools that should be 

found at homes traditionally. Together with this an important income for the population of the 

region is supplied by manufacturing various equipments on domestic and foreign tourism. 

Encouragement of this sector is important for the coming periods. In the Van region, 

especially in the village of Bardakçõ, high reserves of clay with a structure of mont morlonit 

and illit indicates its plastic character. In this way construction material is found extensively 

significant for manufacturing pots and pans. Regional population provides economic income 

by producing attracting and usable materials in old-fashioned ovens in a short time without 

needing extra workpower. 

6.2.4. Arts Based on Wood 

6.2.4.1. Cane Manufacturing 

Cane, exported to different regions of Turkey and abroad are only manufactured in the 

districts of Ahlat and Adilcevaz of Bitlis. The introduction of Canes by annually organised 

competitions and festivals in these districts. These sticks famous in everywhere are made by 

total 53 peoples in 10 workshops in Ahlat and 4 in Adilcevaz. 

Table 6.2.2: Cane Manufacturing in Bitlis Province 

Place (Bitlis) Worker Workshop 

Ahlat 46 10 

Adilcevaz 7 4 

Total 53 14 

Canes designed with figure of snake over body, rug, spiral, etc. are manufactured in 

models of wolf head, ball head, sceptre, spurred, etc. These Canes in different colours take 

93

attention with their bone decorations. In Adilcevaz and Ahlat where walnut tree is widespread, 

marketing problems decrease manufacture day and day. When a wide market is constituted by 

introducing with effective and widespread activities, it is evident that Cane manufacturing will 

be clearly an important source of income for the regional population. 

6.2.4.2. Wooden Objects Manufacture 

Various wooden decoration objects and goods for use are being manufactured in Elazõğ 

(Harput), Erzurum, Gümüşhane (Kürtün), Bitlis (Ahlat, Adilcevaz) and Van of the provinces 

of the EAP Region. While in previous times there were examples of wooden working in inside 

decorations of residences and mosques, today, also this branch of art has lost its importance. 

Very different wooden objects are being manufactured for utility in the districts of 

Ahlat and Adilcevaz of Bitlis. 

In the Kürtün district of Gümüşhane and its surroundings situated geographically in 

highly uneven ground fertility of primarily ladin, green pine, box, walnut tree, apple tree, 

yellow pine. 

Among the manufactured ornaments chest, drawer, furniture, rolling-pin, dining-table 

on ground, round tray, board for cutting bread, mortar, tongs, flowerpot, clothes hanger, mat, 

spoon, fork, box comb, tool for cooking, rolling-pin (stick), hand cart, pencil box, board for 

name, cigarette box, script board, garlic box, everk kind of animal figured toys, decorational 

ship, cutter, churn, low reading-desk, little chair, folding little chair, child bed, etc. take place. 

6.2.5. Arts Based on Metal 

6.2.5.1. Coppersmith 

Coppersmith having manufacturing and market is still practiced traditionally in 

Erzincan, Harput, Erzurum and Malatya in workshops. There is manufacture in this branch of 

art for materials to meet the daily needs of population and in addition, as goods for present in 

internal and external tourism. To raise the present potentiality shall increase the economic 

level of the population. 

Copporsmith in Erzincan and Harput in scope of Project goes highly back. Especially, 

although "forging coppersmith" is profession performed for ages, manufacturing of engraving 

silver over copper or the same metal has been initiated between 1955-1960. 

This art branch especially experienced its the brightest era between 1970-1985 and 

became income source of various families by marketing in domestic and foreign markets. 

High demand has decreased the its artistic value and consequently this weakened the market 

continuously. 

94

Today in Erzincan there are eight coppersmith workshops. In these workshops 

approximately 40 persons work most of whom are primary school graduates. 

If workshops are supported, Erzincan coppersmith could revive and new work fields 

could be emerged. 

6.2.5.2. Blacksmith 

Various handicraft products from iron appear in the Kürtün district of Gümüşhane in 

widespread. If products such as metal works of gun, bell, gong and kelek are developed and 

improved under control by a programme, it become a source of occupation and income in 

other provinces and districts. These could be manufactured as goods for present excluding 

functional utility of bell and gong. It seems that gun manufacturing in the Kürtün district is a 

branch of art supplying an income for the population. Regulating this manufacturing, accepted 

illegal previously, under the control of state that male or female numerous individulas are 

occupied with this work in the region traditionally provided an important relax for the regional 

population. 

It is known that this handicraft branch has been performed for 200 years. Until the last 

five years there (in the center and villages of Kürtün) were 60 families ((7x60=420 persons) 

occupied with this work. Today the number has decreased to 10 families (10x7=70 persons). 

To continue manufacturing Waqf of Social Aid and Solidary gave credits to 20 

families in 1998. It is necessary to become organized and increase state support credits for 

constituting a better sector. In this way, 150-200 families will continue to practice this art in 

workshops. Family members in any age could support manufacturing of traditional bell, gong, 

kelek and shoulder steelyard. If ability in metal works of the regional population is canalized 

in this direction, important inputs to the region could be supplyed. 

6.2.6. Jewellery and Glaziery 

6.2.6.1. Jewellery 

Silver working in Van is executed by Yüzüncü Yil University and the Province Special 

Adminitratorship. This handicraft branch in Van will indicate an importantant potential, if 

specialised personnel, material and physical places are provided and marketing problems are 

solved. In the center of Erzurum and district of Oltu gold and silver working, in the center of 

Van silver processing is porformed traditionally. Extensively appeared gold processing in 

rather than silver working finds a wide mass of consumers in these province and district 

centers. Especially locked twisted bracelet called as Erzurum Twisting is known nearly 

everywhere in our country. This kind of bracelet is inevitable ornament of brides of Erzurum. 

Silver engraving in Erzurum appears in materials made from Oltu-stone. 

95

There are 20 jewellery workshops in Erzurum on gold. In these workshops 20-25 

persons work as master. Workers are trained by the system of master-apprentice relation. 

Masters occupied with this work are middle and high school graduates. These golden and 

silver decorations are being sold by 103 tradesmen in shops. Manufactured goods together 

with sold in center and districts are sent to Kars, Ağrõ, Van, Erzurum, Ardahan, Iğdõr, Bayburt 

and Gümüşhane provinces by order. There aren’t any problems on capitals since materials are 

gold and silver. Erzurum has a rich infrastructure with regard to potentiality of jewellery. In 

this city 500 kgs. gold is processed montly by the mastes as various ornaments. 

Savatlõ silver working possessing an authentic character in Van is performed in two 

small workshops in the Center of Execution and Research of the Turkish Handicrafts of 

Yüzüncü Yõl University and the Province Special Administratorship. 

New silver works on which previous design and motives engraved and defined by the 

surveys in Van and its surrounding has an attracting character. This handicraft branch in Van 

will indicate an importantant potential, if specialised personnel, material and physical places 

are provided and marketting problems are solved. 

6.2.6.2. Glass for Chandelier 

Manufacturing Glass for Chandelier is practiced in the Çakõrbey town of Van in 11 

workshops by 71 workers. 

6.2.7. Arts of Toys 

6.2.7.1. Folkloric Toy Baby Manufacturing 

In the surveys in the EAP, it is found that in the Damal district of Ardahan Folkloric 

Toy Baby are manufactured wholly for tourism sector. Especially each of toy baby produced 

in the villade of Seyitören of the Damal district is sold to between 7-8 millions TL. At the 

moment there are two workshops in manufacture. If its introduction is done and marketing 

become widespread, it is evident that this will be a good source of livelihood for the people of 

the region. 

6.2.7.2. Üzerlik 

Üzerlik hanged over various worthy goods such as house, car, etc.by the public in 

almost every settlement units in the Eastern Anatolian Region and used as nazarlõk (for 

removing the impact of evil glances) is manufactured intensively in Malatya, Erzurum and 

Van. Since it is made from seeds of the plant that given its name has became demanded among 

tourists in the last years in a significant degree. It is impossible to give an exact number about 

poeple who occupied with manufacturing of Üzerlik in every house in spring, since its 

production is easy. If it is marketed not only in this region but also in other parts of country to 

internal and external tourism sectors, there could be emerged a wide employment field. 

96

T.R. 





MASTER PLAN 


SECTOR 

SETTLEMENTS 

PREPARED BY 

CONSORTIUM 






2000

7.0. SETTLEMENTS (URBANIZATION, RURAL AND URBAN 

INFRASTRUCTURE AND HOUSING IN EAP REGION) 

Eastern Anatolia beside its evaluation as the comparatively least developed region 

of Turkey from socio-economic development aspects where the population is at the lowest 

level is also the rarely settled region of Turkey within the regional average. 

In other words, today fewer people live in the region when compared to the western 

and coastal regions of Turkey. Nevertheless, the general population increase rate is high in 

the region but continuous immigration from the rural to the urban area and to outside of the 

region is a clear fact. 

On the structure of today’s settlements on these lands which became as the passage 

way for the migration of the civilizations in the history, there can be seen the paths of the 

old ages. 

The castle cities which are founded on the important crossroads and check points 

that are laid on the passage corridors (historical routes laid along the sediment river basin) 

and could be definable even today, maintain their existence. There has been determined 

many historical archaeological and natural sites. However the urban sites which existed 

until to the present and became legal after it had been registered, are rare. 

Although its historical importance, the region is underdeveloped and there are rare 

settlements when compared to its size of area since land morphology is in parts with 

approximately 2,000 meter average height mountainous structure and has hard continental 

climate and heavy erosion with a limited land available for culture. Beside all in the region 

that is on the active earthquake zone there should be mentioned the existence of the heavy 

damages lived in the past and even recently. It can be mentioned its relative remoteness to 

the developed west and to the metropolises and the problem in establishing relation with 

the neighbor countries. 

In the past, especially during the period of planned development it has been known 

that due to the plan decisions and development policies applied especially to the Eastern 

Anatolia Region, huge resources has been provided to make important investment to the 

region. 

EAP region is including approximately 19 % of Turkey’s land despite, only 10 % 

of the population of Turkey is living in this region. 

When this is analyzed only from rural population aspect it has been known that 18 

% of the rural population of Turkey is living in EAP region. 

When it is analyzed from numerical population amount and population density 

aspects, it has been stated that there are approximately 48 village settlements per 1,000 km 2 

in the region on average. This value is near to the Turkey’s average. 

99

However, these density values in the region present important differences. For 

example, this value which rises to 70 in Elazõğ environs decreases to 14 settlements per 

1,000 km 2 in Hakkari environs. 

Almost 20 % of these rural settlements of EAP region is located in smooth areas. 

Near to 80 % of the other village settlements are located on the less and more sloping 

areas. It is known that most of these settlements are subjected to the natural disasters. The 

main business of the rural settlements on the hills is mostly animal husbandry. Because of 

day by day exhaustion of the forests in the region, the number of the villages near to the 

forests is comparatively rare in the region. The village in forests which are located in the 

north and south are the least developed settlements of the region. 

It can be said that rural population of EAP region is living in the settlements having 

population of 400 on the average and this value meets the village settlements of 40-80 

houses and this amount is under the average village size in Turkey. The municipality 

organization exists only in 15 % of these settlements. 

It can be said that the region today with its administrative structure is divided into 

16 provinces and maintains its rural character. In other words the balance of rural 

site/urban site is more in favour of rural site which is different than Turkey’s general. 

Urbanization rate and speed have been left behind of Turkey’s average in every period. It 

is a fact that although the urbanization rate rose from 15 % in 1970 to 40 % through the 

end of 1990’s, this value is under the Turkey’s average of 65 %. 

In the surrounding provinces of which the grand total population is 2,000 in the 

rural settlements, has been retrograded approximately by 15 % decrease in the last seven 

years. In return, there has been no great change in the population of the village settlements 

that have population above 2,000 and have municipal organization. It can be derived from 

this fact that, the decrease in the rural population in the region is originated from the less 

populated settlements and the immigration is from these areas to the cities generally. 

When the growth of urban population in the region is observed it can be traced that 

there are more than one centralization in average size near to each other in the urban 

centers’ hierarchy and space distribution. 

While there has been only one province (Erzurum) which has population 

approaching to 100,000 in 1960’s; the number of cities of which population exceeded 

100,000 increased to three (Erzurum, Malatya, Elazõğ) in 1970’s, and a new city Van 

joined to them in 1990’s. At the present time, Malatya with 400,000 population and 

Erzurum with 300,000 population are the big centers of the region. 

There are only 30 urban settlements in the region that have population over 20,000 

that is also accepted as threshold of the urbanization in 1997. 

In all EAP region it can be said that only 30 of 300 settlements where there are 

municipal organizations sustained “urban character”. 

100

The cities of the region concentrated mostly in service sector from functional 

aspects. This is more clear in the cities where security forces stationed. Industry is found 

only in limited number (Malatya and Elazõğ); and mostly agriculture was the dominant 

way of earning life. These settlements were known with their maintaining semi-rural 

characters. 

Beside, the widely known lack of infrastructure in the rural area, the lack of cultural 

and educational equipment and infrastructure are also important present problems in the 

cities of the region as well. 

When the region is examined from urban hierarchy and influencing area aspects, all 

city (16) and district (117) centers with their administrative services and equipments are 

regarded firstly as the third and fourth degree urban centers. Only Erzurum, Elazõğ and 

Malatya among these cities with their relations and their large influencing areas are defined 

as the fifth degree regional center. 

These cities that are on the way to become metropolis by having daily relations 

with urban settlements with their day by day rapidly increasing population should be held 

together with the central cities of the region. Apart from these, the nearness of Malatya and 

Elazõğ as urban entities to each other is noticeable. 

It will not be wrong to say that these central cities of the region have potential of 

industrialization and urbanization with their location on the way of gates to outside 

important crossroads, railway networks and airports. They are also near to agricultural 

production fields and they all have universities and they are expertise in the urban services. 

It is known that as a general development trends in the whole country, priority is 

given to map owning and preparing land plans necessary for urban infrastructure projects 

by following the foundation of municipal organization in the urban and semi-rural 

settlements. However, it is conveyed that these plans later has been changed frequently by 

local administrations due to the fact that they became mostly insufficient to meet the trends 

and requirements towards concentration and prevalence. 

Especially, in the urban settlements which have population over 20,000 it has been 

observed that plans are rearranged twice or three times during the last twenty years. 

Furthermore, the expansion of these big cities through their environment is related 

with the trends of urban development areas to choose the rarely found fertile agriculture 

lands. 

The yearly housing need of the region is estimated as around 30,000. Because of 

the immigration from the countryside to the cities, serious housing needs arise especially in 

the urban settlements. It is known that, because of the lack of production of construction 

land with infrastructure, the unauthorized construction widely goes on in the cities. 

101

Generally on the region, rural houses were built with traditional construction 

techniques and materials in the region; although they are suitable for the regional climate 

and rural life conditions, they are weak enough to create danger for life especially in the 

case of earthquake. 

In the region, there are rural settlements and urban districts of which settlement 

areas were changed and moved through the areas having stronger foundations since the 

heavy damaging earthquakes occurred in the past. Furthermore, there are evacuated 

settlements due to the anarchy besides the ones left (or may be leave) under water because 

of the main regional infrastructure projects (dams). 

7.1. FACTORS IDENTIFYING THE PATTERN OF SETTLEMENTS OF THE 

REGION 

Eastern Anatolia Region covering 21 % of Turkey is the biggest geographic region 

with its surface area of 163,000 km 2 in Turkey. This region is surrounded by the borders of 

Iraq from the south and Iran, Nahcivan, Armenia and Georgia from the east and it is 

neighbor to Black Sea region from the north, Southeastern Anatolia region from the south 

and Central Anatolia and Mediterranean Region from the west. The region is divided into 

four parts according to the decisions of 1941 Turkish Geography Congress. These parts are 

the divisions of Erzurum-Kars, Upper Fõrat, Upper Murat-Van and Hakkari. The whole 

surface area of the 16 cities in the content of Eastern Anatolia Project is 155,587 km 2 and 

this corresponds to 19 % of Turkey’s land. The location of Eastern Anatolia Region in 

Turkey is cited in Map 7.1.1. 

Eastern Anatolia Region with its altitude over the average 2,000m is one of the 

highest geographic regions of Turkey. Beside high volcanic mountains, mountain range 

plateaus and plains between these mountains also give the highest values. The average 

altitude is between 500-1,000m even in the lowest zone (Malatya-Iğdõr) of the region. 

Erzincan lowland, Malatya –Elazõğ and Muş lowlands with the other alluvion grounds are 

in the extent of 1,000-2,000m elevation steps. The settlement areas which have founded in 

Fõrat, Çoruh and Aras valleys are located among these steps constitutes economically the 

most lively active parts of the region with their fertile land and water resources and climate 

conditions (Map 7.1.2). 

Although there have been some changes because of geographic conditions, 

continental climate is effective in the region. These climate conditions not only affected 

agricultural economy but also whole life in the region (Map 7.1.3). 

Eastern Anatolia Region is less populated region of Turkey when compared to its 

surface area. 5,938,848 people are living in 16 cities and 117 counties, which are within 

the content of Eastern Anatolia Project (as of 1997). Among these cities of the region 

Malatya, Elazõğ, Erzurum and Van are more developed cities from socioeconomic and 

sociocultural aspect than the others. 

102

The strong and effective tectonic activities that were effective mainly in shaping the 

region have occurred at the end of the Miocene and at the beginning of Pliocene. The areas 

subsided deeply as a result of curling of the sediment bases had been occupied with 

Pliocene fresh Water Lake. In the middle of Kuvarterner the region had again undergone 

vertical tectonic movement. The Plio-Kuvaterner sediments that are in the depression bases 

happened to rise up due to the fragmentation and break of the hard blocks; while cracked 

lines formed in the Miocene are being rejuvenated again. (Map 7.1.4). 

The processes in the last period of geological evolution became renovated with the 

contemporary earthquakes in the region besides keeping its activity in the near past. 

Earthquakes continuing throughout the cracks connected to the main zones prove that the 

fresh tectonic processes are active even today. The cities in the content of the project are in 

the I. II. and III. degree earthquake zones. Almost all population, two-third of the lands and 

nearly all dams are subjected to I. and II. degree earthquake risk. The historical and 

geological period earthquakes have been creating big problems with their socioeconomic 

results (Map 7.1.5). 

Source: SIS 

Map 7.1.1: Regions and Provinces of Turkey 

103

Elevation Range 

0-500 m. 

501-1000 m. 

1001-1500 m. 

1500-2500 m. 

2500+ m 

EAP BORDER 

MALATYA 

# 

DOĞU 

GÜ MÜŞ HANE 

Map 7.1.2: Altitute Zones 

Source: Turkey Topography Map with 1/500,000 scale 

# 

# 

OTLUKBELİ DAĞLARI 

ELAZIĞ 

# 

ERZİNCAN 

TU NC ELİ 

# 

KARAGÖL 

KARADENİZ 

# 

BAYBURT 

# 

DAĞLARI 

DAĞLARI 

BİNGÖL 

104 

# 

ERZURUM 

MUŞ 

# 

ERZURUM-KARS PLATOSU 

T O R O S L A R 

# 

BİTLİS 

ARDAHAN 

# 

KARS 

# 

# 

AĞRI 

VAN 

# 

IĞDIR 

# 

HAKKARİ DAĞLARI 

# 

HAKKA Rİ 

AĞRI DAĞI

CLIMATE MAP 

CLIMATE TYPE 

Eastern Blacksea 

Central Blacksea 

North-Eastern Anatolia 

Eastern Anatolia 

South Eastern Anatolia 

Central Anatolia 

Mediterranean 

EAP Border 

MALATYA 

BLACK SEA 

GÜMÜŞHANE 

ERZİNCAN 

ELAZIĞ 

TUNCELİ 

Map 7.1.3: Climate Zones 

BAYBURT 

BİNGÖL 

105 

ERZURUM 

MUŞ 

BİTLİS 

ARDAHAN 

GEORGIA 

KARS 

AĞRI 

Van Gölü 

VAN 

IRAQ 

ARMENIA 

IĞDIR 

HAKKARİ 

IRAN 

0 50 100 Km

EAP Border 

Alluvion 

Neogene 

Paleogene 

Cretaceous 

Jura-Cretaceous 

Jurassic 

Triassic 

Carbonaceous Rock 

Ptroclastics 

Metamorphic Series 

Precambrian-pleozoic 

Ophiolite 

Map 7.1.4: Geological Structure 

BLACK SEA ARDAHAN 

MALATYA 

Source: MRE World Map 

GÜMÜŞHANE 

ERZİNCAN 

ELAZIĞ 

TUNCELİ 

BAYBURT 

BİNGÖL 

106 

ERZURUM 

BİTLİS 

KARS 

AĞRI 

Van Gölü 

VAN 

IRAQ 

ARMENIA 

IĞDIR 

HAKKARİ 

IRAN

Source: MRS 

Map 7.1.5: Earthquake Status 

107

7.1.1. The Effects of Natural Disasters on Settlements 

The Eastern Anatolia Region is face to face with three “Natural Disasters”. These 

are Earthquake, Avalanche, and Floods. These facts are considered to be very important 

main impact in discussing or taking measures in the arrangement of settlements again. 

7.1.2. The Seismism of the Eastern Anatolia 

Eastern Anatolian part of Turkey includes many active subduction zone and 

directional fault zones. The region which in the intersection point of two important 

earthquake zones is more under the threat of destructive earthquake when compared to 

central and western parts of Anatolian Peninsula (Map 7.1.6). 

The principal active fault, controlling the seismism of the region are (1) Northern 

Anatolia Fault Zone (NAFZ), (2) Northeastern Anatolia Fault Zone (NEAFZ), (3) Eastern 

Anatolia Fault Zone (EAFZ), and (4) South Eastern Anatolia Fault Zone (SEAFZ) or with 

other name Bitlis Suture Zone (Map 7.1.7). On the Map of Turkey’s Earthquake Region, 

which is prepared by the Ministry of Public Improvements and Prosperity and is put into 

force by the resolution of Council of Ministers dated on 18 April 1996 and numbered as 

96/8109, at least 1/3 of Eastern Anatolia is located in the First Degree and 1/3 is located in 

the Second Degree and 1/3 is located in the Third and the Fourth Degree earthquake zones 

(Map 7.1.8). The division of the provinces according to earthquake regions is given at 

Table 7.1.1. 

Table 7.1.1: Distribution of the Provinces According to Earthquake Regions 

Earthquake Region Provinces 

I. Degree Erzincan, Bingöl, Muş, Bitlis, Siirt, Hakkari, Malatya 

II. Degree Erzurum, Ardahan, Kars, Ağrõ, Van, Şõrnak, Batman, Diyarbakõr, Adõyaman, 

Tunceli, Elazõğ 

III. Degree Ordu, Gümüşhane, Bayburt, Artvin, Şanlõurfa, Mardin 

IV. Degree Giresun, Trabzon, Rize 

Source: Northern Anatolia Fault Zone (NAFZ) 

Northern Anatolia Fault Zone (NAFZ) 

Northern Anatolia Fault Zone, which is the most important earthquake zone of 

Turkey reaches to the Aegean Sea by originating from around Karlõova in the east through 

north branch in Saroz Gulf in the west and following the coasts of Marmara Region with 

its south branch. This fault zone according to the both historical and instrumental records 

has been caused to destructive earthquakes in most number. 

NAFZ’s west continuation is being defined well but its continuation from the east 

of Karlõova-Varto is not certain especially after Van Lake. However since the similarity of 

faults of Malazgirt, Erciş, Çaldõran with NAFZ resembles that NAFZ continues from the 

north of Van Lake to Iran. The main earthquakes that happened on the east continuation of 

108

this zone, covering the Anatolia from west to east, are the one in Erzincan-Kemah on 

06.05.1930 (M=7.6) and the one in Erzincan on 26.12.1939 (M=8) and the one in Varto- 

Hõnõs on 31.05.1946 (M=5.9) and the one in Karlõova on 17.08.1949 (M=6.7) and the one 

in Varto on 19.08.1966 (M=6.8). It has also been recorded many more destructive 

earthquakes having magnitude between 5-6. 

North Eastern Anatolia Fault Zone (NEAFZ) 

This zone starts from NEAFZ in Erzincan surroundings including Akdağ, Aşkale, 

Dumlu and Çobandede fault banks and continues through the Northeast. The earthquakes 

of 1859 Erzurum, 1924 Çobandede, 03.01.1952 Hasankale (M=6) and 30.10.1983 

Horasan-Narman (M=6.9) happened in this fault zone. 

109

Map 7.1.6: Historical Earthquakes in Turkey 

110

Map 7.1.7: Major Tectonic Lines and Distribution of Macro-Earthquake Epicenters 

111

Map 7.1.8: Earthquake Regions in Turkey 

112

Eastern Anatolia Fault Zone (EAFZ) 

EAFZ originates from Karlõova County in the northeast and extends to Türkoğlu in 

the south of Bingöl, Palu, Sivrice, Sincek, Gölbaşõ and Kahramanmaraş. Then it is 

separated into two branches. One of these branches reaches to Mediterranean Sea through 

İskenderun Gulf while the other reaches from Hatay to Red Sea Fault Zone in the south. 

EAFZ consists of a zone of 400 km length and a few hundred meters width between 

Karlõova and Türkoğlu. The earthquakes of Bingöl on 22.05.1971(M=6.7), Palu 1977 and 

1986 Surgu are the earthquakes that happened along the EAFZ. 

South Eastern Anatolia Fault Zone (SEAFZ) 

This fault zone, which is known as Bitlis Suture Zone also has occurred as a result 

of plunging of Arabian Peninsula into the Anatolia plate and reaches to the north of 

Kahramanmaraş in the west and Hakkari in the east and later connects with Zagros Suture 

Zone in Iran. SEAFZ is formed of two zones essentially. South subduction zone originates 

from Amanos Mountains in the west and reaches through south of Hakkari in the east. Its 

east-west continuation is approximately 500 km and its width is 30-60 km. North 

subduction zone extends through a zone with 300 km length and 300 km width in the 

northwest-southeast direction. The Lice earthquake happened on 06.09.1975 (M=6.7) has 

been occurred throughout this zone. 

Beside above-mentioned main zones it has been known that there are many more 

short but active faults between NAFZ and NEAFZ and in the region near to Iran’s border. 

These faults have been forming destructive earthquakes time to time. For this reason, the 

seismic position of the region should be taken into consideration in the east part of 

Anatolian Peninsula in designing both urban planning and engineering structure. For this 

reason, the detailed regional seismic studies should be done and the distribution of earth 

acceleration should be determined in the whole region. 

In the preparation of the map of Turkey’s Seismic Regions, the simultaneous 

acceleration contour map has been drawn according to the probability accounting method 

that has been taken as a base. According to this, it is estimated that a normal building will 

be subjected to a charge of more than these acceleration values as 90 % possibility in its 50 

years of economic durability. The accounting accelerations offered for the seismic region 

are; 

1.Degree seismic region: expected acceleration value is more than 0.40g 

2. Degree seismic region: expected acceleration value is between 0.49g and 0.30 g 

3. Degree seismic region: expected acceleration value is between 0.30 g and 0.20 g 

4. Degree seismic region: expected acceleration value is between 0.20 g and 0.10 g 

5. Degree seismic region: expected acceleration value is less than 0.10 g 

113

Although the above mentioned acceleration values will be helpful for the 

buildings to be built in the calamity region, the biggest acceleration values should be 

preferred more safely in designing long lasting and critical engineering buildings 

dynamically. The offered solution for this to determine the designed seismic and 

acceleration values by making micro regionally studies. 

7.1.3 The Analysis of Avalanche Risk towards the Settlement Areas 

One of the natural disasters, met in winter and spring season in the mountainous 

parts of east and south east of Turkey is avalanche. According to the statistics in the period 

of 1960-1994, 22 people lost their life because of avalanche phenomena of on average 

every year. Especially, the death of 328 people in the 112 avalanche phenomena that 

happened in 1991-1992 winter season caused the public pay attention to the avalanche 

phenomena. The avalanche phenomena has been examined from meteorology and 

topography aspects in two chosen pilot project areas after the researches had been done in 

the archives and preparation of data bank for the avalanches. 

7.1.3.1 Past Avalanche Phenomena in the Project Region 

Development of the new settlements, rapid development of winter tourism, flow of 

the river’s expansion towards the mountains, opening of new roads, mining businesses, 

settling energy transmission lines on the mountain passage leave people face to face with 

avalanche risk. Loss of life and properties because of avalanche has not been preventing 

people climb the mountains, increasing energy lines and opening highways. In Turkey 

(especially in Eastern Anatolia) people living in the mountain zone; snow and avalanche 

struggle team; people climbing the mountains for resting; snow observers climbing to the 

high altitude of the stream river basin for snow measuring; team of energy lines; upkeep 

repairing teams; TRT and PTT radio-link teams and miners are face to face with avalanche 

risk. 

Although there have been living avalanche incidents in different parts of Turkey, 

Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia are the regions where the avalanches are very effective 

(Map 7.1.9). For example, the avalanche incidents (Map 7.1.10) happened in Southeastern 

Anatolia on February 1992 caused many life losses. Because of avalanche incidents 809 

people lost their life in Turkey between 1960-1997 (Table 7.1.3) which means death of 22 

people average in a year. Because of closure of the highways in the Eastern and 

Southeastern Anatolia every year, great physical losses have been occurred and 

connections have been cut with the many countryside and villages, energy and telephone 

lines have been cut (Gürer&others 1993, 1996). 

The avalanches, which caused many life losses in Turkey, are the avalanches that 

caused death of 56 people in Siirt in the winter of 1991-1992 and death of 59 people in 

Bayburt-Üzengili in the winter of 1992-1993. When the avalanche records are examined it 

has been observed that the avalanches affected the settlements concentrated in Bingöl (55 

avalanches) Tunceli (51 Avalanches) and Bitlis (38 avalanches) provinces from 1950 until 

today. When long period records are examined the most fatal avalanche events have come 

114

into being respectively in Şõrnak (175 people), Tunceli (78 people), Bayburt (59 people), 

Hakkari (58 people), Bitlis (57 people) and Siirt (56 people) provinces. From the 

transferring aspect however Bingöl with (954 transfer), Bitlis with (737 transfer), Tunceli 

with (607 transfer), Şõrnak with (412 transfer), Hakkari with (368 transfer), Muş with (278 

transfer) and Siirt with (272 transfer) have been the provinces which have been taken place 

in the first order (Gürer & others 1996). 

According to the results of research in the archive, the regions of Turkey that were 

effected from the avalanche are the Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia regions since 1950 

(Gürer and others1994). When the distribution of areas is examined it can be seen that 479 

avalanche incidents (Map 7.1.9) occurred and the density of the effective avalanches are 

high especially in Eastern Anatolia when compared to the other regions. In addition, the 

avalanches cause efforts, expenditures and economic losses on the roads. 

115

Map 7.1.9: Areal Distribution of Avalanche Regions in Turkey 

Source: EPRSA 

116

Map 7.1.10: Points Where Avalanche Falled in the Avalanche Disaster of February 

1992 and the Number of Casualties 

Source: GDDA 

BLACK SEA 

117 

Scale 

IRAQ

Table 7.1.2: Avalanche Phenomena Occurred in Turkey between 1950 and 1997 

Winter Number of Number Number of Number of Moved 

Season Phenomena of Dead Injured House * 

1996-1997 

2 

8 

- 

- 

1995-1996 

3 

6 

- 

- 

1994-1995 

7 

12 

2 

- 

1993-1994 

6 

27 

7 

- 

1992-1993 112 125 95 

146 

1991-1992 

4 328 53 

1.656 

1990-1991 

7 

7 

- 

267 

1989-1990 13 

4 

1 

47 

1988-1989 10 

4 

- 

77 

1987-1988 

2 

27 

8 

365 

1986-1987 

2 

18 

- 

146 

1985-1986 

6 

1 

4 

16 

1984-1985 14 

7 

- 

29 

1983-1984 10 

- 

- 

94 

1982-1983 

4 

6 

- 

400 

1981-1982 

9 

15 

- 

117 

1980-1981 

2 

14 

- 

52 

1979-1980 10 

4 

1 

102 

1978-1979 

- 

- 

- 

119 

1977-1978 

9 

3 

- 

145 

1976-1977 

- 

1 

- 

- 

1975-1976 

5 170 33 

368 

1974-1975 

2 

2 

- 

- 

1973-1974 

2 

59 17 

97 

1972-1973 

1 

- 

- 

17 

1971-1972 

3 

- 

- 

12 

1970-1971 

4 

- 

- 

35 

1969-1970 

9 

21 

- 

65 

1968-1969 

1 

- 

- 

51 

1967-1968 

1 

28 

7 

156 

1966-1967 

2 

7 

- 

15 

1965-1966 

3 

- 

- 

18 

1964-1965 

4 

- 

- 

43 

1963-1964 

3 

1 

4 

18 

1961-1962 

- 

- 

- 

34 

1959-1960 

- 

- 

- 

15 

1958-1959 

- 

7 

- 

- 

1955-1956 

- 

9 

- 

- 

1954-1955 

- 

6 

- 

- 

1952-1953 

- 

3 

- 

- 

1949-1950 

- 

2 

- 

- 

Source: Gürer, İ., Koçyiğit, Ö., Koç, M.L., “Türkiye’de Çõğ Felaketinin İnsan Yerleşimleri 

Açõsõndan Değerlendirilmesi”, Habitat II, NGOs Platform, the Symposium of Natural Disasters 

and Settlements, June 7 th , 1996, Taşkõşla, İTÜ, İstanbul. 

