In the Beginning was Information

More documents

Recommendations

Info

continually shifts in order to avoid external forces (e. g. temperature,pressure, concentration of the reactionary partner).Example: In the case of a reaction linked with a change in volume(e. g. the decomposition of ammonia: 2 NH 3 ⇔ N 2 + 3 H 2 )an increase in pressure must lead to a reduction in turnover.Accordingly the turnover of a reaction involving a reduction involume is increased through an increase in pressure: in the caseof ammonia synthesis N 2 + 3 H 2 ⇔ 2NH 3 , the equilibrium isshifted under the high pressure towards NH 3 . Taking this resultinto account, the Haber-Bosch procedure of ammonia synthesisis carried out under high pressure.The principle also says that under additional heat influx, inexothermic reactions the equilibrium shifts towards the originalsubstances and in endothermic reactions towards the producedsubstances. The Le Chatelier principle applies not only toreversible chemical reactions but equally to reversible physicalprocesses, such as evaporation or crystallisation.e) The Principle of Least Motion: Hine recognised a law of naturewhich helps us to predict chemical reactions. The principlemaintains that the reactions which involve the least changes toatom compositions and electron configurations are the morelikely to happen. Thus, using this principle, it is possible to predictwhy, in the Birch reduction of aromatic connections 1,4dienes and not 1,3 dienes are produced. Dienes or diolefines areunsaturated aliphatic and cycloaliphatic hydrocarbons whichcontain molecules with double bonds.Note: In the first two examples (a and b) it was possible toexpress the verbal statements in mathematical equations.a) The rotary direction of a whirlpool can be derived frommechanics (Coriolis force).b) In 1873 the English physicist James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) found a mathematical description (“A Treatise on Electricityand Magnetism”) which the German physicist HeinrichHertz (1857 – 1894) in 1890 expressed in the first and secondMaxwell equations which are still used today.c) As a result of the observations in conjunction with the Pauliprinciple, later a mathematical deduction of the principle usingthe wave function of an electron became possible. These reasonsare based on the validity of the wave function. Howeverthe law itself is still usually formulated verbally.130
These examples confirm that laws of nature do not necessarilyhave to be quantifiable. If preferred reactions, rotary directionsor other general principles are being described then mathematicalformulas are not always effective. In some cases the observationsof the laws of nature can be deduced from more generallaws. Thus, for example, the law of induction is already containedin the Maxwell equations.All the aspects of the laws of nature discussed here are equallyvalid in relation to theorems about information. According totheir nature, the generally valid facts about information can beobserved but they are not quantifiable. Thus the statements aredescribed verbally. This type of description is no criterion as towhether a fact is a law of nature or not.Q21: Can the laws of nature change in time?A21: The laws of nature are valid everywhere in the universe andat all times without exception. There can be absolutely no exceptions.It would be tragic if the laws of nature did change as timewent on. Every technical construction and measuring apparatus is apractical application of the laws of nature. If the laws of naturechanged, bridges and tower blocks, calculated correctly taking thelaws of nature into account, could collapse. As all physiologicalprocesses are also dependent on the laws of nature, then a changein these laws would have catastrophic consequences.Q22: Is the sender already included in your definition of information?If a sender is already included in the definition then the conclusionthat there must be a sender is self-evident.A22: Of course the sender is included in neither the definition northe prerequisite. That would be a circular argument. The laws ofnature are deduced completely from experience. Thus the existenceof a sender when there is a code, has been observed a million timesover. In the work in hand the difference between theorems and definitionsis clearly made. Theorems should be viewed as laws ofnature. They are observed. In the theorems 1, 9 and 11 we talkedabout a sender. I would like to stress that this is neither a definitionnor a prerequisite. The statements are much more the result ofcountless observations.Q23: Can a law of nature be toppled? Or, to phrase it differently,are the laws of nature confirmatory?131
Page 3 and 4:
Werner GittIn the Beginningwas Info
Page 5 and 6:
ContentsPreface ...................
Page 7 and 8:
A2.1.2 Complexity and Peculiarities
Page 9 and 10:
PrefaceTheme of the book: The topic
Page 11 and 12:
Acknowledgements and thanks: After
Page 13 and 14:
Figure 1: The web of a Cyrtophora s
Page 15 and 16:
3. The Morpho rhetenor butterfly: T
Page 17 and 18:
few days later another wonderful ev
Page 19 and 20:
5. The organ playing robot: Would i
Page 21 and 22:
PART 1: Laws of Nature
Page 23 and 24:
aspects are not covered. Models are
Page 25 and 26:
2.2 The Limits of Science and the P
Page 27 and 28:
numerous mathematical theorems (exc
Page 29 and 30:
mulated on earth, were also valid o
Page 31 and 32:
F = G x m 1 x m 2 / r 2The force F
Page 33 and 34:
The nine above-mentioned general bu
Page 35 and 36:
R2: The laws of nature enable us to
Page 37 and 38:
Conservation theorems: The followin
