In the Beginning was Information

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Figure 17: The way in which genetic information is stored. At the left the“chemical paper” is shown in the form of a long sugar-phosphate chain withthe four chemical letters, A, T, C, and G. The actual structure and dimensionsof a DNA molecule can be seen at the right.92
Figure 18: The chemical formula of insulin. The A chain consists of 21 aminoacids and the B chain comprises 30 amino acids. Three of the 20 amino acidspresent in living organisms, are absent (Asp, Met, Try), two occur six times(Cys, Leu), one five times (Glu), three occur four times (Gly, Tyr, Val), etc. Thetwo chains are linked by two disulphide bridges. Insulin is an essential hormone,its main function being to maintain the normal sugar content of theblood at 3.9 to 6.4 mmol/l (70 - 115 mg/dl).93
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Werner GittIn the Beginningwas Info
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ContentsPreface ...................
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A2.1.2 Complexity and Peculiarities
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PrefaceTheme of the book: The topic
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Acknowledgements and thanks: After
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Figure 1: The web of a Cyrtophora s
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3. The Morpho rhetenor butterfly: T
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few days later another wonderful ev
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5. The organ playing robot: Would i
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PART 1: Laws of Nature
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aspects are not covered. Models are
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2.2 The Limits of Science and the P
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numerous mathematical theorems (exc
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mulated on earth, were also valid o
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F = G x m 1 x m 2 / r 2The force F
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The nine above-mentioned general bu
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R2: The laws of nature enable us to
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Conservation theorems: The followin
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Figure 6: Geometrically impossible
Page 41 and 42: ical bond. The half-life T is given
Page 43 and 44: PART 2: Information
Page 45 and 46: Since the concept of information is
Page 47 and 48: tents and because of the encoding p
Page 49 and 50: chemical quantities can be steered,
Page 51 and 52: and there are 468 Greek words. This
Page 53 and 54: Figure 10: The Rosetta stone.53
Page 55 and 56: As explained fully in Appendix A1,
Page 57 and 58: Theorem 5: Shannon’s definition o
Page 59 and 60: elementary sounds, but pictures are
Page 61 and 62: - Punched cards, mark sensing- Univ
Page 63 and 64: Get nymph; quiz sad brow; fix luck
Page 65 and 66: Theorem 7: The allocation of meanin
Page 67 and 68: Theorem 11: A code system is always
Page 69 and 70: Knowledge of the conventions applyi
Page 71 and 72: Sequences of letters generated by v
Page 73 and 74: system must have been created by an
Page 75 and 76: We can distinguish two types of act
Page 77 and 78: a) Concerning the sender:- Has an u
Page 79 and 80: no purpose or intent; he represents
Page 81 and 82: We still have to describe a domain
Page 83 and 84: 5 Delineation of the Information Co
Page 85: Definition D5: The domain A of defi
Page 88 and 89: 6 Information in Living OrganismsTh
Page 90 and 91: code with four different letters is
Page 94 and 95: 6.2 The Genetic CodeWe now discuss
Page 96 and 97: Figure 19: The theoretical possibil
Page 98 and 99: Figure 20: A simplified representat
Page 100 and 101: inevitable interactions ... The ori
Page 102 and 103: We now discuss some theoretical mod
Page 104 and 105: Genetic algorithms: The so-called
Page 106 and 107: “The final result of all my resea
Page 108 and 109: 7 The Three Forms in which Informat
Page 110 and 111: and methods of transfer (e. g. the
Page 112 and 113: 8 Three Kinds of Transmitted Inform
Page 114 and 115: languages, creating a programming l
Page 116 and 117: 9 The Quality and Usefulness ofInfo
Page 118 and 119: vertently), deliberately falsified,
Page 120 and 121: 10 Some Quantitative Evaluationsof
Page 122 and 123: such diverse topics as technology,
Page 124 and 125: 11 Questions Often Asked Aboutthe I
Page 126 and 127: Q10: Natural languages are changing
Page 128 and 129: A19: Biological systems are indeed
Page 130 and 131: continually shifts in order to avoi
Page 132 and 133: A23: If we are talking about true l
Page 134 and 135: The information concept was discuss
Page 136 and 137: The close link between information
Page 138 and 139: 13 The Quality and Usefulness of Bi
Page 140 and 141: iguously instructed to “Let the w
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Figure 27: God as Sender, man as re
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way its understanding is also a spi
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dom prepared for you since the crea
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would be known about his Person and
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Missionary and native: After every
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the case, as shown in Figure 29; no
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and defects of the information sent
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- Man did not develop through a cha
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15 The Quantities Used for Evaluati
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him: “Today salvation has come to
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16 A Biblical Analogy of the FourFu
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with God (Ephesians 5:18-20). The p
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- energy is utilised, and- the cons
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God’s testing fire; only fruit in
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A1 The Statistical View of Informat
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Figure 31: Model of a discrete sour
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a) the factor n, which indicates th
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) Expectation value of the informat
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A1.2 Mathematical Description of St
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Figure 32: The number of letters L
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A1.2.2 The Information SpiralThe qu
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184
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186
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188
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Figure 34: The ant and the microchi
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a degree of integration of 11.72 mi
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194
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as expressing the highest possible
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H syll = 8.6 bits/syllable. (16)The
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Figure 36: Frequency distributions
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202
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the voluminous data requirements, c
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A2 Language: the Medium for Creatin
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The words of a language are linked
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(tongo), or from the same level (ba
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It should be clear from these examp
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A2.1.4 Written LanguagesThe inventi
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mation as discussed above, are foun
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“Speaking birds”: Parrots and b
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Figure 41: Speechless.(Sketched by
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we might realise. There are countle
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- The impossibility of a perpetual
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Figure 42: Three processes in close
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228
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Figure 44: Ripple marks on beach sa
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glucose is produced from 6 mol CO 2
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individual catalytic enzyme reactio
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nature: mechanical work is performe
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All human nutritional problems coul
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intricately constructed light proje
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p = 0.006/h) to produce propulsion
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leg they fly back to Canada over Ce
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south-east and fly right across the
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[E2] Eigen, M.: Stufen zum Leben- D
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[G15] Gitt, W.:[G16] Gitt, W.:[G17]
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Automatisierungstechnische Praxis 2
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H. 12, pp. 68-87[W2] Weibel, E. R.:
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Kemner, H. 146, 167Kessler, V. 11Ki
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