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Evrope i Amerike decenijama, pa i vekovima ranije, nabavljanasu pod uslovima koji se ne mogu uporediti sadanašnjim.”U odbranu ovakvog stava, u deklaraciji se iznosi dasu predmeti pribavljeni u ranijim periodima, bilo kupovinom,poklonom ili podelom teritorije, vremenom postalideo muzeja, koji su se brinuli o njima i deo baštinenacija koje ga čuvaju. Danas kada smo naročito osetljivina temu originalnog konteksta dela, ne treba da izgubimoiz vida činjenicu da muzeji, takođe, obezbeđujuvažeći i dragocen kontekst za predmete koji su mnogoranije premešteni iz svojih originalnih okruženja. Krozsvoje posebne i stalne izložbe oni daju vrhunskim pojedinačnimkomadima iz svojih kolekcija opšte poznatikontekst, u okviru koga je njihov pun značaj razumljivijinego bilo gde drugde.U deklaraciji se kaže da “Sveopšte divljenje za antičkecivilizacije danas ne bi bilo toliko duboko ukorenjenoda nije bilo uticaja koji su izvršili umetnički predmetiiz ovih kultura, koji su dostupni međunarodnoj javnostiu velikim muzejima.”Kao primer se navodi skulpturaklasične Grčke. Vekovima duga istorija vrednovanjagrčke umetnosti započeta je u antici, obnovljena urenesansnoj Italiji i kasnije raširena na ostatak Evrope iAmerike. Njena prisutnost u kolekcijama javnih muzejaširom sveta obeležila je značaj Grčke skulpture za čovečanstvou celini. Šta više, izrazito grčka estetika ovihdela je uočljivija ako se ona posmatraju i proučavaju uvezi sa delima drugih velikih civilizacija.Poziv na povratak predmeta koji pripadaju muzejskimkolekcijama dugi niz godina, postao je važan problemza muzeje. “Moramo priznati da muzeji ne služesamo pripadnicima jedne nacije, već ljudima svih nacija.”Zastupnici deklaracije poručuju da međunarodnauloga u promociji kulture prevazilazi uske nacionalne ivlasničke interese. Muzeji su zastupnici u razvoju kulture,čija je misija da ubrzaju znanje stalnim procesom reinterpretacije.Svaki predmet doprinosi tom procesu.Ograničiti fokus muzeja čije su kolekcije raznolike bi,prema tome, bilo na štetu svih posetilaca ili kako to kažeNeil MacGregor, direktor Britanskog muzeja “ Umanjivanjekolekcija kao što su ove, bila bi ogromna štetaza svetsku kulturnu baštinu”.Ova deklaracija je izazvala buru protesta i negodovanja.Najviše je onih koji su tvrdili da muzeji koristepojam globalnog muzeja da bi podržali argument protivrepatrijacije određenih izabranih predmeta u zemlje kojepolažu pravo na prvobitno vlasništvo.Prve kritike na deklaraciju su The Art Newspapersumirale pod naslovom “ Pristup međunarodnim odnosimakoji podseća na Džordža Buša”. The Newspaper suizvestile da je ”međunarodna grupa direktora želela daonemogući bilo kakvu ozbiljnu raspravu.” Andreas Esheteiz Etiopije, predsedavajući Asocijacije za povratakEtiopljanskog Magdala blaga, to je nazvao “ nečim što jesamo eurocentrično posebno zalaganje” i primetio zajedljivoda “ samo nekoliko od 60 miliona stanovnikaEtopije može posetiti velike Evropske muzeje ili muzejeUSA i videti svoju baštinu”. U USA, Tom Kremers, websitemoderator za listserv Museum Security Network,nazvao je ovu deklaraciju “jasnim kulturnim kolonijalizmom”,citirale su The Art Newspaper. Među grupamakoje su javno kritikovale deklaraciju je Inter<strong>national</strong>Council of Museum, koji smatra da njoj nedostaje “mudroi promišljeno prosuđivanje”. Džefri Luis, predsedavajućiICOM Etničkog komiteta smatra da je glavnasvrha deklaracije da “obezbedi veći nivo imuniteta odzahteva za repatrijacijama.“ Pretpostavka da se muzejisa univerzalno definisanim predmetom mogu izuzetiod takvih zahteva je varljiva. Deklaracija je izjava o62exercised by the artifacts of these cultures, widely availableto an inter<strong>national</strong> public in major museums.” Anexample of this is the sculpture of the classical Greece.The centuries’ long history of assessing the Greek artstarted in the classical period, was renewed in the RenaissanceItaly and later spread to the rest of Europeand America. Its presence in the collections of publicmuseums throughout the world has denoted the significanceof the Greek sculpture <strong>for</strong> the entire mankind.Furthermore, a markedly Greek aesthetics of theseworks is more noticeable if they are observed and studiedin relation to the works of other great civilizations.The proposal to return the objects belonging to themuseum collections <strong>for</strong> many years has become a majorproblem <strong>for</strong> the museums. “We must admit that museumsdo not serve only to the people of one nation, but topeople of all nations.”The advocates of this Declarationcommunicate that the inter<strong>national</strong> role in promotingculture overcomes narrow <strong>national</strong>ist and proprietaryinterests. The museums are the advocates in the developmentof culture, the mission of which is to advanceknowledge with a constant reinterpretation process.Each and every one of these objects contributes to thisprocess. Limiting the focus of museums with diverse collections,there<strong>for</strong>e, would be damaging to all the visitorsor as Neil Macgregor, the director of the British Museumsays “diminishing of collections such as thesewould be a great loss to the world’s cultural heritage.”This Declaration provoked a storm of protests anddisapproval. The greatest number of protestors claimedthat the museums used the term of a global museum inorder to support the argument against the repatriationof certain chosen objects into the countries that lay claimsof original ownership.The first criticisms of the Declaration are summedup in an article by the Art Newspaper entitled A GeorgeBush Approach to Inter<strong>national</strong> Relations. The ArtNewspaper reported that “the inter<strong>national</strong> group of directorshad wanted to spark off serious discussion.”AndreasEshete from Ethiopia, the chairman of the Association<strong>for</strong> the Return of the Ethiopian Magdala Treasurecalled it “no more than Eurocentric special pleading”and noted sarcastically that “few of Ethiopia’s 60 or somillion inhabitants can visit the great museums of Europeor the U.S. to take a look at their heritage.” In theUSA, Tom Cremers, Web-site moderator <strong>for</strong> the MuseumSecurity Network’s listserv, is quoted in the Art Newspaper,calling this declaration “outright cultural colonialism.”Among the groups that openly criticized theDeclaration is the Inter<strong>national</strong> Council of Museumswhich feels that it lacks “wise and thoughtful judgment.”Geoffrey Lewis, the chairman of the ICOM EthicalCommittee, feels that the main purpose of the Declarationis “to establish a higher degree of immunity fromclaims”<strong>for</strong> repatriation.“The presumption that museumwith universally defined objectives may be consideredexempt from such demands is specious. The Declarationis a statement of self-interest, made by a group representingsome of the world’s richest museums; they donot, as they imply, speak <strong>for</strong> the »inter<strong>national</strong> museumcommunity«.” Australian museums which supportthe return of the Aboriginal bones, hair and other humanremains from the collections of the European naturalhistory museums, also do not approve of this Declaration.The general principle of the AAM Ethical Code<strong>for</strong> museums states that “competing claims of ownershipthat may be asserted in connection with objects in Šamuseum’sĆ custody should be handled openly, seriously,responsively and with respect <strong>for</strong> the dignity of all partiesinvolved.”

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