Page 39 and 40:
Figure 6: Geometrically impossible
Page 41 and 42:
ical bond. The half-life T is given
Page 43 and 44:
PART 2: Information
Page 45 and 46:
Since the concept of information is
Page 47 and 48:
tents and because of the encoding p
Page 49 and 50:
chemical quantities can be steered,
Page 51 and 52:
and there are 468 Greek words. This
Page 53 and 54:
Figure 10: The Rosetta stone.53
Page 55 and 56:
As explained fully in Appendix A1,
Page 57 and 58:
Theorem 5: Shannon’s definition o
Page 59 and 60:
elementary sounds, but pictures are
Page 61 and 62:
- Punched cards, mark sensing- Univ
Page 63 and 64:
Get nymph; quiz sad brow; fix luck
Page 65 and 66:
Theorem 7: The allocation of meanin
Page 67 and 68:
Theorem 11: A code system is always
Page 69 and 70:
Knowledge of the conventions applyi
Page 71 and 72:
Sequences of letters generated by v
Page 73 and 74:
system must have been created by an
Page 75 and 76:
We can distinguish two types of act
Page 77 and 78:
a) Concerning the sender:- Has an u
Page 79 and 80: no purpose or intent; he represents
Page 81 and 82: We still have to describe a domain
Page 83 and 84: 5 Delineation of the Information Co
Page 85: Definition D5: The domain A of defi
Page 88 and 89: 6 Information in Living OrganismsTh
Page 90 and 91: code with four different letters is
Page 92 and 93: Figure 17: The way in which genetic
Page 94 and 95: 6.2 The Genetic CodeWe now discuss
Page 96 and 97: Figure 19: The theoretical possibil
Page 98 and 99: Figure 20: A simplified representat
Page 100 and 101: inevitable interactions ... The ori
Page 102 and 103: We now discuss some theoretical mod
Page 104 and 105: Genetic algorithms: The so-called
Page 106 and 107: “The final result of all my resea
Page 108 and 109: 7 The Three Forms in which Informat
Page 110 and 111: and methods of transfer (e. g. the
Page 112 and 113: 8 Three Kinds of Transmitted Inform
Page 114 and 115: languages, creating a programming l
Page 116 and 117: 9 The Quality and Usefulness ofInfo
Page 118 and 119: vertently), deliberately falsified,
Page 120 and 121: 10 Some Quantitative Evaluationsof
Page 122 and 123: such diverse topics as technology,
Page 124 and 125: 11 Questions Often Asked Aboutthe I
Page 126 and 127: Q10: Natural languages are changing
Page 128 and 129: A19: Biological systems are indeed
Page 132 and 133: A23: If we are talking about true l
Page 134 and 135: The information concept was discuss
Page 136 and 137: The close link between information
Page 138 and 139: 13 The Quality and Usefulness of Bi
Page 140 and 141: iguously instructed to “Let the w
Page 142 and 143: Figure 27: God as Sender, man as re
Page 144 and 145: way its understanding is also a spi
Page 146 and 147: dom prepared for you since the crea
Page 148 and 149: would be known about his Person and
Page 150 and 151: Missionary and native: After every
Page 152 and 153: the case, as shown in Figure 29; no
Page 154 and 155: and defects of the information sent
Page 156 and 157: - Man did not develop through a cha
Page 158 and 159: 15 The Quantities Used for Evaluati
Page 160 and 161: him: “Today salvation has come to
Page 162 and 163: 16 A Biblical Analogy of the FourFu
Page 164 and 165: with God (Ephesians 5:18-20). The p
Page 166 and 167: - energy is utilised, and- the cons
Page 168 and 169: God’s testing fire; only fruit in
Page 170 and 171: A1 The Statistical View of Informat
Page 172 and 173: Figure 31: Model of a discrete sour
Page 174 and 175: a) the factor n, which indicates th
Page 176 and 177: ) Expectation value of the informat
Page 178 and 179: A1.2 Mathematical Description of St
Page 180 and 181:
Figure 32: The number of letters L
Page 182 and 183:
A1.2.2 The Information SpiralThe qu
Page 184 and 185:
184
Page 186 and 187:
186
Page 188 and 189:
188
Page 190 and 191:
Figure 34: The ant and the microchi
Page 192 and 193:
a degree of integration of 11.72 mi
Page 194 and 195:
194
Page 196 and 197:
as expressing the highest possible
Page 198 and 199:
H syll = 8.6 bits/syllable. (16)The
Page 200 and 201:
Figure 36: Frequency distributions
Page 202 and 203:
202
Page 204 and 205:
the voluminous data requirements, c
Page 206 and 207:
A2 Language: the Medium for Creatin
Page 208 and 209:
The words of a language are linked
Page 210 and 211:
(tongo), or from the same level (ba
Page 212 and 213:
It should be clear from these examp
Page 214 and 215:
A2.1.4 Written LanguagesThe inventi
Page 216 and 217:
mation as discussed above, are foun
Page 218 and 219:
“Speaking birds”: Parrots and b
Page 220 and 221:
Figure 41: Speechless.(Sketched by
Page 222 and 223:
we might realise. There are countle
Page 224 and 225:
- The impossibility of a perpetual
Page 226 and 227:
Figure 42: Three processes in close
Page 228 and 229:
228
Page 230 and 231:
Figure 44: Ripple marks on beach sa
Page 232 and 233:
glucose is produced from 6 mol CO 2
Page 234 and 235:
individual catalytic enzyme reactio
Page 236 and 237:
nature: mechanical work is performe
Page 238 and 239:
All human nutritional problems coul
Page 240 and 241:
intricately constructed light proje
Page 242 and 243:
p = 0.006/h) to produce propulsion
Page 244 and 245:
leg they fly back to Canada over Ce
Page 246 and 247:
south-east and fly right across the
Page 248 and 249:
[E2] Eigen, M.: Stufen zum Leben- D
Page 250 and 251:
[G15] Gitt, W.:[G16] Gitt, W.:[G17]
Page 252 and 253:
Automatisierungstechnische Praxis 2
Page 254 and 255:
H. 12, pp. 68-87[W2] Weibel, E. R.:
Page 256:
Kemner, H. 146, 167Kessler, V. 11Ki
show all

In the Beginning was Information

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?