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Gabriela Petkova, BugarskaBugarskigradovi-muzejiUsadašnjem kontekstu ujedinjene Evrope bivše komunističkezemlje pokušavaju da se integrišu prilagođavanjemsvojih politika, uključujući i kulturnih, evropskimstandardima i da se uključe u savremeni evropskisistem. Ovaj proces ne odvija se istom brzinom u svakojod njih (Dragicevic-Sesic, 2002: online). I dok je uzemljama kao što su Češka republika, Poljska, Slovenija,Mađarska i Baltičke zemlje, proces tranzicije uveonovi pravni sistem, funkcionisanje višepartijskog demokratskogsistema, privatizaciju i ekonomiju koja pokušavada se okrene tržištu, u Bugarskoj su prethodne vladepotrošile mnogo vremena na rat sa opozicijom po pitanjimakao što je sudbina tajnih policijskih dosijea(Crampton 1997: 435), dok su pitanja kulture ostajalavan njihovog delokruga. Međutim, u Evropskoj unijidiskusija o zajedničkom evropskom nasleđu uveliko tečei Bugarska, kao pridruženi član, ne može da zanemariovu temu.Ovaj tekst predstavlja jednu “studiju slučaja”i odnosise na aktuelnu situaciju u jednom jedinstvenom bugarskommuzeju – gradu muzeju – koji je nastao 1969.godine i na njegov razvoj (odnosno nepostojanje razvoja)od 1989. godine i moj pokušaj da nađem odgovor napitanje: da li Bugarska uspeva da iskoristi sve svoje potencijaleza unapređenje kulture kako bi se pripemila zauključivanje u strukture EU?Termin “grad-muzej” nije opštepoznat u evropskojmuzeologiji i jedan od načina da se ovaj termin razumeje da se “grad-muzej” uporedi sa terminima “istorijskigrad”i “muzej na otvorenom”. Primer grada-muzeja Bojenci,koji ovde razmatramo, ilustruje ovu koncepciju.Na internet sajtu Asocijacije malih turističkih gradovai sela u Velikoj Britaniji možemo pročitati da:Vlada ulaže velike napore da obnovi gradove i dasmanji pritisak na selo. Podržavamo ove napore, ali smosvesni da će i dalje postojati velika potreba zanovim kućama i poslovima van većih gradova…Pitamose da li će mali gradovi i sela biti u stanju da se prilagodepromenama tako da sačuvaju svoj individualni karakteri da nove građevine poboljšaju način života u njima.1 Osnovna ideja je da će se promene javljati u istorijskimgradovima bez obzira da li se Asocijacijazalaže zauvođenje neke vrste kontrole nad tipovima i stilovimanove gradnje.Definicija istorijskih gradova na konferenciji u Valeti,Malta 2 glasi: “….istorijski gradovi su mesta u kojimasu sačuvani značajni spomenici kulture…”Pa, ako je neophodnojednostavno opisati istorijski grad, mogli bismoda kažemo da je to grad u kome su zgrade ili deograda sačuvane u potpunosti, kakvi su bili u vreme izgradnjeu dalekoj prošlosti. Time se ne zaustavlja širenjegrada u skladu sa aktuelnim potrebama urbanog razvoja.Takvih gradova ima po celom svetu i oni su deo svetskogkulturnog nasleđa.Primer istorijskog grada u Bugarskoj je Koprivštica(sl. 1), gradić iz vremena bugarske renesanse na obroncimaBalkana, udaljen 111 km od Sofije. Ni u jednomdrugom bugarskom gradu nema toliko kuća-spomenika– ukupno 383, a najveći deo je obnovljen i vraćen im jeoriginalni izgled.801 http://www.ashtav.org/home/welc.html2 1.-3. oktobar 1998. godineGabriela Petkova, BulgariaBulgarian livingtown-museumsIn the present context of united Europe ex-communistcountries seek integration trying to adapt their policies,including cultural related ones, to the European requirementsand join contemporary European system.The process however is not equally fast <strong>for</strong> all of them(Dragicevic-Sesic, 2002: online). While in countries suchas Czech Republic, Poland, Slovenia, Hungary and theBaltic states the transition process showed the introductionof new legislative system, functioning multipartydemocratic system, privatization and economy makingstrides towards being market-driven, in Bulgariaprevious governments spent much of their time fightingwith the opposition over issues such as the fate of secretpolice files (Crampton 1997: 435) and purely culture relatedmatters remained outside the work scope of thesegovernments. However in the EU questions concerningcommon European heritage are largely discussed andBulgaria as associate country cannot neglect them.The following is a case study and relates to the presentstate of a unique Bulgarian kind of museum – living-townmuseum – organized as such in 1969 and howit developed (or not) since 1989 in the attempt to find ananswer to the question: Is Bulgaria using all possibilities<strong>for</strong> improvement in cultural area to be ready to jointhe structures of the EU?The term of ‘living town-museum’ is not commonlyknown in European museology and a possible way to comprehendits concept is to explore the terms ‘historic town’and ‘open-air museum’ and to make a comparison with theterm ‘living town – museum’. The example of Bojentsitown-museum is chosen to illustrate this concept here.The internet site of the Association of Small HistoricTowns and Villages in the UK notes the following statement:The Government is trying hard to regenerate the citiesand to reduce development pressure upon the countryside.We commend this endeavour, but we are awarethat there will still be massive demand <strong>for</strong> new homesand more jobs outside the major cities. .. .We are concernedthat small towns and villages should be able toadapt to change in ways that recognise their individualcharacter and that new building should make them betterplaces to live in. 1The main idea here is that changes will occur in historictowns no matter whether the Association is anxiousto see some sort of control over the type and style ofnew buildings.The definition of a historic town given bythe European association of historic towns in its conferenceheld in Valletta, Malta 2 is: ‘…historic towns and citiesare the ones where significant cultural monumentshave been preserved…’.There<strong>for</strong>e if a simple descriptionof a historic town is required we could say it is a townwhere some buildings or part of the town are preservedas they used to be at the time of their erection in the distantpast. This does not stop the expansion of the towntaking into account the needs of urban development.Such towns can be found all over the world and <strong>for</strong>mpart of the worlds’ cultural heritage.An example of a historic town in Bulgaria is Koprivshtitza(Fig. 1), a small Bulgarian Revival town situatedin the Balkan mountain folds, 111 km east of So-1 http://www.ashtav.org/home/welc.html2 1.-3. october 1998. godine

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