118

Table 7.1.3: Locations of Avalanche Phenomena Occurred in Turkey between 1960 

and 1996 and Records of Casualties 

Date Place Number of Casualties 

1960-1990 Various Regions of Turkey 286 

1990-1991 Eastern Anatolia 7 

1991-1992 East and Eastern Anatolia 328 

1992-1993 North and East Anatolia 135 

1993-1994 Eastern Anatolia 27 

1994-1995 - 7 

1995-1996 - 8 

1996-1997 - 10 

Source: Gürer, İ., Koçyiğit, Ö., Koç, M.L., “Türkiye’de Çõğ Felaketinin İnsan Yerleşimleri 

Açõsõndan Değerlendirilmesi”, Habitat II, NGOs Platform, the Symposium of Natural Disasters and 

Settlements, June 7 th , 1996, Taşkõşla, İTÜ, İstanbul. 

7.1.3.2 Avalanche on Regional Scale 

The region where most of the avalanche incidents occur is the Eastern Anatolia 

Region and the avalanches come into being above 1,500m. The depth of snow in the origin 

of the avalanche area changes between 1-6m. The effects of the avalanche of the region 

cause physical and financial losses on highways and settlements, energy lines and railways 

etc. Because avalanches occur almost every year in the Eastern Anatolia, it should be dealt 

with and examined and also some measures should be taken. The avalanche risk is a 

question of Hakkari, Tunceli, Bingöl, Siirt and Bitlis (Munzur Mountain, Southeastern 

Tauruses) mostly, which own mountainous hilly and rough areas. The regions where 

avalanche disaster occurs are the areas mostly poor about plantation and uncovered areas. 

The number of avalanche incidents occurred in rather brushwood and dwarf areas. 

Because of denser snowfall during 1 st January, 1 st February and 8 th February in 

1992 especially during the 1991-1992 winter season, there have happened three big 

avalanche incidents in Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia. In these incidents highways 

have been closed, communication has been cut with many surrounding villages and hamlet, 

energy and telephone lines has been broken and poles have fell down. Zap Stream because 

of the falling avalanches caused the temporary barriers, became a lake and its flow stopped 

in a periods of nearly 9 hours on 20 February 1992. 

In the winter season of 1991-1992 in South Eastern Anatolia, only Turkish 

Republic Highways Directorate of 11th(Van) Region cleaned nearly 37 millions m 3 snow 

and 1.7 millions m 3 avalanche by working full time 75 days with 620 staff, 230 machines 

(excavator, loader, flat bladed truck etc.). The clearance of snow concentrated generally 

1,700m above the sea. The fight has been easy because of wind winnowed on the upper 

altitudes and mild weather on the lower altitudes. The fight with avalanche is more 

expensive, hard and takes time when compared to the fight with snow that flow into the 

road since the snow layer concentration being 3-4 times more than the density of the 

normal snow. In the fight with snow and avalanche during the 1991-1992 winter season 

6,900,000 US$ expended only by the Directorate of Highways of Van Region (Gürer 

1993.a). 

119


Temperature Change in Previous Day Recorded at Van, Hakkari, 

Elazõğ, Palandöken and Ağrõ State Meteorology Station 

c) 

120


Temperature Change in Previous Day Recorded at Van, Hakkari, Elazõğ, 

Palandöken and Ağrõ State Meteorology Station (Continued) 

e) 

Source: Gürer, İ.,Sayõn,A., , “Avallanche Disaster In South-Eastern Turkey In The Winter of 1992”, 

World Meteorological Organization Bulletin, Vol.42, No.1., (1993a) pp.44-47 

121

Municipalities are responsible for struggle against avalanche within the 

administrative limits of settlement units. On the other hand General Directorate of Village 

Services and the people themselves are responsible for struggle against avalanche on the 

roads connecting villages and hamlets to state highways. Two avalanche phenomena 

occurred in the project region are analyzed in detail and necessary information is given in 

the following. 

7.1.3.2.1 Bitlis Avalanche Incident 

When avalanche incident in Bitlis is analysed with the help of meteorological data 

(Table 7.1.4-7.1.5) belonged to General Directorate of State Meteorology Station; the 

avalanche came into being in the period of time given below (Gürer et all. 1995). 

Prior to the slide of avalanche down at 02.30 a.m. on 10 February 1992, on 5 

February 1992, 215 cm snow was measured and on that day 14 cm more snow fell down 

and the temperature which is near to 0 o C (-0.2 o C) caused thawing. And the amount of 

snow was measured as 205 cm on 6 February 1992 and because of the partially thawing a 

slippery layer was expected to come into being on the surface. New snowfall as much as 

32 cm occurred on 6 February 1992 and 92 cm occurred on 7 February 1992. Because of 

the air temperature was under 0 o C and partially thawing on that days with winds to East- 

Northeast and Northeast directions having magnitude of 14.9 m/sec and 22m/sec 

respectively on 9 February 1992 and on 10 February 1992. 

At the same period the present snow depth rose from 100 cm to 200cm at Van 

Meteorology Station and from 145 cm to 202 cm at Hakkari Meteorology Station. At the 

same period many avalanches has come into being in the region. 

7.1.3.2.2 Bayburt-Üzengili Avalanche Incident 

A series of avalanche incident came into being on 18 January 1993 in the vicinity 

of Soğanlõ Mountains in the Black Sea Region (Gürer and others 1993b). In the most 

effective of these incidents in Bayburt Üzengili 59 people lost their lives. The physical 

parameters about the avalanche directions of avalanches happened around of Soğanlõ 

Mountains are given at Table 7.1.6. 

122

Table 7.1.4: Meteorological Data Recorded at Bitlis State Meteorology 

Station on 5-11 February 1992 

February 1992 BİTLİS Central Air Station h=1573 m. N38o22' - E42o 06' 

Date Existing 

Snow 

(cm) 

New 

snow 

(cm) 

Max. 

Heat 

( oC) Min. 

Heat 

( oC) Above 

Land 

( oC) 123 

Wind 

07.00 

(m/sec) 

Wind 

14.00 

(m/sec) 

Wind 

21.00 

(m/sec) 

Cloud 

12:00 

Moisture 

(%) 

5.2.1992 215 14 -0.2 -4.6 -7.4 0.5 4.0 2.5 10.0 92 

6.2.1992 205 32 -1.0 -4.0 -3.3 3.0 3.0 0.0 10.0 98.7 

7.2.1992 275 92 -1.3 -3.1 -6.0 3.2 3.8 1.2 10.0 93.0 

8.2.1992 247 23 -3.3 -13.0 -5.0 c c c 9.3 78.3 

9.2.1992 238 6 -6.7 -17.3 -14.8 c c c 3.7 71.7 

10.2.1992 235 - -4.5 -14.7 -18.3 0.0 9.5 5.7 8.7 65.3 

11.2.1992 210 - -2.6 -15.8 -18.8 3.8 2.3 0.0 0.0 59.0 

Source: Gürer İ., Tunçel H., Yavaş Ö. M., Erenbilge T., “Türkiye’de Çõğ Kriterleri ve Olasõ Çõğ Risk 

Alanlarõnõn Belirlenmesi”, TUBİTAK Project Report, No:YBAG-0067, (1995),Ankara 

Table 7.1.5: Instantaneous Wind Velocities Recorded at Bitlis State 

Meteorology Station on 9-10 February 1992 

Bitlis Wind Station h=10 m. m/sn 

Date Direction Speed (m/sn) Mearurement 

Hour 

Mearurement 

Range 

9.2.1992 DKD 14.9 23:49 14:22-23:49 

10.2.1992 KD 22.0 10:33 00:08-17:11 

Table 7.1.6: Avalanche Disaster Occurred at Üzengili, Bayburt on January 1993 

and its Destruction 

Location Persons Damage 

Death Wounded House Property 

Bayburt (Üzengili) 59 21 72 650 

Table 7.1.7: Physical Parameters Related to the Avalanche Path Occurred 

at Üzengili, Bayburt 

Altitude (m) Flow Distance Average 

Location Hill Base Distance (m) Slope* 

Bayburt-Üzengili 3,193 2,025 3,000 17° 

Source: Gürer, İ., “Güney Doğu Anadolu Bölgesi 1992 Kõş Mevsimi” Ministry of Reconstruction and 

Settlement, Province Municipalities Journal 6-13, (1993b) 

(*) Average slope is given as the angle to horizontal.

Avalanche Incident in the other Provinces 

The current information on the avalanche incidents (location of avalanche, reason, 

length, depth and width of avalanche, the number of casualties, death, wounded, property 

loss and the number of collapsed buildings, total number of buildings) happened in the 

principal provinces of Eastern Anatolia Region is given at Appendix 1. 

7.1.3.3 Result 

The general evaluation of the avalanche incidents occurred in Eastern Anatolia 

Region can be summarised as in the following; 

• In Turkey, the region where the most avalanche incident occurred is the Eastern 

Anatolia region. 

• The Eastern Anatolia avalanches come into being above 1,500m. 

• The original depth of the snow in the Eastern Anatolia region is between 1-6m. 

• It is observed that avalanches in the Eastern Anatolia occur earliest on December and 

latest on March. 

• The avalanches in Eastern Anatolia Region cause material losses for Turkey’s 

economy with their effects on highways, settlements, energy lines and railways etc. 

Since the avalanches occur every year there, the problem should be dealt with and 

examined and some cautions should be taken essentially for this region. 

• Because the Eastern Anatolia Region is higher than Turkey’s average with its altitude it 

has been subjected to avalanche risk mostly. However, this threat is a matter of 

question in Hakkari, Tunceli, Bingöl, Siirt, Bitlis (Munzur Mountains, Southern 

Tauruses) where landscape is mountainous, hilly and rough rather than in Erzurum, 

Kars which are on plateaus. 

• In the Eastern Anatolia Region 15 % (36 numbers) of the 214 avalanches of whose 

slope direction can be determined, have occurred on the slopes on the North; 39 % (83 

numbers) on the south; 9 % (19 numbers) on the East; 9 % (19 numbers) on the West 

(Gürer et al, 1995). 

• Thinking the duration of sunbath and the effects of the amount of sun energy falling on 

snow during the daytime and generally during the cloudless weather, it is found that the 

rate of avalanche reaches to 56 % (116 numbers) on the SE-S-SW directions where the 

duration of sunbath is more and when an evaluation of these directions is made totally. 

Although these directions are preferred by the people of Eastern Anatolia Region to 

determine the settlement places because of the hard and long winter conditions, they 

were the most risky parts from the avalanche aspect. For this reason, these directions 

should be regarded first in changing the location of the settlements and in determining 

new locations for settlements on the other hand the topographic and geomorphologic 

analyses should be made carefully, and these kinds of applications must be made on the 

slopes where the avalanche risk is rare. 

124

7.1.3.4 Proposals 

There have been abnormal snowfalls on mountainous and rural areas of the 

Eastern Anatolia in 1990’s and these caused many unpredicted life and property losses 

because of the avalanches they caused. The destruction of the forest and plantation in 

last few years are the principal reasons of the avalanche risk in this dimension. The 

measures that should be taken against avalanche risk can be set up in order as in the 

following; 

• To determine the avalanche risk areas. 

• To start the estimation by establishing avalanche estimate centers. 

• To train staff expertise on the avalanche. 

• To make rescue works systematically. 

Furthermore, as in the case of other researches made by the General Directorate of 

Geological Studies Division of Natural Disasters, the researches should be done just after 

the disaster as far as climate and road conditions let. The avalanche records of past years 

belonging to all Eastern Anatolia cities in the content of the project area should also be 

taken into account. 

To be able to solve the avalanche problem in the project area, it is believed that an 

avalanche research center as in France, Switzerland and as in many countries should be 

established in long term. Furthermore, it is necessary to determine the less risky and most 

risky settlement areas by also drawing 1/10,000 maps, which would be necessary for the 

planning of the present settlements by this center in the light of studies on avalanche 

estimation by SMS. 

Among the staff of this proposed avalanche research center there must be a group 

of experts formed by the other professions like geographer, city planner, geomorphology, 

hydro-energy, geology, civil and computer engineers and the subject should be examined 

in details. 

All of the avalanches that occurred in Turkey until the present are the avalanches 

that affected all settlements and highways. Moreover while determining new routes for 

roads and choosing new locations for settlements avalanche risks should be determined due 

to the present map researches if it is possible. Also, if the mostly increased use of images 

satellite pictures are taken into consideration many avalanche location that could not be 

reached can be determined with this method. 

General Directorate of Natural Disasters is responsible for the improvement of the 

avalanches that affect the settlements. The Department of General Directorate of Forestry 

is responsible for the improvement of the avalanches that occurred in the areas outside the 

settlements. General Directorate of Highways is responsible from the improvement of the 

avalanches that effected transportation between cities. For this reason, close coordination 

between these institutions and General Directorate of State Meteorology will be helpful to 

decrease the harmful effects of the avalanche disaster on economy. 

125

The measurement of the snow depth, water equivalence and density made by the 

General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works on the altitude of dams and big reservoir 

together with the some measure of snow at SMS it should be coordinated and developed to 

serve for estimating avalanche and researches. 

The estimations of European Center for Medium Range Forecasting (ECMWF) 

requested by giving location coordinates of Eruh-Şõrnak, Hakkari-Uludere-Çatak- 

Yüksekova-Gömeç and Onbaşõlar where 328 people lost their life in the avalanche incident 

during the winter season of 1991-1992, would be used in determining the locations of the 

future risky regions. This could be useful in requiring and in estimating avalanches 

periodically from ECMWF especially in the region where winter conditions are hard and 

snowfall is heavy. 

The avalanche incidents that occurred one behind the other in 1990’s and caused 

life and property losses aroused the necessity of early warning mechanism in the public 

with an increasing demand. For this reason, under the leadership of Turkish Radio 

Television Institution it is useful to inform the people of the region, which are affected by 

the avalanche during heavy snowfalls. 

The areas like Büyük Ejder, Küçük Ejder of Palandöken ski tracks which are 

subjected to avalanche risk and planned by the candidates for the international ski 

racetrack contest in Turkey should be taken under control by artificial avalanche fall as in 

the standard of international racetracks. 

126

REFERENCES 

Gürer, İ., Koçyiğit, Ö.,Koç, M.L., , “Türkiye’de Çõğ Felaketinin İnsan Yerleşimleri 

Açõsõndan Değerlendirilmesi”, Habitat II, Civil Society Organization Forum, Natural 

Disasters end Human Settlements Symposium, June 7, (1996), Taşkõşla, İTÜ, İstanbul. 

Gürer., İ., Tunçel, H., Yavaş, Ö. M., Erenbilge, T., “ Türkiye’de Çõğ Kriterleri ve Olasõ Çõğ 

Risk Alanlarõnõn Belirlenmesi”, TÜBİTAK Project Report, No: YBAG-0067, (1995), 

Ankara 

Gürer, İ., Tunçel, H., Erenbilge, T., Yavaş, Ö.M. ve Sayõn, A., “Snow Avalanche Incidents 

In North-Western Anatolia, Turkey during December 1992”, Kuliwer Publisher, (1994), 

Netherland 

Gürer, İ., Tunçel, H., Sayõn, A., “Batõ Karadeniz’de Çõğ Olaylarõ (1992 Aralõk Ayõ)”, Ankara 

Üniversity, “Türkiye Coğrafyasõ, Araş. ve Uyg. Merkezi Dergisi (Journal)” p.3, (1993), 

independent publication, Ankara 

Gürer, İ., Sayõn, A., , "Avalanche Disaster In South-Eastern Turkey In The Winter of 1992", 

World Meteorological Organization Bulletin, Vol.42, No.1., (1993a) pp.44-47, Geneve. 

Gürer, İ., “Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi 1992 Kõş Mevsimi “Bayõndõrlõk ve İskan Bakanlõğõ 

İl Belediyeler Dergisi (Journal)”, p.6-13, (1993b), p. 24-33, Ankara. 

127

Location of 

Avalanche 

(County/Village) 

APPENDICES: CITIES WHERE IMPORTANT AVALANCHE PHENOMENA 

OCCURED IN THE PROJECT REGION AND AVAILABLE INFORMATION 

Table 7.1.8: Avalanche Phenomena Occurred at Van and Surroundings 

Date 

Cause 

Length of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

Width of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

128 

Depth of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

Number 

of Dead 

Number 

of 

Injured 

Loss of 

Property 

(Cattle and 

Sheep/Goats) 

Number of 

Collapsed 

Structure 

/ Total 

Structure 

Çatak 0 0 0 

Erciş 2 0 0 1/34 

Çatak/Eliaçõk 2.1.89 Excessive 

Snow 

600 15 2 0 0 0 

Çatak/Uzuntekne 12.28.88 ,, 500 30 2 4 3 50 4/31 

Çatak/Narlõ 500 40 1.5 0 0 0 

Çatak/Akçabük 1.20.80 Excessive 

Snow 

750 50 2 2 0 0 

Gevaş/Anaköy 2.25.92 ,, 16 4 3/14 

Gürpõnar/Üçdoğan 12.28.92 

Çatak/Işõnlõ 

Erciş/Taşkapõ 

Çatak/Toyka 

1 

Çatak/Işõnlõ 2.14.64 1 4 0 

Gevaş/Balaban 2.6.92 

Source: Gürer İ., Tunçel H., Yavaş Ö. M., Erenbilge T., “Türkiye’de Çõğ Kriterleri ve Olasõ Çõğ Risk 

Alanlarõnõn Belirlenmesi”, TUBİTAK Project Report, No:YBAG-0067, (1995), Ankara

Location of Avalanche 


Table 7.1.9: Avalanche Phenomena Occurred at Tunceli and Surroundings 

Date 

Cause 

Length of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

Width of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

129 

Depth of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

Number 

of Dead 

Number 

of Injured 

Loss of Property 

(Cattle and 

Sheep/Goats) 

Number of 

Collapsed Structure 

/ Total Structure 

Center/Karşõlar 1.1.77 Snow 1 0 0 

Pülümür/Çakõrkaya 1.18.76 Snow 500 500 0 0 0 3/40 

Pülümür/Kõrkmeşe 0 0 0 

Ovacõk/Yarõmkaya 1.1.86 Snow 200 400 0 0 0 1/14 

Nazimiye/Derova Snow 0 0 0 

Center/Kutudere 0 0 0 

Center/Gökçek 0 0 0 

Center/Eğriyamaç 400 40 2 0 0 0 

Center/Gözen 0 0 0 

Nazimiye/Oğullar 1.15.67 0 0 0 

Pül ümür/Salördek Excessive 

Snow 

0 0 0 

Nazimiye/Geriş 0 0 0 1/16 

Center/Güleç Excessive 

Snow 

Nazimiye 0 0 0 

Center/Alacõk 

Hozat/Sarõsaltõk 

Center/demirkapõ 

500 

Center/Baldan 

Hozat/Buzlupõnar 

Severe Rain 

Center/Dilek 800 

Pülümür/Sampaşa 1.18.76 Snow 4 7 0 6/16 

Pülümür/Yeşilyazõ 2.1.74 Excessive 

Snow 

16 0 0 7/7 

Center/Karagöl 1.1.76 Excessive 

Snow 

7 0 0 1/496/14 

Ovacõk/Mollaaliler 

Center/Çõralõ 

1.9.87 700 100 2 4 2 50 

Pülümür/Sarõgül 2.1.82 Excessive 

Snow 

600 50 2 0 0 0



Table 7.1.9: Avalanche Phenomena Occurred at Tunceli and Surroundings (Continuing) 

Date 

Cause 

Length of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

Width of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

130 

Depth of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

Number 

of Dead 

Number 

of 

Injured 


(Cattle and 

Sheep/Goats) 

Number of 



Center/Sarõtaş Excessive 

Snow 

0 0 0 

Nazõmiye/Kõlköy 2.1.811 Excessive 

snow 

500 20 2 0 0 50 

Nazimiye/Doğancõk 1.1.80 Excessive 

Snow 

500 20 2 0 0 20 

Hozat/Gözlek 

Pülümür/ardõçlõ 

Nazõmiye/Dallõbahçe 

Pülümür/Kabayel 

pülümür/Çatalkaya 

Ovacõk/Eğripõnar 

Center/Gözen 

Pülümür/Iç köyleri 

Pülümür/Boğalõ 

Mazgirt/Akpazar 

Nazimiye/Demirce 

Pülümür/Boğaza 

Pülümür/Kocatepe 

450 30 2 0 0 0 

Pülümür/Dereköy 1967 7 1 

Pülümür/Center 3.8.76 1 1 

Ovacõk/Center 2.6.92 

Pülümür/Çakõrköy 2.3.86 

Pülümür/salördek 1.18.76 70 

Center/Alacak 2.6.92 Excessive 

Snow 

0 0 0 2/10 

Nazimiye/Geriç Snow 300 350 0 0 0 

Pülümür/Şampaşa 300 10 2 0 

9 

0 0 

Source: Gürer İ., Tunçel H., Yavaş Ö. M., Erenbilge T., “Türkiye’de Çõğ Kriterleri ve Olasõ Çõğ Risk Alanlarõnõn Belirlenmesi”, TUBİTAK Project 

Report, No:YBAG-0067, (1995), Ankara

Location of 

Avalanche 


Table 7.1.10: Avalanche Phenomena Occurred at Muş and Surroundings 

Date 

Cause 

Length of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

Width of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

131 

Depth of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

Number 

of Dead 

Number 

of Injured 


(Cattle and 

Sheep/Goats) 

Number of 

Collapsed 

Structure 


Center/Cevizlidere Excessive 

Snow 

5 

Center/Cevizlidere Excessive 

Snow 

0 0 0 

Varto/Haksever 2.20.92 Excessive 

Snow 

0 0 0 

Center 2.3.92 Excessive 

Snow 

3 1 0 

Hasköy/Dağdibi 2.7.92 Excessive 

Snow 

0 0 0 

varto/Taplõkkaya 

Center/Inardõ 

Center/Sağlõk 

Center/Derecik 

0 0 0 

Center/Kayalõsu 2.14.92 2 





Table 7.1.11: Avalanche Phenomena Occurred at Malatya and Surroundings 

Date 

Cause 

Length of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

Width of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

132 

Depth of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

Number 

of Dead 

Number of 

Injured 


(Cattle and 

Sheep/Goats) 

Number of 

Collapsed 

Structure 


Doğanşehir/Kurucaova Excessive 

Snow 

0 0 0 


Snow 

0 0 0 


Snow 

0 0 0 

Doğanşehir/Kurucaova 3.11.88 Excessive 

Snow 

0 0 0 

Doğanşehir/Kurucaova 0 0 0 

Doğanşehir/Kurucaova 

Excessive 

Snow 

0 0 0 

Akçadağ/Bayramuşağõ 1.1.68 9 0 0 2/13 

Doğanşehir/Ergenek Excessive 

Snow 

0 0 0 

Akçadağ/Tataruşağõ 

Doğanşehir/Gürobasõ 

Doğanşehir/Eskiköy 

Akçadağ/Bayramuşağõ 

Excessive 

Snow 

0 0 0 

Pötürge/Ulutaş 1.1.87

Location of 

Avalanche 


Date 

Table 7.1.12: Avalanche Phenomena Occurred at Kars and Surroundings 

Cause 

Length of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

Width of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

133 

Depth of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

Number 

of Dead 

Number 

of Injured 


(Cattle and 

Sheep/Goats) 

Tuzluca/Ünledei 

Iğdõr/Çilli 

Iğdõr/Suveren 

Ardahan/Posof-Kol 12.29.92 

Source: Gürer İ., Tunçel H., Yavaş Ö. M., Erenbilge T., “Türkiye’de Çõğ Kriterleri ve Olasõ Çõğ Risk Alanlarõnõn Belirlenmesi”, TUBİTAK 

Project Report, No:YBAG-0067, (1995), Ankara 

Number of Collapsed 

Structure 

/ Total Structure



Table 7.1.13: Avalanche Phenomena Occurred at Hakkari and Surroundings 

Date 

Cause 

Length of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

Width of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

134 

Depth of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

Number 

of Dead 

Number 

of 

Injured 


(Cattle and 

Sheep/Goats) 

Number of 

Collapsed 

Structure 


Yüksekova/Karabey 19 

Şemdinli/Ortaklar 3 1 

Çukurca/Center 0 0 0 0 

Center/Kõrõkdağ 1 1 

Center/Kõrõkdağ 1.1.82 Excessive 

Snow 

0 0 0 0 

Center/Ceyhanlõ Excessive 450 10 2 0 0 0 3/44 

Snow 

Center/Aksu 2.10.76 Severe Snow 500 30 3 13 0 0 3/67 

Şemdinli/Ayranlõ 2.18.81 Severe Snow 600 30 2 0 0 0 2/43 

Yüksekova/Ikiyaka 2.1.83 Severe Snow 400 250 2 0 0 7/24 

Center/Otluca 2.1.80 Severe Snow 0 0 0 

Center 2.1.92 Snow 0 0 0 

Center/Kõrõkdağ Excessive 

Snow 

Center/Bayköy 

Center/Doğanyurt 

Excessive 

Snow 

Center/Bağõşlõ 1.1.92 

Center/Yoncalõ Severe Rain 

Yüksekova/K.bey 1.2.92 Severe Snow 1000 200 2 20 15 70 18/58 

Yüksekova/K.bey 1.2.92 Severe Rain 19 

Yüksekova/K.bey 12.26.92 

Yüksekova/Yeşiltaş 2.6.92 1 2 100 1/28 

Şemdinli/Çevre 12.29.92 Excessive 

3 15 

Snow 

Yüksekova/Onbaşõlar 2.13.92 1 

Yüksekova/Alyuva 1.5.92 19 8 14 

Yüksekova/Ikiyaka 4.3.88 0 0 0 6/85

Location of 

Avalanche 


Table 7.1.14: Avalanche Phenomena Occurred at Gümüşhane and Surroundings 

Date 

Cause 

Length of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

Width of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

Depth of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

135 

Number 

of Dead 

Number of 

Injured 


(Cattle and 

Sheep/Goats) 

Number of 

Collapsed 

Structure 


Center/Örenler 2.1.79 Snow 0 0 0 1/57 



Location of 

Avalanche 


Date Cause 

Ispir/B.dere Excessive 

Snow 

Table 7.1.15: Avalanche Phenomena Occurred at Erzurum and Surroundings 

Length of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

Width of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

Depth of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

136 

Number 

of Dead 

Number of 

Injured 


(Cattle and 

Sheep/Goats) 

0 0 0 


Structure 


Çat/Oyuklu 2.1.90 Severe Snow 0 0 0 1/80 

Tekman/Hatunan 2.1.61 Excessive 

Snow 

200 10 2 0 0 0 3/300 

Hõnõs/Ketenci 2.1.63 Excessive 

Snow 

0 0 0 

Center/Güngörmez 

Ispir/Köprüköy 

0 0 0 

Narman/Taşburun Excessive 

Snow 

Ispir/Ulutaş 1.18.93 1 

Tekman/Geçit 1.18.93 

Köprüköy/Derebaşõ 1.20.93 

Pasinler/Çamlõca 1.28.93 1 1 

Karayazõ/Duatepe 2.18.93 1 

Hõnõs/Hayran 

Hõnõs/Güzeldere 

Hõnõs/Tapu 

Tortum/Meydanlar 

Hõnõs/Germik 

Center/Yağmurcak 

Ispir/Beşmezra 

Hõnõs/Akgöze 

2.18.93 6 

Center/Gaziler 

Çat/S.Põnar 

1.8.93 

Ispir/B.dere Excessive 

Snow 

0 0 0 

Ispir/B.dere 500 10 2 0 0 0 

Ispir/B.dere 2.1.80 Excessive 

Snow 

100 10 2 0 0 0 3/38 

Source: Gürer., İ., Tunçel, H., Yavaş, Ö. M., Erenbilge, T., “ Türkiye’de Çõğ Kriterleri ve Olasõ Çõğ Risk Alanlarõnõn Belirlenmesi”, TÜBİTAK Project Report, No: YBAG- 

0067, (1995), Ankara

Location of 

Avalanche 


Table 7.1.16: Avalanche Phenomena Occurred at Erzincan and Surroundings 

Date 

Cause 

Length of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

Width of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

Depth of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

137 

Number 

of Dead 

Number 

of Injured 


(Cattle and 

Sheep/Goats) 

Number of 

Collapsed 

Structure 


Kemaliye/Kuşak Excessive 

Snow 

400 20 2 0 0 0 

Center/Şengül 3.1.65 Severe 

Snow 

0 0 0 

Center/Gölpõnar 2.1.68 Excessive 

Snow 

0 0 0 

Center/Kilimli Excessive 

Snow 

1 0 0 1/75 

Center/Bayõrbağ 0 0 0 

Center/Esenyurt 2.1.67 0 0 0 

Center/Ocakbaşõ 

Üzümlü/Pelitli 

Üzümlü/Bayõrbaş 

Üzümlü 

Üzümlü/Kureyşli 

Üzümlü/Põnarönü 

Excessive 

Snow 

0 0 0 5/55 



Location of 

Avalanche 


Table 7.1.17: Avalanche Phenomena Occurred at Elazõğ and Surroundings 

Date 

Cause 

Length of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

Width of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

138 

Depth of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

Number 

of Dead 

Number 

of 

Injured 


(Cattle and 

Sheep/Goats) 

Number of 

Collapsed 

Structure 


Palu/Akyürek Excessive 

Snow 

500 10 2 0 4 0 4/74 

Palu/Burgudere Excessive 

Snow 

0 0 0 

Palu/Bozçanak 1.1.74 Snow 0 0 0 

Karakoçan/Sarõcar 1.22.74 Snow 10 0 15 2/154 

Palu/Güllüce 

Palu/Beyhani 

Excessive 

Snow 

0 0 0 

Arõcak/Erimli 2.6.92 1 6/400 

Palu/Yarõmtepe 

Maden/Eğrikavak 

2.8.92 

Palu/Beyhani 2.1.92 Excessive 

Snow 

0 0 0 0 

Paku/Çavuşdere 500 10 2 

Palu/Küçükaltõ 12.26.92 3 1 

Palu/Center 2.10.92 4 

Palu/Buzludere 2.8.92 3 

Maden/Koçkonağõ 1.2.74 16 7 

Palu/Bulgurca 0 0 0 0 





Table 7.1.18: Avalanche Phenomena Occurred at Bitlis and Surroundings 

Date 

Cause 

Length of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

Width of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

139 

Depth of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

Number 

of Dead 

Number of 

Injured 

Loss of 

Property 

(Cattle and 

Sheep/Goats) 

Number of 

Collapsed 

Structure 


Center 2.10.92 Severe Snow 700 40 2 0 0 0 0 

Center 1.6.76 Severe Snow 0 5-6 10 0 68 0 

Center 1.6.76 Severe Snow 10 0 68 0 

Center Severe Snow 0 0 0 0 

Center 4.11.85 Severe Snow 0 0 0 0 

Center 1.6.76 Severe Snow 550 10 0 68 10/100 

Tatvan/Dönertaş 1.1.79 Snow 250 700 30 0 0 0 

Tatvan/Dönertaş 300 1 

Tatvan/Aktoprak 

Hizan/Kepirli 

Hizan/Doğancõ 

Hizan/Doğancõ 

Center/Ortakapõ 

Center/Ortakapõ 2.1.92 Exvessive Snow 0 0 0 1/50 

Center/Içmeli 

Hizan/Süttaş Severe Rain 

Hizan/Sütbaşõ 1 

Hizan/Germencik 

Hizan/Akpar 

Hizan/Akpar 2.15.92 Melting of Snow 

Hizan/Görece 

Hizan/Sarõtaş 

Mutki/Center 

Mutki 1.6.76 Severe Snow 200 500 20 0 0 0 10/400 

Mutki/Yuvalõdam 2.1.92 3 

Hizan/Sürücüler Excessive Snow 500 100 2 0 0 0 5/30 

Mutki/Geyiikpõnar 2.9.76 0 0 

Tatvan 2.8.76 Severe Snow 0 0 0 1/7000 

Tatvan/Köprücük 4.1.72 Snow 13 0 0 3/35 

Center/Kökarsu 2.2.76 0 0 2 3/40 

Mutki/Karabudak 3.26.68 0 0 0



Table 7.1.18: Avalanche Phenomena Occurred at Bitlis and Surroundings (Continuing) 

Date 

Cause 

Length of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

Width of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

140 

Depth of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

Number 

of Dead 

Number of 

Injured 

Loss of 

Property 

(Cattle and 

Sheep/Goats) 


