A Look at Amazon Basin Seasonal Dynamics with the Biophysical ...

Welcome to the online abstract book of the II LBA Scientific Conference.The abstracts included here are those that were submitted and accepted priorto the conference.• They are organized by subject (conference parallel session).• Within each subject, abstracts are listed first by oral, then by posterpresentations.• Within each each presentation type the abstracts are listedalphabetically by the first name of the first author.• A listing of first author, presentation type, parrallel session and abstracttitle can be found in the beginning of this document.Benvindo ao livro de resumos online da II Conferência Científica do LBA.Os resumos incluídos aqui são aqueles que foram submetidos e aceitos antesdo início da conferência.• Eles estão organizados por assunto (sessão paralela da conferência).• Dentro de cada assunto, os resumos estão listados primeiro porapresentação oral e depois por pôster.• Dentro de cada apresentação os resumos estão listados alfabeticamentepelo primeiro nome do primeiro autor.• A lista de primeiro autor, tipo de apresentação, sessão paralela e títulodo resumo são encontrados no início deste documento.

PRIMARY AUTHOR Type ofSessionPARALLEL_SESSIONAbel Silva Poster Trace gases and VOCs inAmazonia: from canopyprocess to the large scaleAdam Hirsch Oral C Sequestration Dynamics:Biomass, Litter, and RootsAdelaine MichelaFigueiraPoster Ecosystem degradation dueto fire & loggingAdilson Gandu Oral Meso-scale processes &transport in AmazoniaAlejandro FonsecaDuartePosterAerosols & Climateinteractions in AmazoniaAlessandro Araujo Poster Carbon Budgets at the StandScale in AmazoniaAlex Guenther Oral Trace gases and VOCs inAmazonia: from canopyprocess to the large scaleAlexandra Lima Poster Meso-scale processes &transport in AmazoniaAlexandre Correia Oral The Quaternary Climate ofAmazoniaAlexandre Pinto Oral Productivity, nutrients andsustainable land useAlfredo Huete Oral Advanced Applications ofRemote SensingAli Tokay Oral Meso-scale processes &transport in AmazoniaAline Procopio Poster Meso-scale processes &transport in AmazoniaABSTRACT_TITLECOMPARISON OF AEROSOL OPTICALTHICKNESS IN THE UV-B BAND INBIOMASS BURNING AND SEASHOREThe Net Carbon Flux Due to Deforestationand Re-growth in the Brazilian Amazon:Comparing Process-Based andLitterfall and leaf area index before andafter selective logging in Tapajós NationalDeforestation Impact in EasternAmazônia : Climatic Simulations UsingRAMS Model for the Local Dry SeasonBLACK CARBON COMPARATIVEASPECTS FOR CLIMATECHARACTERIZATION OF RIO BRANCO -Long term measurements of carbondioxide, water and energy combined withthe fetch analysis in central AmazoniaInfluence of Amazônia Land-use ChangeOn Reactive Carbon Fluxes and theChemical Composition of the TroposphereTHE UPPER LEVEL WIND DIVERGENCETHE ITS RELATIONSHIPWITH THECLOUD COVER AND PRECIPITION,Evidence for Changes in Amazon BasinAerosol Composition During 20th CenturyInferred From the Illimani Ice-Core,Effects of different pasture management inemissions of soil trace gases (N2O, NOA Look at Amazon Basin SeasonalDynamics with the Biophysical Productsfrom the Terra-MODIS SensorComparison of three rain type classificationalgorithms in TRMM-LBAObserved changes in Aerosols Propertiesat the Amazon Basin caused by a"friagem" phenomena during the LBA-Alvaro Ramon Poster River water as a medium for Transport of Particulate Carbon andtransport in Amazonia Nitrogen in the Paraíba do Sul River, RioAna Cristina Segalinde AndradePoster C Sequestration Dynamics:Biomass, Litter, and RootsThe contribution of pioneer tree species toabove-ground biomass estimates incontinuous and fragmented forests inAna Luisa Albernaz Poster Scenarios of land use CAUSAL MODELING OF AMAZONIANchange: what are the human DEFORESTATIONAna Maria Cordova Poster Aerosols & Climateinteractions in AmazoniaEnhancements of Nitrogen OxidesConcentrations associated with a ColdAna Maria Cordova Poster Trace gases and VOCs inAmazonia: from canopyOzone continuous measurements in theAmazonprocess to the large scaleAndrea Silva Poster Advanced Applications ofRemote SensingEstimation of Tropical Forest FractionalCover for Rondonia StateAndrré Monteiro Oral Ecosystem degradation dueto fire & loggingImpacts of logging and fire on thecomposition and structure of transitional

Ane Alencar Poster Ecosystem degradation dueto fire & loggingMapping Biomass Loss from Forest Firesin a Dense Forest of Western ParáAne Alencar Poster Ecosystem degradation dueto fire & loggingForest Disturbance by Logging and Fire inEastern AmazoniaAnnette Schloss Poster Advanced Applications ofRemote SensingEOS-WEBSTER - NEW Satellite Imageryand Model Products in Support of LBAAnthonyOral River water as a medium for Organic and inorganic carbon dynamicsAufdenkampetransport in Amazonia within waters of the Amazon Basin: Stableand radio-isotope constraints on sources ofAntonio Manzi Oral Carbon Budgets at the Stand The long term measurements of energyArlem Nascimento deOliveiraPosterScale in AmazoniaVegetation dynamics inChanging Ecosystemsand CO2 fluxes over LBA pasture andCOMPOSIÇÃO E DIVERSIDADEFLORÍSTICA DE UMA FLORESTAOMBRÓFILA DENSA DE TERRA FIRMENA AMAZÔNIA CENTRAL, AMAZONAS,Arlete Almeida Poster Vegetation dynamics inChanging EcosystemsClassifying Successional Forests UsingLandsat Spectral Properties and EcologicalCharacteristics to Evaluate Recent Trendsin Land Cover and Carbon Loss in EasternAurelie Botta Oral Future climate of Amazonia Long-Term Variations of Climate andAurélie Botta Poster Ecosystem degradation dueto fire & loggingAzeneth Schuler Poster Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon:From Runoff Generation toLarge RiversBalázs Fekete Oral Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon:From Runoff Generation toLarge RiversBart Kruijt Poster Carbon Budgets at the StandScale in AmazoniaBenedita M. G.EstevesBertha KoiffmannBeckerBertha KoiffmannBeckerPosterOralPosterHuman Dimensions ofEnvironmental Changes inAmazonHuman Dimensions ofEnvironmental Changes inAmazonHuman Dimensions ofEnvironmental Changes inAmazonCarbon Fluxes Over the Amazon BasinSpatial and Temporal Drivers of FireDynamics in the Amazon BasinTHE FOREST/PASTURE CONVERSIONEFFECTS ON SMALL CATCHMENTHYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES IN THEHigh resolution, runoff and discharge fieldsof the Amazon basinEstimation of Amazon night-time CO2fluxes and flux losses and effects oninferring ecosystem physiology.Amazonia as a shared space: the case of“Brasivianos” along the frontier betweenAcre, Brazil and Pando, Bolivia.Local Responses to Global ChangesImpacts in the Amazon: The Socio-Environmental ModelA Conceptual Model for Interated Researchon Humann Dimension in AmazoniaBibiana Bilbao Poster River water as a medium for Fire behavior in savannas of Parupa, Northtransport in Amazonia Gran Sabana, VenezuelaBim Graham Poster Aerosols & Climateinteractions in AmazoniaCharacterisation of the atmosphericaerosol collected at Balbina, Amazonia,Bim Graham Poster Aerosols & Climateinteractions in AmazoniaBobby Braswell Poster Advanced Applications ofRemote SensingBritaldo Soares-Filho Poster Scenarios of land usechange: what are the humandrivers?during the CLAIRE 2001 campaignMicroscopic images of atmospheric aerosolparticles collected at Balbina, Amazonia,during the CLAIRE 2001 campaignConstructing Subpixel landcovercharacterizations in the Amazon basin bycombining medium and high-resolutionSimulating land cover change along theCuiaba-Santarem highway under scenariosof high and low governance

Bruce Nelson Poster Vegetation dynamics inChanging EcosystemsBamboo-dominated forests of thesouthwest AmazonCaio CesarPassianotoPoster Trace gas evolution withlanduse gradientsSoil trace gas emissions influenced bypasture reformation systems in Rondônia,Carlos Gomes Poster Scenarios of land use Deforestation Patterns and Householdchange: what are the human Determinants of Land Use Choices bydrivers?Rubber Tapper in Amazonia: The Case ofthe Chico Mendes Reserve in Acre, BrazilCarlos AlbertoQuesadaCARLOS CLEMENTECERRIPosterOralHydrologic Cycle in Amazon:From Runoff Generation toLarge RiversProductivity, nutrients andsustainable land useCarlos Eduardo OralPellegrino CerriCarlos Méndez Poster River water as a medium fortransport in AmazoniaCarlos Souza Oral Ecosystem degradation dueto fire & loggingCarol Schwendener Poster Productivity, nutrients andsustainable land useCassiano D'Almeida Poster Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon:From Runoff Generation toLarge RiversSeasonal variations of soil moisture in anopen savanna (campo sujo) in centralBrazil.STRATEGIES FOR RESTORATION OFDEGRADED PASTURES IN AMAZONIAEXAMINING AGRONOMIC,ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMICCarbon Budgets at the Stand Spatial variation of soil properties in a 63Scale in Amazonia ha low productivity Amazon pastureDynamic of Gran Sabana forest-savannagradient, revealed by isotopic compositionof soil organic matter.Multi-temporal Analysis of Canopy Changedue to Logging in Amazonian TransitionalForests with Green Vegetation FractionGreen mulch applications affect mineralnitrogen beneath cupuaçu treesEffects of Deforestation in Amazonia onthe Local Hydrological Cycle: The Scale-Dependence IssueCelso von Randow Oral Meso-scale processes &transport in AmazoniaBoundary-layer moisture regimes duringwet and dry season above Rondonia forestCharon Birkett Oral Advanced Applications ofRemote SensingSurface Water Dynamics in the AmazonBasin: Application of Satellite RadarChris Doughty Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand An investigation of the post-noontimeScale in Amazonia decline in photosynthesis in tropical forestsChris Huntingford Poster Future climate of Amazonia The use of a GCM analogue model toassess the impact of uncertainty inAmazônian land surface parameterisationon future atmospheric CO2 concentrations.Christienne Kuczak Poster Productivity, nutrients andsustainable land useChristoph Steiner Oral Productivity, nutrients andsustainable land useChristopher Neill Oral River water as a medium fortransport in AmazoniaChristopher Neill Poster Trace gas evolution withlanduse gradientsChristopher Potter Oral Advanced Applications ofRemote SensingPhosphorus fractions in earthworm castsand soils of agroforestry systesms, pasture,and secondary forest in the CentralSoil charcoal amendments maintain soilfertility and create a carbon sink.Land use change alters thebiogeochemistry and downstreammovement of nitrogen in small drainageControl of N2O and N2 Emissions fromAmazonian Pastures Under IntensifiedUse: Availability of Nitrogen, Carbon andUnderstanding global teleconnections ofclimate to regional satellite observationsfor Amazon ecosystem Invited processesChristopher Potter Poster Future climate of Amazonia Global teleconnections of climate toregional model estimates of Amazon

Deborah Clark Oral Carbon Budgets at the Stand Long-term data indicate a strong negativeScale in Amazonia relation between ecosystem carbonbalance and interannual temperatures in aCentral American lowland rain forestDiana Garcia-Montiel Oral Trace gas evolution withlanduse gradientsEffect of labile carbon additions on N2Oemissions from forest soils in thesouthwestern Brazilian AmazonDiogenes Alves Oral Scenarios of land use ASSESSING THE EVOLUTION OF LANDchange: what are the human USE IN BRAZILIAN AMAZONIADiogo Selhorst Poster Advanced Applications ofRemote SensingA Comparison of Satellite Fire Productsand In Situ Observations in SouthwesternDirceu Herdies Poster Meso-scale processes &transport in Amazoniadirceu herdies Poster Meso-scale processes &transport in AmazoniaDoug Alsdorf Oral Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon:From Runoff Generation toLarge RiversAmazonia: A Case Study in Acre, Brazil.Development of a High-resolutionAssimilated Dataset for South AmericaTHE MOISTURE BUDGET OF THEBIMODAL PATTERN OF THE SUMMERCIRCULATION OVER SOUTH AMERICAMeasurements and Modeling of WaterStorage Changes on the Central AmazonFloodplainDouglas White Oral Scenarios of land use Riverine Agriculture of the Peruvianchange: what are the human Amazon: Productive but Unprofitable?Douglas White Oral Scenarios of land use Introducing New Agricultural Technologieschange: what are the human for the Amazon Frontier: Environmentaldrivers?Economic Impacts or Tradeoffs?Douglas Morton Poster Ecosystem degradation dueto fire & loggingA new method to detect forest fire scars inthe transition forest zone of Mato Grossousing Landsat ETM+E Shevliakova Poster Vegetation dynamics inChanging EcosystemsAnalysis of Causes and Mechanisms ofInterannual CO2-flux Variability in SouthEarle Williams Oral Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon: The Drought of the Century in the AmazonFrom Runoff Generation toLarge RiversBasin: An Analysis of the RegionalVariation of Rainfall in South AmericaEddie Lenza Poster Future climate of Amazonia Phenology of Cerrado Woody Plants andEdgard Tribuzy Poster C Sequestration Dynamics:Biomass, Litter, and RootsEduardo Venticinque Poster Vegetation dynamics inChanging EcosystemsEduardo Jacusiel Poster Vegetation dynamics inMirandaChanging EcosystemsEduardo Venticinque Poster Scenarios of land usechange: what are the humanEleanor J. Burke Poster Carbon Budgets at the StandScale in AmazoniaEleneide Sotta Poster C Sequestration Dynamics:Biomass, Litter, and Rootsthe Effects of Experimental RainfallResponse of photosynthesis to differenthigh levels in the canopy forestry atTHE MESOSCALE EDGE EFFECT INCENTRAL AMAZONIAN FORESTSLight Response Curves of three plants indifferent strata in an ecoton tropical forestSpatial diffusion of deforestation in theBrazilian Legal AmazonCalibrating the carbon and energy-waterexchange processes represented in theBATS2 model for a set of natural forestDROUGHT EXPERIMENT IN EASTERNAMAZON – SOIL CO2 DYNAMICS INCAXIUANÃ RAINFOREST, AMAZÔNIA,Eleneide Sotta Poster River water as a medium for SOIL RESPIRATION IN THEtransport in Amazonia TOPOGRAPHY IN CAXIUANÃEliana Andrade Poster Meso-scale processes &transport in AmazoniaSome characteristics of the temporalevolution of the atmospheric boundaryElsa Mendoza Oral Scenarios of land use Forest susceptibility to fire during a onechange: what are the human year El Niño period (1998-99); a case

Emilio Moran Oral Scenarios of land use DEFORESTATION TRAJECTORIES IN Achange: what are the human FRONTIER REGION OF THE BRAZILIANEnir Salazar da Costa Poster C Sequestration Dynamics:Biomass, Litter, and RootsFine root dynamics from radiocarbonmeasurements in primary forest,secondary forest, and managed pastureEraldo Matricardi Poster Advanced Applications ofRemote SensingThe Contribution of Selective Logging toForest Degradation in the BrazilianEraldo Matricardi Poster Advanced Applications ofRemote SensingConservation Units: The New DeforestationFrontier in the state of Rondonia, Brazil.Eraldo Matricardi Poster Ecosystem degradation dueto fire & loggingMultitemporal Assessment of SelectiveLogging in the Brazilian AmazonEric Davidson Oral Productivity, nutrients andsustainable land useCo-limitation by nitrogen and phosphorusfor biomass growth in a six-year-oldsecondary forest: results of a nutrientEric Smith Oral Advanced Applications of Space-time Controls on CarbonRemote SensingErick Fernandes Oral Productivity, nutrients andsustainable land useEveraldo Telles Poster C Sequestration Dynamics:Biomass, Litter, and RootsSequestration over Large-Scale AmazonCarbon and Nutrient Stocks and Trace GasFluxes in Agroforestry Systems onDegraded Pastureland in the CentralEffect of Soil Texture on Carbon Dynamicsand Storage Potential in Tropical ForestSoils of Amazonia.Evilene Lopes Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand Seasonality of Stem Respiration at theScale in Amazonia Tapajos National ForestF. Kennedy A. de PosterSouzaHuman Dimensions ofEnvironmental Changes inAmazonFabio Sanches Poster Meso-scale processes &transport in AmazoniaFernando Ramos Poster Meso-scale processes &transport in AmazoniaFlavio Luizao Poster C Sequestration Dynamics:Biomass, Litter, and RootsFlorian Wittmann Oral Vegetation dynamics inChanging EcosystemsFrancis Mayle Oral The Quaternary Climate ofAmazoniaFrancis Wagner SilvaCorreiaPosterTrace gases and VOCs inAmazonia: from canopyprocess to the large scaleFrancoise Ishida Poster Trace gas evolution withlanduse gradientsGannabathula Prasad PosterGannabathula Prasad OralCarbon as an economic strategy to reducedeforestation in southwestern Amazonia:opportunities and limits for ruralpopulations in Acre State, BrazilDOES AN ARTIFICIAL LAKE MODIFIESTHE MICROCLIMATE? A CASE STUDYOF THE RAINFALL VARIATIONS ATTUCURUI ´s DAM IN PARA.Modeling the fine-scale turbulence withinand above an Amazon forest using Tsallis'generalized thermostatistics. II.Seasonal changes of leaf litter nutrientconcentrations and possible implicationson nutrient cycling and plant growthTree species distribution and communitystructure of Central Amazon varzea forestsby remote-sensing techniques50,000 year record of vegetation andclimate change in Noel Kempff MercadoNational Park, Bolivian Amazon.The meteorological conditions during theLBA CLAIRE - 2001 MissionEmissions of CO2, CH4, N2O, and NO in achronosequence of secondary forests ineastern AmazoniaComparison of the fast responseCarbon Budgets at the StandScale in Amazonia instruments at C14 and K34 sites in theMeso-scale processes &transport in AmazoniaSensible heat flux height variation abovethe Rebiu Jaru Amazonian rain forestcanopy during diurnal periods

Gannabathula Prasad OralMeso-scale processes &transport in AmazoniaGeorge Hurtt Poster Advanced Applications ofRemote SensingGeorge Hurtt Oral Vegetation dynamics inChanging EcosystemsGeorge Sanches Suli Oral Advanced Applications ofRemote SensingEvidence of non-existence of a "spectralgap" in turbulent data measured aboveRondonia, Brazil. Part II: AmazonianIKONOS Imagery for Large-scaleBiosphere Atmosphere Experiment inEffects of Land-Use and EnvironmentalVariability on the Carbon Balance of theEstimate of the consumption ofphotosyntheticaly active radiation (PAR)for the forest and the leaf area index (LAI)from remote sensing, related with collectedThe role of seasonal variations inGeorge Vourlitis Poster Carbon Budgets at the StandScale in Amazonia meteorology on the net CO2 exchange ofGerman Poveda Oral Meso-scale processes &transport in AmazoniaGilberto Vicente Oral Advanced Applications ofRemote SensingGilberto Fisch Poster Meso-scale processes &transport in AmazoniaGilberto Fisch Poster Meso-scale processes &transport in AmazoniaGilberto Fisch Poster Meso-scale processes &transport in AmazoniaGoetz Schroth Poster Productivity, nutrients andsustainable land useGregory Asner Oral Ecosystem degradation dueto fire & loggingGuilherme Silva Poster Productivity, nutrients andsustainable land useHans-F. Graf Oral Aerosols & Climateinteractions in AmazoniaHenri Laurent Poster Meso-scale processes &transport in AmazoniaSCALING PROPERTIES OF EXTREMEVALUES, INTERMITTENCY, ANDLYAPUNOV EXPONENTS OF WIND ANDTEMPERATURE DYNAMICS OFREAL TIME SATELLITE RAINFALLESTIMATION OVER THE AMAZONREGION FOR HYDROLOGICALTHE CONVECTIVE BOUNDARY LAYEROVER PASTURE AND FOREST INThe intercomparison of radiosondesystems during the LBA/TRMM experimentThe modification of the ABL structure dueto a Friagem event in Amazonia: a caseCan traditional agroforestry practicesstabilize forest borders, reduce edgeeffects and fire hazards while increasingcommunity wellbeing ? The case of rubberagroforests in the Tapajós National Forest,Forest Canopy Damage from SelectiveLogging in Amazonia: Lessons Learnedfrom Detailed Field Studies, Landsat ETMLitter standing crop and mycorrhizalinfection in roots of agroforestry systemsplantations in central AmazoniaOn the local and global effects of aerosol -cloud microphysics in deep convectiveCHARACTERISTICS OF THECONVECTIVE CLOUD SYSTEMORGANIZATION DURING WETAMC/LBA -COMPARISON WITH WEST AFRICANHillandia Cunha Poster Aerosols & Climateinteractions in AmazoniaChemical Composition of the AtmosphericPrecipitation over Manaus -AM, Brazil.Hudson Silva Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand Soil-Atmosphere Flux of Carbon Dioxide inScale in Amazonia Undisturbed forest at the Flona Tapajos,Humberto da Rocha Oral Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon: Seasonality of water and heat fluxes over aFrom Runoff Generation toLarge Riverstropical forest in eastern Amazonia(Santarém km83).I.F. Brown Poster Human Dimensions ofEnvironmental Changes inAmazonThe broader impacts of LBA science:Examples from Acre, Brazil.

