In the Beginning was Information

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Figure 44: Ripple marks on beach sand are an example of a structure which originatedthrough the input of energy; this ordering is not based on information (nocode is involved).rials like coal, lignite, crude oil, and natural gas have been derived fromthe biomass of earlier times which was formed by photosynthesis.230
This process synthesises complex, energy-rich substances. What usuallyhappens in oxidation/reduction reactions is that a strong oxidising agentoxidises a reducing substance, but photosynthesis is exceptional in thisrespect. It employs a weak oxidising substance (CO 2 ) to oxidise a weakreducing agent (H 2 O) to produce a strong oxidising substance (O 2 ) and astrong reducing compound (carbohydrate). This process requires the inputof external energy, namely sunlight. Such a process can only occur in thepresence of a substance which can absorb light quanta, transfer the energyto other molecules, and then revert to its initial state where it can againabsorb quanta of light. Chlorophyll performs this complex function. Thereare five types of chlorophyll (a, b, c, d, and f) which differ only slightly inchemical structure. Occurring in “higher” plants and in green algae, types aand b are the most important. The chemical equation for photosynthesis is:6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + light energy C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 (1)In this process glucose is synthesised from CO 2 and H 2 O by employingthe energy of sunlight. The capture of light energy and its conversion tochemical energy is only one part of the process. These initial reactions arecalled photochemical reactions, and all subsequent reactions where chemicalenergy is utilised for the synthesis of glucose do not require lightenergy; they are thus known as dark or umbral reactions.The ability to absorb light varies very strongly from one substance to another.Water absorbs very little light and thus appears to be colourless. Thecolour of a substance depends on the absorption (and reflection) of certainwavelengths of light. When the degree of absorption is plotted against wavelength, we obtain an absorption spectrum. Chlorophyll only absorbs bluelight (wavelength 400 to 450 nm) and red light (640 – 660 nm), so that thereflected light is green. The active spectrum of a process refers to its efficiencyin relation to its wavelength. It is therefore noteworthy that theabsorption spectrum of chlorophyll closely corresponds to the active spectrumof photosynthesis. This indicates that a finely tuned concept underliesthis vital process and an efficiency calculation supports the view thata brilliant Mind is involved.The efficiency of photosynthesis: According to equation (1) 1 mol 26 ofFor one mol of CO 2 , this is then 478.7 kJ. Since energy losses accompany26 One mol (1 mol) is the quantity of a substance in grams corresponding to its molecularweight (also known as relative molecular mass). The molecular weight of acompound is a dimensionless ratio obtained by adding the atomic weights of theconstituent atoms. For example: The molecular weight of CO 2 = 12 + 2 x 16 = 44, sothat 1 mol of CO 2 is 44 grams. It is noteworthy that the number of molecules in onemol of any substance is equal, namely (6.0221367 ± 0.0000036) x 10 23 . This numberis known as the Avogadro number N A , which is a fundamental physical constant.231
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Werner GittIn the Beginningwas Info
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ContentsPreface ...................
