In the Beginning was Information

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Figure 2: The spinnerets of Uroctea.threads can be seen emerging from two of them. Silk having therequired tensile strength is produced in the “factories” locateddirectly below the spinnerets. All these complex processes are computercontrolled, and all the required equipment is highly miniaturised.How is it possible that such a complex and minutelydetailed manufacturing process can be carried out without mishap?Because the system contains a controlling program which has all therequired processing information (see Chapter 7).14
3. The Morpho rhetenor butterfly: The South American butterfly,Morpho rhetenor, is depicted in Figure 3 under various magnificationsso that the detailed structure of its wing scales can be seen(Scientific American, Vol. 245, Nov. 1981, p. 106). The wingsexhibit marvellous colourful patterns, metallic blue above (top left)and brown underneath (top right). The wings were analysed forpigmentation, but none was found. How can this colourful beautythen be explained?The detailed structure of the wings becomes apparent in three magnificationsteps, namely 50 ×, 350 ×, and 20,000 ×. At the lower magnificationsthe structure resembles roof tiles, but when the magnificationis 20,000, the secret is revealed. The structure is quite extraordinary:a regular grid of precisely constructed wedge-shaped ridgesspaced at intervals of about 0.00022 mm. This pattern is repeated soaccurately that the maximum deviation is only 0.00002 mm. Noearthly workshop specialising in miniaturisation, would be able tomake one single wing scale with this required precision. What is thepurpose of this marvellous structure?A certain physical effect is utilised here in a marvellous way. It can beexplained in terms of a simple example: When one drops two stonesin a pool, concentric waves spread out from each point of impact. Atsome points these waves cancel out, and at other points they enhanceone another. This effect is known as interference, and it is exactly thiseffect which causes the observed colours. When light rays from thesun impinge on the stepped grid, some colours are cancelled out andother colours are enhanced. The grid spacing and the wavelengths ofthe incident light are precisely tuned in to one another.How did this marvellous structure arise where everything is gearedto a special physical effect? Once again the answer is: information!4. The development of human embryos: The wonders whichoccur during the nine month gestation period, are unsurpassable.During the first four weeks of the new life, billions of cells areformed, and they arrange themselves according to a fascinatingplan to shape the new human being. Around the fifteenth day a dramaticnew development occurs: the first blood vessels appear. A15
Page 3 and 4: Werner GittIn the Beginningwas Info
Page 5 and 6: ContentsPreface ...................
Page 7 and 8: A2.1.2 Complexity and Peculiarities
Page 9 and 10: PrefaceTheme of the book: The topic
Page 11 and 12: Acknowledgements and thanks: After
Page 13: Figure 1: The web of a Cyrtophora s
Page 17 and 18: few days later another wonderful ev
Page 19 and 20: 5. The organ playing robot: Would i
Page 21 and 22: PART 1: Laws of Nature
Page 23 and 24: aspects are not covered. Models are
Page 25 and 26: 2.2 The Limits of Science and the P
Page 27 and 28: numerous mathematical theorems (exc
Page 29 and 30: mulated on earth, were also valid o
Page 31 and 32: F = G x m 1 x m 2 / r 2The force F
Page 33 and 34: The nine above-mentioned general bu
Page 35 and 36: R2: The laws of nature enable us to
Page 37 and 38: Conservation theorems: The followin
Page 39 and 40: Figure 6: Geometrically impossible
Page 41 and 42: ical bond. The half-life T is given
Page 43 and 44: PART 2: Information
Page 45 and 46: Since the concept of information is
Page 47 and 48: tents and because of the encoding p
Page 49 and 50: chemical quantities can be steered,
Page 51 and 52: and there are 468 Greek words. This
Page 53 and 54: Figure 10: The Rosetta stone.53
Page 55 and 56: As explained fully in Appendix A1,
Page 57 and 58: Theorem 5: Shannon’s definition o
Page 59 and 60: elementary sounds, but pictures are
Page 61 and 62: - Punched cards, mark sensing- Univ
Page 63 and 64: Get nymph; quiz sad brow; fix luck
Page 65 and 66:
Theorem 7: The allocation of meanin
Page 67 and 68:
Theorem 11: A code system is always
Page 69 and 70:
Knowledge of the conventions applyi
Page 71 and 72:
Sequences of letters generated by v
Page 73 and 74:
system must have been created by an
Page 75 and 76:
We can distinguish two types of act
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a) Concerning the sender:- Has an u
Page 79 and 80:
no purpose or intent; he represents
Page 81 and 82:
We still have to describe a domain
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5 Delineation of the Information Co
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Definition D5: The domain A of defi