Iêda Leão do Amaral Poster Vegetation dynamics inChanging EcosystemsIgor Trosnikov Poster Meso-scale processes &transport in AmazoniaIlse Lieve Ackerman Poster Productivity, nutrients andsustainable land useIván Cortés Poster Productivity, nutrients andsustainable land useJ. Vanderlei Martins Oral Aerosols & Climateinteractions in AmazoniaJadson Dias Poster Trace gas evolution withlanduse gradientsFLORÍSTICA DE UM SUB-BOSQUE DEFLORESTA OMBRÓFILA DENSA DETERRA FIRME NA AMAZÔNIACENTRAL, AMAZONAS, BRASILMODELLING OF THE ATMOSPHERICTRANSPORT OF SPECIES EMITTED BYCONTROLLED BURNINGS IN AMAZÔNIANitrogen cycling in termite mounds incentral AmazôniaDiversity and vertical distribution of soilfauna functional groups in two agroforestrysystems in Central AmazonDirect Radiative Forcing by Aerosols andCloud-Aerosol interactions in AmazoniaSoil-Atmosphere Flux of Nitrous Oxide andMethane Measured Over Two Years onSand and Clay Soils in Undisturbed ForestRecuperação dos fluxos de CO2, água eJair Maia Oral Carbon Budgets at the StandScale in Amazonia energia em um cerrado sensu strict pós-James Greenberg Oral Trace gases and VOCs in Biogenic volatile organic compoundAmazonia: from canopy emissions from disturbed and undisturbedprocess to the large scale Amazonian landscapesJanaina Braga Carmo PosterProductivity, nutrients andsustainable land useALTERATIONS TO NITRATE ANDAMONIUM CONCENTRATIONS INPASTURE SOILS SUBJECTED TOJean Pierre Ometto Oral Carbon Budgets at the Stand Oxygen isotope ratio of CO2 in forest andScale in Amazonia pastures ecosystems in the Amazon BasinJeffrey Cardille Poster Advanced Applications ofRemote SensingJeffrey Chambers Oral C Sequestration Dynamics:Biomass, Litter, and RootsAgricultural land use in 2000-2001Amazonia using new methods for mergingagricultural census data with satellitereflectances: obtaining land use data fromRespiration from a Tropical ForestEcosystem: An Exception to a ConstantRespiration/Photosynthesis Ratio?Jeffrey Richey Oral River water as a medium for Coupling of Terrestrial and Aquatictransport in Amazonia Systems at Mesoscales: The ExpressionJessica Milgroom Poster Productivity, nutrients andsustainable land useThe effect of lime and phosphorus onnodulation of the leguminous trees, IngaJiaguo Qi Poster Advanced Applications ofRemote SensingJoanna Tucker Poster Vegetation dynamics inChanging EcosystemsJoao Andrade de Oral Ecosystem degradation dueCarvalho Jr. Carvalho to fire & loggingJoel Schafer Poster Aerosols & Climateinteractions in AmazoniaJohannes Lehmann Poster Productivity, nutrients andsustainable land useJohn Melack Oral River water as a medium fortransport in AmazoniaJohn Browder Oral Scenarios of land usechange: what are the humanedulis and Gliricidia sepium in AmazonianScaling of Biophysical Variables ofTropical ForestsStem Recruitment and Mortality in anEastern Amazonian Secondary ForestA forest clearing experiment conducted inthe Amazonian arc of deforestationAtmospheric Attenuation Of Total SolarFlux By Clouds At Six Amazonian Sites:Organic nutrients in throughfall and soilsolution of mixed tree cropping systemsand forests of central AmazôniaLinking seasonal inundation withecological, hydrological andbiogeochemical processes in the AmazonLand Use Patterns in the BrazilianAmazon: Comparative Farm-Level

John Roads Oral Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon: A Regional Model Intercomparison OverFrom Runoff Generation to BrazilLarge RiversJon Lloyd Oral Carbon Budgets at the Stand Atmospheric boundary layerScale in AmazoniaJonathan Evans Poster Carbon Budgets at the StandScale in AmazoniaJonathan Foley Oral Vegetation dynamics inChanging EcosystemsJorge Luis Enrique Poster Productivity, nutrients andGallardo Ordinolasustainable land useJose Augusto Rocha Poster Scenarios of land usechange: what are the humandrivers?measurements belie the existence of aComparison of an Open-Path Mk3 HydraInstrument for the Measurement of SurfaceCarbon Flux with a Closed-Path EddyCorrelation System over AmazonianThe El Niño / Southern Oscillation and theClimate, Ecosystems and Rivers ofROOT CARBON AND NUTRIENTSTOCKS IN CENTRAL AMAZONIANABANDONED PASTURES ANDCommitted carbon emissions fromdeforestation in three municipalities ofAcre State, Brazil: a first approximation forJose Augusto Veiga Poster Future climate of Amazonia Contrasting conditions of atmosphericwater balance and moisture transport insummertime in the Amazon basin duringEL Niño 1997-98 and La Niña 1998-99.José de SouzaNogueiraJosé Francisco deOliveira JúniorPosterPosterC Sequestration Dynamics:Biomass, Litter, and RootsMeso-scale processes &transport in AmazoniaRelationship Between Litter Production andReflected Photosynthetic Active Radiationby the Canopy of Transitional tropicalTHE DEEP CONVECTION THROUGHTHE CAPE IN COMPARISON WITHRADAR DOPLER BAND-L IN THEJose Marengo Oral Future climate of Amazonia Regional aspects of the IPCC ThirdAssessment Report. Assessment ofclimate change scenarios due to increasein greenhouse gases in the Amazon BasinJose Maria Da Costa Poster Vegetation dynamics inChanging EcosystemsJose Ricardo Souza Oral Meso-scale processes &transport in AmazoniaJose Ricardo Souza Oral Meso-scale processes &transport in AmazoniaJosyane Ronchail Poster Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon:From Runoff Generation toLarge RiversJuarez Robinson Poster Carbon Budgets at the StandScale in AmazoniaJulia Cohen Poster Meso-scale processes &transport in AmazoniaJulio Resende Poster Productivity, nutrients andsustainable land useJulio Tóta Poster Carbon Budgets at the StandScale in AmazoniaCO2 AND ENERGY FLUXES IN ANAMAZONIAN MANGROVE ECOSYSTEMSoil Temperature and Moisture Variability,Beneath Forest, Pasture and MangroveAreas, in Eastern Amazonia.Thermal and Hydric Behavior of SoilBeneath Pasture, in Marajó IslandInundations in the Llanos de Mojos(Bolivia, south western Amazon) andassociated atmospheric circulation featuresESTIMATION OF LEAF AREA INDEXUSING THE GAP FRACTION METHOD:AN ALGORITHM USING THRESHOLD'SDEFINITION FOR CANOPIES OFTROPICAL FOREST, PASTURELANDCONTINENTAL SQUALL LINEFORMATION OVER EASTERNThe Influence of Prescribed Burning on theNutrient Cycling of the Cerrado SavannasA MULTI-LAYER BIOPHYSICAL MODELCALIBRATION TO AMAZONIA: TEST OFAN INTEGRATED MODEL

Julio Tóta Poster Meso-scale processes &transport in AmazoniaKaren Holmes Poster Productivity, nutrients andsustainable land useKarine Cristina Poster C Sequestration Dynamics:AugustiBiomass, Litter, and RootsKeith Kisselle Poster Trace gas evolution withlanduse gradientsL. GustavoPoster Meso-scale processes &Goncalves detransport in AmazoniaGoncalvesLaerte Ferreira Oral Advanced Applications ofRemote SensingLaerte Ferreira Poster Vegetation dynamics inChanging EcosystemsLaura Hess Oral Advanced Applications ofRemote SensingLaura Tillmann Viana Poster Scenarios of land usechange: what are the humandrivers?Laurens Ganzeveld Oral Trace gas evolution withlanduse gradientsLeland Pierce Oral C Sequestration Dynamics:Biomass, Litter, and RootsLeonardo Sá Poster Meso-scale processes &transport in AmazoniaLiane Guild Poster C Sequestration Dynamics:Biomass, Litter, and RootsLiliane BezerraPassos da SilvaPosterHydrologic Cycle in Amazon:From Runoff Generation toLarge RiversLina Mercado Poster Carbon Budgets at the StandScale in AmazoniaLívia Vasconcelos Poster C Sequestration Dynamics:Biomass, Litter, and RootsLucerina Trujillo Poster Productivity, nutrients andsustainable land useLuciana Gatti Poster Trace gas evolution withlanduse gradientsLuciana Gatti Poster Trace gases and VOCs inAmazonia: from canopyprocess to the large scaleLuciana M. Monaco Poster Vegetation dynamics inChanging EcosystemsLuciana Rizzo Poster Aerosols & Climateinteractions in AmazoniaEVALUATION OF SIMULATIONS OF EtaREGIONAL MODEL DURING WET-AMC/LBA 1999: APPLICATION OFModeling regional soil patterns based onlithology and topographic attributesVariability of Soil Microbial BiomassCarbon in Different Pasture RestorationSystems in Rondônia, Brazil.NOx and CO emissions from soil andsurface litter in a Brazilian savannaTowards a South American Land DataAssimilation System (SALDAS):Investigating Potential PrecipitationMonitoring The Spatial And TemporalDynamics Of The Brazilian CerradoPhysiognomies With Spectral VegetationIndices: An Assessment Within The LargeScale Biosphere-Atmosphere ExperimentThe Potential of Combined SAR Data andOptical VI´s for Vegetation Mapping in theAmazonian Wetlands Mapping with ActiveMicrowave SensorsStructure of Microbial Communities inNative Areas and a Pasture in BrazilianSavannas (Cerrado) of Central BrazilImpact of land cover and land use changeson surface trace gas exchanges.Regrowth Biomass Estimation in theAmazon using JERS/RADARSAT SARCoherent structures observed immediatelyabove Amazonian forest canopy in RebiuJaru Reserve, Rondônia, BrazilEffects of Interannual Climate Variability inCapoeira and Crops Under Traditional andAlternative Shifting CultivationTDR triple-wire probes calibration forCerrado soilsAn attempt to model Manaus k34, k14 andCaixuana eddy covariance data with a bigleafand sun/shade modelSoil microbial biomass and respiration inan Eastern Amazonian regrowth forestNutrient use efficiency in abandonedpasture soils under organic and chemicalWhat we learned about trace gases in theAmazon BasinContinuous Measurements of Fluxes ofBiogenic VOCs in the Amazon BasinMapeando a inflamabilidade florestal naFloresta Nacional do TapajósModeling the influence of land use changeon the concentration of organic aerosol andoxidant species concentrations in Amazon.

Luciana Valente Oral River water as a medium for The coming global freshwater scarcity: atransport in Amazonia project for the exportation of water fromLuciano Dutra Oral Advanced Applications ofRemote SensingSome Results from the 2000 P and X bandAirborne Polarimetric INPE-DSG SARMission for Biomass Estimation, LandCover Classification and Digital ElevationLucy Hutyra Oral C Sequestration Dynamics: Carbon balance and vegetation dynamicsLuis Marcelo MattosZeriPosterBiomass, Litter, and RootsMeso-scale processes &transport in AmazoniaLuitgardOralSchwendenmannLuiz Aragao Poster Carbon Budgets at the StandScale in AmazoniaLuiz Machado Poster Meso-scale processes &transport in AmazoniaLuiz A. T. Machado Poster Meso-scale processes &transport in AmazoniaLuiz Eduardo Aragão Poster Carbon Budgets at the StandScale in AmazoniaLuiz FernandoCharbelLuz Adriana Cuartas-PinedaPosterPosterin an old-growth Amazonian forestSome characteristics of the turbulencestructure evolution in the atmosphericsurface layer above Pantanal WetlandCarbon Budgets at the Stand Dynamics of dissolved organic matterScale in Amazonia (DOM) in an old growth neotropical rainLEAF AREA INDEX MEASUREMENTS ATCAXIUANÃ FOREST AND ATBRAGANÇA MANGROVE IN PARÁTHE DIURNAL MARCH OF THECONVECTION OBSERVED DURINGTHE CONVECTIVE SYSTEM AREAEXPANSION AND ITS RELATION TOTHE LIFE CYCLE DURATION AND THEUPPER TROPOSPHERIC WINDDIVERGENCE: AN ANALYSIS USINGINFLUENCE OF SEASONALITY ANDLAND USE ON GROSS PRIMARYPHOTOSYNTHESIS DYNAMIC ATRiver water as a medium for Influences of land use in aquatictransport in Amazonia metabolism of streams-Fazenda NovaHydrologic Cycle in Amazon: Development of new Instrumentation forFrom Runoff Generation to Accurate Measurement of Throughfall andLarge RiversStemflow, and the Coupling of this in thestudy of Water Interception for anMaarten J. Waterloo Poster River water as a medium for Water balance and carbon leaching of atransport in Amazonia rainforest catchment in Central Amazonia.Manfred Verhaagh Poster Productivity, nutrients andsustainable land useWood, soil-macrofauna and nutrients – afield experiment in central AmazoniaManoel Cardoso Oral Ecosystem degradation dueto fire & loggingFieldwork and Statistical Analyses forEnhanced Interpretation of Satellite FireMarc Simard Oral Vegetation dynamics inChanging EcosystemsInterannual variability of Soil moisture andVegetation Biomass In Amazonian CerradoMarcel Rocco Poster Meso-scale processes &transport in AmazoniaMICROPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICSOF A SQUALL LINE IN THE AMAZONMarcelo Bernardes Poster River water as a medium for Organic matter composition of rivers of thetransport in Amazonia Ji-Paraná basin (southwest Amazon basin)Marcelo Cassiolato Poster River water as a medium fortransport in Amazoniaas a function of land use changes.CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILSOLUTION AND WATER RUNOFF INPASTURE AND FOREST SYSTEMS INMarcelo Moreira Poster Scenarios of land use Changes in land use in the city of Manauschange: what are the human and adjacent areas of the Br 174 highwayMarcelo Sestini Poster Advanced Applications ofRemote SensingIntegration and update of cartographicinformation of Legal Amazon land coverMarcia Yamasoe Poster Aerosols & Climateinteractions in AmazoniaEffect of smoke aerosol particles frombiomass burning on the PAR absorbed bya primary forest in the Amazon

Marco Rondon Poster Ecosystem degradation dueto fire & loggingMarco Sack Poster C Sequestration Dynamics:Biomass, Litter, and RootsMarcos Longo Poster Meso-scale processes &transport in AmazoniaMarcos Longo Poster Meso-scale processes &transport in AmazoniaMarcus Bottino Poster Meso-scale processes &transport in AmazoniaMargarete Domingues OralMaria Assunção Faus Oralda Silva DiasMaria Assunção Silva OralDiasMeso-scale processes &transport in AmazoniaAerosols & Climateinteractions in AmazoniaMeso-scale processes &transport in AmazoniaMaria Aurora Santosda MotaPoster Meso-scale processes &transport in AmazoniaMaria Carvalho Poster C Sequestration Dynamics:Biomass, Litter, and RootsMaria del Carmen Oral Human Dimensions ofVera DiazEnvironmental Changes inAmazonMaria Ruivo Oral Human Dimensions ofEnvironmental Changes inAmazonMario Siqueira Poster Carbon Budgets at the StandScale in AmazoniaCarbon Storage in Soils from DegradedPastures and Agroforestry Systems inCentral Amazônia: The role of charcoalTree ring studies to estimate carbonuptakein Amazonian lowland forestsHorizontal vorticity budget associated to anAmazonian squall line during theCIRSAN/LBA experimentDynamic and Synoptic Features of a ColdOutbreak during Wet-Season on South-The distribution of convective systemsdetected by satellite in the Tropics of SouthAmerica and some relationships with theprecipitation and the general circulationEvidence of non-existence of a "spectralgap" in turbulent data measured aboveRondonia, Brazil. Part I: Amazonian ForestAerosols and Clouds in Amazonia:Dynamic and Microphysics aspectsObservation and numerical simulation ofthe river breeze circulation in the vicinityof the Tapajós and Amazon riversRelationship between CAPE and BolivianHigh during Wet-AMC-LBASoil carbon stocks influenced by litter androots quality on pasture chronosequence inThe economic costs of fire in the BrazilianAmazon: a valuation studyMICROPEDOLOGY OF THEARCHEOLOGICAL BLACK EARTH ANDYELLOW LATOSSOL IN CAXIUANÃ SITEModeling Net Ecosystem Exchange fromMultilevel Ecophysiological and TurbulentTransport Models: A Symbiotic ApproachMaristela Farias Poster Vegetation dynamics inChanging EcosystemsEco-physiology of three species in theCentral Amazon floodplainMark Bush Oral The Quaternary Climate ofAmazoniaPleistocene Amazonia: forest cover, lakelevel and orbital variation.Mark Cochrane Oral Ecosystem degradation dueto fire & loggingSelective Logging, Forest Fragmentationand Fire Disturbance: Implications ofMark Cochrane Oral Scenarios of land use Priority Areas for Establishing Nationalchange: what are the human Forests in the Brazilian AmazonMark Cochrane Oral Vegetation dynamics inChanging EcosystemsForest Fragmentation, Biomass Collapseand Carbon Flux in the Brazilian AmazonMark Johnson Poster Vegetation dynamics inChanging EcosystemsSoil water repellency and land use changein the AmazonMartin Hodnett Poster Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon: Processes of streamflow generation in aFrom Runoff Generation to headwater catchment in central Amazonia.Large RiversMateus Batistella Oral Scenarios of land usechange: what are the humandrivers?HUMAN DIMENSIONS AND METRICS OFLANDSCAPE CHANGE IN RONDÔNIA,BRAZILIAN AMAZON

Mauricio Bolzan Poster Meso-scale processes &transport in AmazoniaMauro Massao ShiotaHayashiPosterCarbon Budgets at the StandScale in AmazoniaMaycira Costa Oral Advanced Applications ofRemote SensingMegan McGroddy Poster Productivity, nutrients andsustainable land useMeinrat O. Andreae Oral Aerosols & Climateinteractions in AmazoniaMichael Coe Poster Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon:From Runoff Generation toLarge RiversModeling the fine-scale turbulence withinand above an Amazon forest using Tsallis'generalized thermostatistics. I. WindUsing Eddy Covariance and Bowen RatioMethods to Estimate Inter-Annual Variationin Evapotranspiration of a TransitionTropical Forest of Mato Grosso, BrazilEstimate of net primary production ofaquatic vegetation of the Amazonfloodplain using radar satellite imagery.Fate of phosphorus in a lowlandAmazonian rainforestAerosols, Clouds, and Climate over theAmazon BasinLong-term Simulations of Discharge andFloods in the Amazon BasinMichael Goulden Oral Carbon Budgets at the Stand Physiological Controls on Tropical ForestScale in Amazonia CO2 ExchangeMichael Jasinski Oral Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon: Feasibility of Applying Topex/PoseidonFrom Runoff Generation toLarge RiversAltimetric Data to the Estimation ofAmazon River Stage and DischargeMichael Palace Poster Ecosystem degradation dueto fire & loggingCoarse Woody Debris in Logged andUndisturbed Forests: Determination ofStocks Using a New Methodology forMoacyr Dias-Filho Poster Future climate of Amazonia The effects of partial throughfall exclusionon the seasonal photosynthetic lightresponse of trees in a forest area inMónica J. De LosRios MaldonadoPosterHuman Dimensions ofEnvironmental Changes inAmazonNadine Dessay Poster Vegetation dynamics inChanging EcosystemsNei Leite Poster River water as a medium fortransport in AmazoniaNicolau Priante Poster C Sequestration Dynamics:Biomass, Litter, and RootsOscar Vega Poster Aerosols & Climateinteractions in AmazoniaOsvaldo Moraes Poster Meso-scale processes &transport in AmazoniaOswaldo de Carvalho Poster Carbon Budgets at the StandJrScale in AmazoniaPaolo Stefani Oral Trace gases and VOCs inAmazonia: from canopyprocess to the large scaleChallenges in the democratization ofknowledge generated by LBA forAmazonian societiesDetecting deforested areas from NDVIseries in Amazonia 1982-1999Natural and athropogenic influences on thebiogeochemistry of a meso-scale (75,000km2) river undergoing deforestation inSouthwest Amazon (Ji-Paraná river,Litter decomposition rate estimation bymass balance model in a transitionaltropical forest –savanna in Mato Grosso -OZONE AND AEROSOLSCONCENTRATIONS MEASURED FROMA TETHERED BALOON AT DIFERENTSHEIGHTS IN BALBINA - AMAZONWind, Temperature and Moisture VerticalProfiles at the FLONA Pasture SiteEstimating above ground biomass inEastern Amazon: a comparison among oldgrowth,logged and logged & burned forestISOPRENOID FLUXES ANDPHOTOSYNTHETIZED CARBONMESURED OVER THE TROPICALRAINFOREST NEAR MANAUS DURING