Structure 


Center/Çalõdüzü Severe Snow 7 0 0 2/32 

Center/Karbastõ 2.1.92 Snow 0 0 0 

Center/Ağaçköprü 2.1.92 Excessive Snow 0 0 0 3/40 

Center/Ünaldõ 2.23.92 Excessive Snow 0 0 0 

Hizan/Horozdere 2.26.92 Excessive Snow 0 0 0 2/32 

Center/Tabanözü 2.1.92 Excessive Snow 300 100-150 3-4 0 0 0 

Center/Sarõkonak 2.1.92 Excessive Snow 1000 200 15 200 3/40 

Center/Tatlõkaynak Severe Snow 500 300 8 1/25 

Güraymak/Günkõrõ 2.23.92 Severe Snow 1/150 

Mutki/Alatoprak 2.9.76 Excessive Snow 800 50 3 

Tatvan/Çavuşlar Excessive Snow 0 4 100 1/40 

Tatvan/Koruklu Snow 0 0 0 

Mutki/Aydemir 0 0 0 

Mutki/Uzunyol 1/14 

Mutki/Tolgalõ 4/18 

Mutki/Erler 

Tatvan/Örenlik 

Tatvan/Korkulu 

Mutki/Alkoyun 

Center/Karbastõ 

Hizan/Center 

Tatvan/Düzcealan 3 

Mutki/Ballõ 1.5.82 4 

Mutki/Gümüşkanat 1.8.68 21 3 

Mutki/Boğarasõ 2.12.76 4 

Çağlayan-Põnarbaşõ 1.8.68 14 1 

Tatvan/Dönertaş 2.9.76 Snow 0 0 0 

Mutki 1.1.84 Severe Snow 500 20 3 0 0 0 

Mutki/Geyikpõnar 0 0 0 

Center/Çalõdüzü Snow 0 0 0 

Tatvan 7.9.76 500 50 2 13 0 0 1/7000 

Tatvan/Dönertaş 1.20.92 Snow 100-150 1 7 0 2/150 

Source: Gürer İ., Tunçel H., Yavaş Ö. M., Erenbilge T., “Türkiye’de Çõğ Kriterleri ve Olasõ Çõğ Risk Alanlarõnõn Belirlenmesi”, TUBİTAK Project Report, No:YBAG- 

0067, (1995), Ankara

Location of 

Avalanche 


Table 7.1.19: Avalanche Phenomena Occurred at Bingöl and Surroundings 

Date 

Cause 

Length of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

Width of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

141 

Depth of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

Number 

of Dead 

Number of 

Injured 

Loss of 

Property 

(Cattle and 

Sheep/Goats) 

Number of 

Collapsed 

Structure 


Adaklõ/Ilbeyi 12.01.69 Excessive Snow 25 10 1 6 0 150 1/35 

Solhan/D.Yeli Wind 0 0 0 0 

Solhan/D.Yeli Severe Rain 0 0 0 0 

Solhan/D.Yeli Severe Rain 0 0 0 0 

Adaklõ/Topraklõk Excessive Snow 0 0 0 0 

Adaklõ/Topraklõk Excessive Snow 0 0 0 0 

Adaklõ Excessive Snow 0 0 0 

Karlõova/H.Tepe Excessive Snow 0 0 0 

Karlõova/H.Tepe Excessive Snow 0 0 0 

Solhan/Sülünkaş 1.1.58 0 0 0 

Genç/Keklikdere Excessive Snow 0 0 0 

Genç/Keklikdere Excessive Snow 0 0 0 18/18 

Adaklõ/Dalhasan Excessive Snow 0 0 0 

Adaklõ/Dalhasan Excessive Snow 50 0 0 0 

Adaklõ/Çalõkağõl 10.14.82 Excessive Snow 6 0 0 1/16 

Adaklõ/Çalõkağõl Excessive Snow 0 0 0 

Adaklõ/Yayladere Excessive Snow 0 0 0 

Kõğõ/Kõrköy Excessive Snow 0 0 0 

Kõğõ/Kõrköy Excessive Snow 0 0 0 

Genç/Sarmakaya Excessive Snow 0 0 0 

Genç/Sarmakaya Excessive Snow 0 0 0 

Genç/Yolaçtõ Excessive Snow 0 0 0 

Center/haziran Excessive Snow 0 0 0 

Center/Ortaçanak Excessive Snow 0 0 0 

Center/Ortaçanak Excessive Snow 0 0 0 

Yedisu/Elmalõ 0 0 0 

Karlõova/Ç.tepe 1.2.91 0 0 0 

Kõğõ/Elmalõ 2.6.85 0 1 0 

Genç/G.Kondu 2.1.59 0 0 0 

Genç/G.Kondu 0 1 0

Location of 

Avalanche 


Table 7.1.19: Avalanche Phenomena Occurred at Bingöl and Surroundings (Continuing) 

Date 

Cause 

Length of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

Width of 

Avalanc 

he (m) 

142 

Depth of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

Number 

of Dead 

Number 

of 

Injured 


(Cattle and 

Sheep/Goats) 

Number of 

Collapsed 

Structure 


Center/Daltepe 500 10 4 0 

Kõğõ/Topraklõk 450 10 3 

Kõğõ/Çomak 1500 200 2 10 0 0 

Kõğõ/Çatalkaya 0 0 0 

Solhan/G.Tavuz Excessive Snow 4 8 0 

Center/Aşağõköy Excessive Snow 0 0 0 2/100 

Center/Dikme Excessive Snow 0 0 0 0 

Center/Balpõnar Excessive Snow 0 0 0 0 

Center/Çiriş Excessive Snow 0 

Center/Şaban Excessive Snow 0 0 0 0 

Genç/Dilektaşõ Excessive Snow 0 0 0 

Center/Üçyaka Excessive Snow 0 

Adaklõ/Güngörsün Excessive Snow 0 

Genç/Yatansöğüt 6/120 

Genç/Doğanevler 

Kõğõ/Ağaçören 

Kõğõ/Center 

Yedisu/Y.Põnar 200 50 

Karlõova/Suçatõ 

Kõğõ/Ilbey 

Kõğõ/Kõzulkan 

Center/Uzundere 

Kõğõ/Dalbasan 

Genç/Çanakçõ 

Kõğõ/Çakõlağõl 

Genç/Yenisu 

Center/Güngörsün 

Kõğõ/Döşengi 

Center/Ortaçoruk 

Center/Yenibaşlar 

Kõğõ/Çakmak 

Genç/Yağõzca

Location of 

Avalanche 


Table 7.1.19: Avalanche Phenomena Occurred at Bingöl and Surroundings (Continuing) 

Date 

Cause 

Length of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

Width of 

Avalanc 

he (m) 

143 

Depth of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

Number 

of Dead 

Number 

of 

Injured 


(Cattle and 

Sheep/Goats) 

Number of 

Collapsed 

Structure 


genç/Ardõçdibi 

Center/Kõrkağõl 

Center/Karapõnar 

Kõğõ/Kabaçal 

Center/Akdurmuş 

Center/Kuşkondu 

Karlõova/Y.Põnar 

Kõğõ/Aktaş 

Genç/Binekli 

Adaklõ/Elmağaç 

Kõğõ/Kaynakdüzü 

Center/Elmalõ Excessive Snow 1 6 

Karlõova/Çukurtepe Excessive Snow 500 10 2 0 0 0 1/80 

Center/Haziran 400 10 3 0 1 0 

Genç/Yolaçtõ 400 10 4 0 0 0 





Table 7.1.20: Avalanche Phenomena Occurred at Bayburt and Surroundings 

Date 

Cause 

Aydõntepe/Kavlatan Melting of 

Snow 

Center/Harmanözü 1.1.70 Excessivce 

Snow 

Length of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

Width of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

Depth of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

144 

Number 

of Dead 

Number 

of Injured 


(Cattle and 

Sheep/Goats) 

Number of 



Center/Üzengili 1.18.93 59 21 128-510 

Aydõntepe/Günbuldu 

Aydõntepe/Dumlu 

Aydõntepe/Kozlu 

Aydõntepe/Ardõçgöze 

Aydõntepe/Armutlu 

Aydõntepe/Gökçeli 

aydõntepe/Yazyurdu 

Center/Yaylapõnar 

Center/Helva 

Center/Aşağõçimayi 

Center/Demirkaş 

Center/Yukarõkõşlak 

Center/Harmanözü 1.18.93 

Source: Gürer., İ., Tunçel, H., Yavaş, Ö. M., Erenbilge, T., “ Türkiye’de Çõğ Kriterleri ve Olasõ Çõğ Risk Alanlarõnõn Belirlenmesi”, TÜBİTAK Project 

Report, No: YBAG-0067, (1995), Ankara 

1/40

Location of 

Avalanche 


Date 

Table 7.1.21: Avalanche Phenomena Occurred at Ağrõ and Surroundings 

Cause 

Hamur /Aladağ Steep Slope 

Unwooded 

Ground 

Eleşkirt/Güney Excessive 

Snow 

Length of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

Width of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

Depth of 

Avalanche 

(m) 

145 

Number of 

Dead 

Number 

of 

Injured 

Loss of 

Property 

(Cattle and 

Sheep/Goats) 

Number of 

Collapsed 

Structure 


0 0 0 1/37 

0 0 0 

Eleşkirt/Çetinsu 0 0 0 

Doğubeyazõt/ 

Bölücek 

Source: Gürer İ., Tunçel H., Yavaş Ö. M., Erenbilge T., “Türkiye’de Çõğ Kriterleri ve Olasõ Çõğ Risk Alanlarõnõn Belirlenmesi”, TUBİTAK 

Project Report, No:YBAG-0067, (1995), Ankara.

7.1.4 Flood 

7.1.4.1. Analysis of Flood Risk towards the Settlements Areas 

Flood is the increase of the consumption on the riverbed that caused damages to the 

surrounding lands, buildings and people. 

Flood comes into being as a result of either falls like rain or thaw or both of them 

together. It is necessary to know that which of them causes flood in the region. The floods 

in eastern region of Turkey usually are spring season floods. The peak flow rate is high but 

the time of flood and the time to reach peak are short during the winter floods. However 

the peak flow rate is low and bulk is big but the time to reach peak and the time of flood is 

long during the spring flood being as a result of thawing. 

The flow recurrence rate which is used in dimension of water constructions, 

motorways, railways, waste water and drainage systems, is counted according to the 

character of construction. 

Because of the streams’ having regular character, floods occur frequently, torrents 

come into being and these cause life and property losses in great quantity. To prevent the 

damages of flood by engineering constructions economically, it is necessary to examine 

floods, to determine its periods, recurrence period and dimensions with certain probability. 

7.1.4.1.1. Examination and Discussion of a Flood Incident 

As floods come into being as a result of intense and continuous rainfalls, the affects 

of floods caused by thaw of snow, pile up during spring with a sudden heat is very big 

especially in Eastern part of Turkey. Sometimes it comes into being as a result of rain and 

thaw. For this reason, it is necessary to examine and discuss the factors forming a flood 

and the form of rainfall well. 

If the cause of flood is riverbed, the sections of riverbed should be taken out 

starting from source of water where suitable for taking a section and where there are not 

expansion, and also by taking subdivision-main division relation in all riverbeds into 

consideration. If there are flow observation stations belonging to General Directorate of 

State Hydraulic Works on the riverbeds, first the coefficients of smoothness "n" and speeds 

should be determined from the values obtained at these stations. Then the frequency and 

the dimension of the flow passing through the certain points are determined. 

While reporting an occurred flood incident; 

1-The location of river or streams caused flood in their climate region is determined 

(river basin). 

2-The statistical analysis of the rainfall records that caused flood is done (rainfall). 

3-It should be determined that whether floods could be found with the values of 

observation station values or traces of floods (flow). 

146

4-It is given that the flood fields that come into being as a result of floods are drawn 

on topographic map by researches or by finding water surface accounting studied 

with section taken from the riverbed (flood areas and damages). 

5-The precautions are determined in order not to expose to a flood and its damages 

in the future (measures). 

7.1.4.1.2. The Discussion and Examination of a Possible Flood Incident 

While accounting flow rate of flood recurrence, studies should be made using; 

1-Synthetic methods depending on the rainfall observation data. 

2-Research with statistical methods depending on the flow observation data. 

The maps of 16 cities included in the project are given in the appendix. Daily 

rainfall values in a year given by State Meteorology Stations available in these cities and 

the probable density functions found using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and CTI square 

statistical analysis and the pointed rainfall recurrence values as numerical values of the 

functions are given in the related paragraphs. 

7.1.4.2. Flood Incidents in Respect to Cities 

Gümüşhane (Harşit Creek) Flood (11.06.1963) 

Because of rainfalls on river basin on 11 June 1963 Harşit Creek is flooded and a 

part of cultivated area along the river around of Gümüşhane left under torrent and high 

damages occurred in important degree. 

A-River basin 

Harşit Creek river basin is weak of its plantation and having mountainous land, 

there has been cultivating on the gardens laying as thin bands acquired the riverbed. 

B-Rainfall 

Eastern Anatolia regions of Turkey had cloudy and heavy downfall during 11 June 

1963. The measured rainfall value during 11 June 1963 was 22.4mm. 

The altitude of Gümüşhane Meteorology Station is 1,219 m. The statistical analysis 

found depending on the daily the most rainfall values in a year terms of 62 years of 

observation period during 1931-1995 in this station has showed that index is fit in Log- 

Pearson Type 3. Numerical values of 24 hours pointed rainfall recurrence values founded 

are these; 

Years 2 5 10 25 50 100 

Rainfall (mm) 26.6 35.6 41.9 50.3 56.9 63.7 

147

C-Flow 

According to the hydrography given at Graph 7.1.5 the daily average flow rate of 

Harşit Bridge ARİ (Flow Observation Station) on Harşit Creek was over 135.0 m 3 /s during 

June 1963. Harşit Creek Torul ARİ numbered as 22-09 has 1902.7 km 2 rainfall area. 

According to statistical analysis of peak flow rate values of 23 years of 1967-1983 

observation period, its index has been observed as fit ton LogNormal Type 3. The 

recurrence values found according to this division are in the following; 

Years 2 5 10 25 50 100 

Flow Rate (m 3 /s) 117.4 173.4 211.4 260.3 297.3 334.8 

D-Flood Areas and Damages 

Settlements and cultivated areas located in narrow areas in between both shores of 

35-40 km water shore from Geçithan Region around Gümüşhane along the Harşit Creek 

riverbed to Beşkilise have been subjected to flood. Estimated damage amount in 2,839 

decares of land flood area is 801,709 TL (as of unit price of 1963). 

7.1.4.2.1. Flood in Van Surroundings (01.04.1969) 

Because of heavy rainfalls during 1 April 1969 many streams around Van have 

flooded and damages occurred. 

A-River basin 

Van Lake river basin is deprived of forest consists of bare mountains and hills. The 

flooding streams in this river basin are the streams of Akköprü, Kurubaş Ergil, Zilan, and 

Keşo. 

B-Rainfall 

It is observed that there is snow and rain with snowy weather in the Eastern 

Anatolia region of Turkey during 1 April 1969 and also the decreases in the heat also 

observed. Rainfall value measured in Tatvan during 1 April 1969 was 56.7 mm. The 

isohyet map of measured rainfall values is given in Map 7.1.11. 

The altitude of Van State Meteorology Station is 1,725 meters. According to the 

statistical analysis of daily the most rainfall values in 68 yearly observation period of 1929- 

1997 of this station, its index has been observed to fit Log-Normal Type 3 division the 

numerical values found are result of the division are in the following; 

Years 2 5 10 25 50 100 

Rainfall (mm) 26.0 33.1 37.8 44.0 48.6 53.3 

C-Flow 

The confirmed flow rate of flood of the streams that contributed in the flood is 

these; 

148

Van – Kurubaş Creek 14.7 m 3 /s 

Van – Akköprü Creek 20.0 m 3 /s 

Van – Zilan Creek 70.0 m 3 /s 

Van – Engil Creek 45.0 m 3 /s 

According to hydrograph given in Graph 7.1.4 and drawn from Koçköprü ARİ’s 

daily average flow rates, flow rate in Zilan Creek is over 70.0m 3 /s on 1 April 1969. 

According to the statistical analysis of momentary peak flow rate index of 29 years 

term of Karasu-Erdeviz ARİ’s 1964-1992 observation period which is numbered as 25-12 

and having 1,334 km 2 rainfalls area. Its index is fit to Log-Pearson Type 3 Division. The 

numerical values founded according to this division are these; 

Years 2 5 10 25 50 100 

Flow Rate (m 3 /s) 25.8 44.5 60.0 83.6 104.2 127.8 

D-Flooded Areas and Damages 

Kurubaş and Akköprü creeks caused floods in Eminpaşa and Buzhane districts and 

200 decares of land left under torrent and a house collapsed. These two creeks caused 

floods in 1,500 decares of land and 269,750 TL (1969) of damages. 

Engil Creek caused torrent in Harmik village of Gürpõnar district and 250 decares 

of land left under torrent and settlements were subjected to flood incidents and 1 bridge 

collapsed. 23,500 TL (1969) economic losses have occurred. 

Zilan Creek caused torrents in Çelebibağ village, 400 decares of land, 95 houses 

left under torrents and this has caused 90cm rise in the Van Lake's level. Zilan Creek 

caused a total of 448,191 TL damages. The map showing the flood region is given at Map 

7.1.12. 

7.1.4.2.2. The Flood in Muş Surroundings (01.04.1969) 

Because of heavy rainfalls during 1 April 1969 the streams around of Muş flooded 

and damages occurred. 

A-River basin 

There have been floods in Murat River and Karasu Creek and a few streams in Muş 

Plain joined them. The river basin is deprived of forest consists of mountains and hill 

slopes. 

B-Rainfall 

During 1 April 1969 the weather was snowy and rainy with snow and a decrease 

has been observed in the air temperature. The amount of rainfall recorded during 1 April 

1969 is 13.5 mm in Muş. 

The altitude of Muş State Meteorology Station is 1,284 meters. According to the 

statistical analysis of 56 years of period between 1934-1993 observation period on this 

149

station the most rainfall values’ result the index is fit to the division of Log-Pearson Type 

3. The numerical values of this division are these; 

Years 2 5 10 25 50 100 

Rainfall (mm) 48.9 63.3 72.7 84.5 93.2 102.0 

C-Flow 

Because of the low slope along Muş Plain and irregularity of riverbeds, land and a 

few villages are subjected to floods frequently. The effects of that is much in the floods. 

The hydrograph drawn according to daily average flow rates of Karaköprü-Karasu 

ARI on 1 April 1969 and given in Graph 7.1.3 is over 397.0 m3/s. According to statistical 

analysis made with momentary peak flow rate index of 26 years term of 1969-1994 

observation period of Karaköprü-Karasu ARİ which was numbered as 2,157 and has 

2,098.4 km 2 the index has been observed to fit to Log-Normal type 3 division. The 

numerical values according to result of this division are these; 

Years 2 5 10 25 50 100 

Flow Rate (m 3 /s) 252.0 368.2 432.2 503.0 550.1 593.5 


The map of the areas left under floods occurred during 1 April 1969 is given at 

Map 7.1.13. Karasu and Çar creeks threatened the houses and they are evacuated. Aluarinç 

river is passing from the inside of Karaağaçlõ village and there exist landslides in both 

sides of it. During the flood, landslides have occurred. Because of these 4 houses collapsed 

and 3,000 decares of land left under torrents and damages costed 384,000TL(1969). 

7.1.4.2.3. Floods in Bitlis Surroundings (11.04.1963) 

Continuously and occasionally heavy rainfalls on 11 April 1963 caused floods and 

rainfalls caused damages directly. 

A-River basin 

The river basin is located in the Dicle River basin. 

B-Rainfalls 

The rainfalls between 8-13 April were the continuous and sometimes heavy 

rainfalls. The isohyet map drawn according to the rainfalls in the river basin is given at 

Map 7.1.14. The amount of rainfall is 47.6 mm. 

The altitude of Bitlis Meteorology Station is 1,550 meters. Due to the statistical 

analysis made with observation values of 60 years of observation during the between 1929- 

1997 of this station, the index has been observed to fit to LogNormal Type 3 division. The 

numerical values found according to this division are as below; 

150

Years 2 5 10 25 50 100 

Rainfall (mm) 62.7 79.7 88.6 98.2 104.4 110.0 

C-Flow 

Bitlis Creek in Dicle river basin according to the hydrograph given at Graph 7.1.2 

and drawn according to daily average flow rate of Baykan ARİ has been over 250.0m3s. 

Bitlis creek numbered as 2,610 and having 640.4 km 2 rainfall areas has been fit to 

the index of Gumber Division found according to the result of statistical analysis made 

with momentary peak flow rate series of 37 years of observation period between 1955- 

1994 of Baykan ARİ. Founded numerical values are these; 

Years 2 5 10 25 50 100 

Flow Rate (m3/s) 193.8 298.9 368.5 456.4 521.7 586.4 


Bitlis Creek flowing from the inside of Bitlis city flooded and heavy damages 

occurred inside of the city. 1 mill, 1 bridge, 100 meters of wall, 1 house collapsed and total 

damage has been 300,000 TL (1969). 

7.1.4.2.4. Floods in Malatya Surroundings (24.04.1963) 

Because of heavy rains, Kõrmõzõbayõr stream in Ağõlyazõ Village of Darende county 

of Malatya flooded and it caused life and property losses. 

A-River basin 

The area where flood occurred is in the shore of Ayvalõ-Tohma stream in north east 

of Darende. 

B-Rainfall 

The amount of rainfall that was determined on 24 April was not much high. The 

rainfall caused flood has been as a heavy shower. The amount of rainfall on the same day 

in Malatya was 21.3 mm. 

The altitude of Malatya Meteorology Station is 998 meters. According to the result 

of the statistical analysis made with 69 years of observation values during 1929-1997 

observation of this station, the series have been seen to fit to Gumbel division and the 

numerical values are these; 

Years 2 5 10 25 50 100 

Rainfall (mm) 30.2 39.0 44.8 52.2 57.7 63.1 

151

C-Flow 

There is not an ARİ on the stream that caused the flood. Bey river numbered as 

2,131 and having 277.6 km 2 rainfall area. According to the result of the statistical analysis 

made with 38 years of yearly momentary peak flow rates during 1957-1994 observation 

period of Kõlayõk ARİ it has been observed that the series fitted to Log-Pearson Type 3 

division and the numerical values are given as; 

Years 2 5 10 25 50 100 

Flow Rate (m 3 /s) 20.9 46.6 72.4 118.3 164.1 221.8 


20 sheep died in the sheepfold that is on the riverbank. 3 of the owners of the 

sheepfold have died and 2 persons have been wounded. 5 decares of land have been left 

under waters and economic losses totally have been 6,000 TL (1963). 

7.1.4.2.5. Floods in Erzincan Surroundings 

As a result of heavy rains Kabuşu village of Erzincan center on 28 May 1963 and 

Vazgirt village on 5 July 1963 have been subjected to floods. 

A-River basin 

The rainfall areas of streams that caused floods are 2-3 km 2 . The streams that 

caused flood were mainly Kağõrdõgün, Kabuşu, Çamlõ and Çanağõm rivers. The river 

slopes are more and consisted of bare slopes. 

B-Rainfall 

It has not been observed high rainfall values when the flood occurred but heavy 

showers existed. 1.5 mm rainfall has observed in Erzincan on 28 May. 

The altitude of Erzincan Meteorology Station is 1,215 meters. According to the 

result of statistical analyses made with 67 yearly observation value during 1929-1997 

observation period in this station, it has been seen that the series fit to Log-Pearson Type 3 

and the result of the numerical values are given as; 

Years 2 5 10 25 50 100 

Rainfall (mm) 24.8 34.5 42.3 53.9 63.9 75.2 

C-Flow 

There is not an ARİ on the streams where flood occurred. 28m 3 /s remnants have 

been determined in Yoğurt River according to the flood paths. 

Fõrat River that is numbered as 2,119 and having 10,356 km 2 according to the result 

of statistical analyses made with 27 years of momentary peak flow rate during 1960-1987 

observation period of Kemah Strait ARİ, the series are fit to Log-Pearson Type 3. Founded 

numerical values are given as below; 

152

Years 2 5 10 25 50 100 

Flow rate (m 3 /s) 449.6 629.3 749.6 902.6 1017.4 1132.5 


A total of 46 decares of cultivated areas and 7 decares of fallowing areas have been 

damaged during 29 May flood and the total economic losses have been 19,250 TL (1963). 

In the flood on 5 July, a total of 48,500TL(1963) losses have occurred. 

7.1.4.2.6. Floods in Erzurum Surroundings 

14 July 1963 İspir 

24 July 1963 Villages of Erzurum 

14 August 1963 Because of heavy showers in Pasinler, there have been floods in 

the rivers, which run through the settlements. 

A-River basin 

The rainfall areas are weak from plantation aspect and consist of bare upright 

slopes. 

B-Rainfall 

There have not been heavy rainfalls in the river basin during the dates when floods 

occurred. The altitude of Erzurum Meteorology Station is 1,869 meters. According to the 

result of statistical analyses made with values of 66 years during the 1929-1994 

observation period of this station, the series has been seen fit to Gumble Division and 

founded numerical values are given as; 

Years 2 5 10 25 50 100 

Rainfall (mm) 26.4 34.8 40.4 47.5 52.7 57.9 

C-Flow 

There is not an ARİ on the streams where flood occurred. According to the flood 

paths, the flow rates were founded as 555.0 m 3 /s on 14 July floods and were founded as 

16.4 m 3 /s in Rizekent village during 24 July floods. Karasu numbered as 21-200 and 

having 1,545.3 km 2 rainfall areas, according to the result of statistical analyses made with 

7 years of observation values during the observation period of 1985-1992 of Ilõca ARİ it 

has been determined that it fits Gumbel Division and the numerical values are given as; 

Years 2 5 10 25 50 100 

Flow Rate (m 3 /s) 47.4 74.5 92.5 115.2 132.0 148.7 


In İspir district with the collapse of walls built on the shores of streams damages of 

120,015 TL (1963). 

153

Aksu village; 125 decares of land left under torrent and 9,494 TL of looses (1963) 

and 12 houses and 1 stable collapsed and again 87,800 TL (1963) looses, 19 sheep died 

and total economicloss was 105,044 TL (1963). 

In Rizekent village; 5 houses, 8 stables and 8 barns collapsed, 280 decares of clover 

land was damaged and the total economic loss was 134,200 TL (1963). 

Gelinkaya Village; 103 decares of cultivated land was damaged, 23 house, 15 

stables, 8 barns collapsed and 75 sheep were killed and 2 people died and the total 

economic loss was 224,408 TL (1963). 

In Hasankale; 51 houses collapsed, 41 cattles and 46 sheep/goats were killed, 1 

person died and the total economic lose was 291,200TL (1963). 

7.1.4.2.7. Floods around the other provinces 

According to the records of the General Directorate of State Hydraulic Works until 

1970, there have not been met any floods and their damages in Bingöl, Elazõğ, Hakkari, 

Iğdõr, Kars and Tunceli cities and their surroundings. 

RAINFALL 

Pointed rainfall recurrences of 24 hours that were found as the result of statistical 

analyses made with the daily the most rainfall values during the observation period of 

above mentioned stations are given as; 

Station Obs. Per. P.D.F 2 5 10 25 50 100 

Hakkari 1940-1987 G 46.7 59.1 67.3 77.6 85.3 92.9 

Kars 1929-1996 LP3 26.3 33.8 39.5 47.6 54.4 61.8 

Bayburt 1929-1995 LP3 25.8 34.3 40.2 48.1 54.2 60.6 

Tunceli 1950-1997 G2P 51.7 71.5 85.4 103.3 116.6 130.0 

Bingöl 1943-1997 LP3 52.2 67.9 78.1 91.0 100.5 110.0 

Ardahan 1938-1995 G2P 28.6 38.6 45.6 54.7 61.5 68.2 

Ağrõ 1930-1987 LP3 28.4 42.0 53.6 71.7 88.1 107.3 

Iğdõr 1929-1997 LP3 17.6 24.3 29.1 35.5 40.5 45.8 

Elazõğ 1929-1997 LP3 29.7 40.2 47.1 55.7 62.0 68.3 

FLOW 

The recurrence values are given below that has been made with the momentary 

flow rate peak series belonging to ARİ and the statistical analyses are given as; 

154

Station Obs. Per. P.D.F 2 5 10 25 50 100 

2620(Hakkari) 1971-1993 LP3 266.1 422.2 559.9 781.8 988.0 1235.0 

2409(Kars) 1963-1994 G2P 113.6 196.6 254.7 329.4 385.0 440.0 

2304(Bayburt) 1942-1994 LN2 83.4 121.7 148.3 183.2 209.8 237.0 

2133(Tunceli) 1969-1994 G2P 505.9 719.2 825.5 1012.6 1126.0 1235.4 

2164(Bingöl) 1970-1994 G 515.9 783.6 960.9 1184.8 1351.0 1516.0 

2415(Ardahan) 1971-1994 LP3 161.9 217.4 252.2 294.1 324.1 353.0 

2122(Ağrõ) 1962-1994 LN2 488.3 680.5 809.4 974.0 1097.4 1222.0 

24-20(Iğdõr) 1965-1989 LN2 584.9 894.9 1117.8 1417.1 1651.3 1895.2 

2166(Elazõğ) 1970-1994 G 703.5 1046.8 1274.1 1561.3 1774.3 1985.8 

Abbreviations: 

G : Gumbel 

LP3 : Log-Pearson Type 3 

G2P : Gamma 2 Parametered 

LN2 : LogNormal 2 Parametered 

PDF : Probability Density Function 

As a result, to compute the flood flow rates in a city the flow rates of flood in 

streams in the villages where there is flood risk should be counted. Then sensitive areas to 

flood should be pointed out by determining the flood areas and solutions should be 

produced for necessary measures. Then these should be applied in districts and cities 

(thinking that sub streams forming the main streams, the first solution should be provided 

starting from the resource). In the future researches flood flow rate recurrence should be 

determined for points which are examined with the synthetic methods depending on 

rainfall observation data and in the contents on river basin depending on flow observation 

data and the flood areas should be found according to the flow rates. As a result of this 

research, the flood sensitive areas should be determined. 

The examples given above are prepared according to the records of the General 

Directorate of State Hydraulic Works prepared in certain periods. For this reason, it could 

not be possible to submit information on the recently occurred floods. In the future studies 

with land and map determinations will be made on the right place, and after the flood flow 

rate accounts have been counted, the flood areas would be determined. Also, the areas 

sensitive to the floods would be determined (100-500 years of period). 

155

Graph 7.1.2: Hydrography of Baykan Flood in Bitlis Stream 

Source : SHW 

Source : SHW 

Graph 7.1.3: Hydrography of Karasu-Karaköprü flood 

156

Source : SHW 

Graph 7.1.4: Hydrography of Zidan D.Koç Flood 

Graph 7.1.5: Hydrography of Harşit Bridge Floods in Harşit 

Source : SHW 

157

Source: SHW 

Map 7.1.11: Isohyet Map Recorded at Tatvan on 1 April 1969 

158

Source: SHW 

Map 7.1.12: Flood Regions 

159

Source: SHW 

Map 7.1.13: Area Covered by Floods on 1 April 1969 

160

Source: SHW 

Map 7.1.14: Isohyet Map Obtained from the Rain Falling on River Basin 

161

7.2. SETTLEMENT CONFIGURATION OF THE REGION 

7.2.1. Rural Settlements 

There are 6,556 head of village administration units in 16 cities in the EAP project 

region. There are 34,962 villages in Turkey at the same year. When these two data 

compared with each other, it can be seen that 18.8 percent of Turkey’s villages are in the 

EAP Region. The total number of the other settlement places belonging to these villages 

are totally 8,848, which are 3,594 of districts, 4,384 of hamlet, 697 of small village, 21 of 

nomad site and 152 of other settlement unit (Table 7.2.1.). It is understood that, there are 

totally 10,150 permanent rural settlements in region consisting of 6,556 villages and 3,594 

districts. Furthermore, if the most of the hamlet is taken into account as the permanent 

settlements the number of the settlements can be concluded as over 14,500. 

Table 7.2.1: Distribution of Rural Settlement Places in EAP Region in Respect to 

Provinces 

Provinces Number of Population Legally Tied Population Total 

Total 

Village 

Settlements Population 

Ağrõ 570 242,585 359 33,813 929 276,398 

Ardahan 239 115,635 45 8,855 284 124,490 

Bayburt 171 53,454 56 1,524 227 54,978 

Bingöl 318 107,916 770 44,023 1,088 151,939 

Bitlis 334 125,166 295 40,684 629 165,850 

Elazõğ 547 137,393 663 42,583 1,210 179,976 

Erzincan 545 92,810 244 11,894 789 104,704 

Erzurum 1,035 362,808 486 42,328 1,521 405,136 

Gümüşhane 330 73,533 476 20,142 806 93,675 

Hakkari 120 35,192 453 52,148 573 87,340 

Iğdõr 158 73,500 56 8,637 214 82,137 

Kars 383 212,455 72 7,997 455 220,452 

Malatya 501 139,546 1,153 63,921 1,654 203,467 

Muş 363 199,874 202 22,036 565 221,910 

Tunceli 368 47,828 854 32,141 1,222 79,969 

Van 574 304,770 451 55,400 1,025 360,170 

TOTAL 6,556 2,324,465 6,635 488,126 13,191 2,812,591 

Total for 

Turkey 

34,962 12,699,434 41,495 3,554,223 76,457 16,253,657 

Percent 18.8 18.3 15.9 13.7 17.4 17.3 

Source: SIS 1997 Census Results and 1998 GDRA Planning and Research Division 

162

Map 7.2.1: Distribution of Central Villages with Respect to Provinces in the EAP 

Region (1997) 

Source: SIS Cencus Results (1997) 

163

As it is understood from the data of related table there are 6,556 village settlements 

and 6,635 legally tied settlements to these villages. There are totally 13,191 rural 

settlement units in the EAP Region. However at the same period (1.1.1998), there are 

34,962 village settlements and 41,495 legally tied settlements to them. 

The population living in the villages in the Eastern Anatolia Region is 2,324, 465 

and it is about 18.3 percent (12,699,434) of village population of the country. However, the 

ratio of the number of village settlements in the region to the number of village settlements 

in the country (34,962) is as much as 18.8 percent near to this values. While the number of 

legally tied settlements to a village is 1.2 in Turkey, this value is lower as much as 1.0 in 

the region. While the population is 85.6 per legally tied settlement in the country wide, it 

decreases to 73.5 in the region. Without doubt this is related with the temporary legally 

tied settlements in the region. 

