In the Beginning was Information

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For some laws of nature the direction does not play any role (e. g.energy), but for others the process is unidirectional like a one-waystreet. In the latter case one can clearly distinguish between pastand future. In all cases where friction is involved, the processes areirreversible; they proceed in one direction only. Examples of suchlaws are the law of entropy (see the Appendix), the chemicalprinciple of Le Chatelier (Henry Le Chatelier, French chemist,1850 – 1936; see Q20 pp. 128-130), and the law of mass action.Impossibility theorems: Most laws of nature can be expressed inthe form: “It is impossible that ...” The energy law for example, canbe stated as follows: “It is impossible that energy can come intoexistence by itself.” R. Clausius formulated the second law of thermodynamicsas an impossibility: “Heat cannot of itself pass from acolder to a hotter body” The impossibility theorems are very useful,because they effectively distinguish between possible and impossibleevents. This type of scientific formulation will be encounteredfrequently when we come to the information theorems.Geometrical impossibilities can also be devised. Three differentgeometric representations appear in Figure 6, but such bodies arejust as impossible to construct as it is to expect results that are precludedby laws of nature.Laws which describe processes: If the future (prognosis) or thepast (retrognosis) states of a system can be described when the valuesof the relevant variables are known for at least one moment intime, such a formulation is known as a process law. A typical physicalexample is the description of radio-active decay.Co-existence laws: These describe the simultaneous existence ofthe properties of a system. The formula describing the statechanges of an ideal gas, p x v = R x T, is a typical physical coexistencelaw. The values of the three quantities, pressure p, specificvolume v, and absolute temperature T, comprise a completedescription of the “state” of an ideal gas. This means that it doesnot depend on the previous history of the gas, and neither doesit depend on the way the present pressure or the present volumehas been obtained. Quantities of this type are known as state variables.38
Figure 6: Geometrically impossible bodies.Limit theorems: Limit theorems describe boundaries that cannotbe overstepped. In 1927 the German physicist Werner Heisenberg(1901 – 1976) published such a theorem, namely the so-calleduncertainty principle of Heisenberg. According to this principle itis impossible to determine both the position and the velocity of aparticle exactly at a prescribed moment. The product of the two39
Page 3 and 4: Werner GittIn the Beginningwas Info
Page 5 and 6: ContentsPreface ...................
Page 7 and 8: A2.1.2 Complexity and Peculiarities
Page 9 and 10: PrefaceTheme of the book: The topic
Page 11 and 12: Acknowledgements and thanks: After
Page 13 and 14: Figure 1: The web of a Cyrtophora s
Page 15 and 16: 3. The Morpho rhetenor butterfly: T
Page 17 and 18: few days later another wonderful ev
Page 19 and 20: 5. The organ playing robot: Would i
Page 21 and 22: PART 1: Laws of Nature
Page 23 and 24: aspects are not covered. Models are
Page 25 and 26: 2.2 The Limits of Science and the P
Page 27 and 28: numerous mathematical theorems (exc
Page 29 and 30: mulated on earth, were also valid o
Page 31 and 32: F = G x m 1 x m 2 / r 2The force F
Page 33 and 34: The nine above-mentioned general bu
Page 35 and 36: R2: The laws of nature enable us to
Page 37: Conservation theorems: The followin
Page 41 and 42: ical bond. The half-life T is given
Page 43 and 44: PART 2: Information
Page 45 and 46: Since the concept of information is
Page 47 and 48: tents and because of the encoding p
Page 49 and 50: chemical quantities can be steered,
Page 51 and 52: and there are 468 Greek words. This
Page 53 and 54: Figure 10: The Rosetta stone.53
Page 55 and 56: As explained fully in Appendix A1,
Page 57 and 58: Theorem 5: Shannon’s definition o
Page 59 and 60: elementary sounds, but pictures are
Page 61 and 62: - Punched cards, mark sensing- Univ
Page 63 and 64: Get nymph; quiz sad brow; fix luck
Page 65 and 66: Theorem 7: The allocation of meanin
Page 67 and 68: Theorem 11: A code system is always
Page 69 and 70: Knowledge of the conventions applyi
Page 71 and 72: Sequences of letters generated by v
Page 73 and 74: system must have been created by an
Page 75 and 76: We can distinguish two types of act
Page 77 and 78: a) Concerning the sender:- Has an u
Page 79 and 80: no purpose or intent; he represents
Page 81 and 82: We still have to describe a domain
Page 83 and 84: 5 Delineation of the Information Co
Page 85: Definition D5: The domain A of defi
Page 88 and 89:
6 Information in Living OrganismsTh
Page 90 and 91:
code with four different letters is
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Figure 17: The way in which genetic
Page 94 and 95:
6.2 The Genetic CodeWe now discuss
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Figure 19: The theoretical possibil
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Figure 20: A simplified representat
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inevitable interactions ... The ori