Pascal Kosuth Oral Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon:From Runoff Generation toLarge RiversPascal Kosuth Oral River water as a medium fortransport in AmazoniaHydrological dynamics of the varzea ofLago Grande de Curuai : water andsediment balance, influence of river stageWater surface and river bottomlongitudinal profiles and characteristicsalong Amazon river mainstream in BrazilPatricia Moreira-Turcq Poster River water as a medium for Carbon Accumulation in Amazon Várzeastransport in AmazoniaPatrick Crill Oral Trace gas evolution withlanduse gradientsMethane dynamics in undisturbed forest atthe FLONA Tapajos, BrazilPatrick Meir Poster Future climate of Amazonia Drought in an E. Amazonian rain forest:effects of the exclusion of rainfall from soilon fluxes of water and carbon dioxide.Paul Lefebvre Poster Ecosystem degradation dueto fire & loggingPaul Steudler Poster Trace gas evolution withlanduse gradientsPaulo Moutinho Oral C Sequestration Dynamics:Biomass, Litter, and RootsPaulo Artaxo Oral Aerosols & Climateinteractions in AmazoniaPAULO CESAR Poster Carbon Budgets at the StandNUNESScale in AmazoniaPaulo Jorge Oliveira Poster Meso-scale processes &transport in AmazoniaPaulo Y. KubotaKubotaPosterPedro Correto Priante PosterCarbon Budgets at the StandScale in AmazoniaCarbon Budgets at the StandScale in AmazoniaPercy Summers Poster C Sequestration Dynamics:Biomass, Litter, and RootsPeter Harley Oral Trace gases and VOCs inAmazonia: from canopyprocess to the large scalePeter Toledo Oral The Quaternary Climate ofAmazoniaPetra Schmidt Poster Vegetation dynamics inChanging EcosystemsAn improved soil water budget model forpredicting drought stress-related forestflammability in the Amazon BasinANNUAL PATTERNS OF SOIL CO2EMISSIONS FROM BRAZILIANDrought effects on net primary productivityand its allocation in an east-centralAmazon forest: results from a throughfallAerosol, trace gases and climate linkagesin Amazonia: What we learned so far?COMPARISION THE SOIL RESPIRATIONIN FOREST, PASTURE ANDAGROSILVIPASTORAL SYSTEM IN THEENVIROMENTAL CONDITIONS DURINGA FRIAGEM EVENT OVER AMAZONIA :A STUDY OF CASETHE USE OF A FOOTPRINT MODEL TOANALISE THE INFLUENCE OF THESURFACE'S HETEROGENEITY UPONWATER POTENTIAL OF PLANTS INDIFFERENT CONDITIONS OF LIGHTINTENSITY IN ATROPICAL RAINFOREST – SAVANNA ECOTONE OFCoarse wood debris deposition,decomposition, and nutrient cycling in aselectively logged forest in centralVariations in Isoprene Emission Capacityamong Neotropical Forest SitesNEW EVIDENCE OF QUATERNARYLANDSCAPE CHANGES IN AMAZONIABASED ON EXTINCT MAMMALS.Experiments with legume mulchapplications and its effects on macrofaunaand decomposition in a highly degradedDeforestation control in Mato Grosso: anew model for slowing the loss ofModelling fluxes from Amazonian rainPhilip Fearnside Oral Scenarios of land usechange: what are the humanPhilip Harris Poster Carbon Budgets at the StandScale in Amazonia forest using a land-surface schemePiccolo Marisa de Poster River water as a medium forCassiatransport in AmazoniaCHANGES TO INORGANIC NITROGENIN SOIL AND SOIL SOLUTIONFOLLOWING FOREST CLEARING FOR

Plinio Alvala Oral Carbon Budgets at the Stand CO2 FLUXES OVER PANTANAL REGIONScale in Amazonia UNDER DRY AND FLOOD CONDITIONSRachel IfangerAlbrechtPoster Meso-scale processes &transport in AmazoniaWET-AMC/LBA campaign sounding dataquality controlRachel IfangerAlbrechtPoster Meso-scale processes &transport in AmazoniaTEMPORAL EVOLUTION OF Z-RRELATIONSHIPS OVER PRECIPITATINGRAFAEL FERREIRADA COSTARafael FERREIRA daCOSTAPosterCarbon Budgets at the StandScale in AmazoniaSYSTEMS DURING WETAMC/LBA &THE ROLE OF MANGROVEECOSYSTEM IN THE ATMOSPHERICCARBON BUDGET - BRAGANCA,Poster Future climate of Amazonia CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIABILITY INTHE SOIL WATER VOLUMETRICCONTENTS IN CAXIUANÃ RAINFOREST,Rafael Rosolem Oral C Sequestration Dynamics:Biomass, Litter, and RootsRaimundo CosmeOliveira JuniorPosterHydrologic Cycle in Amazon:From Runoff Generation toLarge RiversRalf Gielow Poster Productivity, nutrients andsustainable land useVARIABILITY OF SOIL RESPIRATIONOVER WOODLAND SAVANNAH(CERRADO) AND SUGAR CANE INCALIBRATION OF THE CAMPBELL CS-615 WATER CONTENTREFLECTOMETER IN HIGH CLAYCONTENT YELLOW LATOSOL IN THECHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THESOILWATER IN THE SUBSURFACEAFTER THE SLASHING AND BURNINGOF TWO "TERRA FIRME" FORESTRaquel Vale Poster Future climate of Amazonia Drought in an E. Amazonian rain forest:effects of the exclusion of rainfall from soilon leaf gas exchange.Rebecca Powell Oral Human Dimensions ofEnvironmental Changes inAmazonRegina Alvalá Poster Ecosystem degradation dueto fire & loggingRegina Luizao Poster C Sequestration Dynamics:Biomass, Litter, and RootsRegina Luizao Poster Productivity, nutrients andsustainable land useReinaldo Correa Oral Human Dimensions ofCostaEnvironmental Changes inAmazonRenata Marconato Poster Scenarios of land usechange: what are the humandrivers?Renato Cordeiro Oral The Quaternary Climate ofAmazoniaRenato Silva Oral Meso-scale processes &transport in AmazoniaRené Poccard-ChapuisOralHuman Dimensions ofEnvironmental Changes inAmazonMapping and monitoring urban land-coverchange in Rondônia using spectral mixtureanalysisSoil Thermal Properties Under Forest,Pasture and Mangrove in EasternSoil properties and carbon sequestrationalong a toposequence in central AmazoniaNutrient dynamics through litterfall in anagroforestry system in Rondonia,Politicas Publicas em antiga área defronteira: o eixo Transamazonica-Xingu.Land Occupation and Use in the Ji-ParanáRiver Basin (Rondônia, Brazil). Social-Economics-Agricultural SurveyCHARCOAL DEPOSITION FROMTROPICAL VEGETATION IN BRAZIL: ACOMPARISON IN DIFFERENT REGIONSA Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of theBoundary Layer Evolution Over aDeforested Region of Rondonia (Brazil)MILK PRODUCTION, REGIONALDEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITYIN THE EASTERN BRAZILIAN AMAZONRicardo Dallarosa Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand Radiation budget over the forest nearScale in Amazonia Manaus, Amazonas - BrazilRicardo Figueiredo Poster Future climate of Amazonia Throughfall exclusion in a moist tropicalforest: Impacts on solution nutrient fluxes

Ricardo Sakai Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand ASSESSING THE CHANGE FROMScale in Amazonia PASTURE TO CULTIVATION ON LOCALENERGY, WATER AND CARBONBALANCES AT THE LBA-ECO KM-77Richard Betts Oral Future climate of Amazonia Amazonian forest die-back in the HadleyCentre coupled climate-vegetation modelRichard Bilsborrow Oral Human Dimensions ofEnvironmental Changes inAmazonRILDO MOURA Poster Carbon Budgets at the StandScale in AmazoniaRILDO MOURA Poster Meso-scale processes &transport in AmazoniaPopulation, Economy and Land Use in theEcuadorian AmazonMODELING INTERCEPTED SOLARRADIATION FOR TWO DIFFERENTTYPES OF VEGETATION (RAIN FORESTOF REBIO-JARU-RO AND MANGROVECOMPARISON AMONG TWO SIMPLEMODELS IN THE CLASSIFICATION OFDAYS AS RESPECT TO CLOUDINESSRobert Chatfield Poster Meso-scale processes &transport in AmazoniaRationalizing Burned Carbon with CarbonMonoxide Exported from South AmericaRobert Dickinson Oral Future climate of Amazonia Role of the Amazon in Global CarbonRobert Yokelson Oral Trace gas evolution withlanduse gradientsRoberto Aduan Poster C Sequestration Dynamics:Biomass, Litter, and RootsRodrigo O. P. Serrano Poster Human Dimensions ofEnvironmental Changes inAmazonRomilda Paiva Poster Productivity, nutrients andsustainable land useThe Emissions From Savanna Fires,Domestic Biofuel Use, and ResidualSmoldering Combustion, and the Effects ofAging and CloudProcessing onSmoke During SAFARI 2000Effects of land use change and treecoverage decrease in key aspects of thecarbon budget of the Brazilian CerradoReliability of low-cost GPS data forecological and land use studies inAmazoniaRelationship between soil nutrientavailability and carbon fixation in seedlingsand trees in central AmazoniaRong Fu Oral Future climate of Amazonia The influence of land surface winds showhow fluxes on the onset of Amazon rainyseason and the influence of SouthAmerican rainfall on the winter climateover North Atlantic, Europe and easternRosa Maria N. Santos Poster Meso-scale processes &transport in AmazoniaRosana Castillo Poster River water as a medium fortransport in AmazoniaRosana Nieto Ferreira OralMeso-scale processes &transport in AmazoniaRosângela Cintra Poster Meso-scale processes &transport in AmazoniaSammya D'Angelo Poster Ecosystem degradation dueto fire & loggingTHE NOCTURNAL BOUNDARY LAYER:OBSERVACIONAL ASPECTS INRelation between photosintesys and leafmorphoanatomy of 4 species in C4-C3savannah-fernsland gradient, GranSabana, Canaima National Park,Variability of South American ConvectiveCloud Systems and TroposphericCirculation during January-March 1998 andStatistical Evaluation of the Wet SeasonAtmospheric Mesoscale Campaign – LBAand GTS Observations used in RPSASwith CPTEC Eta modelPATTERNS OF TREE MORTALITY INFOREST FRAGMENTS IN CENTRAL

Samuel Almeida Poster C Sequestration Dynamics:Biomass, Litter, and RootsFine litter fall and standing tree componentcontribution to the nutrient cycling in anamazonian rain forest, Caxiuanã, Pará,Samuel Almeida Poster Future climate of Amazonia Drought in an E. Amazonian rain forest:effects of the exclusion of rainfall from soilon litterfall and tree growth.Sanae Hyashi Poster Ecosystem degradation dueto fire & loggingSandra Patino Poster C Sequestration Dynamics:Biomass, Litter, and RootsSpatial Pattern of Selective Logging, in anageing Amazon frontier: the case ofA comparison of the relationships betweenleaf area index, Huber value and abovegroundbiomass within Amazonian forests.Sassan Saatchi Poster Advanced Applications ofRemote SensingVegetation Types of Amazon Basin fromFusion of Optical and Microwave RemoteSassan Saatchi Oral Advanced Applications ofRemote SensingMeasuring Vegetation AerodynamicRoughness from Radar InterferometrySassan Saatchi Oral Carbon Budgets at the Stand Toward Mapping Spatial Distribution ofScale in Amazonia Forest Biomass in Amazon BasinSaulo Freitas Poster Meso-scale processes &transport in AmazoniaExplicitly Modeling the Vertical Transportof Biomass Burning Emissions by aSavio Ferreira Poster Ecosystem degradation dueto fire & loggingSavio Ferreira Poster Ecosystem degradation dueto fire & loggingScott Denning Oral Meso-scale processes &transport in AmazoniaScott Hoefle Oral Human Dimensions ofEnvironmental Changes inAmazonMesoscale Convective System on AmazonRAIN WATER INTERCEPTION BYSELECTIVELY LOGGED RAIN FORESTSOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AFTERSELECTIVE LOGGING IN CENTRALAtmospheric Responses to Land andWater: Simulations and Observations ofMesoscale Circulations and CO2Concentrations in the Santarém MesoscalePro-Active Political Participation andSustainable Development in the CentralAmazonSérgio de Paulo Poster Carbon Budgets at the StandScale in AmazoniaScott Miller Oral Carbon Budgets at the Stand Tower- and Biometry-based MeasurementsScale in Amazonia of Tropical Forest Carbon BalanceScott Saleska Oral Carbon Budgets at the Stand Carbon balance and seasonal patterns viaScale in Amazonia eddy covariance measurements in an oldgrowthAmazon foreestA METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TOSTUDY THE DIFFERENCES BETWEENTHE RESULTS OBTAINED FROM THESINOP-MT TOWER AND OTHER LBASergio Margulis Oral Scenarios of land use WHO ARE THE AGENTS OFchange: what are the human DEFORESTATION IN THE AMAZON,Shozo Shiraiwa Poster Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon: Study of water table’s top variation, underFrom Runoff Generation toLarge Riversthe interior of Amazonian tropicaltransitional forest, Sinop, MT, Brazil, -Simone Pereira Poster C Sequestration Dynamics:Biomass, Litter, and RootsSimone Vieira Poster C Sequestration Dynamics:Biomass, Litter, and RootsLATERAL VARIATIONS IN THECHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THETERRA FIRME SOILS, ESECAFLOREXPERIMENT (CAXIUANÃ, PARÁWhere are the oldest of the forest?Radiocarbon use to determine the age andgrowth rate of trees from the BrazilianSteel Vasconcelos Poster Future climate of Amazonia Water use efficiency increases in responseto drought for Vismia guianensis in theoverstory of an Eastern Amazonian

Stefanie Rottenberger PosterTrace gas evolution withlanduse gradientsSteven Wofsy Poster Trace gases and VOCs inAmazonia: from canopyprocess to the large scaleSueli Oliveira Martins Oral Human Dimensions ofEnvironmental Changes inAmazonSusan Laurance Poster Ecosystem degradation dueto fire & loggingTatiana Sa Oral Productivity, nutrients andsustainable land useTatiana Sá Poster Productivity, nutrients andsustainable land useTed Feldpausch Poster Vegetation dynamics inChanging EcosystemsTerezinha Monteiro Poster Productivity, nutrients andsustainable land useTheotonio Pauliquevis Poster Aerosols & Climateinteractions in AmazoniaThomas Dunne Oral Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon:From Runoff Generation toLarge RiversThomas Eck Poster Aerosols & Climateinteractions in AmazoniaTibisay Perez Poster C Sequestration Dynamics:Biomass, Litter, and RootsTHE INFLUENCE OF FLOODING ONTHE EXCHANGE OF OXYGENATEDVOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDSBETWEEN AMAZONIAN FLOODPLAINTREE SPECIES AND THEVariations in carbon monoxideconcentrations at a Central Amazoniansite.Reflorestamento Econômico ConsorciadoAdensado-RECA: Um Estudo sobreDesenvolvimento Integrado na Amazônia.PREDICTING EDGE-DRIVEN CARBONEMISSIONS FROM FRAGMENTATIONOF AMAZONIAN FORESTSFallow vegetation and agriculturalsustainability in Eastern Amazonia:bringing out ecological features in theAssessment of biophysical andbiogeochemical processes in traditionaland alternative agriculture systems inSecondary forest recovery on degradedpastures in Central Amazonia: carbon,nutrients, and light-captureLITTER DYNAMICS IN AN UPLANDFOREST TOPOSEQUENCE IN CENTRALComparison of Rainwater composition attwo sites in Amazonia for dry and wetModeling the effects of hydrogeology andland cover conversion on runoff processesand rates in Rondônia, Brazil.Inter-annual variability of biomass burningaerosol optical depth in southernAmazonia, and the effects of theseaerosols on the diurnal cycle of solar fluxIsotopic Signature of Nitrous Oxide in dryseason forest soils - implications forseasonal production of N2OTim Baker Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand Climatic and edaphic control of regionalscaleScale in Amazoniapatterns of forest structure inTomas Domingues Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand Ecophysiological characteristics related toScale in Amazonia gas-exchange in the Amazonian tropicalTomoaki Miura Poster Advanced Applications ofRemote SensingDiscriminating Land Cover Types andConversions in the Brazilian Cerrado UsingToshiro Inoue Poster Advanced Applications ofRemote SensingTrent Biggs Oral River water as a medium fortransport in AmazoniaUwe Kuhn Oral Trace gases and VOCs inAmazonia: from canopyprocess to the large scaleEO-1 Hyperion Hyperspectral ImageryCharacteristics of deep convection overthe Amazonia during LBA using GOES andPR/TRMM dataScaling up from pastures to watersheds:The spatial and temporal structure ofhuman impacts on stream nutrientsConcentration profiles of volatile organiccompounds over Amazonia: Aircraftmeasurements during LBA CLAIRE 2001

Vanusa Pachêco Poster Carbon Budgets at the Stand Study of the mean wind speed profileScale in Amazonia above and within the canopy of the forestreserve Cuieiras in Central Amazonia.Viviana Horna Poster C Sequestration Dynamics:Biomass, Litter, and RootsViviana Horna Poster Carbon Budgets at the StandScale in AmazoniaTree Growth History, Stand Structure, andBiomass of Premontane Forest Types atthe Cerro Tambo, Alto Mayo, NorthernEcological Classification of Soils andPristine Premontane Vegetation in the AltoMayo Valley, Northern PeruViviana Horna Oral Carbon Budgets at the Stand Carbon Release from Stems and BranchesScale in Amazonia in a Seasonally Flooded Amazon ForestViviana Horna Poster Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon: Flooding Regime Characterization withFrom Runoff Generation toLarge RiversMulti-temporal JERS-1 Radar Imagery inthe Peruvian Amazon BasinViviana Horna Poster Vegetation dynamics inChanging EcosystemsTranspiration before and after Burning inDifferent “Cerrado” Vegetation Types ofthe Brazilian SavannaWilliam Laurance Oral Scenarios of land use PREDICTORS OF DEFORESTATION INchange: what are the human THE BRAZILIAN AMAZONWilliam Laurance Oral Vegetation dynamics inChanging EcosystemsBIOMASS DYNAMICS OF AMAZONIANFOREST FRAGMENTSWilliam Salas Poster Vegetation dynamics inChanging EcosystemsXiangming Xiao Oral Advanced Applications ofRemote SensingVALIDATING, SCALING ANDPARAMETERIZING A FORESTREGROWTH MODEL FOR THE AMAZONREGION USING AIRCRAFT ANDSatellite observations of inter-annualvariation of vegetation productivity andwater content in Legal Amazon BasinXiwu Zhan Oral Carbon Budgets at the Stand An analytical approach for estimating CO2Scale in Amazonia and heat fluxes over the Amazonian regionYongkang Xue Oral Future climate of Amazonia Simulations of South Americanhydrometeorology and effects of land

Advanced Applications of Remote SensingPRIMARYAUTHORAlfredo HueteORGANIZATIONTerrestrial Biophysics andRemote Sensing Lab,University of ArizonaOralABSTRACT_TITLEA Look at Amazon Basin Seasonal Dynamics with theBiophysical Products from the Terra-MODIS SensorCharon Birkett Goddard Space Flight Center Oral Surface Water Dynamics in the Amazon Basin:Application of Satellite Radar AltimetryChristopher Potter NASA/ARC Oral Understanding global teleconnections of climate toregional satellite observations for Amazon ecosystemInvited processesDar Roberts University of California Oral Standardized remote sensing methodology for land-covermapping in support of LBA.Gilberto Vicente NASA/GSFC Oral REAL TIME SATELLITE RAINFALL ESTIMATION OVERTHE AMAZON REGION FOR HYDROLOGICALAPPLICATIONSLaerte FerreiraLaura HessFederal University of Goias(UFG)University of California, SantaBarbaraOralOralMonitoring The Spatial And Temporal Dynamics Of TheBrazilian Cerrado Physiognomies With SpectralVegetation Indices: An Assessment Within The LargeScale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment In Amazonia(LBA)Amazonian Wetlands Mapping with Active MicrowaveSensorsSassan Saatchi JPL/CALTECH Oral Vegetation Types of Amazon Basin from Fusion of Opticaland Microwave Remote Sensing DataAndrea Silva Michigan State University Poster Estimation of Tropical Forest Fractional Cover forRondonia StateAnnette Schloss University of New Hampshire Poster EOS-WEBSTER - NEW Satellite Imagery and ModelProducts in Support of LBA ScienceBobby Braswell University of New Hampshire Poster Constructing Subpixel landcover characterizations in theAmazon basin by combining medium and high-resolutionsatellite data in a physical contextDar Roberts University of California Poster Large Area Mapping in Rondônia using Spectral MixtureAnalysis and Decision Tree Classifiers, an UpdateDavid Skole Michigan State University Poster Monitoring Land Cover Change for all of Amazonia UsingLandsat TMDavid Skole Michigan State University Poster Carbon emissions from Land Cover Change in AmazoniaDiogo Selhorst UFAC Poster A Comparison of Satellite Fire Products and In SituObservations in Southwestern Amazonia: A Case Study inAcre, Brazil.Eraldo MatricardiEraldo MatricardiBasic Science and RemoteSensing Initiative - BSRSI-MSUBasic Science and RemoteSensing Initiative - BSRSI-MSUPosterPosterThe Contribution of Selective Logging to ForestDegradation in the Brazilian AmazonConservation Units: The New Deforestation Frontier in thestate of Rondonia, Brazil.

