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vetiteljstva. Britanski muzej i Luvr su, u tom smislu, tipični.Kao što kaže Akt o osnivanju Britanskog muzejaiz 1753. godine: “ Sve umetnosti i nauke su povezanejedna sa drugom…” To je važan istorijski argument nakoji bi se moglo pozvati za očuvanje takvih zbirki izvremena njihovog nastanka.Sakupljanje je kroz vekove postalo strožije naučnoorijentisano, pa je problem originalnog i pravnog vlasništvanad umetničkim predmetima došao pod veći javninadzor. Ovaj problem je nazvan “Partenonska dilema”,u vezi sa dugotrajnom raspravom između Engleskei Grčke, oko pravnih i moralnih prava na tzv. “Elginovemermere”, koje je iz Grčke, koja je bila pod Turskomokupacijom sklonio Lord Elgin, između 1801. i1810. godine i doneo ih u Britaniju. Godine 1816. IzabraniKomitet Donjeg Doma Engleskog parlamenta jeustanovio da je kolekcija legitimno vlasništvo Lorda Elgina,kao privatnog lica. Nakon rasprave u Donjem Domu,većina se složila, i kolekciju je otkupio Britanskimuzej i poverena je, kao trajno vlasništvo, kustosimaBritanskog muzeja. Prvi zahtevi za povratak Partenonskihskulptura u Atinu čuli su se još na raspravi u DonjemDomu 1816. godine. Pozivi za povratak koje su kojesu upućivali pojedinci, započeli su još 1833. godine.Formalno-pravni zahtevi počinju od 1965. godine, kadaje Grčko ministarstvo za kulturu otišlo tako daleko da jezatražilo vraćanje Grčkoj svih grčkih antikviteta. Jedanod najvećih boraca za povratak predmeta koji vode porekloiz Grčke, bila je Melina Merkuri, ministrica kultureGrčke. Na njeno insistiranje, na UNESCO-voj Svetskojkonferenciji o Kulturnoj politici, u Meksiku 1982.godine, izglasana je rezolucija koja poziva na povratakPartenonskih mermera i njihovu ponovnu inkorporacijuna Partenon. Oktobra 1983. godine, Grčka vlada je uručilaformalni bilateralni zahtev Britanskoj vladi za povratakPartenonskih mermera, koji je ova zvanično odbilaaprila 1984. Nakon toga usledilo je niz poziva napovratak, kako onih zvaničnih, tako i individualnih. Unovembru 2002. godine, delegacija Grčkog ministarstvaza kulturu, koja je bila u poseti Britanskom muzeju,predstavila je svoj predlog da se Partenonska skulpturaprenese u Atinu u novi muzej, koji je sagrađen u bliziniAkropolja, kao dugoročna pozajmica ili kao aneks Britanskogmuzeja. Ovaj predlog je razrađen na UNESCOovomskupu u martu 2003. godine, a u vezi sa održavavanjemOlimpijskih igara u Atini, u avgustu 2004. Ali iovaj predlog je odbijen. Poslednji zahtev za povratakPartenonskih mermera uputio je grčki premijer KostasSimitis, britanskom premijeru Toniju Bleru, u jednoj televizijskojemisiji.Osim Britanskog muzeja, postoji još dosta institucijakoje poseduju predmete čije vlasništvo je sporno i kojesu se suočile sa zahtevom za povratak državama izkojih ovi predmeti vode poreklo. To su pre svega Pergamonskioltar u Pergamonskom muzeju u Berlinu, na kojeTurska polaže pravo, Beninske bronze u Kraljevskojakademiji umetnosti u Londonu, na koje Nigerija polažepravo, Egipatske skulpture u Luvru i još mnoge druge.Osamnaest muzeja i galerija potpisnika deklaracije,na čelu sa Britanskim muzejem, izjavilo je da neće vratitiumetničke predmete, koji su zaplenjeni tokom kolonijalnevladavine ili tokom sličnih ranijih perioda u istoriji.Iako ove institucije tvrde da priznaju i podržavajuskorašnje međunarodne konvencije protiv ilegalnenabavke arheoloških, umetničkih i etničkih predmeta,one ipak iznose da “predmete dobavljane u ranijim periodimatreba posmatrati u svetlu drugačijih uslova ivrednosti koje je odražavalo to ranije doba. Predmeti imonumentalna dela koja su smeštena u muzeje širomHouse of Commons, majority agreed and the collectionwas sold to The British Museum and entrusted as a permanentproperty to the Trustees of The British Museum.The first demands for the return of the Parthenon sculpturesto Athens occured during discussion in The Houseof Commons in 1816. The individual demands appearedin 1833. The official and legal demands started in 1965when the Greek Ministry of Culture went so far as to demandthe return of all the Greek artifacts to Greece.One of the greatest fighters for the return of the artifactsto Greece was Melina Mercouri, the Greek ministerof culture. To her demand, a resolution that callsupon the return of the Parthenon Marbles and their incorporationto the Parthenon was voted at the UNESCOWorld Conference on Cultural Policy in Mexico, in 1982.In October 1983, the Greek government presented a formalbilateral request for return to the British government,which denied the request officially in April 1984.After that, a series of both official and individual requestsensued. In November 2002, a delegation of theGreek Ministry of Culture, visiting the British Museum,presented their proposal to move the Parthenon sculpturesto Athens, to a new museum, built in the vicinityof the Acropolis, as a long-term loan or as the annex ofthe British Museum. This proposal was elaborated atthe UNESCO Conference in March 2003 and in relationto the upcoming Olympic Games in Athens in 2004. Butthis proposal was also rejected. The last request for thereturn was made by the Greek Prime Minister KostasSimitis to the British Prime Minister Tony Blair in a televisionshow.Beside the British Museum there are also other institutionsowning objects of disputed ownership andwhich are facing the requests for returning these objectsto the countries of their origin.There are, first of all, thePergamon Altar at the Pergamon Museum in Berlin, claimedby Turkey, the Benin Bronze at the Royal Academyof Arts in London, claimed by Nigeria, the Egyptiansculptures at the Louvre and many others.The eighteen museums and galleries, signatories tothe Declaration, led by the British Museum, stated thatthey would not return the objects seized during colonialrule or during similar historical periods. Although theseinstitutions claim that they acknowledge and supportrecent international conventions against the illicite acquisitionof archaeological, artistic, and ethnic objects,they still state that “the objects acquired in earlier periodsmust be viewed in the light of the different sensitivitiesand values, reflective of that earlier period. Theobjects and monumental works that were installed decadesand even centuries ago in museums throughoutEurope and America, were acquired under conditionsthat are not comparable with current ones.”In defense of such an attitude, the Declaration statesthat the objects acquired in earlier periods, whetherthrough purchase, as a gift or through the division of territory,have in time become part of the museums whichtook care of them and a part of the heritage of the nationsthat preserve them. Today, when we are especiallysensitive to the subject of the original context of a work,we should keep in mind that the museums also provide avalid and original context to the objects which had beenmoved from their original environments much earlier.Through their special exhibitions and their permanentdisplays, they endow the great individual pieces in theircollections with a worldwide context within which theirfull significance is graspable as nowhere else.It is said in the Declaration that “the universal admirationfor the ancient civilizations would not be sodeeply established today were it not for the influence61