Check GAD antibody positivity with the Diamyd anti-GAD RIA plate*

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The Story ofGADRobert Dinsmoor1975Researchersdiscover isletcell surfaceantibodies inchildren withdiabetes1982Scientistsfind 64Kantibodiesin diabeticBB rats1986Researchshows that64K antibodiesdevelopyears beforediabetes1988Scientistsfind antibodiesto GAD inpatients withStiff ManSyndromeResearchersdiscover Islet CellAntibodies (ICAs)in peoplewith newlydiagnoseddiabetes1978Scientistsfind antibodiesto 64Kprotein indiabeticchildren1984Molecularbiologistssequencegene formaking GAD1987Researchersfind 64Kantibodies indiabeticNOD miceThis article’s original form appeared in Countdown magazine, a publication of the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation International, Autumn 1994.At one time, scientists thought that diabetes wascaused by a virus or toxic environmentalagent that destroyed theinsulin-producing beta cells of thepancreas. But decades ago, scientistsdiscovered that people with newlydiagnosed diabetes had inflammationof the islet cells of the pancreas, or insulitis.The islets were filled with white blood cells, whichthe body’s immune system uses to fightinfection.This led researchers to speculatethat diabetes might be an autoimmunedisease, caused by a misdirectedattack by the body’s own immunesystem.page 6 dmccad june 2003
More support for the autoimmunetheory came in the early1970’s when Dr. Bottazzo andDr. Doniach and colleagues atthe Middlesex Hospital inLondon first detected antibodiesto pancreatic islet cells in people with newly diagnoseddiabetes. The antibodies, which react to the cytoplasminside all islet cells, came to be called cytoplasmicislet cell antibodies or ICAs.Antibodies are a part of the immune system responsecalled the humoral response. Made by white blood cellscalled B lymphocytes, specific antibodies are designed toattack specific foreign proteins or antigens. It was unclear,however, whether the beta cells were actually destroyedby these antibodies or by components of the cellularimmune response, such as the killer T lymphocytes or“T cells”.In the mid-1970’s, Dr. Lernmark, who had developed atechnique for isolating beta cells from isolated islets of1990In a majorbreakthrough,scientistsidentify the64K proteinas GAD1991Scientistsdiscover that 64Kprotein isGAD65, thesmaller formof GADStudy showsthat T cellstargetGAD651993Research teamsprevent diabetesin NOD mice byinactivating GAD-Reactive T cellsResearcherssuggest 64Kantibodies maybe earlypredictor ofdiabetesMolecularbiologistssequence twoforms of GAD– GAD65 andGAD67 – fromislet cellsStudies showthat someICAs only reactto GAD65Two studiesestablish GADas first knowntarget of T cellsin diabeticNOD micethe Langerhans, was researching proteins on the surface ofbeta cells at the University of Chicago. While involved inthis research, he attended a lecture in ICAs in Chicago byDr. Doniach. During the lecture, he realized that it mustbe the proteins on the surface of the beta cells that provokedantibodies in diabetes, and he turned his research inthat direction. He and other researchers at the Universityof Chicago treated pancreatic islets cells from rats withblood serum from children who had diabetes for less thanfive years. They discovered that some of these childrenhad antibodies to proteins on the surface of the islet cells,called islet cell surface antibodies or ICAs. However, theydid not know which specific proteins had attracted theantibodies.The 64,000 Mystery ProteinIn the late 1970’s, Dr. Lernmark became Director ofResearch at the Hagedorn Research Laboratory inDenmark, where he continued to work with ICAs. Heenlisted the aid of Dr. Baekkeskov, who had developeddmccad june 2003page 7
Page 4 and 5: forewordResearch Scientists through
Page 8 and 9: Åke Lernmark, MD, Ph.D., and his c
Page 10 and 11: theory, the immune system mistakenl
Page 12 and 13: GAD Back to the Future…Åke Lernm
Page 14 and 15: 100GAD in GraphsGAD65 DNA vaccinati
Page 16 and 17: In Nature, Anything that CanHappen
Page 18 and 19: References1. Baekkeskov, S., et al,
Page 20 and 21: GAD in GraphsIncidence of diabetes
Page 22 and 23: References1. Quinn A, et al,MHC cla
Page 24 and 25: References1. Tisch, R., et al,Induc
Page 26 and 27: Vaccination with GAD PlasmidSuppres
Page 28 and 29: GADGAD in GraphsGAD ELISPOT outperf
Page 30 and 31: GAD in GraphsA1004 wks of age% Inci
Page 32 and 33: Mark Atkinson, Ph.D.,is an American
Page 34 and 35: GAD in GraphsIL-4 (pg/ml)2501007550
Page 36 and 37: References1. Kobayashi T, et al,Isl
Page 38 and 39: References1. A.Falorni, et al,Radio
Page 40 and 41: References1. Chattopadhyay, S., et
Page 42 and 43: Diamyd’s Commercial Development o
Page 44: T cell GAD65For use of GAD in immun

Check GAD antibody positivity with the Diamyd anti-GAD RIA plate*

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