Eric Smith NASA/GSFC Poster Space-time Controls on Carbon Sequestration overLarge-Scale Amazon BasinGeorge Hurtt University of New Hampshire Poster IKONOS Imagery for Large-scale Biosphere AtmosphereExperiment in AmazoniaGeorge SanchesSuliJeffrey CardilleUniversidade Federal de MatoGrossoFederal University of Vicosa(UFV)PosterPosterEstimate of the consumption of photosyntheticaly activeradiation (PAR) for the forest and the leaf area index (LAI)from remote sensing, related with collected field data.Agricultural land use in 2000-2001 Amazonia using newmethods for merging agricultural census data with satellitereflectances: obtaining land use data from satelliteinformationJiaguo Qi Michigan State University Poster Scaling of Biophysical Variables of Tropical ForestsLuciano Dutra INPE Poster Some Results from the 2000 P and X band AirbornePolarimetric INPE-DSG SAR Mission for BiomassEstimation, Land Cover Classification and Digital Elevationand Surface Model EstimationMarcelo Sestini INPE/CPTEC Poster Integration and update of cartographic information of LegalAmazon land coverMaycira Costa INPE Poster Estimate of net primary production of aquatic vegetation ofthe Amazon floodplain using radar satellite imagery.Sassan Saatchi JPL/CALTECH Poster Measuring Vegetation Aerodynamic Roughness fromRadar InterferometryTomoaki MiuraToshiro InoueTerrestrial Biophysics andRemote Sensing Lab,University of ArizonaMeteorological ResearchInstitutePosterPosterDiscriminating Land Cover Types and Conversions in theBrazilian Cerrado Using EO-1 Hyperion HyperspectralImageryCharacteristics of deep convection over the Amazoniaduring LBA using GOES and PR/TRMM dataXiangming Xiao University of New Hampshire Poster Satellite observations of inter-annual variation ofvegetation productivity and water content in Legal AmazonBasin during 1998-2001

A Look at Amazon Basin Seasonal Dynamics with the BiophysicalProducts from the Terra-MODIS SensorAlfredo Huete 1 , Piyachat Ratana 1 , Laerte Ferreira 2 ,Yosio Shimabukuro 3 , Kamel Didan 1 , Tomoaki Miura 11 Dept. Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona, 1200 E. SouthCampus Drive, Tucson, Arizona, 85721 USA ahuete@ag.arizona.edu2 Universidade Federal de Goiás – UFG laerte@iesa.ufg.br3 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - INPE yosio@ltid.inpe.brAbstractWe evaluated the initial two years of satellite biophysical products from the ModerateResolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) over the Amazon Basin andsurrounding regions of Brazil. A suite of ecological MODIS products is currentlyavailable at spatial resolutions of 250 m to 1 km and 8- and 16-day temporal timeintervals. These include atmospherically-corrected surface reflectances in 7 bands in thevisible, near- and shortwave infrared; two vegetation indices (VI), the normalizeddifference vegetation index (NDVI) and enhanced vegetation index (EVI); a leaf areaindex (LAI) and fraction of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (FPAR) product,and net primary production (NPP). We examined the usefulness of the MODIS data incharacterizing the seasonal dynamics of the Amazon Basin along primary climate-basedecological transects as well as land cover and land use intensity gradients. An ecoclimatictransect was more carefully examined along a gradient from the semiaridBrazilian cerrado to the seasonal tropical rainforests within the Amazon Basin.Multitemporal profiles of the MODIS data revealed well-defined seasonal patterns in thecerrado region with decreasing dry-wet seasonal patterns in the transitional areas nearAraguaia National Park. Seasonality was observed to a small extent at the TapajosNational Forest site, however, it was unclear whether this was associated with seasonalchanges in forest leaf area or temporal changes in understory vegetation. We furtherfound MODIS VI seasonal patterns to significantly vary in land converted and landdegraded areas. In comparison with AVHRR data, we found MODIS to be much moreuseful in characterizing the spatial and temporal dynamics of the Amazon Basin.

Surface Water Dynamics in the Amazon Basin:Application of Satellite Radar AltimetryC.M. Birkett 1 , L.A.K. Mertes 2 , T. Dunne 3 , M.H. Costa 4 , M.J. Jasinski 51 Universities Space Research Association, NASA/GSFC, Maryland, USA2 Department of Geography and ICESS, University of California at Santa Barbara, USA3 Bren School of Environmental Science and Management and ICESS, University of California atSanta Barbara, USA4 Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Viçosa, Brazil5 Hydrological Sciences Branch, NASA/GSFC, Maryland, USAAbstract. Satellite radar altimetry has the ability to monitor variations in surface water height(stage) for large wetlands, rivers, and associated floodplains. A clear advantage is the provisionof data where traditional gauges are absent. As part of an international programme a completealtimetric analysis of the Amazon Basin is being undertaken. Here, an updated and more rigorousevaluation of the TOPEX/POSEIDON (T/P) dataset is presented for the first ~7.5 years of themission. With an initial study group of 230 targets, height variability at many ungauged locationscan be observed for 30-50%, the range reflecting the clarity of the variations in lieu of instrumentlimitations. An assessment of the instrument performance confirms that the minimum river widthattainable is ~1 km in the presence of some inundated floodplain. This constraint does allowobservation of the main stem (Solimões/Amazon) and the larger tributaries, but rugged terrain inthe vicinity of the target additionally places severe limitations on data retrieval. First-ordervalidation exercises with the deduced 1992-1999 time series of stage fluctuations revealaccuracies ranging from tens of centimeters to several metres (mean ~1.1 m rms). Altimetricwater levels in the Solimões and Amazon are particularly well defined with amplitudes

Speaker: Chrisopher PotterNational Aeronautics and Space AdministrationTitle: Understanding global teleconnections of climate to regional satelliteobservations for Amazon ecosystem processes.Abstract. The influence of ocean surface patterns, such as the El Niño-SouthernOscillation (ENSO), on atmospheric circulation and land surface climate have been notedas significant global teleconnections. Teleconnection is a term used in meteorologicalstudies to describe simultaneous variation in climate and related processes over widelyseparated areas. Our LBA-ECO research team is investigating global teleconnections ofclimate to regional satellite observations for Amazon ecosystem processes, mainly in theform of monthly FPAR (fraction absorbed of photosynthetically active radiation) over theperiod 1982-1999. Results from our analysis suggest that satellite FPAR anomalies overlarge areas of the Amazon region west of 60 degrees longitude are strongly andnegatively correlated with the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), whereas FPARanomalies over large areas of the region east of 60 degrees longitude are strongly andpositively correlated with SOI. Certain areas of the region appear to have strong linkagesin the satellite FPAR anomaly record to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index. Theimplications of these significant teleconnections of ocean climate to predictions ofAmazon carbon cycling are reviewed.

Standardized remote sensing methodology for land-cover mapping in support ofLBA.D.A. Roberts 11Dept of Geography, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-4060,E-mail: dar@geog.ucsb.eduConsiderable uncertainty remains in our knowledge of human impacts inAmazonia. Important research questions include determining the rates of forestconversion and agricultural abandonment, the age structure and area of regeneratingforest and pasture and the area impacted by forest degradation due to selective logging,fragmentation and fire. Answers to these questions have regional and global implicationsin terms of biological diversity, hydrology, biogeochemistry and climate. Remotesensing, applied across multiple spatial and temporal scales, represents one of the mostviable means of mapping human impacts in Amazonia. However, to be most effective, itis critical that standardized tools are used, thus providing a means of comparison throughtime and across regions. Here I present an example of a standardized approach. I describea multistage process in which remotely sensed data are georectified to a common basemap, intercalibrated to remove atmospheric, instrumental and lighting differences, thendecomposed as mixtures of green vegetation, non-photosynthetic vegetation, shade andsoil using spectral mixture analysis. Spectral fractions are used to train a decision treeclassifier to map forest, pasture, second growth forest/crop and soil/urban using a singleset of decision rules. Transitions from forest to non-forest classes are used to estimaterates of forest clearing and map the age structure of non-forest classes. Changes in foreststructure associated with degradation are mapped at sub-pixel scales through the analysisof changes in shade, non-photosynthetic vegetation, green vegetation and soil followingdegradation.To illustrate the potential of such an approach I draw upon examples fromresearch in Rondonia, Manaus and Maraba, Brazil, in which Landsat MSS and TM dataare used to quantify land-cover dynamics over a period of up to 25 years. I discusslimitations of currently available data and the potential of new opportunities, such as theairborne deployment of AVIRIS as a means of improving interpretation of TM.

REAL TIME SATELLITE RAINFALL ESTIMATION OVER THEAMAZON REGION FOR HYDROLOGICAL APPLICATIONSAbstractGilberto Vicente, Marcos H. CostaNASA/GSFCgvicente@pop900.gsfc.nasa.govThe main purpose of this research is the construction and maintenance of a systemto provide reliable rainfall information to the current hydrological models covering theAmazon region. The presentation is an overview of the development and implementationof an automated satellite rainfall estimation scheme for the Amazonia area to provide realtime rainfall rate free of cost to Internet users. The study is an extension of the automatedsatellite rainfall estimation technique (Auto-Estimator) developed for the USA at therequest of the NOAA National Weather Service (NWS). It provides real-time, highspatial (4 by 4 km) and temporal resolution (half-hour) rainfall estimates using a similarmulti-channel, multi-spectral methodology that has proved to be from 70% to 90%percent satisfactory over the US. The real time rainfall rate estimates are derived from theinfrared channel carried by the GOES-8 geosynchronous satellite plus model-derivedprecipitable water and relative humidity. This technique has consistently generatedrainfall estimates every half-hour over the whole South America region for over threeyears. It acknowledges the diurnal variation of precipitation and has better temporal andspatial coverage than the TRMM and DMSP(SSM/I) satellite estimates. The real timeestimates are available in GRADS format through the NOAA/NESDIS web sitehttp://orbit-net.nesdis.noaa.gov/arad/ht/ff/gilberto.html.

Monitoring The Spatial And Temporal Dynamics Of The Brazilian CerradoPhysiognomies With Spectral Vegetation Indices: An Assessment WithinThe Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment In Amazonia (LBA)Laerte Ferreira 1 , Alfredo Huete 2 , Hiroki Yoshioka 3 , Edson Sano 41 Universidade Federal de Goiás – UFG, Campus Samambaia, Caixa Postal 131,Goiania, GO, 74001-970, Brazil laerte@iesa.ufg.br2 Dept. Soil, Water and Environmental Science, University of Arizona ahuete@ag.arizona.edu3 Dept. of Applied Inf. Science and Tech., Aichi Prefectural University, yoshioka@ist.aichipu.ac.jp4 Embrapa Cerrados, sano@cpac.embrapa.brAbstractThe Brazilian Cerrado biome comprises a vertically structured mosaic ofgrassland, shrubland, and woodland physiognomies with distinct phenology patterns. Inthis study we investigated the utility of spectral vegetation indices in differentiating thesephysiognomies and in monitoring their seasonal dynamics. We obtained high spectralresolution reflectances, during the 2000 wet and dry seasons, over the major Cerradotypes at Brasilia National Park (BNP) using the light aircraft-based, Modland QuickAirborne Looks (MQUALS) package, consisting of a spectroradiometer and digitalcamera. Site-intensive biophysical and canopy structural measurements were madesimultaneously at each of the Cerrado types including Cerrado grassland, shrub Cerrado,wooded Cerrado, Cerrado woodland, and gallery forest. We analyzed the spectralreflectance signatures, their first derivative analogs, and convolved spectral vegetationindices (VI) over all the Cerrado physiognomies. The high spectral resolution data wereconvolved to the MODIS, AVHRR, and ETM + bandpasses and converted to thenormalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the enhanced vegetation index (EVI)to simulate their respective sensors. Land cover discrimination was favored by the NDVI,while the EVI more strongly responded to the seasonal contrast of the vegetative cover.However, both indices displayed seasonal variations that were approximately one-halfthat found with the measured landscape green cover dynamics. Inter-sensor comparisonsof seasonal dynamics, based on spectral bandpass properties, revealed the ETM+simulated VI’s had the best seasonal discrimination capability, followed by MODIS andAVHRR. Differences between sensor bandpass-derived VI values, however, varied withCerrado type and between dry and wet seasons, indicating the need for inter-sensor VItranslation equations for effective multi-sensor applications.1

Amazonian Wetlands Mapping with Active Microwave SensorsLaura L. HessUniversity of California, Santa Barbaralola@icess.ucsb.eduAbstractDatasets from active microwave sensors are providing a new view of Amazonian wetlands,with important implications for basin biogeochemistry and hydrology. Dual-season mapping ofinundation and vegetation has been completed for a central Amazon quadrat extending from72W,0S to 54W,8S. Imagery was acquired by the Japanese Earth Resources Satellite-1 (JERS-1) L-band, HH-polarized synthetic aperture radar (SAR) during Sept.-Oct. 1995 and May-June 1996,and mosaicked at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory into low- and high-water mosaics with pixeldimensions of approx.100 m. Image segmentation software developed at INPE was used to carryout a polygon-based classification of the co-registered mosaics into wetland and non-wetlandclasses. Wetland areas were classified by inundation state (flooded vs. non-flooded) and vegetationtype (non-vegetated, woody, or herbaceous), and classification accuracy was assessed using geocodeddigital videography acquired during aerial surveys of the Brazilian Amazon. Seventeenpercent of the central Amazon quadrat is occupied by wetlands, which are 96% inundated at highwater and 26% inundated at low water, including river and stream channels. Flooded forestconstitutes nearly 70% of the wetland area at high water. The inundation and vegetation mappingwas combined with stream network data and field measurements to estimate regional CO2 evasionfrom waters of rivers and wetlands. This mapping methodology is being applied to the entirelowland portion of the basin using the dual-season JERS-1 mosaics. In order to map inundationextent at intermediate water stages, to increase classification accuracy in savanna regions, and tocreate habitat maps of intensive study sites, we are analyzing time series of high-resolution (25 m)JERS-1 and Radarsat data. Time series of JERS-1 data acquired at key times during the annualflood cycle were used to generate maps of vegetation, inundation, and elevation for the Cabalianareach of the Solimões River. These high-resolution maps are being used to estimate methaneemissions, assess fish habitat quality, and model floodplain hydrology.

Vegetation Types of Amazon Basin from Fusion of Opticaland Microwave Remote Sensing DataSassan S. Saatchi 1 , Marc K. Steininger 3 , Tim Killeen 3Compton J. Tucker 2 , Bruce Nelson 4 , Marc Simard 11. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove DrivePasadena, California 91109, USA. saatchi@congo.jpl.nasa.gov2. Laboratory for Terrestrial Physics, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt,MD 20771, USA3. Conservation International, 1919 M Street, NW Suite 600, Washington, DC 200364. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araujo, 1756 69011-970,Manaus, Amazonas, BrazilAbstractThis paper reports on the synergistic use of optical and microwave remote sensing data tomap the vegetation types of the Amazon basin. The primary application of this map is toimprove the land surface parameterization for surface-atmosphere interaction models.The vegetation types are divided in three categories based on their biomass, phenology,and flooding conditions. Terre firme forest and savanna are separated according toestimates of biomass and phenology from the radar and optical data. Floodplainvegetation is mapped according to high- and low-water signal responses of L-band radardata, canopy openness, and NDVI patterns of low-, medium-, and high-densityvegetation. The radar data layers are the JERS-1 radar mosaics at 1 km resolution forhigh and low water seasons of the Amazon basin in 1995 and 1996, and two first ordertexture measures derived from the 100 meter resolution of radar mosaics at 1kmresolution. The optical images are 12 monthly composite of NDVI images at 1 kmresolution. The NDVI images produced as a result of several applications of cloudremoval filters over three years of 10 day composite of SPOT VEGETATION NDVIimages for 1998-2001 period. Fusion of the optical and microwave data is performed atpixel level with all images converted to the same projection and well registered to lessthan a pixel accuracy. Classification of optical and radar images are performed in aprobabilistic decision tree algorithm developed for input layers with different signalstatistics. A set of training and test areas are chosen based on existing maps and LandsatTM images. These data sets are used for both growing and prunning of decision trees toproduce a set of optimum rules for the classifier and to assess the accuracy of the finalthematic product. The result is a 1 km vegetation map with 18 land cover types and anoverall accuracy of above 85%. The final map is also compared with existing 1 kmresolution vegetation maps of the basin, the RADAMBRASIL map, and Landsat TMclassified images to assess the classification accuracy and to produce the area estimate ofeach land cover type in the basin.

Estimation of Tropical Forest Fractional Cover for Rondonia StateA.M.S. e Silva 1 , E. Matricardi 1 , W. Chomentowski 1 , C. Wang 1 , D. Skole 11 Michigan State University - Basic Science and Remote Sensing Initiative1405 S. Harrison Road, Room 101East Lansing, MI 48823(andrea@bsrsi.msu.edu)Tropical land use change is complex, with forests undergoing recovery as well asdegradation, logging, and conversion to shifting cultivation/forest fallow, permanentagriculture, and urban lands. These changes respond to complex social, cultural, andecological conditions that vary with the region and need to be better understood. To assessforest degradation and recovery, we can verify the measurement and monitoring of forestfractional cover (fc). To estimate fc, the required inputs are vegetation indices, and weassumed that the tropical forest areas consisted of two components: vegetation (tree canopies)and bare soil. In this study, we used 16 Landsat images to derive fractional cover estimatesfor Rondonia State. We used two models to calculate vegetation indices: the NormalizedDifference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index(MSAVI). NDVI can be derived directly from remote sensing images, but it is influenced byexternal factors such as atmosphere and soil conditions. MSAVI incorporates a soiladjustment factor, improving its use in extracting vegetation information. Two forestfractional cover maps were derived from ETM+ images using the different models ofvegetation indices. Then, we validated these results comparing the fc maps with the thematicclasses obtained from image classification (forest, deforestation, regrowth and cerrado). Wealso showed the differences between the vegetation indices models.

EOS-WEBSTER - NEW Satellite Imagery and Model Products inSupport of LBA ScienceAnnette L. Schloss, George Hurtt, Rob Braswell, and Berrien Moore, III.Complex Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space,University of New HampshireDr. Annette Schloss, 446 Morse Hall, 39 College Rd., University of New Hampshire,Durham, NH, 03824, USAannette.schloss@unh.eduAbstractThe University of New Hampshire's WEB-based System for Terrestrial EcosystemResearch (EOS-WEBSTER) distributes a special collection of data and imagery productsfor the LBA community. This collection includes full regional coverage of soils, landcover, NDVI, GOES-8 imagery, and modeled estimates of terrestrial carbon. We alsodistribute IKONOS scenes acquired for the LBA tower and field sites. Through theleadership of UNH LBA investigators, EOS-WEBSTER has become the central requestand distribution site for these important and very popular satellite images.Our newest addition is a set of MODIS products that cover the entire LBA region. Theseinclude 8-day reflectances (MOD09A1), daily fire products (MOD14A1), and 16-dayNDVI products (MOD13Q1). The regional data sets were developed in cooperation withEros Data Center to facilitate use of MODIS products by the LBA science community.Regional data can be clipped to smaller rectangular or irregular areas of interest, such as afield site, a political boundary, or a watershed. Selected data are available in severalformats, including GrADS, and can be ordered by ftp or shipped on CD-ROM.This poster introduces the EOS-WEBSTER LBA collection, including how to select andorder MODIS data, and highlights some applications using the data. Applications includemapping landcover distributions, studying secondary forest regrowth, and quantifying thespatial extent of logging. In the future, we plan to provide concurrent data from severalsensors at various resolutions (MODIS, MISR, Landsat, IKONOS) for subpixel-levelanalysis. One of our main objectives is to serve the LBA community, and we invitesuggestions for making available additional products of general use to the LBAcommunity. EOS-WEBSTER (http://eos-webster.sr.unh.edu) is a member of the NASA'sFederation of Earth Science Information Partners (ESIPs). All data are registered withand searchable through Beija-flor.

Constructing Subpixel landcover characterizations in the Amazon basinby combining medium and high-resolution satellite data in a physicalcontextB.H. Braswell, S.C. Hagen, X. Xiao, W.A. Salas, and J.P. JenkinsUniversity of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USAComplex Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space,University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USArob.braswell@unh.eduAbstractThe development of reliable databases describing the extent and quality of multiplenatural and human-modified landcover types is crucial for ecological studies of the LBAregion as a whole. However, regionalization of local and site-level ecosystem processinformation remains a challenge because of well-known nonlinearities and heterogeneityin terrestrial systems. Conversely, for the same reasons, verification of medium resolutionterrestrial products based on global satellite instruments is a necessary but difficultproblem. We present initial results of a multiscale synthesis of MODIS and MISR datawith high spatial resolution imagery and canopy reflectance modeling. We utilize anunmixing scheme, together with the parameter sensitivity of a plant canopy reflectancemodel to provide a top-down analysis of sub-pixel canopy characteristics. The approachcomplements both vegetation-index based and more complex inverse-modeling basedalgorithms.