Page 88 and 89:
6 Information in Living OrganismsTh
Page 90 and 91:
code with four different letters is
Page 92 and 93:
Figure 17: The way in which genetic
Page 94 and 95:
6.2 The Genetic CodeWe now discuss
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Figure 19: The theoretical possibil
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Figure 20: A simplified representat
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inevitable interactions ... The ori
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We now discuss some theoretical mod
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Genetic algorithms: The so-called
Page 106 and 107:
“The final result of all my resea
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7 The Three Forms in which Informat
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and methods of transfer (e. g. the
Page 112 and 113:
8 Three Kinds of Transmitted Inform
Page 114 and 115:
languages, creating a programming l
Page 116 and 117:
9 The Quality and Usefulness ofInfo
Page 118 and 119:
vertently), deliberately falsified,
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10 Some Quantitative Evaluationsof
Page 122 and 123:
such diverse topics as technology,
Page 124 and 125:
11 Questions Often Asked Aboutthe I
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Q10: Natural languages are changing
Page 128 and 129:
A19: Biological systems are indeed
Page 130 and 131:
continually shifts in order to avoi
Page 132 and 133:
A23: If we are talking about true l
Page 134 and 135:
The information concept was discuss
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The close link between information
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13 The Quality and Usefulness of Bi
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iguously instructed to “Let the w
Page 142 and 143:
Figure 27: God as Sender, man as re
Page 144 and 145:
way its understanding is also a spi
Page 146 and 147:
dom prepared for you since the crea
Page 148 and 149:
would be known about his Person and
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Missionary and native: After every
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the case, as shown in Figure 29; no
Page 154 and 155:
and defects of the information sent
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- Man did not develop through a cha
Page 158 and 159:
15 The Quantities Used for Evaluati
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him: “Today salvation has come to
Page 162 and 163:
16 A Biblical Analogy of the FourFu
Page 164 and 165:
with God (Ephesians 5:18-20). The p
Page 166 and 167:
- energy is utilised, and- the cons
Page 168 and 169:
God’s testing fire; only fruit in
Page 170 and 171:
A1 The Statistical View of Informat
Page 172 and 173:
Figure 31: Model of a discrete sour
Page 174 and 175:
a) the factor n, which indicates th
Page 176 and 177:
) Expectation value of the informat
Page 178 and 179:
A1.2 Mathematical Description of St
Page 180 and 181:
Figure 32: The number of letters L
Page 182 and 183:
A1.2.2 The Information SpiralThe qu
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184
Page 186 and 187:
186
Page 188 and 189:
188
Page 190 and 191:
Figure 34: The ant and the microchi
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a degree of integration of 11.72 mi
Page 194 and 195:
194
Page 196 and 197:
as expressing the highest possible
Page 198 and 199:
H syll = 8.6 bits/syllable. (16)The
Page 200 and 201:
Figure 36: Frequency distributions
Page 202 and 203:
202
Page 204 and 205:
the voluminous data requirements, c
Page 206 and 207:
A2 Language: the Medium for Creatin
Page 208 and 209:
The words of a language are linked
Page 210 and 211:
(tongo), or from the same level (ba
Page 212 and 213:
It should be clear from these examp
Page 214 and 215:
A2.1.4 Written LanguagesThe inventi
Page 216 and 217:
mation as discussed above, are foun
Page 218 and 219:
“Speaking birds”: Parrots and b
Page 220 and 221:
Figure 41: Speechless.(Sketched by
Page 222 and 223:
we might realise. There are countle
Page 224 and 225:
- The impossibility of a perpetual
Page 226 and 227:
Figure 42: Three processes in close
Page 228 and 229:
228
Page 230 and 231:
Figure 44: Ripple marks on beach sa
Page 232 and 233:
glucose is produced from 6 mol CO 2
Page 234 and 235:
individual catalytic enzyme reactio
Page 236 and 237:
nature: mechanical work is performe
Page 238 and 239:
All human nutritional problems coul
Page 240 and 241:
intricately constructed light proje
Page 242 and 243:
p = 0.006/h) to produce propulsion
Page 244 and 245:
leg they fly back to Canada over Ce
Page 246 and 247:
south-east and fly right across the
Page 248 and 249:
[E2] Eigen, M.: Stufen zum Leben- D
Page 250 and 251:
[G15] Gitt, W.:[G16] Gitt, W.:[G17]
Page 252 and 253:
Automatisierungstechnische Praxis 2
Page 254 and 255:
H. 12, pp. 68-87[W2] Weibel, E. R.:
Page 256:
Kemner, H. 146, 167Kessler, V. 11Ki
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