There have been 3,594 districts in the EAP region and according to this, 

theoretically there is 0.6 district per village. From this point of view it has been understood 

that the settlement in the region is not much in parts. The regional cities where there are 

most dense district settlements are mainly Malatya, Hakkari, Gümüşhane, Erzurum and 

Elazõğ. The number of districts per village reached to 2.2 in Hakkari, 1.7 in Malatya, 1.2 in 

Gümüşhane. Being the number of district more per village in these cities shows that the 

settlement is rather in pieces and found as scattered. Being the rural settlements scattered 

and in pieces especially in Hakkari and Gümüşhane is resulted from the roughness of the 

topography of these provinces. 

There are 4,384 hamlet settlements in the cities in EAP region. Although there are 

almost hamlet settlements in the cities of regions, most of them are in the borders of cities 

like Tunceli, Bingöl, Elazõğ, Van, Bitlis, Hakkari, Erzincan, Muş and Ağrõ. These cities 

consist of 96 percent of the total number of these fields. The number of hamlet per village 

reaches to 2.6 in Tunceli, 2.3 in Bingöl, 2.1 in Hakkari and 1.6 in Bitlis. The cities where 

sheltered settlements concentrated mostly are Erzurum (418) and Tunceli (148). The 

number of the encampments and stables is not so many in the region. 

709 of the village settlements in EAP region are determined as central vilage and it 

has been designed as to serve for approximately 3,629 villages and 3,747 legally tied 

settlements in their hinterland (Table 7.2.2.). 

164

Table.7.2.2: Distribution of Villages and Central Villages in the EAP Region in 

Respect to Provinces (1997) 

Provinces Number of 

Central 

Villages 

Number of 

Legally Tied 

Villages and 

Hamlets 

165 

Number of 

Villages under 

Municipality 

Organization 

Ağrõ 51 363+128 2 

Ardahan 35 159 2 

Bayburt 12 72+6 3 

Bingöl 42 176+503 3 

Bitlis 50 220+261 5 

Elazõğ 40 238+264 15 

Erzincan 47 326+210 8 

Erzurum 74 390+184 12 

Gümüşhane 31 234+242 5 

Hakkari 25 30+152 4 

Iğdõr 11 56+25 - 

Kars 37 171 2 

Malatya 86 390+757 30 

Muş 48 360+171 18 

Tunceli 41 236+729 2 

Van 79 208+115 1 

TOTAL 709 3,629+3,747 112 

Total for Turkey 6,715 

Percent 10.4 

Source: SIS 1997 Census Results and second edition of Official Gazette dated on 25 April 

1997 and numbered as 22,970. 

From their geographical location and population size aspects, these villages where 

services are concentrated can be functionalised as small attraction centers for their next 

environs. Because of the disadvantages like less population and distance, the service to 

every village will cause to the investments be not functional and idle. Among the central 

villages, although they are partially or tried to be, some investments and service sectors, 

district settlements keep their importance. As a matter of the fact that approximately 15.6 

percent of these villages have the character of the settlements under municipality 

organization (Appendix1. Central Villages Map, Appendix2. Central Villages and 

Municipalities Geographic Distribution Map according to Provinces). 

7.2.1.1. Village Densities in the EAP Region 

There are 6,735 village settlements in the EAP region and these villages are totally 

138,475 km 2 of surface area. When these two data compared to each other, it can be 

resulted that the number of villages per 1,000 km 2 is 48.6 in the region (Table 7.2.3). If the 

density of village settlements of Turkey is taken into consideration as 44.5 in 1997, it can 

be seen that village density in the provinces of EAP region is a bit more than Turkey’s 

general.

Table 7.2.3: Status of Number of Villages per 1000 km 2 in EAP Region in Respect to 

Provinces 

Provinces Total Number of Villages Total Surface Area of 

Villages 

(km 2 ) 

166 

Number of Villages 

per 1000 km 2 

Ağrõ 570 9,124 62.5 

Ardahan 243 4,364 55.7 

Bayburt 175 3,358 52.1 

Bingöl 329 7,260 45.3 

Bitlis 342 5,858 58.4 

Elazõğ 566 7,981 Max 70.9 

Erzincan 564 10,740 52.5 

Erzurum 1,058 22,526 47.0 

Gümüşhane 337 5,890 57.2 

Hakkari 125 8,660 Min 14.4 

Iğdõr 161 2,426 66.4 

Kars 384 8,679 44.2 

Malatya 539 10,362 52.0 

Muş 380 7,863 48.3 

Tunceli 377 6,668 56.5 

Van 585 16,716 35.0 

TOTAL 6,735 138,475 48.6 

Source: Calculated from SIS 1997 Census Results 

The cities which have danser villages are Elazõğ, Iğdõr, Ağrõ, Bitlis, Gümüşhane, 

Tunceli and Ardahan. Hakkari with its density of 14.4 villages per 1,000 km 2 is the last 

city in the region from the village density aspect. Van, Bingöl, Kars, Erzurum and Muş are 

among the cities whose village densities are under the average of the region from the 

village density aspect.

Map 7.2.2: Number of Villages per 1,000 km 2 As of Provinces in the 

EAP Region (1997) 

Source: SIS Census Results (1997) 

167

7.2.1.2 EAP Region Villages According to Foundation Places 

According to the result of 1981 Village Inventory Studies 1,501 villages in the EAP 

region out of 6,582 that means 22.8 percent are founded on the plain areas. The remaining 

5,081 or 77.2 percent of total number of villages are founded on the places with different 

slopes. Of course, this is resulted from the rough topographic character of the region. 

4.7 percent of total head of village administration units in the region are cited on 

riverside locations (Table 7.2.4). From the aspect of number of villages cited on riverside 

locations, the first coming provinces are Erzurum, Ağrõ, Bingöl, Malatya, Elazõğ and 

Erzincan. The main reason for this is that these provinces are located on the depression 

areas where the main rivers of the region pass through and therefore they are rich in river 

resources. 

4.7 percent of the villages in the region are located on riverside, 18.1 percent on 

plain, 25.3 percent on ridge, 21.6 percent on valley, 30.3 percent on foot. Of course, this is 

resulted from the rough topographic character of the region. 

Table 7.2.4: Distribution of Villages in EAP Region in Respect to Foundation Places 

Provinces Number 

of 

Villages 

River 

Bay 

Percent Lowland Percent Ridge Percent Valley Percent Foot Percent 

Ağrõ 557 48 8.6 120 21.5 136 24.4 128 23.0 125 22.4 

Ardahan 250 17 6.8 48 19.2 64 25.6 30 12.0 91 36.4 

Bayburt 174 2 1.1 28 16.1 24 13.8 65 37.6 55 31.6 

Bingöl 315 28 8.9 22 7.0 91 28.9 51 16.2 123 39.0 

Bitlis 272 1 0.4 57 21.0 60 22.1 46 16.9 108 39.7 

Elazõğ 565 22 3.9 89 15.6 213 37.8 102 18.1 139 24.6 

Erzincan 558 26 4.7 51 9.1 145 26.0 158 28.3 178 31.9 

Erzurum 1,034 82 7.9 103 10.0 251 24.3 288 27.9 310 30.0 

Gümüşhane 330 3 0.9 18 5.5 94 28.5 100 30.3 115 34.8 

Hakkari 142 5 3.5 6 4.2 5 3.5 77 54.2 49 34.5 

Iğdõr 156 1 0.9 67 42.9 49 31.4 13 9.2 26 16.7 

Kars 371 14 3.8 116 38.8 100 27.0 45 12.1 96 25.9 

Malatya 499 21 4.2 199 39.9 109 21.8 49 9.8 121 24.2 

Muş 368 16 4.3 100 27.2 85 23.1 46 12.5 121 32.9 

Tunceli 424 14 3.3 32 7.5 107 25.2 108 25.5 163 38.4 

Van 567 10 1.8 135 28.0 133 23.5 116 20.5 173 30.5 

Total 6,582 310 4.7 1,191 18.1 1,666 25.3 1.422 21.6 1.993 30.3 

Source: 1981 Village Inventory Studies 

(1997 SIS data could not be used since the studies on it were not complete) 

The villages located on the plains are being 1,191 and this number constitutes 18.1 

percent of the total number of head of village administration units. The cities of the region 

where plain villages are widely located are those within the administrative region and 

having large alluvial plains and plateau plains. As a matter of fact Iğdõr as one of the cities 

where there are the widest plains, the lowland villages constitute 42.9 percent of the total 

number of head of village administration unit. This rate reaches to 39.9 percent in Malatya, 

38.8 percent in Kars, 27.2 percent in Muş and 23.8 percent in Van. 

168

The cities with the least number of villages located on the plains are Bingöl, 

Erzincan, Hakkari, Gümüşhane, Erzurum and Bayburt. Especially in Hakkari, Gümüşhane 

and Bingöl where the landscape is rough the less number of plain villages call attentions. 

The villages located on the sloping surfaces in the region constitute the large 

amount of village number. 

Villages that are founded on the foots of the mountains of the region and sides of 

the mountains constitute 30.3 percent of the total number of villages. The rate of these 

villages are rather less than the region’s average in Malatya, Elazõğ and Ağrõ, this rate 

changes in the other villages between 30-40 percent. Of the total number of the villages in 

the region, 25.3 percent are on ridges and 21.6 percent are on valleys. 

6.0 percent (about 396) of the present village number in the region is inside forest, 

7.4 percent (about 489) is forest side and villages outside forest or villages far to forest. 

Because of the rareness of village inside forest without doubt is related with the fact that 

the forested land covers less area in the region. Beside Gümüşhane and Bayburt locating 

on the Black Sea Region, the rate of villages inside forest and forest side and far to forest is 

rather high (between 15-30 percent) than the total number of villages in Ardahan, Erzurum 

and Erzincan that are on the north of Eastern Anatolia Region and have some lands on the 

Black Sea Region. In the cities of EAP region like Bingöl, Tunceli, Bitlis, Elazõğ and 

Malatya the rate of villages inside forest and forest side villages are changed between 42.5 

percent (Bingöl) and 15 percent (Malatya) in comparison with total number of the villages. 

However, the number of villages inside forest is about 1-2 in Van, Ağrõ and Iğdõr 

provinces. 

7.2.1.3. Villages of EAP Region in Respect to Structures 

Collectively structured settlements are dominant (near to 81 percent) according to 

the number of village settlements when compared to village settlements in EAP region. 

This number constitutes 5,317 (over 6,582) of the total number of the villages in the region 

(Table 7.2.5.). The cities of the region where the rate of the collectively structured village 

is so less, are Tunceli (38.9 percent), Hakkari (49.3 percent), Ardahan (68.0 percent), Kars 

(70.1 percent), Muş (73.6 percent) and Gümüşhane (74.8 percent). Division is a problem of 

the rural settlements in these cities. The number of villages which have loosely structured 

form or less scattered settlement form is respectively high. The rate of the scattered 

structured villages is 55.2 percent in Tunceli, 46.8 percent in Hakkari, 16.7 percent in Kars, 

20.3 percent in Gümüşhane and 15.6 percent in Ardahan. Bayburt, Bitlis, Ağrõ, Erzincan 

and Iğdõr are the cities of the region where the rate of scattered village is the least. 

169

Table 7.2.5: Distribution of Villages in EAP Region in Respect to Type of Villages 


of 

Villages 

Villages 

along the 

Road 

Percent Collective 

Villages 

170 

Percent Dispersed 

Villages 

Percent Sparse 

Villages 

Percent 

Ağrõ 557 16 2.9 492 88.3 40 7.2 9 1.6 

Ardahan 250 14 5.6 170 68.0 39 15.6 27 10.8 

Bayburt 174 4 2.3 162 93.1 7 4.0 1 0.6 

Bingöl 315 -- -- 297 94.3 18 5.7 -- -- 

Bitlis 272 -- -- 259 95.2 13 4.8 -- -- 

Elazõğ 565 -- -- 497 88.0 64 11.3 4 0.7 

Erzincan 558 5 0.9 507 90.9 46 8.2 -- -- 

Erzurum 1,034 13 1.3 923 89.3 84 8.1 14 1.4 

Gümüşhane 330 10 3.0 247 74.8 67 20.3 6 1.8 

Hakkari 142 3 2.1 70 49.3 66 46.8 3 2.1 

Iğdõr 156 3 1.9 134 85.9 15 9.6 4 2.6 

Kars 371 13 3.5 260 70.1 62 16.7 36 9.7 

Malatya 499 2 0.4 429 86.0 67 13.4 1 0.2 

Muş 368 3 0.8 271 93.6 63 17.1 31 8.4 

Tunceli 424 7 1.7 165 38.9 234 55.2 18 4.2 

Van 567 18 3.2 434 76.5 95 16.8 20 3.5 

Total 6,582 111 1.7 5,317 80.8 980 14.9 174 2.6 

Source: 1980 Village Inventory Studies 

7.2.1.4. Villages of EAP Region in Respect to Populations 

According to 1997 DİE census result, rural population in the provinces of EAP 

region was 2,829,923 and 6,735 village settlements were available in 1997. If these two 

numbers are proportioned to each other, the average size of village population is found as 

420. This rate was 624 for the Turkey in general at the same year. It shows that villages of 

the region are being rather less populated villages when compared to Turkey from the size 

of the population aspect. While the number of the villages in the region having population 

less than 250 is reaching to 3,538, the number of villages having population between 251 

and 500 is 1,625. The number of villages having population between 501 and 1,000 is 

1,078. The number of villages having population between 1,001 and 2,000 is 319. The 

number of villages having population more than 2,001 is 175. (Table 7.2.6). So, it can be 

understood from this that more than 87 percent of these villages (6,044 villages) has 

population between 0-1,000. About 67 percent of these villages are the settlements with 

population size under the physical planning service profitability. 

The average village population that is determined as 420 in EAP region villages 

shows important differences according to the cities. Among the cities where population is 

more per village are mainly Muş (972), Hakkari (724), Van (652), Kars (453) and Malatya 

(567). Whereas the average village population size is determined as 82 in Tunceli, 215 in 

Erzincan, 269 in Gümüşhane, 301 in Bayburt and 325 in Elazõğ. These amounts indicates 

that the villages of the above mentioned villages are small villages when compared to the 

amount in the region (Table 7.2.7.). According to the 1997 Census, 184 villages in EAP 

region are being evacuated wholly because of the security problems and immigrations. 

These cities where these villages are located mostly Tunceli with 69 villages, Bitlis with 45

villages, Bingöl with 31 villages and Erzincan with 9 villages. Consequently if these 

villages, which do not have any population are not taken into consideration the average 

population size can be higher in the region. 

Table 7.2.6: Number of Villages in the Provinces of the EAP Region in Respect to 

Population Groups (As of 1997) 

Provinces 

Population Groups 

0-250 Percent 251- Percent 501- Percent 1001- Percent 2001 and Percent Total 

500 

1000 

2000 

More 

Ağrõ 213 37.4 187 32.8 130 22.8 36 6.3 4 0.7 570 

Ardahan 102 42.0 81 33.3 47 19.3 10 4.1 3 1.2 243 

Bayburt 115 65.7 43 24.6 10 5.7 1 0.6 6 3.4 175 

Bingöl 179 54.4 87 26.4 43 13.1 15 4.6 5 1.5 329 

Bitlis 162 47.4 95 27.8 61 17.8 16 4.7 8 2.3 342 

Elazõğ 377 66.6 126 22.3 43 7.6 6 1.1 14 2.5 566 

Erzincan 477 84.6 47 8.3 21 3.7 2 0.4 17 3.0 564 

Erzurum 577 54.5 292 27.6 149 14.1 22 2.1 18 1.7 1.058 

Gümüşhane 243 72.1 61 18.1 17 5.0 4 1.2 12 3.6 337 

Hakkari 38 30.4 27 21.6 35 28.0 14 11.2 11 8.8 125 

Iğdõr 78 48.4 35 21.7 26 16.1 17 10.6 5 3.1 161 

Kars 122 31.8 129 33.6 110 28.6 21 5.5 2 0.5 384 

Malatya 270 50.1 146 27.1 52 9.6 37 6.9 34 6.3 539 

Muş 127 33.4 87 22.9 102 26.8 39 10.3 25 6.6 380 

Tunceli 359 95.2 11 2.9 6 1.6 1 0.3 0 0.0 377 

Van 99 16.9 171 29.2 226 38.6 78 13.3 11 1.9 585 

Total 3,538 52.5 1,625 24.1 1,078 16.0 319 4.7 175 2.6 6,735 

Source: 1997 SIS Census Results 

Table 7.2.7: Average Village Populations of the Provinces in the EAP Region (1997) 

Provinces Number of Villages Population of Village Average Village 

Population 

Ağrõ 570 353,839 435 

Ardahan 243 93,197 390 

Bayburt 175 52,631 301 

Bingöl 329 107,272 326 

Bitlis 342 141,297 413 

Elazõğ 566 184,205 325 

Erzincan 564 121,216 215 

Erzurum 1,058 361,388 342 

Gümüşhane 337 90,821 269 

Hakkari 125 90,541 724 

Iğdõr 161 76,578 476 

Kars 384 173,826 453 

Malatya 539 305,412 567 

Muş 380 369,228 972 

Tunceli 377 30,863 82 

Van 585 381,659 652 

Total 6,735 2,829,923 420 

Source: 1997 SIS Census Results 

171

Map 7.2.3: Average Village Population of the Provinces in the EAP Region (1997) 


172

7.2.2. Evacuated Rural Settlements 

Because of public services (dam construction), natural disasters, security and 

economic problems some of the villages and hamlets were evacuated. These are shown on 

the Table 7.2.8 below. 

Table 7.2.8: Evacuated Rural Settlements in the EAP Region 

Provinces Dam Construction Natural Disasters Economic Reasons Security Reasons Total 

N. H. P. N. H. P. N. H. P. N. H. P. 

Ağrõ* -- -- -- -- 

Ardahan* -- -- -- -- 

Bayburt No abandoned No abandoned No abandoned No abandoned 

Bingöl 23 -- 1,798 18 1,016 8,020 -- -- -- 44 1,071 7,103 85 

Bitlis -- -- -- 3 63 -- -- -- -- 113 3,385 22,744 116 

Elazõğ* -- -- -- -- 

Erzincan -- -- -- 1 27 123 1 15 62 -- -- -- 2 

Erzurum 6 810 1,433 -- -- -- 11 365 1,480 4 31 198 21 

Gümüşhane No abandoned No abandoned No abandoned No abandoned 

Hakkari -- -- -- -- 

Iğdõr* -- -- -- 13 274 1676 13 

Kars -- -- -- 5 134 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 5 

Malatya 42 1,382 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 42 

Muş* -- -- -- -- 

Tunceli -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 184** -- -- 184 

Van 2 132 1,179 169*** 2,856 25,256 171 

639 

N.: Number, H.: House, P.: Population 

*No information was taken from these provinces ** 33 of this amount are villages 

*** 13 of this amount are villages 

Source: Taken from province governorships 

The reasons of the evacuation of 639 rural settlements in EAP region are dam 

construction in 73 of them, natural disasters in 27 of them, natural disasters- economic and 

security reasons in 169 of them, economic reasons in 12 of them and security in 378 of 

them. The villages evacuated because of dam construction were expropriated. Although 

new settlements had been constructed, some of the old settlements were not evacuated 

completely. Out of 73 evacuated villages due to this reason, 23 of them are in Bingöl, 6 of 

them are in Erzurum, 42 of them are in Malatya and 2 of them are in Van. 

The villages in the region evacuated due to economic reasons are located in 

Erzincan (1), Erzurum (11) and Van. However, returns to these villages are out of question. 

Rural settlements, which have been evacuated because of security problems are mostly in 

Iğdõr (13), Bingöl (44), Bitlis (113) and Tunceli (184). However there had been demands 

for return by the inhabitants for most of these rural settlements that had been evacuated due 

to security problems, but their demands had not been accepted. 

173

7.2.2.1.Rural Development Projects 

In the content of EAP region the Eastern Anatolia River Basin Improvement 

Project, which was credited by World Bank and coordinated by the Ministry of Forestry, 

was carried out together with Ministry of Agriculture and Village Services General 

Directorate. 

*Bingöl, Muş Rural Development Project 

With the project, which will cost totally 16,187,000 US Dollars including 

10,115,000 US Dollars of foreign credit and 6,072,000 US Dollars of internal resources in 

Bingöl and Muş provinces; 

225 km of level and gravel road 

90 hectares of irrigation water supply 

500 hectares of irrigation water improvement works 

80 drinking water pond for animal will be done. 

This project that had been put into practice in 1993 will be completed in 1999 

*Eastern Anatolia River Basin Improvement Project 

With the project, which will cost totally 22,573,000 US Dollars including 

15,995,000 US Dollars of foreign credit and 6,578,000 US Dollars of internal sources, 

river basin improvement works will be done in Malatya and Elazõğ provinces of EAP 

region. 

This project that had been put into practice in 1993 will be completed in 1999. 

7.2.3. Urban Settlements 

7.2.3.1. Urban Population Development in the Provinces of EAP Region 

Urban population rate had been gradually increased between 1960-1997 period in 

EAP region (Table 7.2.9). Thus, while only 9.6 percent of population of the region was 

consisting of urban in 1960, this amount reached 15.5 percent in 1970, 20.4 percent in 

1980, 28.8 percent in 1990 and 40.5 percent in 1997. And these rates at the same years had 

been as 21.9 percent, 28.8 percent, 37.1 percent, 51.2 percent and 65.0 percent in Turkey 

respectively. This shows that increase rate in the urban population of this region owns 19.2 

percent urbanisation increase rate between 1960-1990 and 11.7 percent between 1990- 

1997, this has been as 29.3 percent and 13.8 percent respectively in Turkey’s general. 

The cities where urban population rate is over the average are Elazõğ (52.4 percent), 

Malatya (49.1 percent), Hakkari (51.0 percent), Erzurum (46.2 percent), Erzincan (45.5 

percent) and Bitlis (48.6 percent) 

174

Table 7.2.9: Development of Urban Population in the Provinces of the EAP Region 

(1960- 1997) 

Provinces 1960 1970 1980 1990 1997 

Urban Percent Urban Percent Urban Percent Urban Percent Urban Percent 

Population 

Population 

Population 

Population 

Population 

Ağrõ -- -- 29,577 10,1 63,869 17,6 127,010 29,1 183,255 39,3 

Ardahan -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 

Bayburt -- -- -- -- -- -- 33,677 31.4 38,453 38.6 

Bingöl -- -- -- -- 28,146 12.3 41,590 16.6 67,022 28.5 

Bitlis 34,270 26.6 40,680 21.9 67,433 26.1 92,201 27.9 165,106 48.6 

Elazõğ 60,289 21.7 107,364 28.5 142,983 32.4 204,603 41.1 271,796 52.4 

Erzincan 36,420 15.0 58,352 21.1 70,982 25.2 91,772 30.1 127,486 45.5 

Erzurum 90,069 15.8 133,144 19.4 190,241 23.7 264,208 31.1 403,095 46.2 

Gümüşhane -- -- 20,145 7.1 22,578 8.0 26,014 15.4 22,775 14.5 

Hakkari -- -- -- -- -- -- 58,893 34.1 111,816 51.0 

Iğdõr -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 45,941 31.6 

Kars 32,141 5.9 73,681 11.2 105,950 15.1 135,786 20.5 117,817 36.5 

Malatya 83,692 21.2 128,841 25.2 179,074 29.5 281,776 40.1 400,248 49.1 

Muş -- -- 23,058 9.8 36,296 12.0 43,017 11.4 95,815 22.7 

Tunceli -- -- -- -- -- -- 24,513 18.4 24,449 28.3 

Van 22,043 10.4 46,751 14.4 120,383 23.7 193,572 30.4 303,190 39.6 

Total 324,654 9.6 661,893 15.5 1,028,115 20.4 1,618,917 28.8 2,379,134 40.5 

Source: Calculated from Census Results of SIS 

Together with the population increase in the provinces, being the population of 

some settlements over 20,000 and so becoming urban settlements played role in increasing 

the urban population in the region. On the other hand, decrease in the rural population of 

almost all cities during 1990-1997 period had been caused increase in urban population in 

total number of population of these cities. So, although the number of the people living in 

many of the provinces of the region icreased very little there had been relatively rapid 

increase in the urban population rates. The urban population had increased because of this 

reason in Hakkari, Muş, Bingöl, Bitlis, Ağrõ and Tunceli. 

The first coming cities where the urban population increased fast are Hakkari, Muş, 

Bingöl, Bitlis, Ağrõ and Malatya. Besides, the urban population increased at a rate of 89.8 

percent in Hakkari, 22.7 percent in Muş, 61.1 percent in Bingöl, 79.1 percent in Bitlis, 44.2 

percent in Ağrõ and 42.0 percent in Malatya during 1990-1997 period. On the other hand, 

because of the decrease in the rural population, a rapid increase was observed in the urban 

population of these cities during 1990-1997 period. Even in the given period although the 

urban population of Tunceli increased as far as 4,606 people, the decrease in rural 

population was more and the amount of rate of urban population in the total population of 

this city increased very rapidly. Although rural population decreased at an important level 

in both Bayburt and Gümüşhane, since urban population indicated very slow progress the 

increase speed in urban population rate of these cities had been very slow. The cities of 

which urban population increased absolutely the most during 1990-1997 period are 

Malatya (118,472), Van (109,618), Erzurum (138,887) and Elazõğ (67,193). Because urban 

districts which consist of these cities’s center are being the biggest cities of the region and 

these, at the same time, are in a position like main immigration attraction centers for the 

migrations caused due to the region’s conditions. 

175

Table.7.2.10: Population Development in Urban Settlements of the EAP Region 

Having Population More Than 20,000 

Provinces 1960 * 1970 ** 1980 1990 *** 1997**** 

Ağrõ 19,776 29,577 40,532 58,038 69,384 

Doğubeyazõt (Ağrõ) 7,047 13,373 23,517 35,213 48,863 

Patnos (Ağrõ) 3,478 10,916 18,184 33,759 65,008 

Bayburt 11,937 20,145 22,578 33,677 38,453 

Bingöl 8,526 17,220 28,146 41,590 67,022 

Bitlis 16,636 20,482 27,137 38,130 51,927 

Tatvan (Bitlis) 6,533 20,198 40,296 54,071 65,901 

Adilcevaz (Bitlis) 4,615 7,557 10,342 10,103 25,736 

Ahlat (Bitlis) 5,080 7,819 10,422 16,742 21,542 

Elazõğ 60,289 107,364(3) 142,983(3) 204,603(3) 250,534(3) 

Erzincan 36,420 58,352 70,982 91,772 102304(5) 

Erzurum 90,069(1) 133,444(1) 190,241(1) 242,391(2) 298,735(2) 

Oltu (Erzurum) 4,306 8,525 12,351 21,817 29,808 

Pasinler(Erzurum) 7,926 11,166 19,752 19,144 28,283 

Horasan (Erzurum) 4,597 7,409 10,208 14,144 22,806 

Hõnõs (Erzurum) 4,177 6,860 10,684 16,005 23,463 

Gümüşhane 5,132 12,400 12,735 26,014 22,775 

Hakkari 3,982 9,640 18,009 30,407 57,077 

Yüksekova (Hakkari) 1,628 4,419 14,287 28,486 54,739 

Iğdõr 12,730 21,420 24,352 35,858 45,941 

Kars 32,141 53,338 58,799 78,455 93,038 

Sarõkamõş (Kars) 17,529 20,343 22,799 21,743 24,779 

Malatya 83,692 128,841(2) 179,074(2) 281,776(1) 400,248(1) 

Muş 11,965 23,058 36,296 43,017 65,801 

Bulanõk (Muş) 4,900 7,623 9,140 13,332 30,014 

Tunceli 3,818 9,366 12,859 24,513 24,449 

Van 22,043 46,751 92,801 153,111 226965(4) 

Erciş (Van) 9,927 19,532 27,582 40,481 77,095 

Kovancõlar (Elazõğ) 1,986 2,466 4,822 10,270 21,262 

Üzümlü (Erzincan) 3,648 5,112 6,183 17,314 25,182 

Total 452,713 844,716 1,198,093 1,735,976 2,379,134 

Source: Calculated from 1990 General Census Bulletin and 1997 General Census data of SIS 

* According to 1960 Census results the only city that reached to 100,000 population is Erzurum. 

** According to 1970 Census results there has been 3 cities that have population over 100,000. 

1-Erzurum 2-Malatya 3-Elazõğ 

*** In the 1990 Census the order of city with a population over 100,000 had been changed and Van has 

been added. 

*** According to 1997 Census results Erzincan has been added to the cities which have population over 

100,000. 

According to 1997 Census, the populations of 30 settlements in EAP region are 

more than 20 thousands. When 20 thousands population criteria is taken into account in 

Rural-Urban division, it is understood that only 30 or 11 percent of 278 settlements where 

municipal organisations are founded have urban character. There is an increase, even it is 

slow, in the number of urban settlements of the region. Thus the number of the cities, 

which was 6 in 1960 increased to 16 in 1970, 22 in 1990 and 30 in 1997. Consequently 

during 30 years including 1960-1997 period, the number of cities in the region increased 

five times (Table 7.2.10). 

176

The 8.3 percent (264 numbers) of the number of city in Turkey in 1990 was in the 

EAP region. As of 1997, the number of city per 5,186 km 2 was just one. This amount was 

7,072 km 2 in 1990. If it is noticed that the number of city per 2,935 km 2 is globally one at 

the same year in Turkey It can be understood that number of cities is very less according to 

the amount of surface are in EAP region. 

Among 16 city centers in the region only the population of Ardahan is under 20 

thousands (it was 15,626 in 1997). However, there is no settlement whose population is 

over 20 thousands in Malatya, Bingöl, Iğdõr, Gümüşhane and Bayburt except city centers. 

The population of the other 10 cities and 15 county centers is over 20 thousands. In the 

development of county centers that are near to the borders, becoming of these cities as 

garrison centers play important role. Sarõkamõş, Doğubeyazõt and Patnos are the typical 

examples of these cities. Erciş, Tatvan, Adilcevaz and Ahlat which are located on the 

shores of Lake Van are developed cities due to advantage of being founded convenient 

position when compared to the other counties. In the development of Oltu, Pasinler, 

Horasan, Üzümlü and Kovancõlar counties, the main role depends on the fact of these 

counties being founded depression fields that own the most convenient life conditions. 

Furthermore, existence of military troops in the cities like Pasinler and Oltu is being 

effective in the development of these cities. 

Within the urban settlement category, there had been living 2,379,134 people in 30 

settlements, which have population more than 20 thousands in 1997. As the population of 

the region is 5,868,535 in the same year and when these two amounts are compared to each 

other, it can be understood that only 40.5 percent of the population of the region is 

composed of urban population. Being this rate 42.1 percent in Turkey in 1997 shows that 

urbanisation activity is very less in provinces EAP region when compared to Turkey in 

general. On the other hand about half of the urban population in the region lives in four 

provinces like Malatya, Erzurum, Elazõğ and Van. These cities at the same time are the 

most developed cities of the region and are the centers where a part of the migrations 

originated from the inside of region is directed to. 

177

K.MARAS 

ORDU 

TOKAT 

SIVAS 

GAZIANTEP 

MALATYA 

Map 7.2.4: Provinces of The Eastern Anatolia Region 

GIRESUN 

ADIYAMAN 

Source: Turkey Map 

Syria 

BLACK SEA Georgia 

N 

GÜMÜŞHANE 

ERZİNCAN 

TUNCELİ 

ELAZIĞ 

SANLIURFA 

TRABZON 

BAYBURT 

1 654 000 

MALATYA-ELAZIĞ ALT BÖLGESİ 

DIYARBAKIR 

RIZE 

BİNGÖL 

MARDIN 

178 

ARTVIN 

ERZURUM 

BATMAN 

MUŞ 

BİTLİS 

SIIRT 

2 892 000 

ARDAHAN 

SIRNAK 

KARS 

ERZURUM ALT BÖLGESİ 

AĞRI 

Iraq 

IĞDIR 

VAN VAN ALT BÖLGESİ 

HAKKARİ 

W 

Armenia 

S 

Iran 

E

Map 7.2.5: Urban Centers in The Eastern Anatolia Region and Transportation 

Connections 

Source:GDH, Highways Map (1998) 

179

7.2.3.2. Functional Structure of Provinces in the EAP Region 

If an analysis of functional structure of the settlements that own administrative 

organisation is made depending on the data drawn from 1990 Census, urban functions of 

these settlements became important as far as the population increased. As a matter of the 

fact that services sector in 74, agriculture sector in 33 and industry sector in 2 of 109 

county centers where the population is under 20,000 have been getting important as a 

dominant economic function. In the EAP region, which is known as an agriculture and 

animal husbandry region, most of the province and county centers are the towns of 

agriculture in reality. However, since they are administrative centers, service function is 

reflected as dominant economic function in the statistics and therefore public investments 

and administrative departments became very effective in the development of these centers. 

The instability among the economic activity branches becomes the most important problem 

in the settlements whose population is less than 20,000. Moreover since trade, 

transportation and financial services, which are the symbols of urbanisation are carried out 

at a low rate in these settlements with some exceptions, urbanisation rate is very low. 