Large Area Mapping in Rondônia using Spectral Mixture Analysis and DecisionTree Classifiers, an UpdateD.A. Roberts 1 , I. Numata 2 , C Souza 3 , B. Powell 4 , K. Holmes 5 , A. Monteiro 6 , G. Batista 7 ,O.A. Chadwick 81Dept of Geography, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-4060,E-mail: dar@geog.ucsb.edu; 2 UC, E-mail: numata@geog.ucsb.edu, 3 UC and Imazon, E-mail:carlos@geog.ucsb.edu; 4 UC, Email: becky@geog.ucsb.edu; 5 UC karen@geog.ucsb.edu; 6 IMAZON,andreluiz@imazon.org.br; 7 INPE, Sao Jose Dos Campos, E-mail: getulio@ltid.inpe.br, 8 UC, E-mail:oac@geog.ucsb.eduAbstractIn previous work we described spatiotemporal variation in land-cover over80,000 km 2 in central Rondônia. Land-cover change was mapped using a multistageprocess to map primary forest, pasture, second growth, urban, rock/savanna, andwater in an area covered by three contiguous Landsat scenes acquired between 1975and 1999. Based on this research, Rondônia can be characterized as highlyfragmented, with the most intense forest clearing extending at least 50 km along themargins of BR364. Pastures in Rondônia persist over many years and are nottypically abandoned to second growth which, when present, rarely remainedunchanged longer than 8 years. Annual deforestation rates, pasture area and the ratioof second growth to cleared area varied spatially. Highest initial deforestation rates(2%) occurred in the southeast but increased to 3% by the late 1990s. In centralRondônia (Ji-Paraná) deforestation rates rose from 1.2% between 1978 and 1986 toa high of 4.2% in 1999. The lowest initial deforestation rates (0.5%), occurred in thenorthwest, in the vicinity of Ariquemes, but also increased in the late 1990s, peakingat 3% in 1998. The percentage of cleared lands abandoned to second growth variedsubstantially from southeast to northwest, ranging from 18% in the southeast to upto over 50% in the northwest for some years.Accuracy of the 1999 land-cover map was assessed using digital videographyand exceeded 85%. However, a number of systematic errors were also identifiedincluding: 1) primary forest mapped as second growth on sun lit slopes; 2) overmapping of second growth in early dry season images; 3) over mapping of landclearingin smoke contaminated scenes. In this paper we present updated analysisfor Rondônia. Changes include 1) improved methods for reducing smokecontaminated data; 2) a reduction of topographic errors (ie, overmapped secondgrowth) and 3) expanded spatial and temporal coverage. We extend the spatialcoverage analysis to include two additional Landsat scenes in Rondônia, one thatincludes PortoVelho (P233 R66), the other the city of Cacoal (P230 R68).

Monitoring Land Cover Change for all of Amazonia Using Landsat TM, D. Skole 1 , W. Chomentowski 1 , E. Matricardi 1 , M. Pedlowski, 2 .1Michigan State University - Basic Science and Remote Sensing Initiative2 LEEA/CCH/UENF Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000 Campos dos Goytacazes, RJLand cover change has been occurring in the Brazilian Amazon over the past 30 years atan average rate of 18500 km 2 per year from 1975 to 1999. In that time nearly 10 percent(440 km 2 ) of the Brazilian Amazon has been converted to pasture and other agriculturaluses. The patterns of land use change are intricate and occur over a 5 million squarekilometer area designated as the Amazon Legal. The Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM)and Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+) were used to capture spatial patterns of landcover change over the whole region for three time periods. 700 Landsat scenes werecollected for three time periods 1992, 1996, and 1999. Each time period spanned threeyears (i.e. 1992 data was collected in 1991, 1992, and 1993) in order to acquire imageswith the least cloud cover. The data was digitally processed into data layers of forest,deforestation, regenerating forest, water, clouds and Cerrado, co-registered to 1999 ETM+ images and merged into regional land cover data set. Accuracy was assessed sbyground truth comparison in, 1993, 1997, and 2000. A distance/probability model wasused on the mosaic to remove clouds, and make water and Cerrado boundaries consistentover time. This data set and the images it was derived from are available on the WorldWide Web at the Tropical Rainforest Information Center (TRFIC) www.bsrsi.msu.edu.

Carbon emissions from Land Cover Change in AmazoniaD. Skole 1 , W. Chomentowski 1 , M. Cochrane. 1 .1Michigan State University - Basic Science and Remote Sensing InitiativeLand cover change in ecosystems of dense biomass like the humid tropical forests of theAmazon basin affects the carbon budget for the earth. Since the early 70’s nearly 10percent (440 km 2 ) of the Brazilian Amazon has been converted to pasture and otheragricultural uses. Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Enhanced Thematic Mapper(ETM+) were used to map land cover change over the region for three time periods,1992, 1996 and 1999 at a scale of 1:250,000. During the last 30 years of land coverchange in Amazonia carbon has been released into the atmosphere from forest clearing,logging and degradation. Carbon has also been sequestered by regenerating forests. TheTropical Rainforest Information Center (TRFIC) Landsat TM land cover data set is usedin conjunction with an above ground carbon map developed from the RADAMvegetation data set to spatially quantify sources and sinks of carbon in Amazonia over thepast 30 years.

A Comparison of Satellite Fire Products and In Situ Observations inSouthwestern Amazonia: A Case Study in Acre, Brazil.D. Selhorst 1 , I.F. Brown 2 , E.R.H. Mendoza 3 E. Prins 4In southwestern Amazonia of Brazil, Bolivia and Peru, fires have already causedenvironmental, social and economic problems. With the future axis of integration(Avança Brasil) implanted in the region, fire frequency will increase, if patterns in otherparts of Amazonia serve as a guide. This study offers a preliminary analysis of theaccuracy of fire monitoring in 2001 by GOES-8 and NOAA-12 satellites through thecomparison with field data, digital imagery, and official data. The field data are from anenforcement campaign of PROARCO/IBAMA-Acre with georeferenced fire scarsobserved from helicopter over flights. An over flight with INPE/IBAMA continuousvideography covered over 400 km 2 where fire scars were counted and then extrapolatedfor the state. These data were also compared with official burn permits from IBAMA andIMAC, the State Environmental Agency. For 2001, 7100 permits for slash and burn weregranted for the entire Acre State. Many fires, accidental and deliberate, are not associatedwith permits. Videographic data indicated > 6800 fires before 19 September. Thenumber of fires extrapolated from the IBAMA enforcement flights is >2700. Hot pixelsfor the period of July to November 2001 from AVHRR/NOAA-12 indicate 830 (springWeb). A partial GOES-8 half-hourly fire pixel database for the period 15 Septemberthrough 31 October reported 1700 processed fire pixels This analysis did not includesaturated, cloudy, or other possible fires which account for a large fraction of the totalnumber of GOES-8 detected fire pixels. During the traditional period of intense burningin Acre (1-11 September), two analyses of NOAA-12 showed

The Contribution of Selective Logging to Forest Degradationin the Brazilian AmazonE. Matricardi 1 , C. Wang 1 , D. Skole 1 , J. Qi 1 , W. Chomentoski 1 ,. M. Cochrane 11Michigan State University - Basic Science and Remote Sensing InitiativeDepartment of Geography, Michigan State University1405 S. Harrison Road, Room 101East Lansing, MI 48823(matricar@bsrsi.msu.edu; wangcuiz@msu.edu)The impacts caused by logging in tropical forest are considered significant in terms offorest degradation, varying according to the site, forest characteristics, and loggingintensity. The forest damages resulted from these impacts usually increase firesusceptibility. Matricardi et all. (2001) detected and mapped selective logging areas in theAmazon region using texture algorithm (automatic analysis) and visual interpretation ofLandsat 5 and 7 (TM and ETM+) scenes. They observed that selectively logged forestareas have been significantly increased in the Brazilian Amazon, from 5.6 thousandsquare kilometers by 1992 to 9.4 thousand square kilometers by 1996, and to 23.4thousand square kilometers by 1999. Although it was possible to estimate the selectivelylogged forest areas Amazon wide, the techniques to detect selective logging do notestimate the intensity of canopy degradation by selective logging. The Modified SoilVegetation Index (MSAVI) was retrieve from three Landsat ETM+ scenes (path/row226/068) acquired in 1992, 1996, and 2000, in the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil, whereselectively logged forests were detected in those years. The Fractional Coverage wasmodeled from MSAVI to estimate green fractional percentage. With these multi-temporalmeasurements of green fractional percentage, we could estimate canopy degradation byselective logging and analyze the synergism between logging and deforestation in thatstudy area.

Conservation Units: The New Deforestation Frontierin the state of Rondonia, Brazil.E. Matricardi 3 , M.A. Pedlowski 2 , L.C. Fernandes 1 ,D. Skole 3 , W. Chomentoski 3 , N. Wiangwang 3 , A. M. Lisboa 11 Secretaria de Estado do Desenvolvimento Ambiental, Porto Velho, Rondonia.2 Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro.3 Michigan State University - Basic Science and Remote Sensing InitiativeDepartment of Geography, Michigan State University1405 S. Harrison Road, Room 101East Lansing, MI 48823(matricar@bsrsi.msu.edu; pedlowma@uenf.br)During the 1970s, the Brazilian federal government started a massive program ofcolonization projects in the Amazon to decrease increasing population and politicaltension in the middle south of Brazil. As a result of such colonization projects Rondonia,a state located in the western portion of the Brazilian Amazon, faced an explosivepopulation growth that led to rapid deforestation due to logging, mining, farming andcattle ranching. Deforestation increased significantly in Rondonia since the 1970s;growing from 4,200 km 2 in 1978 to 30,000 km 2 in 1988, and has reached 53,300 km 2 in1998. On this study, we analyzed deforestation on conservation units located in Rondoniausing remotely sensed data and thematic covers provided by the Tropical RainforestInformation Center of the Michigan State University and by the Rondonia Secretariat ofEnvironment. We measured deforestation for all protected areas located in Rondonia for1992 and 1999. We also conducted analysis on the most impacted conservations units on1992, 1996, and 1999. Moreover, we conducted a case study on the Bom Futuro NationalForest, which presented the highest deforestation in Rondonia, using satellite data for1992, 1996, 1998, 1999, and 2000. On Bom Futuro we carried out a correlation analysisof roads and soil types with deforestation totals and performed an approach to define riskzones of deforestation. The results of this work provided useful information to agenciesinvolved in defining strategies to preclude the continuation of the present trends ofdeforestation on conservation units in Rondonia.

Space-time Controls on Carbon Sequestration overLarge-Scale Amazon BasinEric A. Smith 1 , Harry J. Cooper 2 , Jiujing Gu 2 , Andrew Grose 2 , John Norman 3 ,Humberto R. da Rocha 4 , & Pedro Silva Dias 41 NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771[301-286-5770; easmith@pop900.gsfc.nasa.gov]2 Dept. of Meteorology, Florida State Univ., Tallahassee, FL 32306[850-644-4253; cooper@met.fsu.edu][850-644-7511; jgu@met.fsu.edu][850-644-2575; agrose@met.fsu.edu]3 Dept. of Soil Sciences, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706[608-262-4576; jmnorman@facstaff.wisc.edu]4 Dept. of Atmospheric Sciences, Univ. of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil[55-11-818-4732; humberto@model.iag.usp.br][55-11-818-4732; pldsdias@model.iag.usp.br]For presentation at 2 nd International LBA Scientific Conference[July 7-10, 2002; Manaus, Brazil]AbstractA major research focus of the LBA Ecology Program is an assessment of the carbon budgetand the carbon sequestering capacity of the large scale forest-pasture system that dominates theAmazônia landscape, and its time-space heterogeneity manifest in carbon fluxes across the largescale Amazon basin ecosystem. Quantification of these processes requires a combination of insitu measurements, remotely sensed measurements from space, and a realistically forcedhydrometeorological model coupled to a carbon assimilation model, capable of simulating detailswithin the surface energy and water budgets along with the principle modes of photosynthesisand respiration.Here we describe the results of an investigation concerning the space-time controls ofcarbon sources and sinks distributed over the large scale Amazon basin. The results are derivedfrom a carbon-water-energy budget retrieval system for the large scale Amazon basin, which usesa coupled carbon assimilation-hydrometeorological model as an integrating system, forced byboth in situ meteorological measurements and remotely sensed radiation fluxes and precipitationretrieval retrieved from a combination of GOES, SSM/I, TOMS, and TRMM satellitemeasurements. Brief discussion concerning validation of (a) retrieved surface radiation fluxesand precipitation based on 30-min averaged surface measurements taken at Ji-Paraná inRondônia and Manaus in Amazonas, and (b) modeled carbon fluxes based on tower CO 2 fluxmeasurements taken at Reserva Jaru, Manaus and Fazenda Nossa Senhora.The space-time controls on carbon sequestration are partitioned into sets of factorsclassified by: (1) above canopy meteorology, (2) incoming surface radiation, (3) precipitationinterception, and (4) indigenous stomatal processes varied over the different land covers ofpristine rainforest, partially, and fully logged rainforests, and pasture lands. These are theprinciple meteorological, thermodynamical, hydrological, and biophysical control paths which

perturb net carbon fluxes and sequestration, produce time-space switching of carbon sources andsinks, undergo modulation through atmospheric boundary layer feedbacks, and respond to anydiscontinuous intervention on the landscape itself such as produced by human intervention inconverting rainforest to pasture or conducting selective/clearcut logging operations.

IKONOS Imagery for Large-scale Biosphere Atmosphere Experimentin AmazoniaHurtt G (1,2), Xiao X (1), Keller M (1), Palace M (1), Fearon M (1), Braswell R (1),Hagen S (1), Cardoso M (1), Schloss A (1), Moore B (1), Nobre C (3)Institute for the Study of Earth Oceans and Space, University of New Hampshire,Durham, NH 03824 USAgeorge.hurtt@unh.eduInstituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - São Jose dos Campos, SP 12201 BrazilAbstractScaling issues are of central importance to addressing LBA science questions. Inaddressing issues of spatial scaling, two key science questions arise: How important isfine-scale heterogeneity to large-scale questions? How should one interpret relativelycoarse-resolution remote sensing data in light of known fine-scale heterogeneity on theland surface? To help bridge the gap between currently available remote-sensing data andthe fine-scale spatial heterogeneity on the ground, high resolution (1-4m) IKONOSimagery are being collected at several LBA field and eddy-flux tower sites. All data areavailable to all LBA investigators free of charge via the NASA Earth ScienceInformation Partner EOS-WEBSTER (http://www.eos-webster.sr.unh.edu).

Estimate of the consumption of photosyntheticaly active radiation(PAR) for the forest and the leaf area index (LAI) from remote sensing,related with collected field dataGeorge Sanches Suli (Rua França, n. 12, Jardim Europa – 78065-440, Cuiabá-MTBrasil - suli@terra.com.br), Peter Zeilhofer ((pitalike@terra.com.br), Nicolau PrianteFilho - Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso.George Louis Vourlitis (California StateUniversity San Marcos - georgev@coyote.csusm.edu)AbstractPresent work describes the development and validation of a methodology tocorrelate and extrapolate field measurements of Photosynthetic Active Radiation (PAR)and Leaf area index (LAI) of Transitional Forests and pastures stands with spectralreflection values of multisensoral digital satellite imagery. Field studies are being realizedin Northern Mato Grosso, at the Sinop Tower test site. Reference micrometeorologicaldata, PAR and LAI data are being acquired at the Tower site. Additional portable PARsensors are being installed above the forest canopy in heights of more than 40 m usingrappel techniques, scaling devices and rope stairs. For correlation with digital imagery,site locations are georreferenced by GPS measurements. LAI estimates are realized by thecomparison of radiation measurements above the tree layer and in the stands. Geometricand radiometric pre-processing of Landsat ETM and MODIS have been initiated. Due tothe lack of actual satellite imagery, there are being presented simulations of PAR valuesbased on tower measurements from the period 2001-2002 and digital Landsat ETM andMODIS from 2001 and 2002 respectively.In the future, the study pretends to analyze the applicability of different original andcalculated bands such as the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) for thecorrelation with field measurements and to study the influence of different spatial andspectral resolution on data extrapolation.

Agricultural land use in 2000-2001 Amazonia using new methods formerging agricultural census data with satellite reflectances: obtainingland use data from satellite informationJeffrey A. Cardille, Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment andEnvironmental Monitoring Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA,Tel: +1-608-262-4775, Fax: +1-608-265-4113, E-mail: cardille@students.wisc.eduJonathan A. Foley, Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment, University ofWisconsin, Madison, WI 53706 USA, Tel: +1-608-265-5144, Fax: +1-608-262-5964, E-mail: jfoley@facstaff.wisc.eduMarcos Heil Costa, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Universidade Federal deViçosa. Viçosa, MG, 36571-000. Brazil. Tel: +55-31-3899-1899. Fax: +55-31-3899-2735.E-mail: mhcosta@ufv.brAbstractAs part of our research within the Large-scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment inAmazonia (LBA), we are developing a time series of the spatial distribution andabundance of major agricultural activities within the large (6 million square km) Amazonand Tocantins basins. In earlier work, we described a new method for integratingremotely sensed land cover classifications with land use information from agriculturalcensuses. Here we present the preliminary results of merging unclassified satelliteimagery and ancillary data with agricultural census data for Rondonia. In particular, weexplore the ability of 16-day band information and NDVI composites from the 2000-2001to identify areas of active agricultural land use. By investigating the statisticalrelationship between density of agricultural area, composite reflectance-based values,and ancillary data, we train a classifier algorithm to identify likely agricultural land useareas within Rondonia. The adopted technique differs from typical classificationalgorithms that identify “pure” pixels of desired classes and seek similar characteristicsin the image. Instead, this method considers the similarity between sensor-based valuesand agricultural census totals across administrative units, and optimizes the relationbetween them to produce the classification. This new method of fusing data sources willbe of likely use in areas too inaccessible for adequate ground truthing, but whereoccasional comprehensive information (like that in agricultural censuses in developingnations) is collected.

Scaling of Biophysical Variables of Tropical ForestsJiaguo Qi, Cuizhen Wang, Eraldo Matricardi and David SkoleBasic Science and Remote Sensing Initiative, Department of GeographyMichigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823Email: qi@msu.eduAbstractThe tropical forest ecosystems are being altered by both human-induced and naturaldisturbances. Logging, wildfires and land cover/use conversions are major mechanisms bywhich the ecosystems are being modified, and eventually lead to substantial negativeimpacts on human environment. To better understand these processes and interactionsamong all agents, efforts have been made to observe the dynamics of the tropical forestecosystems via intensive ground experiments and satellite observations. One of the keyissues is to scale up results at plot or local scale to regional scale, i.e., can we extrapolatethe findings at plot scale to understand the regional process? Although there are manyissues to be addressed in order to answer this question, in this study, we analyzed a set ofbiophysical variables derived from remote sensing images at varying spatial scales, rangingfrom 1m (IKONOS), 30m (ETM+), to 250m, 500m, and 1000m (MODIS andVEGETATION) spatial resolutions. We used signal-unmixing and improved classificationtechniques to examine the scaling properties of some of the key biophysical variables suchas cover dynamics that are functionally related to tropical ecosystem interactions withatmosphere and are major manifestations of human disturbances. The local study sites nearRondonia have been selected as starting point and are scaled up to the entire BrazilianAmazon.

