In the Beginning was Information

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Figure 13: Different codes expressing the same meaning.The word “rejoice” is represented by means of a selection of different codingsystems: Georgian, Arabic, Russian, Lithuanian, Hungarian, Czech, and German(Braille, Morse code, shorthand).66
Theorem 11: A code system is always the result of a mentalprocess (see footnote 14) (it requires an intelligent origin orinventor).The expression “rejoice” appears in different languages and codingsystems in Figure 13. This leads to another important empiricaltheorem:Theorem 12: Any given piece of information can be representedby any selected code.Comment: Theorem 12 does not state that a complete translation isalways possible. It is an art to suitably translate and expressmetaphors, twists of logic, ambiguities and special figurative stylesinto the required language.It is possible to formulate fundamental principles of informationeven at the relatively low level of codes by means of the above theorems.If for example one finds a code underlying any given system,then one can conclude that that system had a mental origin. Inthe case of the hieroglyphics nobody suggested that they werecaused by a purely physical process like random mechanicaleffects, wind, or erosion; Theorem 11 is thus validated.The following is a brief list of some properties common to all codingsystems:– A code is a necessary prerequisite for establishing and storinginformation.– Every choice of code must be well thought out beforehand inthe conceptual stage.– Devising a code is a creative mental process.– Matter can be a carrier of codes, but it cannot generate anycodes.B) The Actual SyntaxDefinition 4: The actual syntax describes the construction of sentencesand phrases, as well as the structural media required for67
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Werner GittIn the Beginningwas Info
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ContentsPreface ...................
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A2.1.2 Complexity and Peculiarities
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PrefaceTheme of the book: The topic
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Acknowledgements and thanks: After
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Figure 1: The web of a Cyrtophora s
Page 15 and 16: 3. The Morpho rhetenor butterfly: T
Page 17 and 18: few days later another wonderful ev
Page 19 and 20: 5. The organ playing robot: Would i
Page 21 and 22: PART 1: Laws of Nature
Page 23 and 24: aspects are not covered. Models are
Page 25 and 26: 2.2 The Limits of Science and the P
Page 27 and 28: numerous mathematical theorems (exc
Page 29 and 30: mulated on earth, were also valid o
Page 31 and 32: F = G x m 1 x m 2 / r 2The force F
Page 33 and 34: The nine above-mentioned general bu
Page 35 and 36: R2: The laws of nature enable us to
Page 37 and 38: Conservation theorems: The followin
Page 39 and 40: Figure 6: Geometrically impossible
Page 41 and 42: ical bond. The half-life T is given
Page 43 and 44: PART 2: Information
Page 45 and 46: Since the concept of information is
Page 47 and 48: tents and because of the encoding p
Page 49 and 50: chemical quantities can be steered,
Page 51 and 52: and there are 468 Greek words. This
Page 53 and 54: Figure 10: The Rosetta stone.53
Page 55 and 56: As explained fully in Appendix A1,
Page 57 and 58: Theorem 5: Shannon’s definition o
Page 59 and 60: elementary sounds, but pictures are
Page 61 and 62: - Punched cards, mark sensing- Univ
Page 63 and 64: Get nymph; quiz sad brow; fix luck
Page 65: Theorem 7: The allocation of meanin
Page 69 and 70: Knowledge of the conventions applyi
Page 71 and 72: Sequences of letters generated by v
Page 73 and 74: system must have been created by an
Page 75 and 76: We can distinguish two types of act
Page 77 and 78: a) Concerning the sender:- Has an u
Page 79 and 80: no purpose or intent; he represents
Page 81 and 82: We still have to describe a domain
Page 83 and 84: 5 Delineation of the Information Co
Page 85: Definition D5: The domain A of defi
Page 88 and 89: 6 Information in Living OrganismsTh
Page 90 and 91: code with four different letters is
Page 92 and 93: Figure 17: The way in which genetic
Page 94 and 95: 6.2 The Genetic CodeWe now discuss
Page 96 and 97: Figure 19: The theoretical possibil
Page 98 and 99: Figure 20: A simplified representat
Page 100 and 101: inevitable interactions ... The ori
Page 102 and 103: We now discuss some theoretical mod
Page 104 and 105: Genetic algorithms: The so-called
Page 106 and 107: “The final result of all my resea
Page 108 and 109: 7 The Three Forms in which Informat
Page 110 and 111: and methods of transfer (e. g. the
Page 112 and 113: 8 Three Kinds of Transmitted Inform
Page 114 and 115: languages, creating a programming l
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9 The Quality and Usefulness ofInfo
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vertently), deliberately falsified,
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10 Some Quantitative Evaluationsof
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such diverse topics as technology,
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11 Questions Often Asked Aboutthe I
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Q10: Natural languages are changing
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A19: Biological systems are indeed
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continually shifts in order to avoi
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A23: If we are talking about true l
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The information concept was discuss
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The close link between information
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13 The Quality and Usefulness of Bi
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iguously instructed to “Let the w
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Figure 27: God as Sender, man as re
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way its understanding is also a spi
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dom prepared for you since the crea
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would be known about his Person and
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Missionary and native: After every
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the case, as shown in Figure 29; no
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and defects of the information sent
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- Man did not develop through a cha
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15 The Quantities Used for Evaluati
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him: “Today salvation has come to
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16 A Biblical Analogy of the FourFu
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with God (Ephesians 5:18-20). The p
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- energy is utilised, and- the cons
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God’s testing fire; only fruit in
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A1 The Statistical View of Informat
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Figure 31: Model of a discrete sour
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a) the factor n, which indicates th
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) Expectation value of the informat
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A1.2 Mathematical Description of St
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Figure 32: The number of letters L
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A1.2.2 The Information SpiralThe qu
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184
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186
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188
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Figure 34: The ant and the microchi
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a degree of integration of 11.72 mi
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194
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as expressing the highest possible
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H syll = 8.6 bits/syllable. (16)The
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Figure 36: Frequency distributions
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202
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the voluminous data requirements, c
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A2 Language: the Medium for Creatin
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The words of a language are linked
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(tongo), or from the same level (ba
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It should be clear from these examp
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A2.1.4 Written LanguagesThe inventi
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mation as discussed above, are foun
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“Speaking birds”: Parrots and b
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Figure 41: Speechless.(Sketched by
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we might realise. There are countle
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- The impossibility of a perpetual
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Figure 42: Three processes in close
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228
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Figure 44: Ripple marks on beach sa
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glucose is produced from 6 mol CO 2
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individual catalytic enzyme reactio
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nature: mechanical work is performe
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All human nutritional problems coul
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intricately constructed light proje
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p = 0.006/h) to produce propulsion
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leg they fly back to Canada over Ce
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south-east and fly right across the
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[E2] Eigen, M.: Stufen zum Leben- D
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[G15] Gitt, W.:[G16] Gitt, W.:[G17]
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Automatisierungstechnische Praxis 2
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H. 12, pp. 68-87[W2] Weibel, E. R.:
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Kemner, H. 146, 167Kessler, V. 11Ki
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