According to 1990 Census, there were 22 settlements, which have population more 

than 20,000 in EAP region. Among these Malatya, Erzurum and Elazõğ have population 

more than 20,000; and Van has population of 150-200,000. The population of other 4 

provinces change between 50-100,000 and that of other 14 cities change 20-50,000. The 

population working in in agriculture is around 5 percent in 3 city centers where population 

is over 200,000 (Table 7.2.11). In these three city centers the rate of the population 

working in trade, transportation and financial services field that are very important from 

urbanisation aspect is more than 25 percent. As it is seen, many functions become 

important in the cities having population over 200,000 and therefore working population is 

divided into different means of subsistence. 

Van and Erzincan can also be added to this group. But, the population working in 

agriculture being 11 percent in Van and the population dealing with trade being under 10 

percent in Erzincan separates these cities from other cities. This situation is different in the 

other cities whose population between 50,000-100,000. In the cities of this group the 

population working in agriculture rises over 10 percent and dealing with trade is about 10 

percent. Moreover, public works in all cities whose population more than 50,000 change 

between 40-60 percent. The rate of population working in industry is being 17.2 percent in 

Malatya and 14.9 percent in Elazõğ; and it falls under 11.0 percent in the others. This 

shows that industry is not developed much in the cities of the EAP region. 

14 of the cities in the region have population between 20-50,000. The population 

working in agriculture is under 10 percent in Muş and Bingöl. Since population working in 

trade is between 10-15 percnet and population working in public works is between 35-55 

percent, these two centers can be added to the other urban groups that consist of various 

living subsistence functions. From other settlements Hakkari is separated from other group 

although its low trading population rate beside its low agricultural population. Morever 

more military population and being city center result in increased public services to 69.2 

percent. Trade, transportation and financial services reach to almost 10 percent in Hakkari. 

180

Because of irregular division of the active population to economic activities, there is no 

real urbanisation character. 

Table 7.2.11: Sectorial Distribution of Active Population in the Cities of the EAP 

Region Having Population More Than 20,000 (1990) 

Provinces Total Active % Social Industry Agriculture 

(%) 

Unknown 

Population Population 

Services 

Ağrõ 58,038 13,630 23.5 76.7 11.1 10.9 1.3 

Bayburt 33,677 8,618 25.6 75.6 9.6 14.0 0.8 

Bingöl 41,590 9,161 22.0 86.4 6.2 7.2 0.2 

Bitlis 38,180 8,661 22.7 66.2 14.0 19.6 0.2 

Doğubeyazõt (Ağrõ) 35,213 8,855 25.1 75.8 3.8 19.2 1.2 

Elazõğ 204,603 42,925 21.0 79.4 14.9 4.5 1.2 

Erciş (Van) 40,481 9,449 23.3 69.8 7.5 21.7 1.0 

Erzincan 91,772 29,793 32.5 82.8 11.9 4.5 0.8 

Erzurum 242,391 57,641 23.8 83.4 11.5 3.5 1.6 

Gümüşhane 26,014 6,385 24.5 83.2 7.5 7.5 1.8 

Hakkari 30,407 7,981 26.2 87.4 3.7 8.7 0.2 

Iğdõr 35,858 8,103 22.6 55.5 6.4 37.4 0.7 

Kars 78,455 24,067 30.7 78.3 8.8 12.1 0.8 

Malatya 281,776 64,686 23.0 76.5 17.2 5.2 1.1 

Muş 44,019 8,661 19.7 77.3 12.5 9.9 0.3 

Oltu (Erzurum) 21,817 4,841 22.2 73.5 13.7 11.2 1.6 

Patnos (Ağrõ) 33,759 6,664 19.7 75.6 4.3 12.2 0.9 

Sarõkamõş (Kars) 21,743 10,690 42.2 91.6 4.3 3.8 0.3 

Tatvan (Bitlis) 54,071 12,252 22.7 77.5 8.0 14.4 0.1 

Tunceli 24,513 6,204 25.3 86.1 4.1 9.3 0.5 

Van 153,111 28,057 18.3 78.6 9.1 11.0 1.3 

Yüksekova 

(Hakkari) 

28,486 7,535 26.5 68.2 4.8 26.7 0.3 

Total 1,620,164 384,809 23.6 78.8 10.0 10.3 0.9 

Source: Census Results of SIS, 1990 

The population working in agriculture reaches to 20 percent in Erciş, Bitlis, 

Doğubeyazõt, Patnos and in Yüksekova. Even it is over 20 percent in Erciş and Yüksekova. 

The population dealing with trade changes between 10-15 percent in these centers. 

Because there are military units in Doğubeyazõt and Patnos, the population rate working in 

public services is over 40 percent and near to 40 percent in Erciş, Bitlis and Yüksekova. 

Among these settlements, Iğdõr that have population between 20,000-50,000 and 

became a province recently is different than the others from the functional aspect. Beside 

the agriculture reaching to 40 percent and trade reaching to 15 percent, the public services 

being 25 percent in Iğdõr is conspicuous. The important reason for this is that Iğdõr is 

located on the fertile plain and it has been almost county center while the statistics were 

being prepared in 1990. These factors were effective on the above percentages. In addition, 

industry values are low in Iğdõr. Because of all these reasons it will not be wrong to define 

Iğdõr as a city of having serious agriculture activities. However, because of increased 

public services since being a province, this situation will change day by day. 

181

This situation is different in Tunceli and Sarõkamõş where the agriculture sector rate 

is under 10 percent in the total active population. In Sarõkamõş although the public services 

is 82.4 percent, being the trade, transportation and financial services as low as 7.4 percent 

and active population rate as high as 49.2 percent is a result of its military center character. 

Although there are security units in Tunceli, reaching the public services to 60.9 percent 

and being a city center decreases the effect of military population here. Furthermore, 

increasing the population rate working in trade, transportation and financial services to 

14.6 percent enforces urban character of Tunceli. 

182

Map 7.2.6: Sectorial Distribution of Active Population As of Provinces Having 

Population More Than 20,000 (1990) 


183

7.2.4. Distribution of Urban Settlements 

When the foundation of places of the cities left within EAP region are examined, it 

is observed that the ones which is in harmony with geographic environment that means 

cities having high agricultural potential, convenient climate, location areas not limited by 

geomorphologic factors are in a rapid development. The county centers, founded in the 

regions that are off the main road to the highways and where economic potential is 

relatively weak, constitute the least populated cities where working branches other than 

agriculture are less developed. 

EAP region covers a section of Turkey where average altitude is around 2,000m. 

Although it gives an impression of a mountainous region when it is looked at small scale 

maps, it can be understood easily that it lays on the plains, plateau surfaces valley bases 

both widen and narrowed and on large erosion surfaces when a detailed observation is 

made. It can be said that general geomorphologic structure determines the division of the 

cities in region as regards to main character ( Map 7.1.2). 

It can be seen that the main cities within EAP region are set up in an order of plains 

and depressions ordered to the east-west directions generally. For example, Ağrõ plain and 

Aras length depression plains constitutes second ring of the chain through west which 

starts with Iğdõr Plain in north of Ağrõ Mountain and Doğubeyazõt plain in south of it. In 

these sections it takes place Doğubeyazõt with 48,863 population and Iğdõr with 45,941 

population. Ağrõ province with its population of 69,384 and location in the middle of wide 

Ağrõ plain, is in the view as of a city where agricultural productions are sold. The 

depression field that lies along Güzeldere valley through west extends to Aras valley over 

Tahir Passage. Horasan and Pasinler plains take place along this valley. Horasan (22,806) 

and Pasinler (28,283) got chance of development in these plains where sugar beet, potato 

and sunflower agriculture gain importance. After Deveboynu passage is passed over 

through the west, Aras river basin is left and Erzurum plain is reached. Erzurum on the 

southeast side of the plain and located on the crossroads of the roads directed to North- 

South and East-West directed is on the way of rapid development depending on industry 

and service functions especially on administrative, military and education functions. The 

population amount of the city has been determined as 298,735 in 1997 and it is the second 

big center of the region after Malatya. 

The depression effecting the division of cities in the region continues through west 

and this enables development of Ilõca, Aşkale, Tercan, Üzümlü and Erzincan in an order. 

Erzincan although living the serious results of earthquake of 1939 and 1992 has maintained 

the progress with both geographic potential and state support seems to recover wounds left 

from earthquake. Today it consists one of the important cities of the region with its 

population over 100,000. At the same time Erzincan plain with its town settlements is the 

second city with its town density after Malatya plain in EAP region. 

Oltu, which is located on Oltu Creek valley; Bayburt and Gümüşhane, which are 

located on the natural route where Erzurum-Trabzon highways pass through; Kars, 

184

Ardahan and Sarõkamõş, which are located on Kars plateau are the important centers on the 

north of EAP region. 

There are crowded cities located in the plain depression rings on the south of the 

region similar to on the north. Malatya that developed on the south of Malatya plain is on 

the way to become among the future metropolitan cities with its 400,248 population 

(1997). The population of county centers from Malatya plain and its environs like 

Akçadağ, Battalgazi, Arapkir, Darende, Doğanşehir and Hekmhan changes between 10,000 

and 15,000. Malatya with 34 district settlements is the first province in EAP region from 

district density aspect. Elazõğ, which once a hamlet settlement belonged to Harput has 

maintained its progress depending on the rich agricultural potential of Uluova and Keban 

irrigation water project and has become the third big city of the region (the population is 

250,534 in 1997). Karakoçan, Kovancõlar and Maden are the county centers of Elazõğ with 

their population between 10,000-15,000. Bingöl plain and Muş plain, which are on the east 

also, set the foundations for the birth of important cities. There are two more cities having 

population changes between 10,000-15,000 other than Bingöl City (67,022 in Bingöl 

province. They are Genç and Solhan. Muş also beside the city center (65,801 in 1997) has 

Malazgirt, Bulanõk, Hasköy and Varto settlements having population over 10,000. Muş 

plain with its seven district settlements is the settlement environ where the district density 

is more. Being a garrison city played an important role in Patnos’s development, which is a 

county center with a population of 65,008 in 1997 and legally tied to Ağrõ province. The 

main cities founded on the shores of Van Lake are Van (226,965 in 1997), Tatvan (65,901 

in 1997), Erciş(77,095), Ahlat (21,542) and Adilcevaz (25,736). 

Bitlis (51,927 in 1997), which once has been founded to control transportation 

route connecting Lake Van river basin to South Eastern Anatolia is less important city as a 

result of losing this advantage. There is almost no enough space for the development of the 

city. Güroymak (14,898 in 1997) is a county center of which urban functions are relatively 

developed. There has been very limited convenient spaces for the development of the city 

in the city center of Hakkari as well as Bitlis. Beside Hakkari city (57,077 in 1997) 

Yüksekova county center (54,739 in 1997) also keeps the city settlement character in this 

province. 

Population development and structural change take place slowly in the city 

settlements, which are populated in the civil administrative system although they are 

located in high plateau surfaces and mountainous areas of EAP region. There has been a 

migration movement that moves fast especially in the settlements, which have security 

problems since 1983. It can be said that this situation also prevents highly the increase of 

city numbers in EAP region. 

Consequently principal cities in the EAP region are gathered in depression plains, 

valleys and plateau plains, which have more convenient living conditions than their 

surroundings. However, the development of cities on fertile agriculture fields is a big 

problem. Morever when the settlement places are planned, the earthquake risk of the area 

should also be taken into account. Because, the lands of the region are founded on the I. 

and II.degree earthquake zones. 

185

The main fault line, which lays west-east directions of Turkey, continues in this 

region. Moreover, there are many actual local faults connecting these lines. There has been 

lived many earthquake disaster in the region in the past. It is possible to live this natural 

disaster in future. For this reason, settlement planning should be made with detailed studies 

by examining tectonic character of the land (Map.7.1.8). 

7.2.5. Urban Hierarchy 

As of 1997, there are 16 province centers, 117 district centers, 145 county centers 

and 6735 village settlements in the project field (Table 7.2.12). 

According to a research 1 made by SPO in 1982, there have been recognised seven 

degree of hierarchical settlements from functional relations aspect starting from villages 

that are in the first degree up to the biggest settlement place, Istanbul. Villages that do not 

effect the other villages in rural area and serve no trade and service functions to 

surrounding villages are taken as the first degree settlement centers. According to this, 

more than 95 percent of the settlements in the project field having administrative unit is 

consisted of first degree hierarchy centers. Most of the second hierarchical centers (except 

county centers), which serve to first hierarchical centers consist of 142 districts. Most of 

the district settlements can be seen as developed mostly in Erzincan county center, in 

Elazõğ county center, in Malatya county center and in Darende, Hekimhan and Doğanşehir 

counties of Malatya province, in Muş county center and Bulanõk county. However, district 

settlements are relatively less developed in Tunceli, Van, Hakkari, Ağrõ and Ardahan 

provinces. 

Relation between third and fourth degree hierarchy centers (generally province and 

county centers) presents a suitable structure for administration principle. Presentation of 

public services as controllable generally from the center and strong centeralized structure 

of Turkey Administration have brought the result of province and county centers being the 

third and fourth hierarchy centers. 

Among 117 county centers, 31 are in fourth degree county, 17 are fifth degree 

county and the left 69 are in sixth degree county from level of development aspect. In 96 of 

the administrative settlements in the region, service sector consists of dominant economical 

activity branch. Service functions are very strong especially in the administrative centers of 

Hakkari and Van. Among the county centers of Eastern Anatolia, because of the first rate 

activities and administrative duties, agriculture service centers are rather more in numbers. 

Both service and agriculture service qualified settlements are the urbanised centers of 

which centralized character is clear have hard geographic conditions. Although their 

population is less and do not have complete real urban functions, these settlements are in a 

position of service centers that meet the needs of the people of rural areas related to 

shopping and administrative services. 

1 “Türkiye’de Yerleşme Merkezlerinin Kademelenmesi, Ülke Yerleşme Merkezleri Sistemi”, Vol.I-II, DPT 

KÖYB Publication, March 1982. 

186

The province centers within the project content are usually fourth and more degree 

hierarchy centers. Among the county centers, only Tatvan county centers legally tied to 

Bitlis province has been serving in fourth degree hierarchy (sub-regional center) functions. 

Among the provinces of the region, fourth degree hierarchy center function can not be seen 

in Bitlis, Tunceli, Gümüşhane, Bayburt, Ardahan and Hakkari and they are left as third 

degree hierarchy center (local center) within the impact area of another province. 

Erzurum, Elazõğ and Malatya consist of fifth degree hierarchy centers that 

constitute regional centers. Erzurum Regional Center effects; the entire Erzurum, Bayburt, 

Kars and Ağrõ provinces, the entire Erzincan province except Refahiye, İliç and Kemaliye, 

Yusufeli district of Artvin province, Varto, Bulanõk and Malazgirt districts of Muş 

province, Karlõova district of Bingöl province and Plümür district of Tunceli province 

directly. On the other hand, it effects Central district of Muş province together with Elazõğ 

and Diyarbakõr Regional Centers. 

Elazõğ Regional Center effects; the entire Elazõğ province, the entire Tunceli 

province except Pülümür district, and Kiğõ district of Bingöl province directly, while it 

effects province center as well as Genç and Solhan districts of Bingöl province together 

with Diyarbakõr Regional Center, and Central district of Muş province together with 

Diyarbakõr and Erzurum Regional Centers. 

The narrowest influence area belongs to Malatya Regional Center among the 

regional centers. Malatya Regional center effects; Malatya province except Darande and 

Doğanşehir districts, Çelikhan district of Adõyaman province, and Kemaliye district of 

Erzincan directly. On the other hand, Malatya Regional Center effects Darande district of 

Malatya province together with Kayseri Regional Center, Doğanşehir district of Adõyaman 

province and Gölbaşõ district of Adõyaman province together with Gaziantep Regional 

Center, Elbistan district of Kahramanmaraş province together with Kayseri and Gaziantep 

Regional Centers. 

On the other hand, according to Socio-economic Development Ranking of 

Provinces Research conducted by the SPO in 1996, Turkey is divided into five gruops at 

different development levels. Among the Region’s provinces, Elazõğ and Malatya are 3 rd 

degree developed provinces, Erzurum and Erzincan are 4 th degree developed provinces, 

and the other provinces of the Region are 5 th degree developed provinces. 

187

Table 7.2.12: Provinces, County, District and Village Settlements in the EAP Region 

Provinces Sub-Provinces District Number of Villages 

Ağrõ Center - 105 

Ağrõ Diyadin - 56 

Ağrõ Doğubeyazõt - 105 

Ağrõ Eleşkirt Yücekapõ 63 

Ağrõ Hamur - 45 

Ağrõ Patnos Dedeli 87 

Ağrõ Taşlõçay - 36 

Ağrõ Tutak - 80 

Ardahan Center - 60 

Ardahan Çõldõr Aşõk Şenlik 41 

Ardahan Damal - 15 

Ardahan Göle Köprülü 44 

Ardahan Hanak Ortakent 25 

Ardahan Posof - 48 

Bayburt Center Akşar 122 

Bayburt Center Konursu 

Bayburt Center Arpalõ 

Bayburt Aydõntepe 23 

Bayburt Demirözü Gökçedere 28 

Bingöl Center Sancak 95 

Bingöl Adaklõ - 33 

Bingöl Genç Çaytepe 64 

Bingöl Genç Servi 

Bingöl Karlõova - 41 

Bingöl Kiği - 28 

Bingöl Solhan Arakonak 24 

Bingöl Yayladere - 20 

Bingöl Yedisu - 20 

Bitlis Center Yolalan 71 

Bitlis Adilcevaz Aydõnlar 27 

Bitlis Ahlat Ovakõşla 25 

Bitlis Güroymak Gölbaşõ 25 

Bitlis Güroymak Günkõrõ 

Bitlis Hizan Kolludere 48 

Bitlis Mutki Kavakbaşõ 49 

Bitlis Mutki Koyunlu 

Bitlis Tatvan - 52 

Elazõğ Center Akçakiraz 146 

Elazõğ Center Hankendi 

Elazõğ Center İçme 

Elazõğ Center Mollakendi 

Elazõğ Center Yazõkonak 

Elazõğ Center Yurtbaşõ 

Elazõğ Ağõn - 17 

Elazõğ Alacakaya - 12 

Elazõğ Arõcak Bükardõ 14 

Elazõğ Arõcak Erimli 

Elazõğ Arõcak Üçocak 

Elazõğ Baskil - 61 

188


(Continuing) 


Elazõğ Karakoçan Sarõcan 87 

Elazõğ Keban - 29 

Elazõğ Kovancõlar Çakõrtaş 78 

Elazõğ Kovancõlar Yarõmca 

Elazõğ Maden Gezin 37 

Elazõğ Palu Baltasõ 35 

Elazõğ Palu Beyhanõ 

Elazõğ Sivrice - 50 

Erzincan Center Akyazõ 79 

Erzincan Center Çağlayan 

Erzincan Center Çukurkuyu 

Erzincan Center Demirkent 

Erzincan Center Geçit 

Erzincan Center Kavakyolu 

Erzincan Center Mollaköy 

Erzincan Center Ulalar 

Erzincan Center Uluköy 

Erzincan Center Yaylabaşõ 

Erzincan Center Yoğurtlu 

Erzincan Çayõrlõ - 51 

Erzincan Ilõç - 58 

Erzincan Kemah - 73 

Erzincan Kemaliye - 62 

Erzincan Otlukbeli - 13 

Erzincan Refahiye - 131 

Erzincan Tercan Altunkent 69 

Erzincan Tercan Çadõrkaya 

Erzincan Tercan Mercan 

Erzincan Üzümlü Altõnbaşak 26 

Erzincan Üzümlü Bayõrbağ 

Erzincan Üzümlü Karakaya 

Erzurum Center Dadaş 49 

Erzurum Center Dumlu 

Erzurum Aşkale Kandilli 67 

Erzurum Aşkale Yeniköy 

Erzurum Çat Yavi 39 

Erzurum Hõnõs Halilçavuş 82 

Erzurum Horasan - 75 

Erzurum Ilõca - 74 

Erzurum İspir Madenköprübaşõ 88 

Erzurum İspir Çamlõkaya 

Erzurum Karaçoban - 18 

Erzurum Karayazõ Kopal 79 

Erzurum Köprüköy Yağan 24 

Erzurum Narman Şekerli 42 

Erzurum Oltu - 64 

Erzurum Olur - 40 

Erzurum Pasinler Alvar 57 

Erzurum Pazaryolu - 35 

189


(Continuing) 


Erzurum Şenkaya - 70 

Erzurum Tekman - 69 

Erzurum Tortum Bağbaşõ 47 

Erzurum Tortum Pehlivanlõ 

Erzurum Tortum Şenyurt 

Erzurum Tortum Serdarlõ 

Erzurum Uzundere - 10 

Gümüşhane Center Tekke 91 

Gümüşhane Kelkit Öbektaş 84 

Gümüşhane Kelkit Ünlüpõnar 

Gümüşhane Köse Şalyazõ 13 

Gümüşhane Kürtün Özkürtün 33 

Gümüşhane Şiran Yeşilbük 71 

Gümüşhane Torul - 37 

Hakkari Center Durankaya 30 

Hakkari Çukurca Uzundere 16 

Hakkari Şemdinli Derecik 21 

Hakkari Yüksekova Büyükçiftlik 34 

Hakkari Yüksekova Esendere 

Iğdõr Center Halfeli 40 

Iğdõr Center Melekli 

Iğdõr Aralõk - 23 

Iğdõr Kakakoyunlu Taşburun 9 

Iğdõr Tuzluca - 81 

Kars Center - 65 

Kars Akyaka - 25 

Kars Arpaçay Koçköyü 42 

Kars Digor Dağpõnar 54 

Kars Kağõzman - 64 

Kars Sarõkamõş - 57 

Kars Selim - 53 

Kars Susuz - 28 

Malatya Center Dilek 44 

Malatya Center Erenli 

Malatya Center Orduzu 

Malatya Center Konak 

Malatya Center Hanõmõnçiftliği 

Malatya Center Şahnahan 

Malatya Center Topsöğüt 

Malatya Center Yaygõn 

Malatya Akçadağ Ören 71 

Malatya Akçadağ Yukarõkozluca 

Malatya Arapkir - 41 

Malatya Arguvan - 45 

Malatya Battalgazi Hatunsuyu 12 

Malatya Battalgazi Hasõrcõlar 

Malatya Darende Ağõlbaşõ 39 

Malatya Darende Aşağõulupõnar 

Malatya Darende Ayvalõ 

190


(Continuing) 


Malatya Darende Balaban 

Malatya Darende Ilõca 

Malatya Darende Yenice 

Malatya Doğanşehir Erkenek 34 

Malatya Doğanşehir Gövdeli 

Malatya Doğanşehir Kurucaova 

Malatya Doğanşehir Polat 

Malatya Doğanşehir Sürgü 

Malatya Doğanyol Gökçe 16 

Malatya Hekimhan Güzelyurt 56 

Malatya Hekimhan Hasançelebi 

Malatya Hekimhan Kirmanlõ 

Malatya Hekimhan Kocaözü 

Malatya Kale - 19 

Malatya Kuluncak Sofular 21 

Malatya Pütürge Nohutlu 60 

Malatya Pütürge Tepehan 

Malatya Yazõhan - 27 

Malatya Yeşilyurt Bostanbaşõ 19 

Malatya Yeşilyurt Gündüzbey 

Malatya Yeşilyurt Yakõnca 

Muş Center Karaağaçlõ 99 

Muş Center Kõzõlağaç 

Muş Center Kõrköy 

Muş Center Konukbekler 

Muş Center Serinova 

Muş Center Sungu 

Muş Center Yağcõlar 

Muş Center Yaygõn 

Muş Bulanõk Elmakaya 58 

Muş Bulanõk Erentepe 

Muş Bulanõk Mollakent 

Muş Bulanõk Rüstemgedik 

Muş Bulanõk Sarõpõnar 

Muş Bulanõk Yoncalõ 

Muş Hasköy Düzkõşla 18 

Muş Korkut Karakale 30 

Muş Korkut Altõnova 

Muş Malazgirt Gölkoru 80 

Muş Varto - 90 

Tunceli Center - 51 

Tunceli Çemişkezek - 41 

Tunceli Hozat - 36 

Tunceli Mazgirt Akpazar 78 

Tunceli Mazgirt Darõkent 

Tunceli Nazimiye - 32 

Tunceli Ovacõk - 66 

Tunceli Pertek - 48 

Tunceli Pülümür - 62 

191


(Continuing) 


Van Center Bostaniçi 89 

Van Bahçesaray - 16 

Van Başkale - 62 

Van Çaldõran - 64 

Van Çatak - 27 

Van Edremit - 14 

Van Erciş Çelebibağ 81 

Van Erciş Kocapõnar 

Van Gevaş - 33 

Van Gürpõnar - 68 

Van Muradiye Ünseli 36 

Van Özalp Aşağõsağmalõ 53 

Van Saray - 23 

Source: Calculated from 1997 Census Results of SIS 

192

Map 7.2.7: Important Urban Centers in the EAP Region 

193

Map 7.2.8: Socioeconomic Development Ranking of the Provinces 

Source: SPO (1996a) 

194

7.3 PLANNING STUDIES IN THE URBAN SETTLEMENTS 

In the EAP Region, plan studies maintaining to direct planned urban development, 

have been done in most of settlements, which have municipal organisation. According to a 

determination made by the Bank of Provinces on January 1999, planning studies have not 

been done yet in 54 of 307 settlements left within the borders of 16 provinces in the 

region 1 . This situation indicates that there is no plan in 1/6 of all the settlements. 

As it can be seen by the examination of Table 7.3.1, there have been obtained more 

than one plans following one another in 141 of the mentioned settlements above. However 

in 13 settlements it has been proceeded to organise land plans four or more times during 

the application of last twenty years’s planing period. 

After examining the approval dates of last plans, it is understood that all land plans 

in force are new dated. 

It has been known that local administrations, following the foundation of municipal 

organisations in the settlements, give precedence to the production of map and construction 

plans, which are necessary for urban infrastructure projects into their program. The reason 

that necessitates the renewing of the plan frequently is the efforts to use limited city lands 

more dense as their towns as being free from ministry’s control after the submission of 

authority to the local administrations in 1985. (If the reason is not the changes after ruins 

caused by natural disasters like earthquake which are met frequently). 

It is expected that the new plans will be sufficient in providing solution to urban 

problems using development potential and in responding the development aims and needs. 

It has been understood by the examination of Table 7.2.12 that a renovation 

especially was made two-three times in last 20 years of plan period in the urban 

settlements which own a population more over 20,000 that is accepted as city threshold. 

Beside the reasons mentioned above the other reason for changing whole plan 

frequently instead of additions and revisions in the cities is attributed to the changing 

claims of new administrations and their acceptance of plans as a symbol of prestige in this 

region as well as in the whole country. 

One interesting finding here is that in the centers of region populated over 100,000 

plans are produced as hierarchical and patched. For example, Erzurum Metropolitan 

Municipality has bided its plans part by part at legal plan and application plan stages, then 

wanted integrity of planning application by constituting a planning office in the 

municipality. 

Similarly it has been started with “Environment Organisation Planning” in 1/25,000 

physical scale first in planning of Malatya and Elazõğ then together with urban and semi- 

1 BP-Land Planning Directorate “Belediyelerin İmar Plan Bilgileri” (Duplicated) Ankara January, 1999. 

195

urban settlement areas in neighbourhood, it has been aimed to have protection-use balance 

in every field by planning. 

In this content, while planning Elazõğ center together with Harput, Alacakiraz and 

other near surrounding settlements; in Malatya environment planning the settlements like 

Eski Malatya (Battalgazi), Ordüzü, Hanõmõn Çiftliği and Yeşilyurt are planned togather, 

as a whole. 

196

Table 7.3.1: Planning Status in the Municipalities of EAP Region 

1997 

POPULATION 

THE ORDER 

(RANK)OF THE 

LAST LAND PLAN 

197 

APPROVAL DATE 

OF THE LAST 

LAND PLAN 

PROJECTED 

POPULATION 

OF THE LAST 

LAND PLAN 

AREA COVERED 

BY THE LAST 

LAND PLAN (HA) 

AĞRI 

AĞRI ( CENTER - AĞRI ) 67,922 3 13.06.1986 90,000 1,450 

DEDELI ( PATNOS - AĞRI ) 2,072 NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

DIYADIN ( DISTRICT - AĞRI ) 10,888 2 23.09.1980 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

DOĞUBEYAZIT ( DISTRICT - AĞRI ) 44,014 2 04.04.1986 70,000 1,890 

ELESKIRT ( DISTRICT -AĞRI ) 10,164 3 14.02.1992 25,000 533 

HAMUR( DISTRICT -AĞRI ) 4,265 2 17.09.1998 5,000 70 

PATNOS ( DISTRICT -AĞRI ) 64,304 3 27.05.1996 165,000 1,600 

TAHIR ( ELESKIRT - AĞRI ) -- NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

TASLIÇAY ( DISTRICT -AĞRI ) 4,630 2 07.12.1987 7,500 175 

TUTAK ( DISTRICT -AĞRI ) 5,266 2 28.09.1984 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

YAYLADÜZÜ ( ELESKIRT - AĞRI ) -- NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

YÜCEKAPI ( ELESKIRT - AĞRI ) 1,923 1 05.01.1995 5,000 103 

ARDAHAN 

ARDAHAN ( CENTER - ARDAHAN ) 15,299 3 04.07.1986 37,000 425 

ÇILDIR ( DISTRICT - ARDAHAN ) 2,431 2 09.10.1987 5,000 150 

DAMAL ( DISTRICT - ARDAHAN ) 2,611 2 12.04.1996 3,500 159 

GÖLE ( DISTRICT - ARDAHAN ) 7,476 2 10.12.1980 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

HANAK ( DISTRICT - ARDAHAN ) 4,591 2 18.07.1991 5,400 97 

KÖPRÜLÜ ( GÖLE - ARDAHAN ) 2,021 1 16.01.1981 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

ORTAKENT ( GÖLE - ARDAHAN ) 2,084 1 14.10.1981 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

POSOF ( DISTRICT - ARDAHAN ) 2,371 2 15.12.1986 3,500 62 

YAKINSU(ASIKSENLIK) ( CENTER - ARDAHAN ) 1,279 1 22.06.1971 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

BAYBURT 

AKSAR ( CENTER - BAYBURT ) 2,301 1 15.08.1995 5,000 150 

ARPALI ( CENTER - BAYBURT ) 3,058 2 14.06.1993 7,000 131 

AYDINTEPE (DISTRICT - BAYBURT ) 6,221 3 25.06.1996 10,500 248

Table 7.3.1: Planning Status in the Municipalities of EAP Region (Cont.) 