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We now discuss some theoretical mod
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Genetic algorithms: The so-called
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“The final result of all my resea
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7 The Three Forms in which Informat
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and methods of transfer (e. g. the
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8 Three Kinds of Transmitted Inform
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languages, creating a programming l
Page 116 and 117:
9 The Quality and Usefulness ofInfo
Page 118 and 119:
vertently), deliberately falsified,
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10 Some Quantitative Evaluationsof
Page 122 and 123:
such diverse topics as technology,
Page 124 and 125:
11 Questions Often Asked Aboutthe I
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Q10: Natural languages are changing
Page 128 and 129:
A19: Biological systems are indeed
Page 130 and 131:
continually shifts in order to avoi
Page 132 and 133:
A23: If we are talking about true l
Page 134 and 135:
The information concept was discuss
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The close link between information
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13 The Quality and Usefulness of Bi
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iguously instructed to “Let the w
Page 142 and 143:
Figure 27: God as Sender, man as re
Page 144 and 145:
way its understanding is also a spi
Page 146 and 147:
dom prepared for you since the crea
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would be known about his Person and
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Missionary and native: After every
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the case, as shown in Figure 29; no
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and defects of the information sent
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- Man did not develop through a cha
Page 158 and 159:
15 The Quantities Used for Evaluati
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him: “Today salvation has come to
Page 162 and 163:
16 A Biblical Analogy of the FourFu
Page 164 and 165:
with God (Ephesians 5:18-20). The p
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- energy is utilised, and- the cons
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God’s testing fire; only fruit in
Page 170 and 171:
A1 The Statistical View of Informat
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Figure 31: Model of a discrete sour
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a) the factor n, which indicates th
Page 176 and 177:
) Expectation value of the informat
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A1.2 Mathematical Description of St
Page 180 and 181:
Figure 32: The number of letters L
Page 182 and 183:
A1.2.2 The Information SpiralThe qu
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184
Page 186 and 187:
186
Page 188 and 189:
188
Page 190 and 191:
Figure 34: The ant and the microchi
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a degree of integration of 11.72 mi
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194
Page 196 and 197:
as expressing the highest possible
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H syll = 8.6 bits/syllable. (16)The
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Figure 36: Frequency distributions
Page 202 and 203:
202
Page 204 and 205:
the voluminous data requirements, c
Page 206 and 207:
A2 Language: the Medium for Creatin
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The words of a language are linked
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(tongo), or from the same level (ba
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It should be clear from these examp
Page 214 and 215:
A2.1.4 Written LanguagesThe inventi
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mation as discussed above, are foun
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“Speaking birds”: Parrots and b
Page 220 and 221:
Figure 41: Speechless.(Sketched by
Page 222 and 223:
we might realise. There are countle
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- The impossibility of a perpetual
Page 226 and 227:
Figure 42: Three processes in close
Page 228 and 229:
228
Page 230 and 231:
Figure 44: Ripple marks on beach sa
Page 232 and 233:
glucose is produced from 6 mol CO 2
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individual catalytic enzyme reactio
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nature: mechanical work is performe
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All human nutritional problems coul
Page 240 and 241:
intricately constructed light proje
Page 242 and 243:
p = 0.006/h) to produce propulsion
Page 244 and 245:
leg they fly back to Canada over Ce
Page 246 and 247:
south-east and fly right across the
Page 248 and 249:
[E2] Eigen, M.: Stufen zum Leben- D
Page 250 and 251:
[G15] Gitt, W.:[G16] Gitt, W.:[G17]
Page 252 and 253:
Automatisierungstechnische Praxis 2
Page 254 and 255:
H. 12, pp. 68-87[W2] Weibel, E. R.:
Page 256:
Kemner, H. 146, 167Kessler, V. 11Ki
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