In the Beginning was Information

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Figure 42: Three processes in closed systems: Two blocks of copper having differenttemperatures eventually attain the same temperature. If two compartments containgases at different pressures, the pressures will quickly be equalised throughthe opening. Two salt solutions having different concentrations exchange their saltcontent through a permeable membrane. In all three cases the common aspect isthat the entropy of later states is greater than for the initial conditions (S 2 > S 1 ).– The examples selected for illustrating the apparent relationshipbetween entropy and disorder are, without exception, systems wherethere is no interaction between components. Such systems are irrelevantas far as biological structures are concerned, since thousands ofchemical reactions take place within minute spaces.– Biological order is based on the information present in all cells. Thequality and quantity of this information should now be obvious – seeChapter 6 and paragraph A1.2.3.226
The ripple patterns produced in beach sand by retreating tides represent acertain order imparted by energetic processes (Figure 44), but there is nounderlying code and also no intention. Such order does not representinformation and thus cannot be stored.A3.2 Strategies for Maximising the Utilisation of EnergyThe utilisation and consumption of energy is always a question of convertingone form of energy into another. When the energy produced by acertain source is utilised, the objective is to use the energy as economicallyas possible. In other words, maximum efficiency is the goal, employinga strategy for maximisation. The following sections are devoted to a discussionof technical and biological systems where this principle is used.When energy is consumed, the inverse strategy becomes important, namelyminimisation of consumption: the available fuel must be used as economicallyas possible. The required work then has to be done with a minimalinput of energy. The brilliant methods and the superlative resultsachieved by biological systems, are discussed in paragraph A3.3.A3.2.1 Utilisation of Energy in Technological SystemsMan’s inventiveness has produced numerous concepts in the field of energyproduction and utilisation. In most cases the conversion of energy fromthe primary source to the consumer entails a number of forms of energy.For example, the chemical energy of fuel is converted into heat, the heat isthen utilised to produce mechanical work, which, in its turn, is convertedinto electrical power. In a car engine the chemical energy of the fuelchanges into heat in the combustion chambers, and the explosive expansionof the gases is converted into mechanical work. An electric light bulbconverts electrical energy into heat and light. Losses occur during allthese conversions, and the ratio between the input energy and the recoveredenergy represents the efficiency of the process. Even in present-daycoal-burning steam generating plants, the efficiency is only about 40 %,this means that 60 % of the chemical energy of the coal is lost.In 1993 the total amount of energy generated in Germany was 536.6 TWh[F2, p 1007]. About 5 % of this total was water energy, 29.6 % was obtainedfrom nuclear reactions, and the rest was generated by the combustion of fossiland other fuels (coal and lignite 55.4 %, plus natural gas, oil, and diverseother sources). With the exception of the limited hydro-electrical sources, allthese processes involve heat conversion with its low efficiency.Great technological efforts are exerted to achieve direct conversion of energywithout any intermediate forms. Examples include fuel cells, magneto-227
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Werner GittIn the Beginningwas Info
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ContentsPreface ...................