1997 

POPULATION 

THE ORDER 

(RANK)OF THE 


198 

APPROVAL DATE 

OF THE LAST 

LAND PLAN 

PROJECTED 

POPULATION 

OF THE LAST 

LAND PLAN 

AREA COVERED 

BY THE LAST 


BAYBURT ( CENTER - BAYBURT ) 37,740 3 04.06.1984 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

BESPINAR ( DEMIRÖZÜ - BAYBURT ) -- NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

ÇAYIRYOLU ( CENTER - BAYBURT ) -- NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

DEMIRÖZÜ ( DISTRICT - BAYBURT ) 2,539 2 13.10.1994 3,500 96 

GÖKÇEDERE ( DEMIRÖZÜ - BAYBURT ) 2,675 1 13.07.1984 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

KONURSU ( CENTER - BAYBURT ) 3,464 2 19.02.1995 3,000 17 

BINGÖL 

ADAKLI ( DISTRICT - BINGÖL ) 4,719 2 31.07.1997 15,000 162 

ARIKONAK ( SOLHAN - BINGÖL ) 2,533 NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

BINGÖL ( CENTER - BINGÖL ) 62,136 5 24.10.1995 60,000 784 

ÇAYTEPE ( GENÇ - BINGÖL ) 2,074 1 12.11.1997 3,000 71 

GENÇ ( DISTRICT - BINGÖL ) 19,072 3 14.05.1993 28,500 241 

ILICALAR ( CENTER - BINGÖL ) 3,037 NOT AVAILABLE NOT AVAILABLE 0 0 

KARLIOVA ( DISTRICT - BINGÖL ) 10,063 3 24.01.1996 15,000 170 

KIGI ( DISTRICT - BINGÖL ) 4,931 2 11.08.1982 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

SANCAK ( CENTER - BINGÖL ) 2,775 NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

SERVI ( GENÇ - BINGÖL ) 2,038 1 25.01.1993 3,000 92 

SOLHAN ( DISTRICT - BINGÖL ) 17,472 3 09.05.1997 40,000 425 

YAYLADERE ( DISTRICT - BINGÖL ) 2,395 1 26.05.1982 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

YEDISU ( DISTRICT - BINGÖL ) 2,195 1 11.11.1980 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

BİTLİS 

ADILCEVAZ ( DISTRICT - BİTLİS ) 26,089 3 15.07.1998 25,000 645 

AHLAT ( DISTRICT - BİTLİS ) 21,651 3 25.11.1986 25,000 350 

AYDINLAR ( ADILCEVAZ - BİTLİS ) 5,054 1 30.09.1996 7,000 131 

BİTLİS ( CENTER - BİTLİS ) 51,205 4 25.03.1998 77,980 1,320 

GÖLBASI ( GÜROYMAK - BİTLİS ) 4,293 1 08.02.1994 8,200 147 

GÜNKIRI ( GÜROYMAK - BİTLİS ) 3,257 NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0


1997 

POPULATION 

THE ORDER 

(RANK)OF THE 


199 

APPROVAL DATE 

OF THE LAST 

LAND PLAN 

PROJECTED 

POPULATION 

OF THE LAST 

LAND PLAN 

AREA COVERED 

BY THE LAST 


GÜROYMAK ( DISTRICT - BİTLİS ) 15,045 2 28.02.1995 36,100 513 

HIZAN ( DISTRICT - BİTLİS ) 10,928 2 05.12.1982 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

KAVAKBASI ( MUTKI -BİTLİS ) 1,973 NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

KOLLUDERE ( HIZAN - BİTLİS ) 641 NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

KOYUNLU ( MUTKI -BİTLİS ) 3,889 1 13.10.1998 7,500 75 

MUTKI ( DISTRICT - BİTLİS ) 6,299 2 17.10.1985 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

OVAKISLA ( AHLAT - BİTLİS ) 4,180 1 23.05.1996 5,000 5,000 

TATVAN ( DISTRICT - BİTLİS ) 64,323 3 26.05.1981 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

YOLALAN ( CENTER - BİTLİS ) 2,360 1 10.11.1994 7,500 140 

ELAZIĞ 

AĞIN ( DISTRICT - ELAZIĞ ) 2,337 3 23.08.1991 8,000 210 

AKÇAKIRAZ ( CENTER - ELAZIĞ ) 9,183 1 04.02.1986 33,000 1,543 

ALACAKAYA ( DISTRICT - ELAZIĞ ) 3,317 1 17.02.1992 8,000 100 

ARICAK ( DISTRICT - ELAZIĞ ) 5,562 1 22.02.1980 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

BALTASI ( PALU - ELAZIĞ ) 2,071 1 23.09.1998 5,000 357 

BASKIL ( DISTRICT - ELAZIĞ ) 5,683 3 14.10.1998 9,000 180 

BEYHANI ( PALU - ELAZIĞ ) 6,866 1 15.05.1984 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

BUKADARDI ( ARICAK - ELAZIĞ ) 1,594 NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

ÇAKIRKAS ( KOVANCILAR - ELAZIĞ ) 3,659 1 02.03.1998 5,000 106 

ELAZIĞ ( CENTER - ELAZIĞ ) 244,494 3 12.02.1989 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

ERIMLI ( ARICAK - ELAZIĞ ) 3,074 1 08.01.1991 5,000 72 

GEZIN ( MADEN - ELAZIĞ ) 3,634 1 19.03.1997 10,000 156 

HANKENDI ( DISTRICT - ELAZIĞ ) 2,085 2 10.02.1989 4,000 219 

IÇME ( CENTER - ELAZIĞ ) 2,462 1 25.11.1976 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

KARAKOÇAN ( DISTRICT - ELAZIĞ ) 11,357 3 25.12.1989 4,000 93 

KEBAN ( DISTRICT - ELAZIĞ ) 6,605 2 21.10.1988 11,500 170 

KOVANCILAR ( DISTRICT - ELAZIĞ ) 21,023 4 19.12.1995 50,000 523 

MADEN ( DISTRICT - ELAZIĞ ) 8,134 2 04.08.1981 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN


1997 

POPULATION 

THE ORDER 

(RANK)OF THE 


200 

APPROVAL DATE 

OF THE LAST 

LAND PLAN 

PROJECTED 

POPULATION 

OF THE LAST 

LAND PLAN 

AREA COVERED 

BY THE LAST 


MOLLAKENDI ( CENTER - ELAZIĞ ) 3,697 1 09.09.1996 5,000 189 

PALU ( DISTRICT - ELAZIĞ ) 13,217 2 24.04.1980 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

SARICAN ( KARAKOÇAN - ELAZIĞ ) 2,940 1 28.01.1997 7,570 181 

SIVRICE ( DISTRICT - ELAZIĞ ) 7,878 3 03.04.1990 12,000 450 

UÇOCAK ( ARICAK - ELAZIĞ ) 2,124 1 01.05.1998 3,200 55 

YARIMCA ( KOVANCILAR - ELAZIĞ ) 2,140 1 18.07.1997 4,500 200 

YAZIKONAK ( CENTER - ELAZIĞ ) 1,081 1 26.04.1993 15,000 154 

YURTBASI ( CENTER - ELAZIĞ ) 8,149 1 25.02.1986 24,000 765 

ERZİNCAN 

AKYAZI ( CENTER - ERZİNCAN ) 2,805 NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

ALTINBASAK ( ÜZÜMLÜ - ERZİNCAN ) 3,143 1 18.10.1996 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

ALTUNKENT (KARGIN)( TERCAN - ERZİNCAN ) 2,842 2 26.02.1996 5,034 87 

BAHÇELIKÖY ( CENTER - ERZİNCAN ) -- NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

BAYIRBAĞ ( ÜZÜMLÜ - ERZİNCAN ) 4,045 1 16.01.1992 5,000 177 

ÇADIRKAYA ( TERCAN - ERZİNCAN ) 2,824 2 13.04.1998 7,500 174 

ÇAĞLAYAN ( CENTER - ERZİNCAN ) 1,953 NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

ÇAYIRLI ( DISTRICT - ERZİNCAN ) 3,940 3 08.06.1991 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

ÇUKURKUYU ( CENTER - ERZİNCAN ) 2,603 1 06.05.1991 6,000 122 

DEMIRKENT ( CENTER - ERZİNCAN ) 2,831 NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

DÖRTLER ( CENTER - ERZİNCAN ) -- NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

ERZİNCAN ( CENTER - ERZİNCAN ) 98,593 3 08.03.1988 190,000 2,820 

GEÇIT ( CENTER - ERZİNCAN ) 2,292 NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

ILIÇ ( DISTRICT - ERZİNCAN ) 2,654 4 05.11.1997 3,338 110 

KARAKAYA ( ÜZÜMLÜ - ERZİNCAN ) 3,470 1 20.02.1992 5,500 235 

KAVAKYOLU ( CENTER - ERZİNCAN ) 3,554 1 15.12.1995 11,000 388 

KEMAH ( DISTRICT - ERZİNCAN ) 2,386 2 26.07.1985 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

KEMALIYE ( DISTRICT - ERZİNCAN ) 3,086 2 10.02.1986 4,500 205 

MERCAN ( TERCAN - ERZİNCAN ) 5,736 2 05.06.1992 1,800 8


1997 

POPULATION 

THE ORDER 

(RANK)OF THE 


201 

APPROVAL DATE 

OF THE LAST 

LAND PLAN 

PROJECTED 

POPULATION 

OF THE LAST 

LAND PLAN 

AREA COVERED 

BY THE LAST 


MOLLAKÖY ( CENTER - ERZİNCAN ) 2,529 NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

OTLUKBELI (KARAKULAK )(DISTRICT-ERZİNCAN) 2,716 2 21.04.1987 3,700 110 

REFAHIYE ( DISTRICT - ERZİNCAN ) 7,005 4 14.11.1995 10,000 160 

TERCAN ( DISTRICT - ERZİNCAN ) 10,898 4 20.08.1992 450 25 

ULALAR ( CENTER - ERZİNCAN ) 4,060 1 05.01.1996 13,000 251 

ULUKÖY ( DISTRICT - ERZİNCAN ) 2,212 NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

ÜZÜMLÜ ( DISTRICT - ERZİNCAN ) 25,274 3 28.03.1986 10,526 164 

YALNIZBAĞ ( CENTER - ERZİNCAN ) -- NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

YAYLABASI ( CENTER - ERZİNCAN ) 1,520 1 08.12.1997 4,000 62 

YOĞURTLU ( CENTER - ERZİNCAN ) 2,931 1 07.06.1996 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

ERZURUM 

ALVAR ( PASINLER -ERZURUM ) 2,233 1 11.03.1997 5,000 78 

ASKALE ( DISTRICT - ERZURUM ) 14,905 3 16.02.1990 37,500 61 

BAĞBASI ( TORTUM -ERZURUM ) 4,819 1 26.05.1981 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

ÇAMLIKAYA ( HUNUT ) ( ISPIR -ERZURUM ) 2,265 1 07.02.1969 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

ÇAT ( DISTRICT - ERZİNCAN ) 6,332 2 21.09.1983 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

DADASKENT ( BSB -ERZURUM ) 4,576 1 NOT AVAILABLE 0 0 

DADASKÖY ( CENTER -ERZURUM ) 2,182 1 29.06.1995 4,000 61 

DUMLU ( CENTER -ERZURUM ) 3,647 1 26.02.1975 0 0 

ERZURUM-BSB ( CENTER -ERZURUM ) 242,391 4 02.10.1991 550,000 386 

HALILÇAVUS ( HINIS -ERZURUM ) 1,410 1 17.03.1997 6,720 120 

HINIS ( DISTRICT - ERZİNCAN ) 23,960 3 29.05.1992 30,000 684 

HORASAN ( DISTRICT - ERZURUM ) 23,340 3 03.11.1986 27,660 320 

ILICA ( DISTRICT - ERZURUM ) 13,837 2 04.07.1980 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

ISPIR ( DISTRICT - ERZURUM ) 10,391 2 19.09.1984 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

KANDILLI ( ASKALE -ERZURUM ) 1,777 1 27.07.1976 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

KARAÇOBAN ( DISTRICT - ERZURUM ) 9,377 2 24.10.1986 16,000 195 

KARAYAZI ( DISTRICT - ERZURUM ) 4,619 2 01.05.1984 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN


1997 

POPULATION 

THE ORDER 

(RANK)OF THE 


202 

APPROVAL DATE 

OF THE LAST 

LAND PLAN 

PROJECTED 

POPULATION 

OF THE LAST 

LAND PLAN 

AREA COVERED 

BY THE LAST 


KAZIMKARABEKIR-BSB ( BSB -ERZURUM ) 59,033 1 NOT AVAILABLE 0 0 

KOPAL ( KARAYAZI -ERZURUM ) 4,088 1 03.09.1984 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

KÖPRÜKÖY ( DISTRICT - ERZURUM ) 5,583 2 04.02.1993 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

MADENKÖPRÜBASI ( ISPIR -ERZURUM ) 2,702 1 11.06.1995 5,000 129 

NARMAN ( DISTRICT - ERZURUM ) 14,908 2 20.05.1983 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

OLTU ( DISTRICT - ERZURUM ) 29,691 3 25.07.1984 25,000 204 

OLUR ( DISTRICT - ERZURUM ) 2,870 3 08.06.1993 5,000 147 

PASINLER ( HASANKALE ) ( DISTRICT-ERZURUM ) 27,580 3 08.08.1988 25,000 260 

PAZARYOLU ( NORGAH ) ( DISTRICT -ERZURUM ) 4,665 2 29.06.1992 4,500 87 

PEHLIVANLI ( TORTUM -ERZURUM ) 3,468 1 24.11.1994 5,000 110 

SERDARLI ( TORTUM -ERZURUM ) 3,733 1 24.04.1996 5,000 164 

SEKERLI ( NARMAN -ERZURUM ) 5,244 1 26.08.1992 4,500 76 

SENKAYA ( DISTRICT - ERZURUM ) 5,481 2 08.05.1980 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

SENYURT ( TORTUM -ERZURUM ) 3,967 1 04.04.1986 3,000 50 

TEKMAN ( DISTRICT - ERZURUM ) 6,047 3 26.09.1983 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

TORTUM ( DISTRICT - ERZURUM ) 9,085 3 19.01.1997 7,500 130 

UZUNDERE ( DISTRICT - ERZURUM ) 4,277 2 17.05.1993 5,000 170 

YAĞAN ( KÖPRÜKÖY -ERZURUM ) 3,137 1 22.04.1983 0 0 

YAKUTIYE-BSB ( BSB - ERZURUM ) 105,699 1 NOT AVAILABLE 0 0 

YAVI ( ÇAT -ERZURUM ) 3,148 1 28.10.1992 5,000 114 

YENIKÖY ( ASKALE - ERZURUM ) 1,133 1 31.10.1997 4,500 76 

YENISEHIR-BSB ( BSB - ERZURUM ) 73,083 1 NOT AVAILABLE UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

GÜMÜSHANE 

ALTINPINAR ( TORUL - GÜMÜSHANE ) -- NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

ARZULAR ( CENTER - GÜMÜSHANE ) -- NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

DEREDOLU ( KELKIT - GÜMÜSHANE ) 2,031 NOT AVAILABLE NOT AVAILABLE 0 0 

GÜMÜSGÖZE ( KELKIT - GÜMÜSHANE ) -- NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

GÜMÜSHANE ( CENTER - GÜMÜSHANE ) 23,161 6 02.10.1991 900 24


1997 

POPULATION 

THE ORDER 

(RANK)OF THE 


203 

APPROVAL DATE 

OF THE LAST 

LAND PLAN 

PROJECTED 

POPULATION 

OF THE LAST 

LAND PLAN 

AREA COVERED 

BY THE LAST 


KAS ( KELKIT - GÜMÜSHANE ) -- NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

KELKIT ( DISTRICT - GÜMÜSHANE ) 13,430 2 17.01.1986 33,000 308 

KÖSE ( DISTRICT - GÜMÜSHANE ) 5,608 2 24.12.1990 8,000 240 

ÖBEKTAS ( KELKIT - GÜMÜSHANE ) 2,447 1 19.12.1997 4,800 75 

ÖZKÜRTÜN(HARSIT)( KÜRTÜN-GÜMÜSHANE ) 2,916 1 20.07.1995 5,000 56 

SALYAZI ( KÖSE - GÜMÜSHANE ) 3,241 2 02.09.1986 600 79 

SÖĞÜTLÜ ( KELKIT - GÜMÜSHANE ) 12,908 NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

SIRAN ( DISTRICT - GÜMÜSHANE ) 2,010 2 12.02.1988 11,000 210 

TEKKE ( CENTER - GÜMÜSHANE ) 2,404 2 07.10.1998 0 59 

TORUL ( DISTRICT - GÜMÜSHANE ) 5,721 3 08.04.1994 3,801 14 

ULUKÖY ( KÜRTÜN ) ( DISTRICT - GÜMÜSHANE ) 3,844 1 27.01.1976 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

ÜNLÜPINAR ( KELKIT - GÜMÜSHANE ) 2,075 2 25.06.1986 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

YESILBÜK ( SIRAN - GÜMÜSHANE ) 2,075 1 11.07.1984 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

HAKKARİ 

BÜYÜKÇIFTLIK ( YÜKSEKOVA - HAKKARİ ) 2,996 NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

ÇUKURCA ( DISTRICT - HAKKARİ ) 3,795 2 09.02.1990 9,500 122 

DERECIK ( SEMDINLI - HAKKARİ ) 5,455 NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

DURANKAYA ( CENTER - HAKKARİ ) 3,203 NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

ESENDERE ( YÜKSEKOVA - HAKKARİ ) 2,795 NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

HAKKARİ ( CENTER - HAKKARİ ) 55,039 3 18.10.1984 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

SEMDINLI ( DISTRICT - HAKKARİ ) 11,244 3 17.07.1995 15,214 169 

YÜKSEKOVA ( DISTRICT - HAKKARİ ) 53,411 2 25.03.1982 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

IĞDIR 

ARALIK ( DISTRICT -IĞDIR ) 6,477 1 05.07.1968 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

HALFETI ( CENTER - IĞDIR ) 4,623 1 08.04.1997 8,000 121 

HOSHABER ( CENTER - IĞDIR ) -- NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

IĞDIR ( CENTER - IĞDIR ) 44,334 3 13.09.1988 120,000 1,897


1997 

POPULATION 

THE ORDER 

(RANK)OF THE 


204 

APPROVAL DATE 

OF THE LAST 

LAND PLAN 

PROJECTED 

POPULATION 

OF THE LAST 

LAND PLAN 

AREA COVERED 

BY THE LAST 


KARAKOYUNLU ( DISTRICT - IĞDIR ) 5,384 1 14.12.1978 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

MELEKLI ( CENTER - IĞDIR ) 3,955 1 14.12.1978 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

TASBURUN ( KARAKOYUNLU - IĞDIR ) 1,782 1 12.09.1997 7,000 210 

TUZLUCA ( DISTRICT - IĞDIR ) 10,634 3 19.02.1993 16,500 384 

KARS 

AKKAYA ( DISTRICT - KARS ) 2,412 2 22.06.1995 6,000 294 

ARPAÇAY ( DISTRICT - KARS ) 2,972 2 08.09.1982 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

DAĞPINAR ( DIGOR - KARS ) 2,622 1 15.12.1980 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

DIGOR ( DISTRICT - KARS ) 3,081 2 12.09.1988 2,700 90 

KAĞIZMAN ( DISTRICT - KARS ) 14,554 4 21.10.1996 5,000 60 

KARS ( CENTER - KARS ) 87,495 3 17.07.1988 150,000 2,600 

KOÇKÖY ( ARPAÇAY - KARS ) 1,660 1 23.10.1978 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

SARIKAMIS ( DISTRICT - KARS ) 20,598 4 07.03.1988 400 47 

SELIM ( DISTRICT - KARS ) 4,165 3 24.02.1994 9,500 220 

SUSUZ ( DISTRICT - KARS ) 3,269 2 10.11.1988 6,000 310 

MALATYA 

AĞILBASI ( DARENDE - MALATYA ) 2,489 1 30.04.1982 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

AKÇADAĞ ( DISTRICT - MALATYA ) 11,391 3 27.10.1989 27,500 545 

ARAPKIR ( DISTRICT - MALATYA ) 11,261 3 12.07.1985 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

ARGUVAN ( DISTRICT - MALATYA ) 2,778 2 19.08.1975 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

ASAĞIULUPINAR ( DARENDE - MALATYA ) 5,148 2 03.03.1992 10,000 137 

AYVALI ( DARENDE - MALATYA ) 5,447 1 21.05.1982 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

BALABAN ( DARENDE - MALATYA ) 2,285 2 21.06.1996 6,000 148 

BATTALGAZI ( ESKIMAL ) ( DISTRICT-MALATYA ) 14,328 2 15.02.1984 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

BEYDAĞI ( CENTER - MALATYA ) -- NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

BOSTANBASI ( YESILYURT - MALATYA ) 3,992 1 14.08.1996 12,500 207 

ÇATYOL ( AKÇADAĞ - MALATYA ) 2,280 NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0


1997 

POPULATION 

THE ORDER 

(RANK)OF THE 


205 

APPROVAL DATE 

OF THE LAST 

LAND PLAN 

PROJECTED 

POPULATION 

OF THE LAST 

LAND PLAN 

AREA COVERED 

BY THE LAST 


DARENDE ( DISTRICT - MALATYA ) 11,477 3 19.11.1996 16,000 495 

DILEK ( CENTER - MALATYA ) 8,359 2 20.02.1985 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

DOĞANYOL ( DISTRICT - MALATYA ) 4,972 2 12.04.1985 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

DOĞANSEHIR ( DISTRICT - MALATYA ) 17,012 4 11.09.1996 25,000 465 

DURUCASU ( YAZIHAN - MALATYA ) -- NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

ERENLI ( CENTER - MALATYA ) 2,648 1 22.10.1998 5,000 60 

ERKENEK ( DOĞANSEHIR - MALATYA ) 8,219 2 01.11.1993 7,900 149 

FETHIYE ( YAZIHAN - MALATYA ) -- NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

GÖKÇE ( DOĞANYOL - MALATYA ) 2,068 1 27.04.1998 5,000 55 

GÖVDELI ( DOĞANSEHIR - MALATYA ) 2,535 NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

GÜNDÜZBEY ( YESILYURT - MALATYA ) 6,971 2 20.02.1985 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

GÜZELYURT ( HEKIMHAN - MALATYA ) 5,328 2 07.04.1995 12,000 656 

HANIMINÇIFTLIĞI ( CENTER - MALATYA ) 8,706 3 24.12.1996 25,000 600 

HASANÇELEBI ( HEKIMHAN - MALATYA ) 2,121 1 20.06.1969 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

HASIRCILAR ( BATTALGAZI - MALATYA ) 2,024 1 12.05.1998 5,000 122 

HATUNSUYU ( BATTALGAZI - MALATYA ) 3,607 1 26.09.1994 12,000 145 

HEKIMHAN ( DISTRICT - MALATYA ) 13,643 3 13.06.1991 29,450 302 

ILICA ( DARENDE - MALATYA ) 1,698 2 18.10.1996 5,000 110 

IPEKYOLU ( KIRMANLI )( HEKIMHAN-MALATYA ) 3,408 NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

KALE ( DISTRICT - MALATYA ) 3,400 1 24.02.1995 17,000 330 

KOCAÖZÜ ( HEKIMHAN - MALATYA ) 3,209 2 20.04.1990 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

KONAK ( CENTER - MALATYA ) 4,563 2 11.08.1989 8,500 250 

KOZLUCA (Y.KOZLUCA )(AKÇADAĞ - MALATYA) 2,084 NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

KULUNCAK ( DISTRICT - MALATYA ) 5,377 3 07.02.1990 2,800 30 

KURUCAOVA ( DOĞANSEHIR - MALATYA ) 3,242 1 28.11.1995 3,330 75 

KURSUNLU ( HEKIMHAN - MALATYA ) -- NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

MALATYA ( CENTER - MALATYA ) 395,366 4 15.03.1991 96,500 340 

NOHUTLU ( PÖTÜRGE - MALATYA ) 1,412 1 14.10.1991 6,500 105 

ORDÜZÜ ( BAHÇEBASI ) ( CENTER - MALATYA ) 8,810 2 03.01.1985 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN


1997 

POPULATION 

THE ORDER 

(RANK)OF THE 


206 

APPROVAL DATE 

OF THE LAST 

LAND PLAN 

PROJECTED 

POPULATION 

OF THE LAST 

LAND PLAN 

AREA COVERED 

BY THE LAST 


ÖREN ( AKÇADAĞ - MALATYA ) 4,070 2 13.02.1996 8,000 215 

POLAT ( DOĞANSEHIR - MALATYA ) 4,165 2 09.07.1984 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

PÖTÜRGE ( DISTRICT - MALATYA ) 3,466 2 24.04.1984 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

SAHNAHAN ( CENTER - MALATYA ) 2,746 NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

SOFULAR ( KULUNCAK - MALATYA ) 1,591 NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

SÖĞÜT ( DOĞANSEHIR - MALATYA ) -- NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

SÜRĞÜ ( DOĞANSEHIR - MALATYA ) 5,909 2 03.01.1991 9,000 180 

TEPEHAN ( PÖTÜRGE - MALATYA ) 2,203 NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

TOPSÖĞÜT ( CENTER - MALATYA ) 4,358 1 08.06.1993 11,000 122 

YAKINCA ( YESILYURT - MALATYA ) 9,696 3 07.06.1996 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

YAYGIN ( CENTER - MALATYA ) 5,326 1 25.03.1981 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

YAZIHAN ( DISTRICT - MALATYA ) 4,032 1 01.03.1996 4,500 180 

YENICE ( DARENDE - MALATYA ) 1,927 1 14.10.1992 5,000 165 

YESILYURT ( DISTRICT - MALATYA ) 11,265 2 28.06.1985 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

MUŞ 

ALTINOVA ( KORKUT - MUŞ ) 7,161 1 05.07.1994 6,500 173 

BULANIK ( DISTRICT - MUŞ ) 32,423 2 27.10.1978 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

DÜZKISLA ( HASKÖY - MUŞ ) 4,472 NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

ELMAKAYA ( BULANIK - MUŞ ) 3,434 1 12.12.1997 6,800 97 

ERENTEPE ( BULANIK - MUŞ ) 4,472 1 06.09.1993 10,000 325 

GÜLKORU ( MALAZGIRT - MUŞ ) 4,071 1 18.05.1993 6,000 90 

HASKÖY ( DISTRICT - MUŞ ) 18,142 2 21.09.1984 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

KARAAĞAÇLI ( CENTER - MUŞ ) 4,222 1 29.05.1995 6,500 90 

KARAKALE ( KORKUT - MUŞ ) 2,016 NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

KIRKÖY ( CENTER - MUŞ ) 5,595 1 20.09.1996 5,000 78 

KIZILAĞAÇ ( CENTER - MUŞ ) 2,291 NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

KONAKKURAN ( MALAZGIRT - MUŞ ) -- NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

KONUKBEKLER ( CENTER - MUŞ ) 4,770 1 22.01.1996 4,000 111


1997 

POPULATION 

THE ORDER 

(RANK)OF THE 


207 

APPROVAL DATE 

OF THE LAST 

LAND PLAN 

PROJECTED 

POPULATION 

OF THE LAST 

LAND PLAN 

AREA COVERED 

BY THE LAST 


KORKUT ( DISTRICT - MUŞ ) 5,389 1 26.10.1993 7,500 178 

MALAZGIRT ( DISTRICT - MUŞ ) 18,428 3 03.07.1991 33,000 914 

MOLLAKENT ( BULANIK - MUŞ ) 3,568 1 23.03.1998 6,000 118 

MUŞ ( CENTER - MUŞ ) 64,088 3 19.12.1988 100,000 1,066 

RÜSTEMGEDIK ( BULANIK - MUŞ ) 5,169 1 27.05.1993 6,000 152 

SARIPINAR ( BULANIK - MUŞ ) 2,723 NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

SERINOVA ( CENTER - MUŞ ) 2,063 1 14.04.1997 4,000 91 

SUNGU ( CENTER - MUŞ ) 12,498 1 08.07.1994 14,200 138 

UZGÖRÜR ( BULANIK - MUŞ ) -- NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

VARTO ( DISTRICT - MUŞ ) 15,371 2 27.03.1992 24,000 365 

YAĞCILAR ( CENTER - MUŞ ) 2,132 1 06.09.1996 5,172 113 

YAYGIN ( CENTER - MUŞ ) 7,206 1 21.11.1995 10,000 228 

YEMISEN ( BULANIK - MUŞ ) -- NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

YONCALI ( BULANIK - MUŞ ) 2,041 1 26.01.1996 6,500 132 

TUNCELİ 

AKPAZAR ( MAZGIRT -TUNCELİ ) 1,070 1 22.05.1973 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

ÇEMISGEZEK ( DISTRICT -TUNCELİ ) 2,508 2 25.08.1983 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

DARIKENT ( MAZGIRT -TUNCELİ ) 619 1 25.01.1994 3,000 70 

HOZAT ( DISTRICT -TUNCELİ ) 6,480 2 02.02.1976 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

MAZGIRT ( DISTRICT -TUNCELİ ) 3,062 2 06.09.1988 5,000 119 

NAZIMIYE ( DISTRICT -TUNCELİ ) 2,794 2 08.11.1985 3,500 28 

OVACIK ( DISTRICT -TUNCELİ ) 4,707 2 13.04.1998 7,000 82 

PERTEK ( DISTRICT -TUNCELİ ) 6,226 2 16.10.1980 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

PULÜMÜR ( DISTRICT -TUNCELİ ) 1,908 2 27.12.1972 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

TUNCELİ ( CENTER -TUNCELİ ) 21,737 3 26.04.1984 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN


1997 

POPULATION 

THE ORDER 

(RANK)OF THE 


208 

APPROVAL DATE 

OF THE LAST 

LAND PLAN 

PROJECTED 

POPULATION 

OF THE LAST 

LAND PLAN 

AREA COVERED 

BY THE LAST 


VAN 

BAHÇESARAY ( DISTRICT -VAN ) 4,182 1 23.07.1992 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

BASKALE ( DISTRICT -VAN ) 15,070 2 18.01.1989 25,000 340 

BOSTANIÇI ( CENTER -VAN ) 11,466 1 03.07.1998 20,000 317 

ÇALDIRAN ( DISTRICT -VAN ) 7,979 1 27.02.1992 15,000 510 

ÇATAK ( DISTRICT -VAN ) 4,658 2 30.10.1990 6,000 69 

ÇELEBIDAĞI ( ERCIS -VAN ) 7,552 2 29.09.1989 6,500 271 

ÇIÇEKLI ( EDREMIT -VAN ) -- NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

EDREMIT ( SARMANSUYU ) ( DISTRICT -VAN ) 4,509 1 07.07.1980 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

ERCEK ( CENTER -VAN ) -- NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

ERCIS ( DISTRICT -VAN ) 78,397 6 19.11.1997 10,000 173 

GEVAŞ ( DISTRICT -VAN ) 10,788 2 12.04.1989 19,000 934 

GÜRPINAR ( DISTRICT -VAN ) 6,916 2 30.04.1985 7,000 126 

KOCAPINAR ( ERCIS -VAN ) 3,847 1 16.11.1993 6,000 150 

MURADIYE ( DISTRICT -VAN ) 12,982 2 03.04.1989 30,000 802 

ÖZALP ( DISTRICT -VAN ) 6,679 2 29.11.1984 UNKNOWN UNKNOWN 

SAĞMALLI ( A.SAĞMALLI ) ( ÖZALP - VAN ) 3,748 1 05.06.1996 10,000 175 

SARAY ( DISTRICT -VAN ) 3,568 1 05.10.1990 10,000 161 

UNSELI ( MURADIYE -VAN ) 3,592 1 01.08.1994 5,400 210 

UYSAL ( GEVAŞ -VAN ) -- NONEXISTENT NONEXISTENT 0 0 

VAN ( CENTER -VAN ) 225,628 4 03.08.1998 635,000 4,700 

Source: BP-Land Planning Directorate “Belediyelerin İmar Plan Bilgileri” (Duplicated) Ankara January, 1999.

7.4. URBAN AND RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE 

Currently there are plenty of drinking water resources that never exhaust and can be 

refreshed and to be used in industry and towards energy. In addition, water resources that 

are important element of agricultural production can undertake functions of watery and 

therefore increasing production as far as they are used effectively. 

The exixsting limitation of drinking water and electricity interruptions in the region 

point out that the water resources are not sufficient in the region. Effective using of the 

water resources of the region towards both drinking and production is an important issue. 

As a result, the problem lived in the region from the water resources aspects has come into 

being due to the lack of public investments. 

7.4.1. Infrastructure for Drinking Water and Water for Use in Urban Settlements 

16 province centers and 117 district centers (except 3 counties) in the region have 

sufficient drinking water network. The drinking water networks have been insufficient in 

Bahçesaray district of Van province, in Köprüköy district of Erzurum province and in 

Genç district of Bingöl province. The drinking water construction of all counties except 

Köprüköy is in a position to be held. The drinking water construction in Genç district has 

been continuing. The infrastructure status in the urban settlements of the EAP region are 

given in Table 7.4.1. 

209

NAME OF 

SETTLEMENT 

PLACE 

(PROVINCE) 

Table 7.4.1: Settlements with Completed Water Infrastructure 

PROVINCES WITH COMPLETED WATER INFRASTRUCTURE 

DISTRICT APPROVAL 

DATE 

210 

CONTENT 

AĞRI CENTER 

1992 

APPROVED 

DEEP-WELL,ELEVATION RAISING,WATER-TANK 

DİYADİN 

1992 

APPROVED 

SPRING,WATER TRANMISSION 

PIPELINE,WATER-TANK,NETWORK 

ELEŞKİRT 30.04.1998 



HAMUR 

1996 

APPROVED 


PIPELINE,WATER-TANK 

PATNOS 29.05.1997 SPRING,WATER TRANSMISSION PIPELINE 

TUTAK 14.08.1997 SPRING,ELEVATION RAISING,WATER-TANK 

YÜCEKAPI 

1993 

APPROVED 

SPRING,ELEVATION RAISING,WATER- 

TANK,NETWORK 

ARDAHAN CENTER 13.02.1998 

SPRING,WATER TRANSMISSION 


BAYBURT AKŞAR 23.11.1995 



CENTER 13.02.1998 KAPUTAJ,WATER TRANMISSION PIPELINE 

ARPALI 01.03.1988 



AYDINTEPE 22.08.1988 



DEMİRÖZÜ 30.12.1998 



BİNGÖL CENTER 02.02.1995 KAPUTAJ,WATER TRANMISSION PIPELINE 

GENÇ 29.12.1997 

WATER TRANMISSION PIPELINE,WATER- 

TANK,NETWORK 

SERVİ 04.04.1997 



SELHAN 31.12.1991 



YAYLADERE 20.07.1990 



YEDİSU 25.09.1989 



BİTLİS ADİLCEVAZ 29.11.1996 SPRING,WATER TRANMISSION PIPELINE 

AYDINLAR 13.06.1997 



OVAKIŞLA 30.01.1997 NETWORK 

GÜROYMAK 23.10.1998 WATER-TANK,NETWORK 

ELAZIĞ CENTER 29.03.1994 WATER-TANK,NETWORK 

ARICAK 06.06.1988 

YURTBAŞI 14.10.1992 



DEEP-WELL, ELEVATION RAISING,WATER- 

TANK,NETWORK

NAME OF 

SETTLEMENT 

PLACE 

(PROVINCE) 

Table 7.4.1: Settlements with Completed Water Infrastructure (Cont.) 