Some Results from the 2000 P and X band Airborne PolarimetricINPE-DSG SAR Mission for Biomass Estimation, Land CoverClassification and Digital Elevation and Surface Model Estimation.Luciano V. Dutra 1 , Corina C. Freitas 1 , João R. Santos 1 , José C. Mura 1 , Pedro Hernandez 1 F.,Luciana S. Araújo 1 , Marcos Timbó Elmiro 2 , Pedro R. Vieira 3 , Sérgio M. Soares 3 , Paulo CésarGurgel de Albuquerque 1 , Fábio F. Gama 1 , Leonardo S. Bins 1 , Britaldo Silveira Soares 21 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais– INPEAv. dos Astronautas, 1758 CP. 515 email: dutra@dpi.inpe.br12.227-010 São José dos Campos, SP. - Brazil2 Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais – UFMGDepartamento de Cartografia.3 Diretoria do Serviço Geográfico do Exército BrasileiroABSTRACTA joint INPE-DSG (Diretoria do Serviço Geográfico do Exército) airborne mission in September of2000 over the Tapajós National Forest, has acquired P and X band interferometric data over a regionwhich comprises primary forest, secondary succession in several stages of regrowth, pasture, cropplantations, bare soil, water and other land use classes. The AeS-1 polarimetric system, fromAeroSensing Radarsysteme GmbH, Germany, provided P band polarimetric data for two passinterferometry and X band single polarization, single pass interferometric data. During the radarmission, ground survey was carried out for target identification, collection of tri-dimensionaldifferential GPS data for P and X band corner reflectors and collection of vegetation parameters, likespecies, DBH, count and height for several primary and regenerations transects. Biomass data wascalculated for the mentioned transects using allometric equations based in the dendrometricparameters. Full polarimetric calibrated P band SAR imagery was generated and a model of thetransects biomass data as a function of the backscatter established. Georeferenced Digital ElevationModels (DEMs), with spatial resolution of 2.5 meters, were generated considering X and P bandsinterferograms. X band DEM generally shows higher altitude than the P band DEM, especially overforested areas, because the considerably higher penetration of P band towards the forest floor, while XBand DEM reflects the canopy altitude. X band DEM is called here a Digital Surface Model (DSM),because it is related mainly with the top of the land cover. The difference between the DSM and theDEM (P band) potentially gives the forest height. Actual internal average height of forest andregeneration transects was compared with the DSM-DEM difference. The results showed that theDSM-DEM difference tends to underestimate the forest height under secondary sucessions stages,probably due higher volume scattering (derived from interactions with trunk, branches, twigs) of Pband emission. The DSM-DEM difference over primary forest is closely related to the average height,in the transects, standing between the global average tree height and the average height of the upperstore trees of the forests transects. The full polarimetric P band data was used for land coverclassification. From a initial set of 10 classes, a derived set comprising only three classes was found tohave an adequate mapping precision, but enough to detect deforestation areas. For the future we willbe experimenting new models for biomass estimation for overcoming the 200 ton/ ha saturation point,using simultaneously the backscatter and the interferometric data and seeking integration with otherRemote Sensing instrumentation, particularly the LVIS instrument.

Integration and update of cartographic information of Legal Amazon landcoverMarcelo Francisco Sestini 1Regina Celia dos Santos Alvala 2Eliana Maria Kalil Mello 3Dalton de Morisson Valeriano 4Erica da Silva Reimer 5Chou Sin Chan 6Carlos Afonso Nobre 71 INPE, CPTEC, Rodov Pres Dutra km 40 Cachoeira Paulista, São Paulo, Brasil, 12630 000,sestini@cptec.inpe.br2 INPE, regina@cptec.inpe.br3 INPE, eliana@dpi.inpe.br4 INPE, dalton@ltid.inpe.br5 INPE, erica@cptec.inpe.br6INPE chou@cptec.inpe.br7INPE nobre@cptec.inpe.brAbstractAccurate estimation of continental surface biophysical properties is fundamental forclimate studies and weather forecast through numerical models. An increasing effort is beingdedicated to the production of land cover maps to be applied to climate models in order toimprove the understanding of the complex interactions that occur between land surface and theatmosphere. The objective of this work is improve and update land cover cartography to beapplied to climate models. The study area is the Brazilian Legal Amazon, with approximately5,000,000 km². The first task was the improvement of the available 1:5,000,000 cartography ofthe vegetation cover for the area (IBGE, 1993). In this map ecotone areas are not resolved andare described as a combination of two or more vegetation classes. Georreferenced TM-Landsatdata of these ecotone areas for the year 2000 were stratified into spectrally homogeneous fieldsby image segmentation. The fields were then classified into spectral classes with an unsupervisedregion based image classifier. The spectral classes were mapped onto a land cover classificationsystem and the results were edited to correct minor misclassifications. Next it was added to thisproduct the deforested area in Legal Amazon which is being regularly surveyed by INPE since1978. The deforested area included in this map is the accumulated registered deforestation up tothe year 1997. Following tasks in this project will be the discrimination of secondary vegetationwithin the deforested areas and TM-Landsat derived map of Savanna areas that were convertedinto agricultural land use, which are not assessed in the mentioned deforestation survey.

Estimate of net primary production of aquatic vegetation of the Amazon floodplainusing radar satellite imagery.Maycira CostaInstituto Nacional de Pesquisas EspaciaisAv. dos Astronautas, 175812227-010 São José dos Campos, SPemail: maycira@ltid.inpe.brAbstract. The Amazonian research community acknowledges that a better understandingof the regional carbon cycle of the Amazon floodplain will only be possible when thebiogeochemical processes become understood on a regional scale. To help achieve thisunderstanding, a method using satellite SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) imagery forseasonal mapping and assessment of the net primary production (NPP) of aquaticvegetation of the Amazonian floodplain is proposed. The input data for the NPP model are(i) total biomass of aquatic vegetation determined by RADARSAT and JERS-1 imageryand (ii) spatial area occupied by aquatic vegetation determined by RADARSAT and JERS-1 imagery. Inversion of radar imagery into total biomass of aquatic vegetation wasperformed. After correction for monthly biomass losses, the NPP of one growth cycle ofaquatic vegetation was calculated in the image domain. The total mean net primaryproductivity of Hymenachne amplexicaules, the dominant aquatic vegetation in the area,was on average 2920 g C m -2 or a total carbon uptake of 1.9x10 12 g C yr -1 for the entire area(395 km 2 ). Spatially, the lower values of produced organic carbon (< 900 g C m -2 ) are inregions where the plants only developed in the beginning of hydrological cycle; generally,values are higher (>5000 g C m -2 ) in regions closer to the Amazon River where theinfluence of the nutrient rich water is stronger. The productivity of this largely spread C3species is about four times the productivity assumed for the Amazon floodplain in someprocess-based global models. Therefore, the productivity of a diverse and complex wetlandsuch as the Amazon floodplain can undoubtedly be underestimated by using these models.The results of this study are promising to provide large-scale NPP estimates of aquaticvegetation in wetlands, such as the Amazon floodplain.

Measuring Vegetation Aerodynamic Roughness Over theAmazon BasinSassan Saatchi and Ernesto RodriguezJet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USAScott Denning & Lixin LuDepartment of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523AbstractRegina Célia dos Santos AlvaláLaboratório Associado de Meteorologia e Oceanografia -LMO/CPTECInstituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - INPE(12201-970) São José dos Campos, BRAZILRalph DubayahDept. of Geography, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USAThe aerodynamic roughness length (Z 0 ) is an important parameter to determine thevertical gradients of mean wind speed and the conditions for momentum transfer over avegetated or bare rough surface. Over vegetated surfaces, the aerodynamic roughnesslength has a simple one-to-one relationship with the rms height of the vegetation at thetop of the canopy. Once this roughness length is determined for a surface, it does notchange with wind speed, stability or stress. During the LBA experiment the RegionalAtmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) with flexible horizontal and vertical resolutionwill be used in conjunction with other models to simulate the atmospheric circulation andtrace gas concentration and transport at various scales. This model is suitable todetermine the effect of surface roughness parameter at trace gas transport both at locallevel for LBA study areas and on at the regional level for the entire Amazon basin. Inthis paper, we present the estimation of this parameter from two sources:1) From a sample SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) data over one of theLBA study areas. The cross correlation between two interferometric SRTMimages will be used to estimate the rms height of the vegetation at 90 m resolutionand relate that to aerodynamic roughness. This methodology will be applied tothe entire SRTM data (when it becomes available) to estimate the roughnesslength over the basin.2) Various statistical moments of the JERS-1 image mosaic in fusion with otherregional data sets will be used in a semi-empirical model to estimate thevegetation roughness length over the entire basin at 1 km resolution.Both parameters will be integrated into the RAMS model to demonstrate the effect ofspatially explicit roughness length on trace gas transport simulations and to test theimpact of errors associated with the estimation process.

Discriminating Land Cover Types and Conversions in the Brazilian Cerrado UsingEO-1 Hyperion Hyperspectral ImageryT. Miura 1* , A. Huete 1 , and L. Ferreira 21 Terrestrial Biophysics and Remote Sensing Laboratory, Department of Soil, Water andEnvironmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, U.S.A.Tel.: +1-520-626-2086, Fax: +1-520-621-1791, *Email: tomoaki@ag.arizona.edu2 Universidade Federal de Goias, Instituto de Estudos Socio-Ambientais, Campus Samambaia -Cx Postal 131, Goiania, GO, 74.001-970, BrazilAbstractThe savanna, typically found in the sub-tropics and seasonal tropics, are the dominant vegetationbiome type in the southern hemisphere, covering approximately 45 % of the South America. InBrazil, the savanna, locally known as "cerrado", is the most intensely stressed biome with rapidand aggressive land use conversions. Better characterization and discrimination of cerrado landcover types are needed in order to improve assessments of the impact of these land coverconversions on carbon storage, nutrient dynamics, and the prospect for sustainable land use inthe Amazon region. In this study, we explored the utility of hyperspectral remote sensing inimproving discrimination and biophysical/biochemical characterization of the cerrado land covertypes by taking an advantage of a newly available satellite hyperspectral imaging sensor, "EO-1Hyperion". A Hyperion image was acquired over study sites located in the Brasilia NationalPark and surrounding areas on July 20, 2001. The study sites included cerrado grassland, shrubcerrado, cerrado woodland, and gallery forest as undisturbed vegetation cover types, and pastureas a converted land cover. The high resolution spectral signatures clearly depicted thedifferences between pasture, gallery forest, and other cerrado land cover types. The pasturespectral signatures exhibited an overall high reflectance with a red absorption peak shiftedtoward shorter wavelengths which is associated with yellowing of pasture leaves. Spectralsignatures in the visible and near-infrared (NIR) regions for undisturbed cerrado vegetation types(physiognomies) showed small differences, rendering the discrimination or classification amongthese land cover types based on the red-NIR reflectance contrast. On the other hand, thereflectance values at the shortwave-infrared (SWIR) region (1400 – 2500nm) and the lignocelluloseabsorptions at 2090nm and around 2300nm wavelengths showed larger differencesamong these land cover types. Cerrado land cover types with less arboreous cover showedhigher SWIR reflectances and deeper ligno-cellulouse absorptions. These preliminary analysesshowed a great potential of hyperspectral data in biophysical/biochemical characterization aswell as discrimination of the land cover types in the Brazilian cerrado.

Characteristics of deep convection over the Amazonduring LBA using GOES and PR/TRMM dataT. InoueMeteorological Research Institutetinoue@mri-jma.go.jpABSTRACTLife cycle of deep convection and diurnal variation of deep convectionover the Amazon are studied using the GOES-8 split window (11 and 12micron) data. Using the split window data we can classify optically thickcumulus type cloud and optically thin cirrus type cloud. The life cycleof deep convection is characterized as cumulus type cloud is dominantduring the developing stage and optically thin cirrus type cloud (anvil)is dominant during the decaying stage. Considering the cloud amount ofcumulus type cloud and cirrus type cloud within the cloud area definedby the brightness temperature colder than 253K, we tried to define thestage of deep convection. Using the coincident and collocated GOES andTRMM data, we compared the rain type observed by PR/TRMM and life stageof deep convection. There is a tendency that convective rain is dominantduring the developing stage and stratiform rain is dominant during thedecaying stage. The diurnal variation of deep convection is also studiedusing the cloud type classified by the split window. The cloud amountpeak of cumulonimbus type cloud appears earlier than that of cloud colderthan 253K. The local time of the peak of cumulonimbus cloud is closerto the peak of rainfall observation by surface radar than the peak ofcloud colder than 253K.

Satellite observations of inter-annual variation of vegetation productivity and watercontent in Legal Amazon Basin during 1998-2001Xiangming Xiao, Qingyuang Zhang, Rob Braswell, Stephen Frolking, Stephen Boles, andBerrien Moore IIIAbstractUniversity of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USAMailing address of corresponding author:Complex Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space,University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USAEmail addresses: xiangming.xiao@unh.eduClimate and land use change are two major factors that drive spatial and temporal variations ofvegetation in the Legal Amazon Basin. In an effort to characterize interannual variation ofvegetation in the basin, we have assembled the 10-day composite images from the SPOT-4VEGETATION sensor (VGT) over the period of April 1-10, 1998 to November 11- 20, 2001 forthe entire basin. The VGT sensor has 4 spectral bands (blue, red, near infrared and short-waveinfrared) and provides daily observation of the globe at 1-km spatial resolution. In this study ourobjective is to develop better understanding of vegetation indices in relation to climate variation.Three remote sensing proxies were calculated and compared: Normalized Difference VegetationIndex (NDVI), Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), and Normalized Difference Water Index(NDWI). The NDVI and EVI are the proxies for vegetation productivity. The EVI includesinformation from the blue band to account for residual atmospheric contamination (e.g., aerosolsand water vapor) and soil/vegetation background, while the NDVI does not. The NDWI is theproxy for vegetation water content. Anomalies of NDWI, NDVI and EVI over 1998-2001 werecalculated and compared with anomalies of precipitation and temperature from the NationalClimate Data Center Global History Climate Network. At the basin scale, the NDWI anomaly iscorrelated well with the precipitation anomaly, indicating that NDWI has a potential forassessing vegetation water content in the tropical ecosystems. The temporal pattern of EVIanomaly is different from the NDVI anomaly, particularly in 1998 and 1999. Consistent with theearlier studies, this basin-scale study also suggests EVI might be a more useful alternativevegetation index than NDVI for vegetation monitoring.

Aerosols & Climate interactions in AmazoniaPRIMARY AUTHOR ORGANIZATION ABSTRACT_TITLEAlejandro Fonseca Duarte UFAC/CNPq Oral BLACK CARBON COMPARATIVEASPECTS FOR CLIMATECHARACTERIZATION OF RIO BRANCO- AC, BRAZILHans-F. GrafMax-Planck Institutefor MeteorologyOral On the local and global effects of aerosol -cloud microphysics in deep convectivecloudsJ. Vanderlei Martins JCET/UMBC - USP Oral Direct Radiative Forcing by Aerosols andCloud-Aerosol interactions in AmazoniaMaria Assunção Faus daSilva DiasMeinrat O. AndreaeUSP Oral Aerosols and Clouds in Amazonia:Dinamic and Microphysics AspectsMax-Planck Institutefor ChemistryOralAerosols, Clouds, and Climate over theAmazon BasinThomas Eck NASA/GSFC Oral Inter-annual variability of biomass burningaerosol optical depth in southernAmazonia, and the effects of theseaerosols on the diurnal cycle of solar fluxreductionAna Maria CordovaBim GrahamBim GrahamHillandia CunhaIPEN/University of SaoPauloMax-Planck Institutefor ChemistryMax-Planck Institutefor ChemistryInstituto Nacional dePesquisas daAmazônia - INPAPosterPosterPosterPosterEnhancements of Nitrogen OxidesConcentrations associated with a ColdFront in an Amazon SiteCharacterisation of the atmosphericaerosol collected at Balbina, Amazonia,during the CLAIRE 2001 campaignMicroscopic images of atmosphericaerosol particles collected at Balbina,Amazonia, during the CLAIRE 2001campaignChemical Composition of the AtmosphericPrecipitation over Manaus -AM, Brazil.Joel Schafer NASA/GSFC Poster Atmospheric Attenuation Of Total SolarFlux By Clouds At Six Amazonian Sites:1999-2001Luciana Rizzo USP Poster Modeling the influence of land use changeon the concentration of organic aerosoland oxidant species concentrations inAmazon.Marcia YamasoeInstituto dePosterAstronomia, Geofisicae Ciencias Atmofericasda USPEffect of smoke aerosol particles frombiomass burning on the PAR absorbed bya primary forest in the Amazon

Oscar VegaInstituto de PesquisasEnergéticas eNucleares - IPEN-SPPosterOZONE AND AEROSOLSCONCENTRATIONS MEASURED FROMA TETHERED BALOON AT DIFERENTSHEIGHTS IN BALBINA - AMAZONREGIONTheotonio PauliquevisUniversity of SaoPauloPosterComparison of Rainwater composition attwo sites in Amazonia for dry and wetseasons

BLACK CARBON COMPARATIVE ASPECTS FOR CLIMATECHARACTERIZATION OF RIO BRANCO - AC, BRAZILA. Fonseca Duarte 1 , P. Artaxo 2 , B. N. Holben 3 , J. S. Schafer 3 , I.F. Brown 41 Federal University of Acre – UFAC, Campus Universitário, BR-64, km 4, Distrito Industrial,CEP: 69.915-900, Rio Branco - AC, Brazil, alejandro@ufac.br2 University of São Paulo – USP artaxo@if.usp.br3 Goddard Space Flight Center – GSFC/NASA joschafe@pop900.gsfc.nasa.gov4 Woods Hole Research Center – WHRC (UFAC and UFF) fbrown@whrc.orgAbstractThe State of Acre is located in Northwestern Brazil. The climate of this region,Tropical Forest, must be observed throughout environmental disturbances such as theincreased biomass burning, deforestation and the highway construction (BR-317) openingtraffic to the Pacific Ocean. The objective of the present work consists in an evaluation ofatmospheric black carbon concentration (BC) related to other variables of the conventionalmeteorology. The meteorological data analysis (1970- 2002) reveals a correlated seasonalbehavior between rainfalls, temperatures, evaporation, atmospheric pressure and relativehumidity. Recent measurements (2000- 2002) of the smoke concentration (BC) in the localatmosphere reveal values up to (5 - 10) µg m -3 , for the rainy station, and up to (15- 30) µgm -3 , for the dry season. Comparable results were observed in Rondônia. Daily, the highestconcentrations occur at night, approximately between 17:00 and 09:00 hours. Theconcentrations are comparable to those calculated by INPE, based on the regional model ofgas and aerosol transportation ETA. Assuming, on average, that about 6 % of theatmospheric aerosols corresponds to BC, the total aerosol concentration in Rio Branco'satmosphere, in dry season - the period of intense biomas burnings in Amazonia- reaches300 - 500 µg m -3 . Similar values has been recorded in Alta Floresta in the past decade.This fact indicates that, probably, the local biomass burning in different places and thesmoke transportation across atmosphere contribute affecting all Amazonian regions.Irradiance and insolation measurements, however, show that PAR fraction for Rio Brancois practically the same all the year (0,40 ± 0,02), a different behavior than that of AltaFloresta.

On the local and global effects of aerosol - cloud microphysics in deep convective clouds.Hans-F. Graf and Frank J. Nober, MPI for Meteorology, Hamburg, GermanyAbstract:From recent satellite observations it is evident that an increase in cloud condensation nuclei, for instancedue to biomass burning, can substantially reduce rain efficiency of convective clouds. This is potentiallyimportant for the global climate since the release of latent heat due to condensation of water vapour andfallout of rain from cumulus convection is the most important source for available potential energy in thefree troposphere. Beyond this, cumulus convection is a key process in controlling the water vapourcontent of the atmosphere. The sensitivity of the global climate to alteration of rain efficiency of convectiveclouds due to the suppression of drop coalescence by anthropogenic aerosols is studied by using theatmospheric general circulation model ECHAM4 for a 15 year sensitivity study considering the aerosoleffect on warm precipitation formation. Effects on ice processes are not included yet, and therefore theresults likely are conservative regarding the magnitude of the full effects due to suppression ofprecipitation.The main 15 year experiment allows the global dynamics to respond to the modified convective forcing,and an additional experiment with single time step analysis was performed which allows to locate and tomeasure the origin effect of aerosols on convective clouds. We found a definite perturbation of the globalcirculation, showing distinct sensitivity to the impact of aerosols on suppressing rainfall.

Abstract submitted to LBA Meeting – Manaus 2002.Direct Radiative Forcing by Aerosols and Cloud-Aerosolinteractions in AmazoniaJ. Vanderlei Martins123, Paulo Artaxo2, Yoram Kaufman3JCET-University of Maryland Baltimore County1, Institute of Physics of theUniversity of Sao Paulo2, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center3Correspodent author; J. Vanderlei Martins, code 913, NASA GSFC, Greenbelt,MD 20771, USA. E-mail: martins@gsfc.nasa.govAerosol particles in Amazonia proved to be very efficient absorbers of solarradiation during the dry and wet seasons. New in situ approaches and improvedtechniques are used to provide quantitative aerosol absorption efficiency measurementsof biogenic, biomass burning, and long range-transported particles found in the Amazonregion. Absorption by soil dust is also often observed in the absorption efficiency spectraldependence. Measurements between the UV to the near infrared (350 to 2500nm)indicate significant absorption by biogenic aerosols and important effects of the internalmixture between large particles and relatively small size absorbers in Amazonia. Theoverall effect of this internal mixture is a flatter spectral dependence of the aerosolabsorption efficiency. Size resolved measurements provide the relative absorptionproperties of coarse and fine mode particles. Higher resolution size separation of theabsorption efficiency is provided by MOUDI cascade impactor samples.Remote sensing techniques using the MODIS sensor on the Terra satellite are alsoused for the retrieval of aerosol absorption properties over Amazonia. MODIS data isused in combination with AERONET sunphotometers and other ground basedmeasurements in order to address the aerosol direct radiative forcing over the area. Alarge variation in the radiative forcing (ranging from heating to cooling effects) is showeddue to the variability of the surface properties in certain areas of the Amazon region.Significant differences in the radiative forcing between the top of the atmosphereand the surface affect the vertical structure of the atmosphere potentially changing thecloud formation properties in the region. Biogenic particles in Amazonia also showunique properties that can affect significantly the cloud microphysics.

