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Vesna Bižić-Omčikus, kustosEtnografski muzej u BeograduNematerijalna kulturnabaština i muzejiOd stvaranja prvih javnih muzeja u Evropi, krajemXVIII veka, nacionalne kolekcije su smatrane izvoromobrazovanja i kulturnog obogaćivanja javnosti. Osnovniprincipi muzejske delatnosti bili su: skupljanje,dokumentovanje, konzerviranje, publikovanje i izlaganjepredmeta. Tokom decenija XX veka muzeji su ostaliujedinjeni oko koncepta privlačnosti, kreativnosti i progresa.Na početku trećeg milenijuma muzeji dobijaju drukčijuulogu od one u prošlosti. Danas su muzeji živa snaga,ali i kreatori evropske kulturne politike. Više negoikad, evropsko jedinstvo teži zbližavanju. Nacionalnevlade odavno imaju sličnu politiku po pitanju baštine.Zasnovani na društvenom i intelektualnom razvitku,muzeji Evrope takođe dele zajedničku filozofiju i praksu.“Muzeji su tu da nam osiguraju stvaralačku prisutnostkolektivnog pamćenja – da nam pomognu živjetidalje s vlastitim identitetom po kojemu smo jednaki svima,ali i različiti od drugih. Kao takvi, oni su neprestanopromišljanje prošlih zbivanja i iskustava, pa stogapredstavljaju i moguće korektive sadašnjosti i upotrebljiveprojekcije budućnosti. Muzeji pridonose samospoznavanjui djelotvorno su sredstvo preko kojeg upoznajemosvijet oko sebe u njegovoj prostornoj i vremenskojdimenziji. U tom smislu muzeji su pokretačka sila svakogdruštva ili bismo takve rado imali. Bez takvih isrodnih institucija bili bismo izloženi gubitku živih silaidentiteta koje oblikuju vlastiti proces te daju razloge iomogućuju kvalitetan, odnosno održiv razvoj. Odsustvomuzeja i baštinskih institucija kao djelatne kolektivnememorije, dovelo bi do gubitka identiteta sa svim kobnimposljedicama koje vode u dekadenciju i nestanak.” 1Na kraju XX veka evropski muzeji su počeli da radepod novim imperativima. Zahtevi koji se postavljaju muzejimasu upoznavanje potreba posetilaca istraživanjemnjihovog mišljenja i, u odnosu na to, donošenje odlukaprilikom kreiranja programa rada u muzejima. Muzeji sebave svim članovima zajednice. Uvećanje broja posetilacai njihove različite kulturne perspektive predstavljajupromenu i proširenje koncepta nasleđa. Treba imati u vidui nove načine informisanja. Starim funkcijama muzeja:istraživanje, skupljanje, konzerviranje i izlaganje trebadodati i ove nove zahteve, a pre svega brigu o posetiocu,i to obećava uspeh muzeja u budućnosti 2 .Promenjena uloga muzeja ogleda se i u tome što, odstubova nasleđa, nacionalnog ponosa, zbirki retkosti,kuća čuda i tvrđava nedodirljivog, postaju mesta zabavei obrazovanja, (školska deca u većini muzeja aktivnoučestvuju u mnogim delatnostima muzeja), s izraženomsociološkom funkcijom (napuštena i problematična decase dovode u muzeje na obuku i rehabilitaciju), ali ipolitičkom 3 . Savremeni muzej time pokazuje i humanustranu svoje delatnosti. 4 Budućnost muzeja je u zrelom1 Tomislav Šola, Eseji o muzejima i njihovoj teoriji, Premakibernetičkom muzeju, Hrvatski nacionalni komitet ICOM, Zagreb2003, 18.2 Keneth C. Gorbey, What Constitutes Success? Museum 2000Confirmation or Challenge, Stockholm 2002, 132-137.3 U nedavnim pretnjama ratom između afričkih naroda,Nacionalni muzej Kenije pripremio je anti ratni program kojim jeuspeo da zaustavi etničke sukobe.4 George H.O. Abungu, Opening up New Frontiers: Museums ofthe 21st Century, Museum 2000 Confirmation or Challenge,Stockholm 2002, 37-43.116Vesna Bižić-Omčikus, CuratorMuseum of Ethnography, BelgradeIntangible culturalheritage and museumsSince the establishment of the first public museumsin Europe, by the end of the18 th century, national collectionswere considered source of education and culturalenrichment of public. Basic principles of museumpractice were: collecting, documenting, conserving, publishingand exhibiting an object. During the decades ofthe 20 th century, museums stayed joined in the conceptof attraction, creativity and progress.At the beginning of the third millennium, museumsget another role different from the ones from the past.Museums today are living force and also creators of Europeancultural strategy. More than ever before, Europeanunity has a tendency towards closeness. National governmentshave similar strategies concerning heritage.As the social and intellectual progress is essential totheir existence, museums also share mutual philosophyand practices.“Museums are made to ensure creative presence of collectivememory – to help our living with our own identitywhich makes us equal to others, but different from everyoneelse. Museums, as such, are ongoing reconsiderationof previous events and experiences, therefore mightrepresent possible corrections of present as well as usefulreflections on future. Museums help build self-consciousnessand are also a medium to acknowledge the world inits space and time dimension. In that sense museums areinitial power of every society and we would be glad to havesuch in ours. Without such and akin institutions wewould be exposed to loss of living identity forces whichshape their own process and therefore provide reasonsand give qualitative or steady development. Absence ofmuseums and heritage institutions as living collectivememory might direct to loss of identity with all of the fataleffects leading to decadency and disappearance.” 1By the end of the 20 th century museums started workingin accordance with new imperatives. Requests madeto the museum are to meet visitors’ needs by surveyingtheir opinion and to determine museum working policyaccordingly. Museums deal with all of the socialcommunity members. Increasing number of visitors andtheir different cultural perspectives represent heritageconcept change and enlargement. Latest informationmedia effect should be kept in mind, too. In addition toprevious museum functions which are exploring, collecting,conserving and exhibiting, new requirements appeared- care about the visitor before others which promisessuccess of the museum in future. 2Transformed role of museum reflects on its pathfrom pillar of heritage, national proud, collection of rarities,house of wonders and fortress of untouchable tothe place for entertainment and learning (schoolchildrentake active part in numerous museum activities)with prominent social function (abandoned and childrenwith behavior problems come to the museum totraining and healing treatment) and also political function.3 Contemporary museum shows its human side1 Tomislav Šola, Eseji o muzejima i njihovoj teoriji, Premakibernetičkom muzeju, Hrvatski nacionalni komitet ICOM, Zagreb2003,182 Keneth C. Gorbey, What Constitutes Success? Museum 2000Confirmation or Challenge, Stockholm 2002, 132-1373 In recent threats of war among African peoples, NationalMuseum of Kenya prepared anti-war programme and managed tostop ethnic conflict.