DATE 

211 

CONTENT 

KARAKOÇAN 17.02.1998 DEEP-WELL,ELEVATION RAISING 

BASKİL 20.03.1995 


TANK,NETWORK 

HANKENDİ 11.08.1995 WATER-TANK,NETWORK 

ALACAKAYA 11.09.1992 



ERİMLİ 28.09.1990 



KOVANCILAR 31.03.1993 


TANK,NETWORK 

İÇME 28.05.1992 

KAPUTAJ,WATER TRANMISSION 


AĞIN 28.09.1993 

DEEP-WELL ELEVATION RAISING,WATER- 

TANK,NETWORK 

MADEN 21.05.1993 



SİVRİCE 29.06.1998 DEEP-WELL,ELEVATION RAISING 

SARICAN 25.04.1996 



AKÇAKİRAZ 21.01.1997 DEEP-WELL,ELEVATION RAISING 

YARIMCA 25.12.1998 DEEP-WELL,ELEVATION RAISING 

GEZİN 30.12.1997 


TANK,NETWORK 

MOLLAKENDİ 11.01.1999 DEEP-WELL ELEVATION RAISING,WATER-TANK 

ERZİNCAN ÇADIRKAYA 1989 APPROVED 



ÇAYIRLI 1994 APPROVED 



ALTUNKENT 22.03.1994 NETWORK 

KEMAH 1987 APPROVED 



KEMALİYE 1987 APPROVED 



MERCAN 1992 APPROVED KESON, ELEVATION RAISING 

REFAHİYE 1988 APPROVED DEEP-WELL, ELEVATION RAISING 

TERCAN 1987 APPROVED WATER-TANK,NETWORK 

KARAKAYA 1993 APPROVED 

DEMİRKENT 1993 APPROVED 

KAVAKYOLU 1993 APPROVED 

ULALAR 1993 ONAYLI 








PIPELINE,WATER-TANK

NAME OF 

SETTLEMENT 

PLACE 

(PROVINCE) 




DATE 

212 

CONTENT 

ÇUKURKUYU 1993 APPROVED 



BAYIRBAĞI 20.12.1995 



GEÇİT 30.10.1997 



GÜMÜŞHANE CENTER 01.02.1995 WATER-TANK,NETWORK 

ŞİRAN 02.05.1989 



YEŞİLBÜK 15.06.1989 



TORUL 21.12.1992 



KÖSE 10.03.1992 DEEP-WELL, ELEVATION RAISING,NETWORK 

TEKKEKÖY 02.07.1996 



ÖZKÜRTÜN 04.11.1996 



KÜRTÜN 20.03.1998 



ERZURUM CENTER 12.11.1996 DEEP-WELL, ELEVATION RAISING,WATER-TANK 

ÇAT 1987 APPROVED 



DUMLU 24.12.1996 DEEP-WELL, ELEVATION RAISING 

KINIZ 1989 APPROVED 



HORASAN 24.08.1994 KESON, ELEVATION RAISING 

İSPİR 1987 APPROVED 



KANDİLLİ 24.10.1996 DEEP-WELL, ELEVATION RAISING 

KARAÇOBAN 22.07.1997 



OLTU 31.12.1997 KESON, ELEVATION RAISING,WATER-TANK 

OLUR 1988 APPROVED 



TEKMAN 31.12.1997 



TORTU 22.07.1994 DEEP-WELL, ELEVATION RAISING,NETWORK 

ŞEKERLİ 18.07.1994 

UZUNDERE 28.08.1998 

ÇAMLIKAYA 1987 APPROVED 

KESON, ELEVATION RAISING,WATER- 

TANK,NETWORK 




PIPELINE,WATER-TANK,NETWORK

NAME OF 

SETTLEMENT 

PLACE 

(PROVINCE) 




DATE 

213 

CONTENT 

KOPAL 1987 APPROVED 



PAZARYOLU 1987 APPROVED 



YAVİ 1992 APPROVED 



PEHLİVANLI 1993 APPROVED 



IĞDIR CENTER 1994 APPROVED DEEP-WELL, ELEVATION RAISING 

ARALIK 20.10.1995 DEEP-WELL, ELEVATION RAISING 

HARFELİ 17.04.1996 DEEP-WELL,ELEVATION RAISING,NETWORK 

TAŞBURUN 25.07.1997 DEEP-WELL, ELEVATION RAISING,NETWORK 

KARS ÇILDIR 1988 APPROVED 



DAĞPINAR 1987 APPROVED 


PIPELINE,NETWORK 

DAMAL 1987 APPROVED 



DİGOR 03.04.1995 



GÖLE 1992 APPROVED 



KAĞIZMAN 29.08.1997 SPRING,WATER TRANMISSION PIPELINE 

SELİM 1987 APPROVED SPRING,WATER TRANMISSION PIPELINE 

MALATYA BALABAN 03.12.1992 



YAKINCA 27.02.1987 WATER-TANK,NETWORK 

HASANÇELEBİ 24.07.1990 



NOHUTLU 26.11.1992 



ÖREN 16.10.1990 WATER-TANK,NETWORK 

KOCAÖZÜ 31.12.1991 DEEP-WELL,ELEVATION RAISING 

KURUCAOVA 30.09.1996 



GÜZELYURT 31.12.1992 DEEP-WELL,ELEVATION RAISING 

SÜRGÜ 25.10.1993 



POLAT 13.01.1993 



DOĞANŞAHİN 28.04.1993 WATER TRANMISSION PIPELINE,NETWORK 

HATUNSUYU 12.07.1993 DEEP-WELL,ELEVATION RAISING,WATER-TANK 

ARGUVAN 31.08.1995 SPRING,WATER TRANMISSION PIPELINE

NAME OF 

SETTLEMENT 

PLACE 

(PROVINCE) 




DATE 

214 

CONTENT 

AĞILBAŞI 29.12.1995 KAPUTAJ,WATER TRANMISSION PIPELINE 

KULUNCAK 03.01.1996 DEEP-WELL,ELEVATION RAISING 

SOFULAR 26.07.1996 SPRING,WATER TRANMISSION PIPELINE 

HEKİMHAN 03.07.1996 DEEP-WELL,ELEVATION RAISING 

GÖKÇE 02.06.1998 



AYVALI 13.06.1997 SPRING,WATER TRANMISSION PIPELINE 

KİRMANLI 08.08.1997 

DEEP-WELL,ELEVATION RAISING,WATER- 

TANK,NETWORK 

YUKARI 

KOZLUCA 

31.03.1998 



MUŞ ÖZKALE 02.07.1998 


TANK,NETWORK 

ELMAKAYA 27.10.1997 


TANK,NETWORK 

TUNCELİ NAZIMİYE 22.12.1988 



OVACIK 26.11.1990 



DARIKENT 25.11.1992 



CENTER 28.09.1995 



PERTEK 02.04.1996 



VAN ÖZALP 19.10.1997 

DRAINAGE,WATER TRANMISSION 


MURADİYE 06.06.1997 SPRING,WATER TRANMISSION PIPELINE 

PROVINCES WITH CONTINUING WATER INFRASTRUCTURE WORKS 

NAME OF 

SETTLEMENT 

(PROVINCE) 

DISTRICT APPROVAL DATE CONTENT 

BİTLİS GÜNKIRI ----- SPRING,WATER-TANK,NETWORK 

HAKKARİ ESENDERE ----- 

SPRING,WATER-TANK,NETWORK,WATER 

TRANMISSION PIPELINE 

DURANKAYA ----- 

SPRING,WATER-TANK,NETWORK,WATER 

TRANMISSION PIPELINE 

KARS CENTER ----- WATER-TANK,NETWORK 

MUŞ BULANIK ----- WATER TRANMISSION PIPELINE,NETWORK 

MALAZGİRT ----- 

DEEP-WELL, ELEVATION RAISING, WATER- 

TANK,NETWORK 

VAN CENTER ----- WATER-TANK,NETWORK 

Source: The Bank of Provinces General Directorate

7.4.2. Drinking Water and Water for Use in the Rural Settlements 

There are totally 13,177 settlement units in the region. Among these, 6,545 are 

villages, the left ones are hamlet, shelter and similar settlement places. There is sufficient 

drinking water in 66 percent (8,684) of these settlements. The drinking water foundations 

are not sufficient in 17 percent (2,190) of the other settlements and it is not even 

established in 2,303 (17 percent) of them. In 4,938 villages (75.5 percent) of 6,545 the 

drinking water networks are sufficient and in 1,327 (20 percent) of them are not sufficient 

and in 280 (4.5 percent) of them no drinking water network is available in the region. 

There is drinking water in 3,746 (56.5 percent) out of 6,632 village outside settlements, in 

863 (13 percent) of them drinking water is not sufficient and there is no network in 2,023 

(30.5 percent) of them. 

Ağrõ: The total number of the settlement units is 929 in Ağrõ; 570 of these 

settlements are villages and 359 of them are village outside settlements. The drinking water 

is sufficient in 323 of villages and not sufficient in 202 of them and no drinking water 

network in 46 of them. The drinking water is available in 137 of village outside settlements 

and not sufficient in 63 of them and no drinking water in 159 of them. Generally out of 929 

settlement units, the drinking water is sufficient in 459 (49.5 percent) of them and not 

sufficient in 265 (28.5 percent) of them and no drinking water network in 205 (22 percent) 

of them. 

Bingöl: The total number of the settlement units is 1,086 in Bingöl; 316 of these 




and not sufficient in 67 of them and no drinking water in 369 of them. Generally out of 

1,086 settlement units, the drinking water is sufficient in 570 (52.4 percent) of them and 

not sufficient in 137 (12.6 percent) of them and no drinking water network in 379 (35 

percent) of them. 

Bitlis: The total number of the settlement units is 629 in Bitlis; 332 of these 





settlement units, the drinking water is sufficient in 426 (68 percent) of them and not 

sufficient in 133 (21 percent) of them and no drinking water network in 70 (11 percent) of 

them. 

Elazõğ: The total number of the settlement units is 1,197 in Elazõğ; 547 of these 





1,197 settlement units, the drinking water is sufficient in 813 (68 percent) of them and not 

215


them. 

Erzincan: The total number of the settlement units is 789 in Erzincan; 545 of these 







them. 

Erzurum: The total number of the settlement units is 1,522 in Erzurum; 1,031 of 

these settlements are villages and 491 of them are village outside settlements. The drinking 

water is sufficient in 864 of villages and not sufficient in 134 of them and no drinking 

water network in 33 of them. The drinking water is available in 222 of village outside 

settlements and not sufficient in 36 of them and no drinking water in 233 of them. 

Generally out of 1,522 settlement units, the drinking water is sufficient in 1,086 (71 

percent) of them and not sufficient in 170 (11 percent) of them and no drinking water 

network in 266 (18 percent) of them. 

Gümüşhane: The total number of the settlement units is 806 in Gümüşhane; 330 of 

these settlements are villages and 476 of them are village outside settlements. The drinking 

water is sufficient in 275 of villages and not sufficient in 34 of them and no drinking water 





them. 

Hakkari: The total number of the settlement units is 573 in Hakkari; 120 of these 





settlement units, the drinking water is sufficient in 536 (93.5 percent) of them and not 

sufficient in 20 (3.5 percent) of them and no drinking water network in 17 (3 percent) of 

them. 

Kars: The total number of the settlement units is 447 in Kars; 375 of these 






216

sufficient in 87 (19.5 percent) of them and no drinking water network in 66 (14.5 percent) 

of them. 

Malatya: The total number of the settlement units is 1,653 in Malatya; 501 of these 

settlements are villages and 1,151 of them are village outside settlements. The drinking 

water is sufficient in 319 of villages and not sufficient in 174 of them and no drinking 

water network in 8 of them. The drinking water is available in 779 of village outside 

settlements and not sufficient in 252 of them and no drinking water in 121 of them. 

Generally out of 1,653 settlement units, the drinking water is sufficient in 1,098 (66.5 

percent) of them and not sufficient in 426 (26 percent) of them and no drinking water 

network in 129 (7,5 percent) of them. 

Muş: The total number of the settlement units is 565 in Muş; 359 of these 







them. 

Tunceli: The total number of the settlement units is 1,222 in Tunceli; 368 of these 






sufficient in 154 (12.5 percent) of them and no drinking water network in 320 (26.5 

percent) of them. 

Van: The total number of the settlement units is 1,026 in Van; 575 of these 







them. 

Bayburt: The total number of the settlement units is 227 in Bayburt; 171 of these 


is sufficient in 161 of villages and not sufficient in 10 of them. The drinking water is 

available in 48 of village outside settlements and not sufficient in 1 of them and no 

drinking water network in 7 of them. Generally out of 227 settlement units, the drinking 

water is sufficient in 209 (92 percent) of them and not sufficient in 11 (5 percent) of them 

and no drinking water network in 7 (3 percent) of them. 

217

Ardahan: The total number of the settlement units is 292 in Ardahan; 247 of these 




and not sufficient in 6 of them and no drinking water network in 30 of them. Generally out 

of 292 settlement units, the drinking water is sufficient in 196 (67 percent) of them and not 

sufficient in 48 (16.5 percent) of them and no drinking water network in 48 (16.5 percent) 

of them. 

Iğdõr: The total number of the settlement units is 214 in Iğdõr; 158 of these 




and not sufficient in 7 of them and no drinking water network in 36 of them. Generally out 

of 214 settlement units, the drinking water is sufficient in 95 (44.5 percent) of them and not 

sufficient in 69 (32 percent) of them and no drinking water network in 50 (23.5 percent) of 

them. 

Information related to drinking water of rural settlement of the provinces in the 

content of the EAP according to province level in 01.01.1997 is given in Table 7.4.2. 

Table 7.4.2: Drinking Water and Water for Use in Rural Settlements 

No. Provinces Settlements 

Having Adequate 

Drinking Water 

Settlements Having 

Inadequate 


218 

Settlements 

Having No 


Total 

1 Ağrõ 459 265 205 929 

2 Ardahan 196 48 48 292 

3 Bayburt 209 11 7 227 

4 Bingöl 570 137 379 1,086 

5 Bitlis 426 133 70 629 

6 Elazõğ 813 313 71 1,197 

7 Erzincan 602 75 112 789 

8 Erzurum 1,086 170 266 1,522 

9 Gümüşhane 454 61 291 806 

10 Hakkari 536 20 17 573 

11 Iğdõr 95 69 50 214 

12 Kars 294 87 66 447 

13 Malatya 1,098 426 129 1,653 

14 Muş 430 33 102 565 

15 Tunceli 748 154 320 1,222 

16 Van 668 188 170 1,026 

Grand Total 8,684 2,190 2,303 13,177 

Source: GDRA-Planning and Research Division (1997)

Table 7.4.3: Ratio of Rural Settlement Places Having Sufficient Drinking Water and 

Their Population to the Total Settlement Places and Total Population (1997) 


of 

Villages 

Ratio Number of 

Legally Tied 

Settlements 

219 

Ratio Population Ratio 

Ağrõ 329 58 139 39 156,919 57 

Bingöl 249 78 343 45 110,797 73 

Bitlis 264 79 185 63 123,637 75 

Elazõğ 410 75 466 70 140,496 78 

Erzincan 470 86 146 60 93,348 89 

Erzurum 893 86 301 62 345,992 85 

Gümüşhane 284 86 200 42 78,927 84 

Hakkari 113 94 423 93 77,471 89 

Kars 284 74 20 28 160,472 73 

Malatya 350 71 800 69 144,329 71 

Muş 315 87 117 58 178,603 80 

Tunceli 268 73 493 58 53,665 67 

Van 430 75 237 53 269,232 75 

Bayburt 164 96 49 88 52,434 95 

Ardahan 198 83 9 20 102,285 82 

Iğdõr 89 56 16 29 40,897 50 

EAP 5,116 78 3,944 59 2,129,504 76 

TURKEY 28,976 83 24,837 60 13,134,494 81 

Source: SPO, “İller ve Bölgeler İtibariyle Çeşitli Göstergeler”, 

Ankara, February 1999, p.97-99. 

According to the above table, the rate of villages in EAP region having drinking 

water is 78 percent and this rate is 83 percent in Turkey generally. When it is considered 

from population aspect 76 percent of rural population of EAP region and 81 percent of 

rural population in Turkey seem to have sufficient drinking water. Iğdõr and Ağrõ provinces 

are in the worst position from the aspect of taking advantage of using sufficient drinking 

water in rural population. On the other hand the provinces that are in best position are 

Bayburt, Erzincan and Hakkari. 

If clean water usage is a criterion of being developed, EAP region can be accepted 

as underdeveloped since the rate of clean water usage is less than Turkey’s general. 

However, the region is very rich from ground water resources aspect. 

7.4.3 Sewerage Infrastructure in Urban Settlements 

In 13 of province centers of the region, the sewerage network has been constructed, 

and the sewerage construction has been completed partially in three province centers and it 

still continues. Summary information related to sewerage network of the provinces are 

given below: 

Ağrõ: There is sewerage network in the province center and the refinement network 

is at project level. The sewerage networks in Diyadin and Doğubeyazõt counties have been

constructed and the construction of sewerage network in Eleşkirt and Tutak counties has 

been continuing at the project stage. There is no sewerage network in Hamur and Taşlõçay. 

Bingöl: There is sewerage network in the province center and Kiği district. The 

sewerage network is under construction in Karlõova district and no sewerage network is 

available in the other 5 counties. 

Bitlis: There is sewerage network in the province center and the project studies 

have been continuing in Adilcevaz, Ahlat and Güroymak counties. There is no sewerage 

network in two counties (Hizan and Mutki). 

Elazõğ: There is sewerage network in the province center and Karakoçan, Baskil 

and Palu counties are on the way to be projected. The construction of sewerage network 

has been continuing in Kovancõlar and Sivrice counties. There is no sewerage network in 

the other 4 counties. 

Erzincan: There is sewerage network in the province center and no sewerage 

network is available in the other 8 counties. 

Erzurum: The construction of sewerage network has been continuing in the center. 

There is sewerage network in Ilõca district. The construction of sewerage network is on the 

project phase in Horasan, Oltu and Pasinler counties and no sewerage network is available 

in the other 11 counties. 

Gümüşhane: The construction of sewerage network in the province center has 

been continuing and no sewerage network is available in the other 5 counties. 

Hakkari: There is sewerage network in the province center and it is on the project 

phase in Yüksekova district and no sewerage network is available in the other two 

counties. 

Kars: There is sewerage network in the province center. The construction of 

sewerage network is on the project stage in Kağõzman and Sarõkamõş counties and no 

sewerage network is available in the other three counties. 

Malatya: The construction of sewerage network has been continuing in the 

province center. There is sewerage network in Hekimhan district; it is on the project stage 

in Arapkir, Battalgazi and Doğanşehir counties and no network is available in the other 4 

counties. 

Muş: There is sewerage network in the province center. In Bulanõk and Hasköy 

counties, it is on the project stage and no network is available in the other three counties. 

Tunceli: The province center and Nazimiye district have sewerage networks but 

the other 6 counties do not have. 

220

Bayburt: There is sewerage network in the province center and no network is 

available in the other two counties. 

Ardahan: There is sewerage network in the province center and no network is 

available in the other 5 counties. 

Iğdõr: There is sewerage network in the province center and no network is 

available in the other three counties. 

Sewerage construction costs a lot of money if the municipalities try to construct it 

with their own funds. In reality, sewerage networks are the investments that can be 

performed in a long period. For this reason, municipalities generally make the Bank of 

Provinces to project and finance the construction of these kind of services. The Bank of 

Provinces carries out these services within a certain program by taking into account the 

amount of credits of municipalities and the emergency of the service. 

According to data taken from General Directorate of the Bank of Provinces and 

municipalities in the region, the sewerage network had been constructed in 13 of 16 

provinces and the construction has been still continuing in the remaining three province 

centers. The sewerage network status in the provinces and district centers that are in the 

content of the EAP is given in details in Table 7.4.4. 

Table 7.4.4: Sewerage Infrastructure in Urban Settlements (Provinces and District 

Centers) in the EAP Region 

Provices Districts Sewerage Waste Water Treatment Plant 

Completed Continuing Unavailable Completed Continuing Unavailable 

Ağrõ Center + At project level 

Diyadin + + 

Doğubeyazit + At project level 

Eleşkirt At project level At project level 

Hamur + + 

Patnos + At project level 

Taşlõçay + + 

Tutak At project level At project level 

Bingöl Center + + 

Adaklõ + + 

Genç + + 

Karlõova + At project level 

Kiğõ + + 

Solhan + + 

Yayladere + + 

Yedisu + + 

Bitlis Center + + 

Adilcevaz At project level At project level 

Ahlat At project level At project level 

Güloymak At project level At project level 

Hizan + + 

Mutki + + 

Tatvan + At project level 

221


Centers) in the EAP Region (Continuing) 



Elazõğ Center + + 

Ağõn + + 

Arõcak + + 

Baskil At project level At project level 

Keban + + 

K0vancilar + At project level 

Karakoçan At project level At project level 

Maden + + 

Palu At project level At project level 

Sivrice + At project level 

Alacakaya + + 

Erzincan Center + + 

Çayõrlõ + + 

İliç + + 

Otlukbeli + + 

Kemah + + 

Kemaliye + + 

Refahiye + + 

Tercan + + 

Üzümlü + + 

Erzurum Center + At project level 

Aşkale + + 

Çat + + 

Hõnõs + + 

Horasan At project level At project level 

İspir + + 

Karaçoban + + 

Karayazõ + + 

Köprüköy + + 

Narman + + 

Pazaryolu + + 

Oltu At project level At project level 

Olur + + 

Şenkaya + + 

Tekman + + 

Tortum + + 

Uzundere + + 

Ilõca + At project level 

Pasinler At project level At project level 

Gümüşhane Center + At project level 

Kelkit + + 

Köse + + 

Şiran + + 

Torul + + 

Kürtün + + 

222





Hakkari Center + + 

Çukurca + + 

Şemdinli + + 

Yüksekova At project level At project level 

Kars Center + At project level 

Akyaka + + 

Arpaçay + + 

Digor + + 

Kağõzman At project level At project level 

Sarõkamõş At project level At project level 

Selim + + 

Susuz At project level At project level 

Malatya Center + At project level 

Akçadağ + + 

Arapkir At project level At project level 

Arguvan + + 

Battalgazi At project level At project level 

Darende + + 

Doğanşehir At project level At project level 

Doğanyol + + 

Hekimhan + + 

Kuluncak + + 

Pütürge + + 

Yeşilyurt + + 

Muş Center + + 

Korkut + + 

Malazgirt + + 

Bulanõk At project level At project level 

Hasköy At project level At project level 

Varto + + 

Tunceli Center + + 

Çemişgezek + + 

Hozat + + 

Mazgirt + + 

Nazimiye + + 

Ovacõk + + 

Pertek + + 

Pülümür + + 

Van Center + + 

Başkale + At project level 

Çatak + + 

Erciş + + 

Gevaş + + 

Gürpõnar + + 

Muradiye + + 

Özalp + + 

Edremit + + 

223





Çaldõran + + 

Saray + + 

Bahçesaray + + 

Bayburt Center + + 

Aydõntepe + + 

Demirözü + + 

Ardahan Center + + 

Çõldõr + + 

Damal + + 

Göle + + 

Hanak + + 

Posof + + 

Iğdõr Center + + 

Source: BP Archive 

Aralõk + + 

Karakoyunlu + + 

Tuzluca + + 

7.4.4. Sewerage Infrastructure in Rural Settlements 

The sewerage networks of villages has been constructed by the Village Services 

General Directorate. There is sewerage network in 142 villages out of 6545 in the region. 

This number is only 2.2 percent of the total villages. Information related to the rural 

infrastructure of sewerage network is given in Table 7.4.5 at the provinces level. 

Two important problems, which are met in the developing countries that are in the 

efforts of development in the last forty-fifty years, are rapid population increase and rapid 

urbanisation. The yearly average population increase in most of these countries changes 

between 2 percent and 3 percent and the number of people living in the provinces is around 

7 percent. While only 14 percent of the world population had been living in the provinces 

in 1920’s, this increased to 50 percents in 1990’s (Keleş, 1983:5). The increasing 

urbanisation has also brought the housing problem. 

The housing policy applied in the region caused to disorder the municipal services 

by means of opening areas, which are suitable especially for agriculture for the new 

settlements instead of evaluating old province centers that have infrastructures after 

rehabilitation and constructing new house . This situation in a way means the waste of 

resources. 

224

7.5. HOUSING 

Table 7.4.5: Status of Sewerage in Rural Settlements 

Provinces Village 

Sewerage 

Ağrõ 1 

Ardahan - 

Bayburt 9 

Bingöl 1 

Bitlis 3 

Elazõğ 8 

Erzincan 23 

Erzurum 61 

Gümüşhane 9 

Hakkari - 

Iğdõr - 

Kars 1 

Malatya 22 

Muş - 

Tunceli 1 

Van 3 

Grand Total 142 

Source: GDRA-Planning and Research Division, 1997 

Sheltering as one of the basic needs of human being like feeding and health is a fact 

consisting of social and economic characters. The reasons that bring necessity for housing 

can be collected under three main headings in Turkey. 1-Population increase and 

population movements 2-Expropriation and worn-out of the houses 3-Natural damages. 

These reasons are valid for the EAP region too. 

When rapid constructions of houses without permission, which have been 

performed widely in Turkey, together with the rapid urbanisation and changing dynamics 

of the region that come into being with immigration fact in the region are considered, it has 

been made use of census results and size of house population in the determination of 

current situation of residency stock data in EAP region (Table 7.5.1-7.5.2). 

225

Table 7.5.1: Household Population in the Settlements of the EAP Region Having 

Population More Than 20,000 

Name of Name of 

Number of Person in a Family in Respect to Provinces 

Settlement Municipality 1993 1998 1999 2000 

Ağrõ Center 6.5 6.4 6.4 6.4 

Patnos 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 

Doğubeyazõt 7.2 7.2 7.2 7.2 

Ardahan Center 5.9 5.8 5.8 5.8 

Bingöl Center 5.8 5.8 5.8 5.8 

Genç 7.2 7.1 7.1 7.1 

Solhan 7.2 7.1 7.1 7.1 

Bitlis Tatvan 7.3 7.2 7.2 7.2 

Center 6.4 6.3 6.3 6.3 

Ahlat 7.3 7.2 7.2 7.2 

Güroymak 7.3 7.2 7.2 7.2 

Elazõğ Center 4.9 4.9 4.9 4.8 

Karakoçan 5.9 6.0 5.9 5.8 

Erzincan Center 4.6 4.5 4.5 4.5 

Üzümlü 6.3 6.2 6.2 6.2 

Erzurum Center 5.2 5.2 5.2 5.2 

Oltu 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 

Pasinler 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 

Hõnõs 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 

Gümüşhane Center 4.9 4.8 4.8 4.8 

Hakkari Center 7.0 7.0 7.0 7.0 

Yüksekova 8.1 8.0 8.0 8.0 

Iğdõr Center 5.9 5.8 5.8 5.8 

Kars Center 5.1 5.0 5.0 5.0 

Sarõkamõş 5.9 5.8 5.8 5.8 

Malatya Center 5.0 4.9 4.9 4.9 

Muş Center 6.4 6.3 6.3 6.3 

Bulanõk 7.7 7.7 7.6 7.6 

Sungu 7.7 7.7 7.6 7.6 

Malazgirt 7.7 7.7 7.6 7.6 

Tunceli Center 5.6 5.5 5.5 5.5 

Van Center 6.6 6.6 6.6 6.6 

Erciş 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 

Başkale 7.4 7.4 7.4 7.4 

Source: “Nüfusu 20.000 ve Üzerindeki Belediyeleri Konut Stoku ve İhtiyacõ Tahminleri”, SPO, 1994 

226

Table 7.5.2: Residence Stock and Farseeing for Necessity of It in the Settlements 

Having Population More Than 20,000 

Farseeing for Stock Farseeing for Necessity to Housing in 

Name Name 

(1993) 

Respect to Years 

of Settlement of Municipality 1998 1999 2000 

Ağrõ Ağrõ(Center) 9,331 125 127 129 

Patnos 5,593 440 468 497 

Doğubeyazõt 5,251 145 149 153 

Ardahan Center 2,847 - - - 

Bayburt Center 6,444 279 290 301 

Bingöl Center 8,033 390 407 424 

Genç 2,003 203 219 236 

Solhan 2,032 159 169 179 

Bitlis Tatvan 7,622 65 66 66 

Center 6,169 72 73 74 

Ahlat 2,938 347 376 409 

Güroymak 2,916 344 374 406 

Elazõğ Center 44,659 1,156 1,185 1,215 

Karakoçan 3,297 428 478 523 

Erzincan Center 21,435 501 513 525 

Üzümlü 3,100 141 147 153 

Erzurum Center 51,549 2,165 2,248 2,333 

Oltu 3,869 153 159 165 

Pasinler 3,436 155 161 168 

Hõnõs 3,024 214 227 240 

Gümüşhane Center 5,908 228 236 244 

Hakkari Center 5,432 589 637 689 

Yüksekova 4,426 431 463 498 

Iğdõr Center 6,885 326 339 354 

Kars Center 16,639 467 479 492 

Sarõkamõş 3,786 27 27 27 

Malatya Center 58,944 1,522 1,561 1,600 

Muş Center 7,081 64 65 65 

Bulanõk 2,380 217 233 249 

Sungu 1,228 342 396 458 

Malazgirt 2,670 75 77 79 

Tunceli Center 5,234 386 409 434 

Van Center 28,020 2,457 2,626 2,806 

Erciş 5,797 130 132 135 

Başkale 2,444 95 98 101 

Source: “Nüfusu 20.000 ve Üzerindeki Belediyeleri Konut Stoku ve İhtiyacõ Tahminleri”, SPO, 1994 

The shortness of construction season due to the long and severe winter climate in 

the region caused to the difficulty in meeting the needs for house for the people in the 

region. In addition providing every raw material and materials of every kind which are 

input for the production from outside of the region are among the reasons for the increase 

in cost of houses. The climate conditions at the same time caused migration of qualified 

members of this sector to outside of the region and also to the production of poor quality 

construction. Because of the high aims of physical and human migration from the region 

227

and beside their poor qualities being the house costs high for the inhabitants of the region 

stimulates the squatter housing development. 

Table 7.5.3: Buildings Constructed in the EAP Region and in Turkey 

(per 1,000 People) 

TURKEY EAP 

Year Number Surface 

of House Area, m 2 

Cost Number Surface 

Million TL of House Area, m 2 

Cost 

Million TL 

1990 1.6 454.9 197.7 0.4 179.9 72.4 

1991 1.5 443.4 319.3 0.4 194.2 164.6 

1992 1.7 524.6 784.0 0.4 204.5 295.3 

1993 1.6 515.8 1,315.3 0.5 205.5 293.1 

1994 1.6 468.3 2,375.4 0.4 169.9 753.9 

1995 1.5 470.5 4,161.3 0.4 179.0 1,523.8 

1996 1.8 943.9 14,902.6 0.4 315.2 4,428.0 

Source: SIS-Monthly Statistics Bulletin, Building Construction Statistics, 1990-96, Economic and 

Social Indicators, Erzurum, 1998. 

As it is seen from the table while the number of house per 1,000 person between 

1990-1996 is rising from 1.63 to 1.82 in Turkey, the value of 0.41 in 1990 left the same in 

1996 in the EAP region. In other words there has been a relative drop in the number of 

house per 1,000 people in EAP region as years pass by. If it is looked at the values in the 

table carefully, the drops in the number of house per 1,000 person can be seen easily from 

time to time. 

What can be derived from this is that the low incomes in the EAP region cause 

families to become large family and this causes the number of house per person not to 

increase. In addition, fast immigration from rural to province centers in this region is 

another important reason for inadequacy of house. Shortness of construction season in the 

construction sector and being the cost of construction high relating to this are big obstacles 

in the owning house aims. Moreover, the disorder in the settlements of the EAP region 

makes difficult to bring possibilities of suitable infrastructure to the settlement units. 

When it is looked at the houses from surface area aspect, it can be seen that 

Turkey’s average is 2-3 times more than the EAP region’s average. Also low incomes of 

region’s people, climate and geographic conditions of the region and traditional family life 

play an important role in this subject. 

It can be easily observed that credits provided by Social Housing Administration or 

house construction projects that is carried out have not been a large scale creative subjects 

in the region. 

228

Table 7.5.4: Projects Built by Social Housing Administration 

Year 

Province 

HAKKARI 

(I.STAGE) 

KARS 

(I.STAGE) 

HAKKARI 

(I.STAGE) 

KARS 

1987-1997 1997-1998 Continuing At 

Project 

Level 

(I.STAGE) 

229 

Number 

of House 

Project 


(HA) 

Population 

+ 280 14 1,260 

+ 200 4 900 

+ 130 1.7 585 

+ 200 4 1,100 

ARDAHAN + 200 3.5 900 

IĞDIR + 

MALATYA + 

VAN + 

Source: Prepared from MHA Data. 

Table 7.5.5: Projects Credited to Municipalities by Social Housing Administration 

Province Number of Project Area Amount of credit House 

House 

(HA) Technical Services 

AĞRI (DOĞUBEYAZIT) 400 16 1.6 billion ----- 

AĞRI (PATNOS) 400 5 2.9 billion ----- 

ERZINCAN 648 15 11.1 billion 327.3 billion 

ERZURUM (NARMAN) 536 16 16.3 billion ----- 

MALATYA I 480 7 3.6 billion 224.1 billion 

MALATYA II 540 5 3.4 billion ----- 

MUŞ 400 8 No credit given ----- 


Similarly cooperative credits provided by Social Housing Administration (TKİ) to 

the region concentrated on certain developed centers (Elazõğ, Erzincan, Erzurum, and 

Malatya). There is no cooperative credits assigned for Hakkari, Ardahan and Bitlis 

provinces.