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A2.1.2 Complexity and Peculiarities
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PrefaceTheme of the book: The topic
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Acknowledgements and thanks: After
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Figure 1: The web of a Cyrtophora s
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3. The Morpho rhetenor butterfly: T
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few days later another wonderful ev
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5. The organ playing robot: Would i
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PART 1: Laws of Nature
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aspects are not covered. Models are
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2.2 The Limits of Science and the P
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numerous mathematical theorems (exc
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mulated on earth, were also valid o
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F = G x m 1 x m 2 / r 2The force F
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The nine above-mentioned general bu
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R2: The laws of nature enable us to
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Conservation theorems: The followin
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Figure 6: Geometrically impossible
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ical bond. The half-life T is given
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PART 2: Information
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Since the concept of information is
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tents and because of the encoding p
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chemical quantities can be steered,
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and there are 468 Greek words. This
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Figure 10: The Rosetta stone.53
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As explained fully in Appendix A1,
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Theorem 5: Shannon’s definition o
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elementary sounds, but pictures are
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- Punched cards, mark sensing- Univ
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Get nymph; quiz sad brow; fix luck
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Theorem 7: The allocation of meanin
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Theorem 11: A code system is always
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Knowledge of the conventions applyi
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Sequences of letters generated by v
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system must have been created by an
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We can distinguish two types of act
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a) Concerning the sender:- Has an u
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no purpose or intent; he represents
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We still have to describe a domain
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5 Delineation of the Information Co
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Definition D5: The domain A of defi
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6 Information in Living OrganismsTh
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code with four different letters is
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Figure 17: The way in which genetic
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6.2 The Genetic CodeWe now discuss
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Figure 19: The theoretical possibil
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Figure 20: A simplified representat
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inevitable interactions ... The ori
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We now discuss some theoretical mod
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Genetic algorithms: The so-called
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“The final result of all my resea
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7 The Three Forms in which Informat
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and methods of transfer (e. g. the
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8 Three Kinds of Transmitted Inform
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languages, creating a programming l
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9 The Quality and Usefulness ofInfo
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vertently), deliberately falsified,
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10 Some Quantitative Evaluationsof
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such diverse topics as technology,
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11 Questions Often Asked Aboutthe I
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Q10: Natural languages are changing
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A19: Biological systems are indeed
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continually shifts in order to avoi
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A23: If we are talking about true l
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The information concept was discuss
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The close link between information
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13 The Quality and Usefulness of Bi
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iguously instructed to “Let the w
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Figure 27: God as Sender, man as re
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way its understanding is also a spi
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dom prepared for you since the crea
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would be known about his Person and
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Missionary and native: After every
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the case, as shown in Figure 29; no
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and defects of the information sent
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- Man did not develop through a cha
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15 The Quantities Used for Evaluati
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him: “Today salvation has come to
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16 A Biblical Analogy of the FourFu
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with God (Ephesians 5:18-20). The p
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- energy is utilised, and- the cons
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God’s testing fire; only fruit in
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A1 The Statistical View of Informat
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Figure 31: Model of a discrete sour
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a) the factor n, which indicates th
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Page 178 and 179: A1.2 Mathematical Description of St
Page 180 and 181: Figure 32: The number of letters L
Page 182 and 183: A1.2.2 The Information SpiralThe qu
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Page 190 and 191: Figure 34: The ant and the microchi
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Page 196 and 197: as expressing the highest possible
Page 198 and 199: H syll = 8.6 bits/syllable. (16)The
Page 200 and 201: Figure 36: Frequency distributions
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Page 204 and 205: the voluminous data requirements, c
Page 206 and 207: A2 Language: the Medium for Creatin
Page 208 and 209: The words of a language are linked
Page 210 and 211: (tongo), or from the same level (ba
Page 212 and 213: It should be clear from these examp
Page 214 and 215: A2.1.4 Written LanguagesThe inventi
Page 216 and 217: mation as discussed above, are foun
Page 218 and 219: “Speaking birds”: Parrots and b
Page 220 and 221: Figure 41: Speechless.(Sketched by
Page 222 and 223: we might realise. There are countle
Page 224 and 225: - The impossibility of a perpetual
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Page 230 and 231: Figure 44: Ripple marks on beach sa
Page 232 and 233: glucose is produced from 6 mol CO 2
Page 234 and 235: individual catalytic enzyme reactio
Page 236 and 237: nature: mechanical work is performe
Page 238 and 239: All human nutritional problems coul
Page 240 and 241: intricately constructed light proje
Page 242 and 243: p = 0.006/h) to produce propulsion
Page 244 and 245: leg they fly back to Canada over Ce
Page 246 and 247: south-east and fly right across the
Page 248 and 249: [E2] Eigen, M.: Stufen zum Leben- D
Page 250 and 251: [G15] Gitt, W.:[G16] Gitt, W.:[G17]
Page 252 and 253: Automatisierungstechnische Praxis 2
Page 254 and 255: H. 12, pp. 68-87[W2] Weibel, E. R.:
Page 256: Kemner, H. 146, 167Kessler, V. 11Ki
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