Aerosols and Clouds in Amazonia: Dynamic and Microphysics aspectsMaria A. F. Silva Dias, Saulo R. Freitas, Karla M. Longo.Department of Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of São PauloThe cloud dynamics and microphysics is represented in numerical models in aparameterized way. In very high resolution models (500 m to 1-2 km) the clouds areresolved and the subgrid scale processes are introduced to take into account the clouddropplet population and microphysics processes . In low resolution models (> 20 km),whole clouds are subgrid processes. In the two approaches the effect of convectivetransports of aerosols may be examined but with different scale framework. The data fromthe several LBA campaigns are helping us understand the particular features of clouds thatare observed over the Amazon Basin and give us validation data for models of differentscales. Of particular interest is the cloud cycle and vertical development of clouds indifferent thermodynamic environments with different aerosol concentration and origin, andthe dynamic implication of these features from the point of view of local and regionaltransport of aerosols.

Aerosols, Clouds, and Climate over the Amazon BasinM. O. Andreae, M. Ebert, B. Graham, P. Guyon, J. Huth, S. Matthias-Maser, O. Mayol-Bracero, G. Roberts, J. SciareMax Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, GermanyP. Artaxo, M. A. Silva-DiasUniversity of São Paulo, BrazilM. ClaeysUniversity of Antwerp, BelgiumS. Decesari, M. C. Facchini, S. FuzziISAC-CNR, Bologna, ItalyH.-F. GrafMax Planck Institute for Meteorology, Hamburg, GermanyW. MaenhautUniversity of Gent, BelgiumD. RosenfeldHebrew University, Jerusalem, IsraelE. SwietlickiUniversity of Lund, SwedenUnder unpolluted conditions, biogenic processes dominate the aerosol populationover the Amazon Basin. A large fraction of coarse and fine particles are of primarybiogenic origin, and consist of spores, pollen-related material, microbes, plant debris, etc.Secondary biogenic materials, including organic condensates from VOC oxidation andbiogenic sulfate account for much of the rest. Superimposed on this background areinputs of dust and marine particles from long-range transport. Aerosol numberconcentrations and CCN concentrations are low, in the range usually considered typicalof remote marine locations. The fraction of aerosol particles acting as cloud condensationnuclei (CCN) varies from 0.3 to 0.6, depending on composition, size and supersaturationvalues. Under these low-CCN conditions, cloud droplets can grow rapidly to the sizewhere precipitation occurs and rain production by warm clouds is an important process.During the dry season, large-scale burning due to deforestation and clearing firesin the Amazon Basin and the surrounding regions leads to a dramatic increase of aerosoland CCN number concentrations. These smoke aerosols consist mostly of organic matter,and include light-absorbing organic and near-elemental carbon species. The presence ofwater-soluble organic substances and inorganic salts makes these smoke aerosolsefficient CCN. The result of the increased CCN abundance is a major shift towardsclouds with high droplet number concentration, and thus increased colloidal stability ofthe cloud and a lower probability of rainfall from warm clouds. This favors rainfall

mechanisms involving ice particles, which has substantial effects for the redistribution ofenergy and chemical species in the tropical atmosphere. These effects are likely to reachfar beyond the Amazon Basin and the tropics.

Inter-annual variability of biomass burning aerosol optical depth in southern Amazonia,and the effects of these aerosols on the diurnal cycle of solar flux reductionT.F. Eck 1,2 , B.N. Holben 2 , J.S. Schafer 3,2 , P. Artaxo 4 , M.A. Yamasoe 5 , A.S. Procopio 4 , E.Prins 6 , O. Dubovik 1,2 , and A. Smirnov 1,21Goddard Earth Sciences and Technology Center, University of Maryland –Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland. Mailing address: T.F. Eck, Code 923,NASA/GSFC, Greenbelt, MD, 20771, USA e-mail: teck@ltpmail.gsfc.nasa.gov2Biospheric Sciences Branch, Code 923, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center,Greenbelt, Maryland.3Science Systems and Applications Inc., Code 923, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center,Greenbelt, Maryland.4 Instituto de Fisica, Departmento de Fisica Aplicada, Universidade de São Paulo, SãoPaulo, Brazil5Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo,São Paulo, Brazil6National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/NESDIS/ORA, University ofWisconsin, Madison, WisconsinThe inter-annual variability of the magnitude of biomass burning in southern Amazoniahas been relatively large over the last decade. The extent of the burning in the latter halfof a given dry season (July-October) depends largely on the rainfall amount and timing,with drought years exhibiting many more fires and smoke than average. Additionally,new regulations aimed at controlling burning may also affect inter-annual variability. Wepresent measurements of aerosol optical depth (AOD) from biomass burning smoke asmeasured by AERONET sites in Rondonia and Mato Grosso from 1993-2001. TheseAOD measurements are shown to follow similar inter-annual variability as the fire countsdetermined by the 3.9 micron radiance measurements of the GOES east satellites.In order to quantify the changes in the diurnal cycle of solar flux reduction as a result ofaerosol attenuation at the peak of the burning season, we model the diurnal cycle of totalshortwave (SW; 300-4000 nm), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR; 400-700 nm),and Ultraviolet- A (UVA; 320-400 nm) fluxes in mid-September using the AERONETmonthly average AOD measurements (AOD 550 =1.11). These average diurnal cycle fluxreductions show significant temporal delays in the morning for equivalent flux levels inall three spectral bands, of ~50 min to 2 hr 15 min at mid-morning (midpoint betweensunrise and solar noon). The largest time delays in flux occur in the UVA band and thesmallest in the total SW broadband due to a rapid decrease in AOD as wavelengthincreases for the accumulation mode smoke aerosols. The time delays in solar flux haveimplications for possible delay of the onset of cumulus convection, the shortening of thephoto-period when plants photosynthesize, and reduced time interval for UVA fluxeswhich may have implications for survival of airborne bacteria, insect activity, and plantresponses.

Abstract submitted for presentation at the2 nd International LBA Scientific Conference, Manaus, Brazil, July 7-10, 2002Enhancements of Nitrogen Oxides Concentrations associatedwith a Cold Front in an Amazon SiteA. M. Cordova 1,2 , L. V. Gatti 1 , K. Longo 2 , S. Freitas 2 , P. Artaxo 3 , A. Procópio 3 ,M.A.F. Silva Dias 2 , E.D. Freitas 21 Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN), Travessa R, 400, Cidade Universitária,São Paulo, Brazil, CEP: 05508-900 e-mail: amcleal@net.ipen.br2Instituto de Astronomia, Geofisica e Ciencias Atmosfericas, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil3 Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.Intensive atmospheric chemistry study was performed in Balbina (1º 55.20’ S 59º 28.07’W), located 150 km north of Manaus, in the State of Amazon, Brazil, in June and July2001, as part of the CLAIRE 2001 campaign. Trace gases measurements, includingnitrogen oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO 2 ) were performed simultaneously withaerosol particles number, total mass and black carbon concentrations. Meteorologicalparameters, such as total solar radiation, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR),temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction were also measured. The NOand NO 2 were measured 12 meters above the surface at each 1 minute.The NO and NO 2 average concentrations during daytime were 0.05 (± 0.07) ppb and 0.26(± 0.19) ppb, respectively. At nighttime, NO average concentration was 0.15 (± 0.18) ppband NO 2 0.40 (± 0.36) ppb. These observed low concentration levels of NO and NO 2 arecharacteristic of the Amazonian pristine conditions. At nighttime of June, 20 and 21, alarge increase of 4 ppb in the NO 2 concentration was observed. An enhancement of theaerosol particle concentration was also observed in the same period, especially in the finemode. In order to understand this change of the NO 2 and particle concentrations pattern,an atmospheric numerical simulation of the period was carried out using the RAMSregional atmospheric model. The simulation results showed a transport event from theSouth of Amazonia due to an approach of a mid-latitude cold front. Backward air masstrajectories from the measurement site suggested southward biomass burning as thepossible source of pollutants.Research project financed by FAPESP

Characterisation of the atmospheric aerosol collected atBalbina, Amazonia, during the CLAIRE 2001 campaignBim Graham, 1 Pascal Guyon, 1 Olga L. Mayol-Bracero, 1 Paulo Artaxo, 2 Ana LuciaRodrigues Antonio do Nascimento, 2 Alcides Carmago, 2 Sabine Matthias-Maser, 3Martin Ebert, 4 Joachim Huth, 5 Willy Maenhaut, 6 Philip Taylor, 7 Ricardo H. M. Godoi, 8René Van Grieken, 8 Meinrat O. Andreae 1,*1 Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.2 Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.3Institute for Atmospheric Physics, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.4 Institute of Mineralogy, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.5 Cosmochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.6 Institute for Nuclear Sciences, Gent University, Gent, Belgium.7 Department of Chemical Engineering, Caltech, Pasadena, CA, USA.8 Micro and Trace Analysis Center, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.*Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, P.O. Box 3060,D-55020 Mainz, Germany, moa@mpch-mainz.mpg.de.As part of the recent CLAIRE 2001 campaign in Balbina, Amazonia, aerosol sampleswere collected and analysed using a variety of techniques (PIXE, INAA, IC, GC-MS,EPXMA, EGA, SEM, ESEM and light microscopy) in order to try to better characterisethe composition and temporal variability of the aerosol under near-backgroundconditions. Our results indicate that biogenic particles emitted by the rainforest make upthe major fraction of the aerosol. These particles, and the elements, ions and compoundsassociated with them (P, S, K, Cu, Zn, ammonium, sugars and sugar alcohols), areabundant in both the coarse and fine aerosol fractions, with the highest massconcentrations generally occurring in the coarse fraction. There is a distinct increase intheir concentrations at ground level at night. This is probably due to the formation of ashallow nocturnal inversion, which reduces dispersion of the aerosol. Sodium - a tracerfor marine aerosol - is more concentrated at ground level during the daytime, which maybe attributed to intense convective downward mixing of air from aloft. Only very lowlevels of chlorine are observed, suggesting that much of the marine aerosol undergoesreaction with acidic species emitted by the rainforest during its transport from theAtlantic Ocean to the measurement site. Soot particles and levoglucosan - tracers forbiomass burning - are present in relatively small amounts and are confined primarily tothe fine aerosol fraction.

Microscopic images of atmospheric aerosol particles collected atBalbina, Amazonia, during the CLAIRE 2001 campaignBim Graham, 1 Pascal Guyon, 1 Paulo Artaxo, 2 Sabine Matthias-Maser, 3 Joachim Huth, 4Martin Ebert, 5 Philip Taylor, 6 Meinrat O. Andreae 1,*1 Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.2 Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.3Institute for Atmospheric Physics, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.4 Cosmochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz, Germany.5Institute of Mineralogy, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.6 Department of Chemical Engineering, Caltech, Pasadena, CA, USA.*Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, P.O. Box 3060,D-55020 Mainz, Germany, moa@mpch-mainz.mpg.de.The atmospheric aerosol over Amazonia is composed largely of particles emittednaturally by the tropical rainforest, with smoke, mineral dust and sea salt providingvarying contributions to the total aerosol loading. In order to better understand thecomposition of the aerosol found under near-background conditions, aerosol sampleswere collected at Balbina, Amazonia, during the recent CLAIRE 2001 campaign, andanalysed using a combination of SEM, Environmental SEM and light microscopy. Thisposter presents a selection of micrographs that illustrate the diverse range of particlesobserved. These include fungal and fern spores, pollen, microorganisms, vegetationdetritus, insect fragments, soot, crystalline salts and silicate minerals.

Chemical Composition of the Atmospheric Precipitation over Manaus -AM, Brazil.Hillandia Brandao da Cunha, Coord. de Pesquisas em Geociencias, Instituto Nacional dePesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, AM 69,083, Brazil, E-mail: hilandia@inpa.gov.br and ElenM. C. Cutrim, Department, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI 49008. E-mail:cutrim@wmich.edu.The chemical composition of the precipitation varies geographically and it depends on the sourcesof the chemical elements emitted from the surface and the chemical transformations within theatmosphere. The objective of this work is to determine the chemical composition of theatmosphere over Manaus, to determine the impact of anthropogenic activities. The rain samplingwas conducted during one month of the rain season and one month of the dry season in Manaus.The chemical analysis showed larger concentrations of Na + during the dry season than that in thewet season. These results are consistent with the slash an burning activities of the dry season,which increase the concentration of Na + . Concentration values of Potassium (K + ) were lowerduring the wet season. Because the K ion sources in the atmosphere are surface biogenicemissions and soil dust, the lower concentration values will occur during the wet season wheredilution will occur due to the high precipitation volume. During the wet season concentrationvalues of Ca ++ were below the detection threshold of the method utilized and the concentrationvalues Mg ++ presented oscillations according to the frequency and duration of non-precipitatingperiods within the season. These preliminary results do not show that the atmospheric chemicalcomposition has been altered by man, as it is comparable with the precipitation analysis overpristine areas in the Amazonia. Further chemical analysis of additional elements will be performedto verify these results.Keywords: Rainfall, Water, Amazonia, Biosphere/Atmosphere.

Atmospheric Attenuation Of Total Solar Flux By Clouds At Six Amazonian Sites: 1999-2001J.S. Schafer 1,2 , B.N. Holben 2 T.F. Eck 2,3 , P. Artaxo 4 , M.A. Yamasoe 5 , A.S. Procopio 41 Science Systems and Applications Inc., Code 923, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland20771 e-mail: jschafer@aeronet.gsfc.nasa.gov2 Biospheric Sciences Branch, Code 923, NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland.3 Goddard Earth Sciences and Technology Center, University of Maryland – Baltimore County, Baltimore,Maryland.4 Instituto de Física Aplicada, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil5 Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilIn Brazil, we now have a data set of pyranometer measurements at several sites distributedacross the Amazon basin, with a record spanning more than 3 years at some locations. Thisnetwork provides an opportunity to characterize the nature of atmospheric effects on surface,broadband irradiance. Sufficient data are now available to assess trends in cloud attenuation on arange of timescales (diurnally, seasonally, and interannually).Cloud-induced fractional and absolute total flux reductions at the surface were evaluated forall years and sites. The fractional reduction, ƒ B was computed as the ratio of received irradianceto the modeled clear-sky irradiance for background (low) aerosol conditions. A distinctdifference was found between cloud attenuation in the wet and dry seasons, particularly in thesouthern Amazon.Histograms of ƒ B for typical wet season months reveal a bi-modal distribution with areduction peak (when the solar beam is obstructed) and an enhancement peak (produced by edgereflections from broken cloud cover). This phenomenon has been noted previously at theAbracos Hill sites during a 2 month study in 1999 (Gu et al., 2001). Our multi-year, multi-sitedata now suggest this is a fairly consistent feature of wet season months in the southern sites inRondônia and northern Mato Grosso, and of most or all months at the equatorial sites (Balbina,Belterra) in Pará and Amazonas. The average reduction by clouds observed at one site was 54%for February and only 15% for June. Such dramatic differences in available surface insolation(due to seasonal cloud variation) need to be quantified for climate modeling applications.

Modeling the influence of land use change on the concentration oforganic aerosol and oxidant species concentrations in Amazon.Luciana Varanda Rizzo (1), Paulo Artaxo (1), Ana Maria Cordova (2)and Luciana V.Gatti (2)(1) Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Travessa R, 187,CEP 05508-900, Sao Paulo, S.P., Brazil. E-mail: lrizzo@if.usp.br(2) Laboratório de Química Atmosférica, IPEN, São Paulo, Brazil.Tropical forests are one of the most important sources of volatile organiccompounds (VOCs), which directly influence the atmospheric concentration of oxidativespecies, and also can act as gas phase precursors on the productions of new organicparticles. Biogenic VOC emission depends highly on the surface covering. Making use ofthe model MAPS – Model for Aerosol Processes Studies, an one-dimensional box modeldeveloped by NCAR – National Center for Atmospheric Research (USA), the influence ofland use change in Amazon over the secondary organic aerosol concentrations wassimulated. For forest, the program generated 2.1 µg/m 3 of new organic particles from gas toparticle conversion, in 24 hours of model simulation. The fine to coarse mode ratio oforganic aerosol obtained by the model fits the observed concentrations. Varying the landuse from forest to pasture, there is an alteration of monoterpene emissions, and, as a result,the secondary organic aerosol concentration changes. The variation of the organic aerosolconcentration can affect the population of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). The modelalso indicates that land use changes affect significantly the hydroxyl radical concentration.This result could be an evidence that the VOCs concentrations greatly influence theoxidative capacity of the atmosphere in Amazonia.Financial support by FAPESP.

Effect of smoke aerosol particles from biomass burning on the PARabsorbed by a primary forest in the AmazonMarcia Yamasoe 1 (akemi@model.iag.usp.br), Pierre Guillevic 2 , Brent Holben 3 , JoelSchafer 3 , Tom Eck 3 , Paulo Artaxo 41 Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas da Universidade de SãoPaulo, Rua do Matão, 1226, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, CEP 05508-900; 2 CETP – CNRS,10 Avenue de l’Europe, Vélizy, France; 3 NASA GSFC, Greenbelt Road, Greenbelt,MD, USA; 4 Instituto de Física da Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Trav. R,187, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.A study of the influence of aerosol particles from biomass burning on thephotosynthetically active radiation (PAR) reaching the surface is being conducted in theAmazon region. The response of the vegetation for such forcing is also analyzed,through numerical calculations of the fraction of absorbed PAR inside the canopy.Experimental results showed a reduction of about 27% of PAR in the presence of thesmoke layer, with an aerosol optical depth of about 0.85 at 500 nm. Numericallycalculated results showed also that for such value of aerosol optical depth, the fractionof diffuse radiation in the PAR region increases from 0.16 (for a clear atmosphere) to0.54, for a solar zenith angle of 30 degrees. The combined effect on the PARdistribution within the cover of the decrease of total and increase of diffuse incomingradiation at the surface due to the smoke layer is evaluated using a 3D radiative transfermodel. The DART (Discrete Anisotropic Radiative Transfer) model simulates radiativetransfer within heterogeneous vegetation covers characterized by a three-dimensionalstructure. In the visible domain, the model predicts the surface directional reflectanceand the 3D distribution of absorbed PAR within the canopy. Simulations are performedfor a tropical primary forest at Jaru, in Rondonia state.

OZONE AND AEROSOLS CONCENTRATIONS MEASURED FROM ATETHERED BALOON AT DIFERENTS HEIGHTS IN BALBINA - AMAZONREGIONOscar Vega 1 , André Sassine 1 , Sergio Moura 1 , Jim Greenberg 4 , Julio Tota 2 , PauloArtaxo 3 e Alex Guenther 4 .1 Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN, São Paulo, Brasil.2 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - INPE, São Paulo, Brasil.3 Instituto de Física da Universidade de São Paulo - IFUSP, São Paulo, Brasil.4 Atmospheric Chemistry Division, NCAR, Colorado, USA.The biogenetic VOCs emittions and its photochemistry in the Amazonregion are responsible for the ozone produced in this region. The budged of theozone production is important to atmospheric chemistry study. This data isimportant also to feed computer-modeling systems aiming atmospheric chemistrystudies. The measurement of the ozone and particulate aerosols concentrationsrelative to with height is one of the aims of the atmospheric chemistry study.The scope of this work is to describe the experience done in Balbina,Amazon region, in a wet season, with a tethered balloon carrying on a set ofinstruments that measure the ozone concentration and the aerosols, fine andgross particulated matter. An electronic device collects the pressure, humidity andtemperature data of each flight. The meteorology airborne, such as wind directionand speed, clouds interference and sun incidence, was monitored during eachflight to observe the correlation with the data colleted. The data shows acorrelation between the aerosols and the heights, aerosols and the cloudinterference, ozone concentration and heights, ozone concentrations and cloudinterference. The ozone concentration range from 5 to 18 ppb was measured atmaximum height.The experiment was done with a Helium tethered balloon driven by a winch.The maximum flight height was 1000 meters. Details of the experiment andanalytical procedures are presented in this work as well.

Comparison of Rainwater composition at twosites in Amazonia for dry and wet seasonsTheotonio Pauliquevis 1 , Paulo Artaxo 1 , Luciene L. Lara 2 , Norbert. Miekeley 3 , EduardoT. Fernandes 1 .1 Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Travessa R, 187, SãoPaulo, SP, CEP 05508-900, Brazil. theo@if.usp.br, artaxo@if.usp.br2 Isotopic Ecology Lab - CENA/USP, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura,Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Centenario, 303, CEP 13400-970, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil,luciene@cena.usp.br3 Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio deJaneiro, Brazil, miekeley@mail.rdc.puc-rio.br .Rainwater samples from two sites in Amazonia were collected as part of the LBAExperiment. The first site, Rondonia, is located in the western part of Amazonia, and is aheavily disturbed site with significant land use changes. The rainwater sampling wasperformed from February 1999 to May 1999. The second sampling site, named Balbina islocated in Central Amazonia, about 150 Km North of Manaus. In Balbina, rainwatersampling was performed from April 1998 to May 1999, and is a pristine region, relativelyfree from biomass burning impacts, representative of natural Amazonian conditions.Samples were analyzed by Ion Chromatography for major cations and anions, and forabout 50 trace elements by Induced Coupled Plasma – Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS).The results show that, even in Central Amazonia, about 2,000 Km from the seacoast, the influence of marine emissions is significant, given the large amounts of Na +and Cl - . The acidity of the rainwater on each site has different origins: in Rondônia, thereis a predominance of mineral acids, such as sulfate and nitrate, in opposition to Balbina,where there is no correlation between mineral acids and H + . Organic acids shoulddominates the acidity in pristine areas in Amazonia, while in deforested areas, mineralacids dominates rainwater acidity. The pH values of the Balbina site showed higheracidity during the dry season ( = 4.75, = 5.50). The deposition ratesshows higher values for Ca ++ , Mg ++ , Na + and K + in the wet season, and for NO 3- - in thedry season. Wet deposition rates for the wet season are higher in Balbina than Rondoniafor most of the ionic components, with the exception of NO 3 2- .