Provinces 

Number 

of 

Project 

Table 7.5.6: Projects Credited to Cooperative Organizations by Social Housing Administration 

1984-1995 1996 1997 1998 01.01.1999-30.04.1999 General Total 

Number 

of 

House 

Number 

of 

Project 

Number 

of 

House 

Number 

of 

Project 

Number 

of 

House 

Number 

of 

Project 

230 

Number 

of 

House 

Number 

of 

Project 

Number 

of 

House 

Number 

of 

Project 

Number 

of 

House 

Completed 

Houses 

AĞRI 3.0 3,97.0 ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 3.0 2,97.0 2,97.0 41.4 billion 

ARDAHAN ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

BAYBURT 1.0 90.0 ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 1.0 90.0 90.0 5.66 billion 

BINGÖL 8.0 6,75.0 ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 8.0 6,75.0 6,75.0 13.3 billion 

BITLIS ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

ELAZIĞ 1,12.0 6,214.0 2.0 385.0 1.0 53.0 1.0 39.0 1.0 14.0 117.0 6,705.0 6,691.0 378.9 billion 

ERZINCAN 1,26.0 5,387.0 3.0 97.0 1.0 24.0 ----- ----- ----- ----- 130.0 5,508.0 5,056.0 282.2 billion 

ERZURUM 3,16.0 11,6410 ----- ----- 26.0 1.307.0 6.0 191.0 2.0 54.0 350.0 

13,193. 

0 

11,813.0 

2 trillion 

86 billion 

GÜMÜŞHANE 3.0 111.0 1.0 22.0 ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 4.0 1,33.0 1,33.0 15.2 billion 

HAKKARI ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 

IĞDIR 1.0 40.0 ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 1.0 40.0 40.0 207 billion 

KARS 4.0 56.0 ----- ----- 1.0 13.0 1.0 27.0 ----- ----- 6.0 96.0 69.0 62.3 billion 

MALATYA 2,74.0 14,272.0 2.0 24.0 14.0 553.0 2.0 41.0 2.0 79.0 294.0 

14,969. 

0 

14,423.0 

1 trillion 

160 billion 

MUŞ 3.0 68.0 1.0 48.0 2.0 125.0 ----- ----- ----- ----- 6.0 2,41.0 1,16.0 126.5 billion 

TUNCELI 8.0 3,19.0 ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- ----- 8.0 3,19.0 3,19.0 5.9 billion 

VAN 21.0 6,13.0 ----- ----- ----- ----- 1.0 25.0 ----- ----- 22.0 6,38.0 6,13.0 36.3 billion 

TOTAL 880.0 39,783.0 10.0 576.0 49.0 2,075.0 11.0 323.0 5.0 147.0 950.0 


42,904. 

0 

40,335.0 

Given 

Credit 

Amount 

(TL) 

4 trillion 

213 billion 

860 million

The applications, which are credited in the content of HAF (Housing Assistance 

Fund) by Social Housing Administration, are given in Table 7.5.7. 

Table 7.5.7: Applications Credited under Housing Assistance 

Fund by Social Housing Administration 

PROVINCES NUMBER OF 

APPLİCANTS 

(PERSON) 

AĞRI 4 

ARDAHAN ---- 

BAYBURT 2 

BİNGÖL 392 

BİTLİS 69 

ELAZIĞ 3,596 

ERZİNCAN 1,965 

ERZURUM 4,895 

GÜMÜŞHANE 242 

HAKKARİ ---- 

IĞDIR 3 

KARS 12 

MALATYA 2,967 

MUŞ ---- 

TUNCELİ 135 

VAN 1 


Note: HAF is the amount of help given as 85 million per person to the 

residencies under 75m 2 . 

Again Erzurum, Elazõğ and Malatya are coming first and no person from Ardahan, 

Hakkari and Muş benefited from this system. 

The variety and frequency of disaster types increased the density of the settling 

studies after disaster in this region. The disaster houses constructed by Disaster Affairs 

General Directorate of the Ministry of Civil Works and Resettlements are given in 

Table 7.5.8. 

231

Table 7.5.8: Disaster Houses in the Provinces of the EAP Region 

PROVINCES 

NUMBER OF HOUSES 

AT PROJECT 

USING HAF AT BIDDING 

STAGE 

LEVEL 

AĞRI 568 1,746 29 

ARDAHAN 71 23 557 

BAYBURT 85 39 ----- 

BİNGÖL 2,594 7,673 1,529 

BİTLİS 1,919 460 643 

ELAZIĞ 525 883 267 

ERZİNCAN 2,722 4,995 156 

ERZURUM 1,376 4,056 5,655 

GÜMÜŞHANE 219 344 ----- 

HAKKARİ 19 69 173 

IĞDIR 1,227 469 94 

KARS 478 1,595 157 

MALATYA 1,040 2,827 324 

MUŞ 1,719 2,991 273 

TUNCELİ 1,374 1,527 114 

VAN 1,461 8,268 315 

Source: Data obtained from MRS- General Directorate of Disaster Affairs 

PROVINCES ASPHALT 

(KM) 

Table 7.5.9: Inventory of Village Roads 

CONCRETE 

(KM) 

STABILIZE 

(KM) 

232 

LEVELING 

(KM) 

PRIMITIVE 

(KM) 

TOTAL 

(KM) 

AĞRI 89 --- 2,467 1,094 883 4,530 

ARDAHAN --- --- 1,001 227 511 1,739 

BAYBURT 82 --- 911 439 511 1,943 

BİNGÖL 91 --- 821 1,625 874 3,411 

BİTLİS 137 --- 639 1,333 244 2,353 

ELAZIĞ 809 --- 1,777 1,219 295 4,100 

ERZİNCAN 351 --- 1,493 1,673 563 4,080 

ERZURUM 287 --- 3,311 2,670 2,397 8,665 

GÜMÜŞHANE 117 5 994 2,233 1,121 4,470 

HAKKARİ 38 --- 729 863 47 1,677 

IĞDIR 80 --- 401 337 374 1,192 

KARS 36 --- 1,837 585 738 3,196 

MALATYA 637 --- 2,454 3,092 303 6,486 

MUŞ 206 --- 1,496 785 243 2,730 

TUNCELİ 101 ---- 814 1,614 560 3,089 

VAN 196 --- 2,060 2,068 273 5,197 

Source: GDRA-Planning and Research Division’s Service Applications Inventory, Ankara, 1999 

(As of 01 January, 1999)

Table 7.5.10: Inventory of Drinking Water in Villages 

PROVINCES ADEQUATE 

WATER 

(UNIT) 

INADEQUATE 

WATER 

(UNIT) 

233 

(As of 01 January, 1999) 

WATERLESS TOTAL 

(UNIT) 

AĞRI 468 254 197 919 

ARDAHAN 218 25 42 285 

BAYBURT 213 7 5 225 

BİNGÖL 452 103 177 732 

BİTLİS 455 132 41 628 

ELAZIĞ 984 224 0 1,208 

ERZİNCAN 614 62 101 777 

ERZURUM 1,252 129 161 1,542 

GÜMÜŞHANE 601 37 150 788 

HAKKARİ 536 21 17 574 

IĞDIR 115 80 19 214 

KARS 308 86 61 455 

MALATYA 1,213 415 25 1,653 

MUŞ 430 31 98 559 

TUNCELİ 526 102 146 774 

VAN 678 194 180 1,052 

Source: GDRA-Planning and Research Division’s Service Applications Inventory, Ankara, 1999 

(As of 01 January, 1999)

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235

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236

APPENDIX 1: Natural Structure That Affects The Settlement 

237

APPENDIX 2: Urban Hierarchy And Transportation 

238

APPENDIX 3: Demographic And Socioeconomic Structure” 

239

240

APPENDIX 4: List of Central Villages and Their Population in the EAP Provinces 

PROVINCES DISTRICT 

CENTRAL 

VILLAGES 

241 

1980 1990 1997 

AĞRI CENTER MURATHAN 551 422 373 

CUMAÇAY 828 752 559 

TAŞTEKNE 881 690 569 

TEZEREN 1,110 1,047 928 

MURATHAN 423 422 373 

YAZILI 886 782 701 

ESKİHARMAN 771 977 769 

DİYADİN KARAPAZAR 854 829 654 

GÜNBULDU 860 998 927 

TAZEKENT 307 373 452 

DAVUT 735 976 900 

BOYALAN 391 510 333 

ULUKENT 1,030 1,169 1,167 

D.BEYAZIT SUHIÇEM 961 999 987 

ÇETENLİ 1,313 1,658 1,206 

KARABULAK 1,416 1,564 1,986 

GÜRBULAK 1,021 2,125 1,819 

TELÇEKER 1,274 1,967 1,672 

ELEŞKİRT TAHİR 1,474 1,570 3,032 

GÜVENCE 415 293 234 

YÜCEKAPI 1,914 1,937 1,858 

TOPRAKKALE 1,736 1,841 1,767 

AŞAĞIKOPUZ 537 513 413 

HAMUR KAÇMAZ 929 1,198 1,024 

YUKARIGÖZLÜCE 479 521 471 

GÜLTEPE 307 399 294 

KARAKAZAN 680 839 597 

TÜKENMEZ 559 414,348 

PATNOS SARISU BUCAĞI 493 691 742 

ÖZDEMİR 897 1,154 1,302 

YUKARIGÖÇMEZ 867 1,414 1,602 

DOĞANSU 1,927 2,664 2,564 

Y.DÜZMEYDAN 666 781 804 

KUMLUCA 1,112 1,311 1,320 

YUKARI TOKLU 510 447 303 

TUTAK ATABİNDİ 787 656 474 

AKYELE 661 698 585 

KARACAN 821 862 631 

DORUKDİBİ 1,185 1,692 1,275 

OĞLAKSUYU 871 1,014 1,033 

ARDAHAN CENTER HASKÖY 1,851 1,433 1,153 

ARDAHAN YANLIZÇAM 1,179 970 778 

ÇAMLIÇATAK 1,972 1,679 1,013 

SULAKYURT 2,027 1,413 1,151


(Continuing) 

PROVINCES DISTRICT CENTRAL VILLAGES 1980 1990 1997 

DEDEGÜL 505 320 252 

TEPELER 1,433 981 757 

AYDINTEPE 3,009 5,166 6,077 

BAYBURT DEMİRÖZÜ DISTRICT 1,534 2,452 2,477 

Y.KIRZI 1,091 913 760 

GÖKÇEDERE 2,693 2,701 2,599 

YOLÇATI 503 469 368 

AŞAĞIKÖY 568 546 424 

YAMAÇ 873 726 409 

SANCAK 704 718 2,969 

ARICILAR 426 393 206 

İÇPINAR 1,873 1,538 1,461 

GENÇ ÇAYTEPE 1,002 2,976 2,050 

SERVİ 642 2,858 2,410 

YATANSÖĞÜT 613 692 255 

ÇİFTLİKKÖY 300 245 50 

KARLIOVA HASANOVA 955 811 353 

VİRANŞEHİTLER 533 505 358 

YİĞİTLER 1,644 1,911 1,864 

KARGAPAZARI 1,101 1,456 1,275 

KIĞI ADAKLI 3,919 4,548 4,604 

SÜTLÜCE 951 583 367 

HASBAĞLAR 1,005 940 794 

YAYLADERE YAYLADERE 1,678 1,294 2,898 

ZEYNELLİ 585 226 75 

YEDİSU DISTRICT 2,412 2,432 2,454 

YENİBAŞAK DISTRICT 769 1,127 1,500 

SOLHAN HAZARŞAH 1,399 1,959 1,932 

BİTLİS CENTER GÜROYMAK DISTRICT 6,925 16,613 14,898 

GÖLBAŞI IN 

1,438 3,825 4,328 

GÜROYMAK DISTRICT 

A.KOLBAŞI 649 988 940 

YOLCULAR 785 894 792 

ÇELTİKLİ 334 411 448 

KARINCA 318 389 365 

NARLIDERE 879 1,181 732 

ARIDAĞ 1,363 1,303 1,251 

YEMİŞVEREN IN 

762 807 276 

GUROYMAK DISTRICT 

ADİLCEVAZ BAHÇEDERE 969 1,137 1,144 

ADİLCEVAZ ÇANAKYAYLA 566 758 518 

242


(Continuing) 


CENTRAL 

VILLAGES 

1980 1990 1997 

KÖMÜRLÜ 650 736 849 

AYDINLAR 2,022 3,050 5,068 

GÖLDÜZÜ 733 1,047 1,134 

AŞAĞI SÜPHAN 626 757 638 

AKÇIRA 974 1,302 1,114 

AHLAT OTLUYAZI 1,201 1,154 754 

AHLAT OVAKIŞLA 1,911 2,274 4,106 

GÜZELSU 1,512 2,152 1,075 

TAŞHARMAN 1,606 1,779 1,168 

HİZAN SAĞINLI 1,199 989 303 

HİZAN AKŞAR 1,117 1,331 849 

SIRMAÇEK 1,263 1,455 1,225 

ÜRÜNVEREN 1,600 1,813 654 

KEPİRLİ 1,579 935 641 

SÜTTAŞI 1,184 1,165 726 

KARBASTI 1,242 1,515 1,424 

SAĞIRKAYA 1,179 1,133 313 

MUTKİ KAVAKBAŞI 1,334 2,108 1,965 

MUTKİ URAN 918 1,235 1,499 

MEYDAN 609 607 430 

GEYİKPINAR 1,217 1,434 2,066 

ÇİTLİYOL 1,238 1,092 622 

KOCAİNİŞ 1,708 1,716 431 

GÜMÜŞKANAT 800 925 0 

TATVAN SARIKUM 998 1,213 1,505 

KIYIDÜZÜ 1,131 1,379 1,173 

GÖLLÜ 867 1,083 772 

DÖNERTAŞ 1,040 1,140 0 

KÜÇÜKSU 625 974 802 

ALACABÜK 1,383 1,588 629 

YELKENLİ 594 674 638 

ELAZIĞ CENTER YURTBAŞI 4,470 5,362 8,185 

ELAZIĞ CENTER TADIM 682 789 615 

HIDIRBABA 276 340 409 

İÇME 1,492 1,907 2,447 

POYRAZ 228 253 255 

HANKENDİ 1,834 1,543 2,018 

MOLLAKENDİ 911 946 3,731 

KARAALİ 620 727 586 

KARAKOÇAN BAŞYURT 652 785 599 

ÇAN 397 316 100 

OKÇULAR 1,260 653 354 

BULGURCUK 1,416 1,762 1,229 

243


(Continuing) 

PROVINCES DISTRICT CENTRAL VILLAGES 1980 1990 1997 

SARICAN 1,541 2,029 2,883 

KEBAN GÖKBELEN 452 323 236 

DENİZLİ 306 1,507 110 

ALACAKAYA İLÇESİ 3,342 3,639 3,339 

MADEN GEZİN 1,291 2,052 3,610 

PALU BALTAŞI 1,492 2,046 2,010 

ELAZIĞ PALU BEYHANI 3,736 6,349 7,175 

GÖKDERE 1,143 1,072 599 

OKÇULAR 1,112 1,085 722 

ARICAK İLÇESİ 2,389 3,258 5,253 

ARICAK ERİMLİ 1,753 2,705 3,157 

SİVRİCE USLUK 570 448 260 

SİVRİCE GÖZELİ 801 901 297 

BAŞKAYNAK 876 681 470 

ERZİNCAN CENTER ÇUKURKUYU 1,882 2,734 2,585 

ÇAĞLAYAN 1,377 1,922 1,971 

YAYLABAŞI 1,353 2,185 1,595 

AKYAZI 1,163 1,651 2,782 

AYDOĞDU 722 643 666 

ÇATALARMUT 543 509 737 

MOOLAKÖY 1,451 1,360 2,536 

OTLUKBELİ DISTRICT 2,440 3,050 2,657 

ÇAYIRLI HARMANTEPE 976 1,801 627 

ORTAKÖY 759 444 161 

ÇAYKENT 1,457 807 427 

YAYLAKENT 373 368 260 

BALIKLI 1,036 1,040 723 

YAZIKAYA 1,200 1,001 750 

KURUÇAY 471 1,254 133 

ILIÇ B.ARMUTLU 250 236 110 

BOYALIK 908 628 288 

BAĞIŞTAŞ 321 230 156 

İSLAMKÖYÜ 249 76 30 

KEMAH ALPKÖY 177 121 216 

ŞAHİNTEPE 339 206 79 

BOZOĞLAK 380 212 340 

KERER 743 403 373 

DOĞANBEYLİ 453 357 221 

KEMALİYE BAŞPINAR 276 234 228 

KEMALİYE DUTLUCA 375 319 310 

HARMANKAYA 312 147 101 

KIŞLACIK 121 94 60 

YURTBAŞI 946 927 455 

244


(Continuing) 


CENTRAL 

VILLAGES 

1980 1990 1997 

REFAHİYE GÜMÜŞAKAR 425 226 131 

BOSTANDERE 357 206 117 

AKARSU 205 145 105 

ÇATALÇAM 843 251 164 

ÇATAK 223 114 77 

ÇAMLIMÜLK 272 100 23 

DOĞANDERE 89 72 22 

BEŞGÖZE 401 304 494 

YAYLAYOLU 484 360 232 

KÖKPINAR 599 406 197 

KARACAÖREN 247 177 87 

BÜKLÜMDERE 487 494 268 

EDEBÜK 343 375 243 

ERZURUM CENTER ALTINBULAK 552 500 456 

DEREBOĞAZ 1,058 1,203 1,071 

DUMLU 3,748 4,396 3,757 

TAŞPINAR 1,077 587 262 

YONCALIK 838 952 728 

AŞKALE ÇİFTLİK 885 946 643 

AŞKALE KANDİLLİ 3,296 2,876 2,517 

KAVURMAÇUKURU 645 554 428 

KÜÇÜKOVA 303 183 115 

TOPALÇAVUŞ 1,014 804 222 

ÇAT PARMAKSIZ 1,108 822 597 

BAŞKÖY 1,246 902 709 

HINIS HALİLÇAVUŞ 1,248 2,056 1,363 

KARAÇOBAN 1,182 1,250 924 

YENİKÖY 613 616 489 

ALAGÖZ 819 998 784 

ARAS 681 580 459 

HACIAHMET 509 438 369 

HASANBEY 437 501 285 

KIRKGÖZELER 1,165 1,278 2,033 

KIRIK 509 144 88 

İSPİR YEŞİLYURT 812 490 269 

KARAYAZI ELMALIDERE 413 501 423 

GÖKSU 1,158 1,256 1,150 

KOPAL 2,196 3,895 4,035 

SÖYLEMEZ 650 654 536 

YOLGÖREN 383 354 261 

YÜCELİK 772 934 732 

NARMAN BAŞKALE 804 752 662 

NARMAN KIŞLAKÖY 661 561 389 

245


(Continuing) 


CENTRAL 

VILLAGES 

1980 1990 1997 

ŞEKERLİ 1,976 2,884 5,831 

ÇAMLIBEL 686 562 372 

DEREBAŞI 891 847 558 

İNCİ 967 950 769 

OLUR ATLIKÖY 785 555 384 

OLUR A.KARACASU 1,163 736 425 

KORUCUK 539 534 424 

YİĞİTTAŞI 306 333 229 

AKŞAR 1,041 1,808 2,037 

GAZİLER 869 694 380 

KÖMÜRLÜ 526 596 427 

YÜREKLİ 603 365 247 

TEKMAN ÇAĞLAR 371 244 177 

ÇEVİRME 1,195 1,107 817 

HACIÖMER 658 668 434 

KOÇYAYLA 1,085 1,273 1,315 

TAŞKESEN 1,177 1,209 1,012 

TORTUM ÇAĞLAYANLI 568 553 460 

ŞENYURT 1,977 3,022 3,877 

KALE 623 470 495 

GÜMÜŞHANE CENTER YAĞMURDERE 413 239 187 

KIRIKLI 2,130,243 183 

YAĞLIDERE 499 438 219 

YAYLADERE 395 242 48 

HASKÖY 414 359 296 

GÜNGÖREN 231 188 103 

KELKİT SALYAZI 3,006 3,545 3,034 

SADAK 1,057 870 643 

SÖĞÜTLÜ 2,093 2,010 2,374 

ŞİRAN TELME 1,066 820 394 

ŞİRAN KOZAĞAÇ 401 294 309 

YEŞİLBÜK 1,782 2,407 2,170 

ALIÇ 254 130 85 

SEYDİBABA 1,151 742 441 

TORUL İNKİLAP 283 260 208 

DEMİRKAPI 1,154 891 525 

SARIBABA 230 178 137 

ALTINPINAR 1,425 1,189 2,032 

GEÇİTLİ 1,105 1,856 1,729 

HAKKARİ CENTER BAĞIŞLI 802 1,173 1,200 

DURANKAYA 695 848 3,093 

ÜZÜMCÜ 1,053 1,255 795 

HAKKARİ ÇUKURCA KAVUŞAK 874 755 0 

246


(Continuing) 


CENTRAL 

VILLAGES 

1980 1990 1997 

ÇUKURCA CEVİZLİ 1,125 985 0 

UZUNDERE 2,221 3,986 3,333 

ŞEMDİNLİ GELİŞEN 1,428 2,256 2,404 

A.KAYALAR 978 1,658 1,327 

KORGAN 1,952 2,036 3,079 

UMURLU (DERECİK) 1,423 2,012 5,473 

KONUR 548 732 860 

HAKKARİ YÜKSEKOVA DAĞLICA 1,238 1,321 1,227 

YÜKSEKOVA GÜR KAVAK 780 845 663 

AKOCAK 778 1,075 566 

ORTAÇ 1,094 1,443 748 

DİLEKTAŞI 567 862 703 

ESENDERE 1,738 2,239 3,153 

DEMİRKONAK 4,413 2,493 1,288 

IĞDIR CENTER YAYCI 1,319 1,255 992 

KARAKOYUNLU KAÇARDOĞANŞALI 1,631 1,119 771 

YÜZBAŞILAR 1,453 1,925 2,002 

SUVEREN 1,704 2,974 1,560 

KARAÇOMAK 1,039 1,158 829 

ÇAĞLAYAN 469 389 266 

KARS CENTER SUBATAN 1,661 889 917 

AKBABA 1,544 1,265 808 

KOCABAHÇE 716 813 764 

BOĞAZKÖY 977 899 537 

ARPAÇAY KARDEŞTEPE 786 602 352 

KOÇKÖY 2,535 2,232 1,588 

ŞAHNALAR 1,290 514 573 

CEBECİ 899 403 196 

CENTER BAŞGEDİKLER 764 452 344 

ARDAHAN ÇILDIR YAKINSU 

(AŞŞIKŞENLİK) 

2,889 1,759 1,204 

DOĞRUYOL 2,172 1,865 1,371 

KURTKALE 1,031 692 529 

DİGOR BAŞKÖY 1,392 1,010 853 

ALACA 421 397 315 

BACALI 1,001 1,167 834 

DAĞPINAR 2,483 2,814 2,540 

ARDAHAN GÖLE KAYAALTI 1,274 1,138 941 

GÖLE YİĞİTKONAĞI 743 408 274 

UĞURTAŞI 1,144 810 434 

KÖPRÜLÜ 2,660 1,434 2,012 

ÇAYIRBAŞI 1,079 732 415 

247


(Continuing) 


CENTRAL 

VILLAGES 

1980 1990 1997 

YANATLI 1,036 511 396 

AĞILYOLU 1,538 1,128 750 

MOLLAHASAN 1,081 914 614 

K. BUĞATEPE 452 397 183 

KOYUNLU 1,294 941 661 

Y. DEMİRKAPI 542 378 268 

ESENBOĞAZ 592 549 452 

HANAK ARIKONAK 543 340 170 

ÇİÇEKLİDAĞ 881 865 638 

KARS KAĞIZMAN AKÇAY 727 707 496 

ÇAYARASI 1,325 1,546 1,522 

ÇENGİLLİ 1,888 1,935 1,766 

KÖTEK 896 882 742 

PASLI 422 434 370 

ARDAHAN POSOF YENİKÖY 908 709 387 

POSOF AŞIKZÜLALİ 1,344 878 580 

GÜLLÜCE 485 403 303 

BİNBAŞI EMİNBEY 774 559 356 

GÖNÜLAÇAN 620 451 201 

SARIKAMIŞ YAYIKLI 1,419 1,340 1,117 

KARS SARIKAMIŞ BELENCİK 665 650 451 

KAZIKKAYA 1,049 968 903 

BAŞKÖY 1,445 1,414 1,363 

KARAKURT 1,316 1,004 800 

YENİKÖY 1,183 991 725 

SELİM AKÇAKALE 1,015 913 817 

SELİM BÖLÜKBAŞI 815 534 492 

BAYKARA 471 340 224 

GELİNALAN 787 813 788 

IĞDIR TUZLUCA GAZİLER 1,389 1,572 1,335 

UNBULAK 361 400 123 

ÜÇKAYA 868 763 570 

MALATYA CENTER 

YAZIHAN 

KARACA 1,006 462 311 

DİLEK 4,734 6,317 8,302 

YAYGIN 3,540 4,829 5,303 

ŞAHNAHAN 1,351 2,106 2,734 

ERENLİ 1,406 2,087 2,579 

CENTER 

YAZIHAN 

BULUTLU 273 315 291 

AKÇADAĞ ÇATYOL 1,761 1,727 1,967 

DOĞANLAR 1,511 1,341 1,138 

ÖREN 3,167 2,888 3,864 

248


(Continuing) 


CENTRAL 

VILLAGES 

1980 1990 1997 

KARAPINAR 1,709 1,692 736 

DEVELİ 532 578 448 

KEPEZ 1,772 1,187 616 

YUKARI KOZLUCA 2,324 2,052 2,001 

LEVENT 336 407 390 

ESENBEY 2,048 932 744 

ARAPKİR KORU 784 907 517 

ÇİĞNİR 333 217 110 

DEREGEZEN 424 310 182 

ÇAKIRSU 310 229 163 

ARGUVAN MORHAMAM 276 160 76 

ARGUVAN YAZIBAŞI 1,662 1,005 523 

EYMİR 539 347 250 

ERMİŞLİ 506 367 204 

Y.SÜLMENLİ 407 271 213 

DARENDE AYVALI 3,439 4,848 5,330 

BALABAN 2,271 3,332 2,243 

ILICA 2,011 2,341 1,544 

DOĞANŞEHİR SÜRGÜ 4,350 3,646 5,873 

DOĞANŞEHİR ERGENEK 6,389 6,160 8,261 

POLAT 3,958 4,087 3,946 

KAPIDERE 516 827 714 

HEKİMHAN HASAN ÇELEBİ 2,712 1,534 2,114 

HEKİMHAN KURŞUNLU 968 451 355 

GÜZELYURT 3,195 4,500 5,416 

KOCAÖZÜ 1,942 1,773 3,062 

AĞILBAŞI 2,317 2,540 2,432 

BAŞAK 2,008 1,064 1,123 

AKMAĞRA 590 349 199 

HACILAR 271 251 136 

BALLIKAYA 472 417 272 

PÖTÜRGE BÖLÜKKAYA 820 498 261 

BAKIMLI 659 777 639 

DOĞANYOL GÖKÇE 2,202 2,986 2,038 

ULUTAŞ 328 276 107 

PÖTÜRGE UZUNKORU 476 443 158 

MALATYA PÖTÜRGE ARSLANKENT 584 531 315 

SİNAN(TEREHAN) 1,119 924 2,105 

NOHUTLU 1,923 2,513 1,309 

UZUNTAŞ 1,448 1,309 778 

PAZARCIK 1,800 1,431 998 

YEŞİLYURT KADİRUŞAĞI 610 453 348 

YEŞİLYURT KUŞDOĞAN 412 320 337 

249


(Continuing) 


CENTRAL 

VILLAGES 

1980 1990 1997 

CUMHURİYET 785 1,229 1,476 

GÜNDÜZBEY 3,100 4,207 7,003 

CENTER KIZILAĞAÇ 1,505 2,040 2,307 

YAYGIN 868 3,978 7,321 

MERCİMEKKALE 924 1,035 827 

SUNGU 2,533 6,128 12,489 

KORKUT ALTINOVA 2,759 5,138 7,130 

TAŞOLUK 835 942 1,374 

BULANIK ERENTEPE 2,359 4,310 4,416 

KARAAĞIL 1,632 1,674 2,297 

YONCALI 1,995 3,143 2,000 

MUŞ BULANIK MOLLAKENT 1,252 2,625 3,551 

ELMAKAYA 1,779 2,071 3,351 

MALAZGİRT ADAKSU 1,031 1,324 1,282 

MALAZGİRT BEŞDAM 215 313 269 

GÜLKORU 1,332 3,099 4,016 

DOLABAŞ 745 775 575 

AKTUZLA 18 ----- ----- 

KONAKKURAN 1,937 2,325 2,215 

VARTO KAYNARCA 1,325 1,733 970 

İÇMELER 815 461 213 

ÇAYLAR 481 528 870 

ONPINAR 483 465 172 

OMCALI 572 311 216 

KARAMEŞE 673 833 636 

TUNCELİ CENTER AKTULUK 905 926 404 

TÜLLÜK 314 238 235 

GÜLEÇ 742 515 160 

KOCAKOÇ 913 609 230 

ÇEMİŞKEZEK AKÇAPINAR 522 466 332 

GEDİKLER 131 121 220 

TUNCELİ HOZAT GEYİKSUYU 913 771 542 

HOZAT ÇAĞLARCA 332 260 96 

UZUNDAL 149 85 14 

MAZGİRT DARIKENT 1,783 1,458 605 

MAZGİRT BULGURCULAR 79 145 254 

ARSLANYURDU 378 331 213 

GÖKTEPE 578 448 262 

ÖRSKÖY 636 447 153 

AKPAZAR 1,534 1,358 1,433 

OVACIK YEŞİLYAZI 564 393 158 

OVACIK A.TURUNOBA 317 437 54 

PERTEK AKDEMİR 353 360 268 

250


(Continuing) 


CENTRAL 

VILLAGES 

1980 1990 1997 

TOZKOPARAN 579 491 167 

PINARLAR 902 809 481 

PÜLÜMÜR DOĞANPINAR 331 232 122 

PÜLÜMÜR HASANGAZİ 256 138 39 

DAĞYOLU 172 105 85 

NAZMİYE BÜYÜKYURT 353 0 0 

NAZİMİYE DALLIBAHÇE 290 245 349 

DEREOVA 314 401 126 

VAN CENTER KARPUZALANI 335 826 1,176 

VAN CENTER TİMAR (GEDİBULAK) 1,215 1,490 1,423 

KASIMOĞLU 686 711 567 

VAN CENTER ORTANCA 1,476 1,807 1,801 

ALAKÖY 1,110 1,109 805 

GÖLLÜ 270 270 265 

ERÇEK 1,934 2,380 2,570 

YANAL 563 728 462 

GÜVENDİK 662 911 752 

KÖPRÜAĞZI 768 917 838 

YUKARI ÇÖRTEN 

(HASANBEY) 

413 586 464 

DEREİÇİ 181 261 264 

ÇALDIRAN DISTRICT 519 870 1,196 

ALBAYRAK 811 1,079 1,438 

ÇATAK NARLI 1,012 576 858 

ÇATAK KAYABOĞAZI 

(GÖRENTAŞ) 

776 922 900 

KONALGA 2,048 981 1,321 

ERCİŞ PAYKÖY 1,174 1,161 1,153 

YANKITEPE 579 703 540 

ÇAKIRBEY 264 347 459 

HASANABTAL 594 620 693 

KÖYCÜK 762 1,065 1,240 

UNCULAR 762 1,065 1,240 

KOCAPINAR 2,021 3,241 3,774 

ORTAYAYLA 467 693 725 

DİNLENCE 494 624 645 

TEKLER 728 971 832 

VAN ERCİŞ AKBAŞ 387 492 571 

GEVAŞ GÜZELKONAK 542 668 576 

GEVAŞ YEMİŞLİK 903 1,257 909 

KUŞLUK 858 983 960 

ANAKÖY 797 935 21 

251


(Continuing) 


CENTRAL 

VILLAGES 

1980 1990 1997 

GÜRPINAR KIRKGEÇİT 644 628 641 

GÜRPINAR GÜZELSU 1,109 1,350 1,867 

TUTMAÇ 720 959 944 

ARINDI 661 807 533 

BOZYİĞİT 509 631 748 

TOPÇUDEĞİRMENİ 604 493 555 

YALINCA 752 1,113 130 

MURADİYE AKBULAK 279 370 385 

MURADİYE KARAHAN 902 1,156 1,260 

KÖŞK 549 750 455 

ULUŞAR 1,168 1,334 1,748 

BABACAN 558 729 835 

ALAKAYA 619 892 653 

UMUTTEPE 683 952 919 

ALTIYOL 609 1,035 1,157 

ÖZALP ÖRENBURÇ 1,183 1,597 2,305 

ÖZALP DORUTAY 1,207 1,477 1,622 

ŞEMSETTİN 504 764 775 

VAN ÖZALP ÇAMURLU 522 764 857 

A.BALÇIKLI 394 477 531 

A.TULGALI 960 1,284 1,330 

EMEK 420 410 356 

DÖNERDERE 852 936 812 

AŞAĞI SAĞMANLLI 2,026 2,846 3,572 

Source: SPO- “Merkez Köyler”, November, 1993 

252

APPENDIX 5: Maps of Central Villages and Municipalities in Respect to Provinces 

(Ağrõ, Bayburt, Bingöl, Bitlis, Elazõğ, Erzincan, Erzurum, Gümüşhane, Hakkari, 

Kars, Malatya, Muş, Tunceli, Van) 

INDICATIONS 

Source: GDRA 

MUNICIPALITIES 

CENTRAL VILLAGES 

MUNICIPALITIES AND CENTRAL VILLAGES 

253

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