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A2.1.2 Complexity and Peculiarities
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PrefaceTheme of the book: The topic
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Acknowledgements and thanks: After
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Figure 1: The web of a Cyrtophora s
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3. The Morpho rhetenor butterfly: T
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few days later another wonderful ev
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5. The organ playing robot: Would i
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PART 1: Laws of Nature
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aspects are not covered. Models are
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2.2 The Limits of Science and the P
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numerous mathematical theorems (exc
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mulated on earth, were also valid o
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F = G x m 1 x m 2 / r 2The force F
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The nine above-mentioned general bu
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R2: The laws of nature enable us to
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Conservation theorems: The followin
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Figure 6: Geometrically impossible
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ical bond. The half-life T is given
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PART 2: Information
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Since the concept of information is
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tents and because of the encoding p
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chemical quantities can be steered,
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and there are 468 Greek words. This
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Figure 10: The Rosetta stone.53
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As explained fully in Appendix A1,
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Theorem 5: Shannon’s definition o
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elementary sounds, but pictures are
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- Punched cards, mark sensing- Univ
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Get nymph; quiz sad brow; fix luck
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Theorem 7: The allocation of meanin
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Theorem 11: A code system is always
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Knowledge of the conventions applyi
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Sequences of letters generated by v
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system must have been created by an
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We can distinguish two types of act
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a) Concerning the sender:- Has an u
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no purpose or intent; he represents
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We still have to describe a domain
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5 Delineation of the Information Co
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Definition D5: The domain A of defi
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6 Information in Living OrganismsTh
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code with four different letters is
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Figure 17: The way in which genetic
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6.2 The Genetic CodeWe now discuss
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Figure 19: The theoretical possibil
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Figure 20: A simplified representat
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inevitable interactions ... The ori
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We now discuss some theoretical mod
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Genetic algorithms: The so-called
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“The final result of all my resea
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7 The Three Forms in which Informat
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and methods of transfer (e. g. the
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8 Three Kinds of Transmitted Inform
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languages, creating a programming l
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9 The Quality and Usefulness ofInfo
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vertently), deliberately falsified,
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10 Some Quantitative Evaluationsof
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such diverse topics as technology,
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11 Questions Often Asked Aboutthe I
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Q10: Natural languages are changing
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A19: Biological systems are indeed
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continually shifts in order to avoi
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A23: If we are talking about true l
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The information concept was discuss
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The close link between information
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13 The Quality and Usefulness of Bi
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iguously instructed to “Let the w
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Figure 27: God as Sender, man as re
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way its understanding is also a spi
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dom prepared for you since the crea
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would be known about his Person and
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Missionary and native: After every
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the case, as shown in Figure 29; no
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and defects of the information sent
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- Man did not develop through a cha
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15 The Quantities Used for Evaluati
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him: “Today salvation has come to
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16 A Biblical Analogy of the FourFu
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with God (Ephesians 5:18-20). The p
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- energy is utilised, and- the cons
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God’s testing fire; only fruit in
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A1 The Statistical View of Informat
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Figure 31: Model of a discrete sour
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a) the factor n, which indicates th
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) Expectation value of the informat
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A1.2 Mathematical Description of St
Page 180 and 181: Figure 32: The number of letters L
Page 182 and 183: A1.2.2 The Information SpiralThe qu
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Page 190 and 191: Figure 34: The ant and the microchi
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Page 196 and 197: as expressing the highest possible
Page 198 and 199: H syll = 8.6 bits/syllable. (16)The
Page 200 and 201: Figure 36: Frequency distributions
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Page 204 and 205: the voluminous data requirements, c
Page 206 and 207: A2 Language: the Medium for Creatin
Page 208 and 209: The words of a language are linked
Page 210 and 211: (tongo), or from the same level (ba
Page 212 and 213: It should be clear from these examp
Page 214 and 215: A2.1.4 Written LanguagesThe inventi
Page 216 and 217: mation as discussed above, are foun
Page 218 and 219: “Speaking birds”: Parrots and b
Page 220 and 221: Figure 41: Speechless.(Sketched by
Page 222 and 223: we might realise. There are countle
Page 224 and 225: - The impossibility of a perpetual
Page 226 and 227: Figure 42: Three processes in close
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Page 232 and 233: glucose is produced from 6 mol CO 2
Page 234 and 235: individual catalytic enzyme reactio
Page 236 and 237: nature: mechanical work is performe
Page 238 and 239: All human nutritional problems coul
Page 240 and 241: intricately constructed light proje
Page 242 and 243: p = 0.006/h) to produce propulsion
Page 244 and 245: leg they fly back to Canada over Ce
Page 246 and 247: south-east and fly right across the
Page 248 and 249: [E2] Eigen, M.: Stufen zum Leben- D
Page 250 and 251: [G15] Gitt, W.:[G16] Gitt, W.:[G17]
Page 252 and 253: Automatisierungstechnische Praxis 2
Page 254 and 255: H. 12, pp. 68-87[W2] Weibel, E. R.:
Page 256: Kemner, H. 146, 167Kessler, V. 11Ki
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