Carbon Budgets at the Stand Scale in AmazoniaPRIMARY AUTHOR ORGANIZATION ABSTRACT_TITLEAntonio Manzi CPTEC/INPE Oral The long term measurements of energyand CO2 fluxes over LBA pasture andforest sites in RondôniaDeborah ClarkJair MaiaJon LloydMichael GouldenViviana HornaUniversity ofMissouri-St. Louis& EstacionBiologica La SelvaUniversidade deBrasíliaOralOralMax Planck Institut Oralfuer BiogeochemieUniversity ofCaliforniaMax PlanckInstitute forBiogeochemistryOralOralLong-term data indicate a strong negativerelation between ecosystem carbonbalance and interannual temperatures in aCentral American lowland rain forestRecuperação dos fluxos de CO2, água eenergia em um cerrado sensu strict pósfogoAtmospheric boundary layer measurementsbelie the existence of a strong Amazoniancarbon sinkPhysiological Controls on Tropical ForestCO2 ExchangeCarbon Release from Stems and Branchesin a Seasonally Flooded Amazon ForestAlessandro Araujo INPA Poster Long term measurements of carbondioxide, water and energy combined withthe fetch analysis in central AmazoniaBart Kruijt Alterra Poster Estimation of Amazon night-time CO2fluxes and flux losses and effects oninferring ecosystem physiology.Carlos Eduardo PellegrinoCerriCENA-USP Poster Spatial variation of soil properties in a 63ha low productivity Amazon pastureChris Doughty U. C. Irvine Poster An investigation of the post-noontimedecline in photosynthesis in tropical forestsChristopher S. MartensUniversity of NorthCarolinaPosterFOREST CANOPY-TROPOSPHERE CO2AND TRACE GAS EXCHANGE RATES INTHE FLONA TAPAJOS, PARA, BRAZIL,DETERMINED BY RADON-222 CANOPYAND SOIL FLUX MEASUREMENTSClóvis Lasta FritzenEleanor J. BurkeEvilene LopesUniversidadeFederal de MatoGrossoUniversity ofArizonaUniversity of NewHampshirePosterPosterPosterPhotosynthesis light curves of sun andshade plants of transitional tropical forest(cerradão) in Mato GrossoCalibrating the carbon and energy-waterexchange processes represented in theBATS2 model for a set of natural forestecosystems within the AmazonSeasonality of Stem Respiration at theTapajos National ForestGannabathula Prasad INPE Poster Comparison of the fast responseinstruments at C14 and K34 sites in theAmazon rain forest.

George VourlitisHudson SilvaCalifornia StateUniversityUniversidadeFederal do Para -Campus deSantaremPosterPosterThe role of seasonal variations inmeteorology on the net CO2 exchange ofBrazilian CerradãoSoil-Atmosphere Flux of Carbon Dioxide inUndisturbed forest at the Flona Tapajos,BrazilJean Pierre Ometto University of Utah Poster Oxygen isotope ratio of CO2 in forest andpastures ecosystems in the Amazon BasinJonathan EvansCentre for Ecology& Hydrology,WallingfordPosterComparison of an Open-Path Mk3 HydraInstrument for the Measurement of SurfaceCarbon Flux with a Closed-Path EddyCorrelation System over AmazonianRainforestJuarez Robinson IAG-USP Poster ESTIMATION OF LEAF AREA INDEXUSING THE GAP FRACTION METHOD:AN ALGORITHM USING THRESHOLD'SDEFINITION FOR CANOPIES OFTROPICAL FOREST, PASTURELANDAND SAVANNAH .Julio Tóta INPE Poster A MULTI-LAYER BIOPHYSICAL MODELCALIBRATION TO AMAZONIA: TEST OFAN INTEGRATED MODELLina MercadoLuitgard SchwendenmannMax PlanckInstitute forBiogeochemistry,Jena-GermanyInstitute of SoilScience andForest Nutrition,University ofGoettingen,GermanyPosterPosterAn attempt to model Manaus k34, k14 andCaixuana eddy covariance data with a bigleafand sun/shade modelDynamics of dissolved organic matter(DOM) in an old growth neotropical rainforestLuiz Aragao INPE Poster LEAF AREA INDEX MEASUREMENTS ATCAXIUANÃ FOREST AND AT BRAGANÇAMANGROVE IN PARÁ STATELuiz Eduardo AragãoInstituto Nacionalde PesquisasEspaciaisPosterINFLUENCE OF SEASONALITY ANDLAND USE ON GROSS PRIMARYPHOTOSYNTHESIS DYNAMIC ATTAPAJÓS REGIONMario Siqueira Duke University Poster Modeling Net Ecosystem Exchange fromMultilevel Ecophysiological and TurbulentTransport Models: A Symbiotic ApproachMauro Massao ShiotaHayashiUniversidadeFederal de MatoGrossoPosterUsing Eddy Covariance and Bowen RatioMethods to Estimate Inter-Annual Variationin Evapotranspiration of a TransitionTropical Forest of Mato Grosso, Brazil

Oswaldo de Carvalho JrPAULO CESAR NUNESIPAM - Instituto dePesquisaAmbiental daAmazôniaINSTITUTO PRONATURAPosterPosterEstimating above ground biomass inEastern Amazon: a comparison among oldgrowth,logged and logged & burned forestCOMPARISION THE SOIL RESPIRATIONIN FOREST, PASTURE ANDAGROSILVIPASTORAL SYSTEM IN THESOUTH AMAZONPaulo Y. Kubota Kubota CPTEC/INPE Poster THE USE OF A FOOTPRINT MODEL TOANALISE THE INFLUENCE OF THESURFACE'S HETEROGENEITY UPONOBSERVED FLUXPedro Correto PriantePhilip HarrisUniversidadeFederal de MatoGrosso - UFMTCentre for Ecologyand HydrologyPosterPosterWATER POTENTIAL OF PLANTS INDIFFERENT CONDITIONS OF LIGHTINTENSITY IN ATROPICAL RAINFOREST – SAVANNA ECOTONE OFMATO GROSSOModelling fluxes from Amazonian rainforest using a land-surface schemePlinio Alvala INPE Poster CO2 FLUXES OVER PANTANAL REGIONUNDER DRY AND FLOOD CONDITIONSRAFAEL FERREIRA DACOSTARicardo DallarosaRicardo SakaiMPEG Poster THE ROLE OF MANGROVE ECOSYSTEMIN THE ATMOSPHERIC CARBONBUDGET - BRAGANCA, AMAZONIANCOASTAL REGION.Instituto Nacionalde Pesquisas daAmazonia - INPAState University ofNew York, AlbanyPosterPosterRadiation budget over the forest nearManaus, Amazonas - BrazilASSESSING THE CHANGE FROMPASTURE TO CULTIVATION ON LOCALENERGY, WATER AND CARBONBALANCES AT THE LBA-ECO KM-77SITERILDO MOURACENTRO DEPREVISÕES DETEMPO EESTUDOSCLIMÁTICOS -CPTECPosterMODELING INTERCEPTED SOLARRADIATION FOR TWO DIFFERENTTYPES OF VEGETATION (RAIN FORESTOF REBIO-JARU-RO AND MANGROVEFOREST -PA)Sassan Saatchi JPL/CALTECH Poster Toward Mapping Spatial Distribution ofForest Biomass in Amazon BasinScott MillerUniversity ofCalifornia at IrvinePosterTower- and Biometry-based Measurementsof Tropical Forest Carbon BalanceScott Saleska Harvard University Poster Carbon balance and seasonal patterns viaeddy covariance measurements in an oldgrowthAmazon foreest

Sérgio de PauloTim BakerUniversidadeFederal de MatoGrossoPosterSchool of PosterGeography,University of LeedsA METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TOSTUDY THE DIFFERENCES BETWEENTHE RESULTS OBTAINED FROM THESINOP-MT TOWER AND OTHER LBATOWERSClimatic and edaphic control of regionalscalepatterns of forest structure inAmazoniaTomas Domingues University of Utah Poster Ecophysiological characteristics related togas-exchange in the Amazonian tropicalrain forestVanusa PachêcoViviana HornaXiwu ZhanInstituto Nacionalde PesquisasEspaciais - INPAMax PlanckInstitute forBiogeochemistryUniversity ofCalifornia, LosAngelesPosterPosterPosterStudy of the mean wind speed profileabove and within the canopy of the forestreserve Cuieiras in Central Amazonia.Ecological Classification of Soils andPristine Premontane Vegetation in the AltoMayo Valley, Northern PeruAn analytical approach for estimating CO2and heat fluxes over the Amazonian region

The long term measurements of energy and CO2 fluxes over LBA pasture andforest sites in RondôniaAntonio O. Manzi 1 , B. Kruijt 2 , C. von Randow 1 , J. Elbers 2 , P. J. Oliveira 3 , Jorge L.M. Nogueira 1 , F. B. Zanchi 4,5 , R. L. Silva 4,5 , F. L. Cardoso 4 , R. G. Aguiar 4 , M. Waterloo 6 ,P. Kabat 2 , B. M. Gomes 41 Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, INPE, SP, Brazil2 Alterra, Wageningen, The Netherlands3 Universidade Federal do Pará, PA, Brazil4 Universidade Federal de Rondônia - Campus de Ji-Paraná, RO, Brazil5 Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, USP6 Free University Amsterdam, The NetherlandsOn the scope of BR/EU LBA Flux Tower Consortium, the turbulent fluxes ofsensible and latent heat, CO 2 fluxes and general meteorological variables have beenmeasured continuously in a forest site (Rebio Jaru, 10.08 o S, 61.93 o W) and in a pasturesite (Fazenda Nossa Senhora, 10.75º S; 62.37º W) in state of Rondonia, since February1999. The technique used to measure the fluxes is the eddy covariance technique. On thiswork, results from these three-year measurements are presented. Seasonal variations ofenergy and CO 2 fluxes are analyzed at both sites. Due to the higher reflectivity and netlong wave loss at pasture than at the forest, the net radiation is 16 – 22 % lower in thepasture, with the larger differences occurring during dry seasons. The partition of thisenergy in sensible and latent heat is also different in the two vegetation covers andsensitive to the season. Three-month averaged Bowen ratios (ratio between sensible andlatent heat fluxes) ranged from 0.21 during wet seasons to 0.28 during dry seasons at forestand from 0.33 (wet season) to 0.81 (dry season) at the pasture. The major differencesbetween CO 2 fluxes at the two sites also occur during dry seasons, when the humidity ofthe top layers of soil is severely reduced. Both the daytime-averaged Net EcosystemExchange (NEE), which is mainly influenced by photosynthesis activity, and nighttimeaveragedNEE, which is dominated by respiration, show clear variations between theseasons, especially at the pasture site, being higher (more negative in the case of daytime)at the wet seasons. The daily NEE values, which represent the difference betweenphotosynthesis and respiration, are negative throughout the year, leading to a high annualuptake at both sites. At the forest, the annual uptake ranges from 4 to 6 ton C / ha / year. Inthe pasture, the preliminary values are similar, however, a recent analysis indicate thatfluxes might be underestimated in calm nights at this site. After applying an appropriatefilter for underestimation at low turbulence conditions, final values for the pasture site willbe presented. At the forest, apparently there is no underestimation of nighttime fluxes incalm nights.

Long-term data indicate a strong negative relation between ecosystem carbon balance andinterannual temperatures in a Central American lowland rain forestDeborah A. Clark (U. Missouri-St. Louis), David B. Clark(U. Missouri-St. Louis), StevenF. Oberbauer (Florida International U.), and Hank Loescher (U. Florida)Mailing address (DAC): INTERLINK-341, POB 02-5635, Miami FL 33102, USAE-mail addresses: daclark@sloth.ots.ac.cr, dbclark@sloth.ots.ac.cr, oberbaue@fiu.edu,hankel@nersp.nerdc.ufl.eduIn tropical wet forest at La Selva, Costa Rica, long-term datasets from two on-goingstudies have linked interannual variation in forest carbon (C) balance to yearlytemperature variation. In the TREES Project, a comparative study of ecologically-diversespecies, >3,000 trees in 250 ha of old-growth have been measured annually since 1984.In the CARBONO Project, a multi-investigator study of forest C cycling, activities since1997 include 3 yr of eddy covariance estimation of forest NEE, and annual measurementof all trees (> 10 cm diameter) in 18 0.5-ha edaphically-stratified forest plots. Findingsfrom both studies indicate a strong negative relation between annual temperatures andannual forest C balance. Annual tree growth varied more than 2-fold over the 16-yrperiod 1984-2000. The annual growth deviations were significantly negatively correlatedwith annual means for daily minimum temperatures (and were unrelated to annual rainfallor irradiance). Similar trends occur in the CARBONO data. Estimated abovegroundbiomass increment (EAGBI) strongly varied among years; it was 39% lower in therecord–hot 1997/8 El Niño year than in the two cooler years that followed, and this ElNiño depression of EAGBI was forest-wide (18 of 18 plots). NEE as estimated from theeddy flux data varied strongly among years, in parallel with the EAGBI data. For themega-Niño 97/98 year, estimated NEE was close to 0 (-0.4 Mg C ha -1 yr -1 ); in strongcontrast, significant uptake was estimated for the two cooler years that followed (-3.7 and-5.5 Mg C ha -1 yr -1 , respectively). These findings point to significantly depressed forestP:R ratios with small increases in temperature.

Recuperação dos fluxos de CO2, água e energia em um cerrado sensustrict pós-fogoMaia, J.M.F.¹; Paixão, A.D.¹; Santos, A.J.B.¹; Miranda, A.C.¹; Miranda; H.S.¹; Lloyd J. ²1. Departamento de Ecologia – IB – Universidade de Brasília. Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro. Brasília –DF. CEP: 70.000-000. jair_maia@yahoo.com2. Instituto Max Plank - AlemanhaO Cerrado ocupa cerca de 25% do território brasileiro e além de sua rica diversidade teve a sua importânciacomprovada como sorvedouro de CO 2 . Entretanto, o uso de queimadas como forma de manejo tem aumentadoa freqüência de fogo na região, o que pode, via impactos na vegetação, alterar substancialmente os fluxos deCO 2 , H 2 O e energia. Embora a vegetação do Cerrado se comporte como um forte sorvedouro de CO 2 , noperíodo da seca ela é uma fonte de CO 2 para a atmosfera. Todavia, ainda não foi determinada para todas asfisionomias de Cerrado a duração e a quantidade de carbono emitida para a atmosfera durante esse período.Esse estudo foi desenvolvido na Reserva Ecológica do IBGE (Brasília, DF), e teve como objetivo determinaraa quantidade de carbono emitida para a atmosfera por uma área de cerado sensu stricto que sofreu queimaacidental no final da estação seca de 1999. Foram mensurados fluxos de CO 2 , H 2 O e energia através da técnicade “eddy correlation”. Foi observado no ano de 2000 que esta área funcionou como fonte de CO 2 durante 64dias, entre o meio e o final da estação seca, sendo de 65,15 Kg C/ ha a quantidade de carbono emitida para aatmosfera durante o período. Observou-se também que a vegetação voltou a atuar como sorvedouro de CO 2antes mesmo do início da estação chuvosa, 1511,58 Kg C /ha. Para o ano de 2001, observou-se que nosprimeiros 75 dias da estação seca a área ainda manteve-se como sorvedouro, acumulando 582,09 kg C /ha. Apartir do meio da seca (final de julho, início de agosto) a área passou a funcionar como fonte, liberando623,22 kg C /ha, durante os 63 dias que vieram do meio até o final da seca. A fitomassa no estrato herbáceopara este ano foi de 2.416,03 g/m² enquanto que o estrato arbóreo apresentou cobertura média flutuando entre15 % na época de chuva e 11% na época da seca. Tais resultados são semelhantes aos relatados na literaturapara campo sujo e cerrado sensu stricto e podem estar associado a relação de dominância entre as populaçõesde plantas herbáceas e lenhosas e/ou entre as plantas C 3 e C 4 .

Atmospheric boundary layer measurements belie the existence of a strongAmazonian carbon sinkJon Lloyd, Olaf Kolle, Holger Fritsch, Maria A. F. da Silva Dias, Paulo Artaxo, AntonioD. Nobre, Alessandro C. de Araújo, Bart Kruijt, Larissa Sogacheva, Axel Thielmann &Meinrat O. AndreaeMax Planck Institut fuer BiogeochemieSome high estimates of a tropical forest sink in the Amazon Basin have recentlyemerged 1,2,3,4. These higher estimates, based on eddy covariance measurements, suggest anet carbon sink of 40-60 mol C m -2 a -1 which if occurring for all forests across theAmazon Basin would give rise to a sink of around 0.25 Pmol C a -1 ; equal to about 50% ofglobal fossil fuel emissions. Here we use atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) budgettingtechniques 5,6,7,8 to show that these eddy covariance measurements almost certainlyoverestimate the magnitude of the Amazonian carbon sink at a regional scale. Althoughperhaps partly due to unaccounted for losses of carbon from forests in the form of volatileorganic compound (VOC) emissions 9 or being caused by nearby rivers being a substantialsource of CO 2 to the atmosphere 10 , failure of the eddy covariance methodology at nightappears mostly responsible. This may be attributable to an in appropriateness of theunderlying assumptions under conditions of stable but intermittent turbulence 11,12 and/orshallow drainage flows of nocturnally released CO 2 towards rivers and away frommeasurement towers 13,14 . Our results do not, however exclude, the Amazon Basin andother tropical rainforest areas being modest sinks for anthropogenically released carbondioxide of order 10 mol C m -2 a -1 as has been previously suggested from earlier studies.15

1 . Malhi, Y. et al. Carbon dioxide transfer over a Central Amazonian rain forest. J.Geophys. Res. 103, 31,593-31,612 (1998).2 . Malhi, Y. & Grace, J. Tropical forests and atmospheric carbon dioxide. Trends Ecol.Evol. 15, 332-337 (2000).3 . Arajúo, A. C. et al. Dual long-term tower study of carbon dioxide fluxes for a centralAmazonian rainforest: The Manaus LBA site. J. Geophys. Res. (in the press)4 . Carswell, F. et al. Seasonality in CO 2 and H 2 O flux at an eastern Amazonianrainforest. J. Geophys. Res. (in the press)5 . Raupach, M. R., Denmead, O. T. & Dunin, F. X. Challenges in linking atmosphericCO 2 concentrations at local and regional scales. Aust. J. Bot. 40, 697-716 (1992).6 . Lloyd, J. et al. Vertical profiles, boundary layer budgets and regional flux estimatesfor CO 2, its 13 C/ 12 C ratio and for water vapour above a forest/bog mosaic in centralSiberia. Global Biogeochem. Cycles 15, 267-284 . (2001).7 . Styles, J. et al. Estimates of regional surface carbon and oxygen isotopediscrimination during photosynthesis from profiles of CO 2 concentration and itsisotopic composition in the convective boundary layer. Tellus 51B, (in the press)8 . Laubach, J. & Fritsch, H. Convective boundary layer budgets derived from aircraftdata. Agric. For. Meteorol. (in the press)9 . Kesselmeier, J. et al. Volatile organic compound emissions in relation to plantcarbon fixation and the terrestrial carbon budget. Global Biogeochem. Cycles (in thepress).

10 . Richey, J. E., Melack, J. M., Aufdenkampe, A. K., Ballester, V. M. & Hess, L. L..Outgasing from Amazonian rivers and wetlands as a large tropical source ofatmopsheric CO 2. Nature 416, 617-620 (2002).11 . Mahrt, L. Stratified atmospheric boundary layers. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 90, 375– 396 (1999).12 . Finnigan, J. J., Clements, R., Malhi, Y., Leuning, R. & Cleugh, H. A. A reevaluationof long-term flux measurement techniques Part I. Averaging andcoordinate rotation. Boundary-Layer Meteor. (in the press).13 . Mahrt, L. et al. Shallow drainage flows. Boundary-Layer Meterol. 243, 243-260(2001).14 . Grace, J. & Malhi, Y. Carbon dioxide goes with the flow. Nature 416, 594-595.(2002).15

Physiological Controls on Tropical Forest CO 2 ExchangeM.Goulden 1 , H.da Rocha 2 , S. Miller 1 , H.C. Freitas 2 , M.Menton 1 , A.M.Figueira 3 , C.A.deSousa 4 , C. Doughty 1 , J. Elliot 1 , E. Read 11University of California, Irvine2Universidade de S. Paulo3Desenvolvimento Regional RHAE/LBA4Iniciação Científica CNPq/LBAAuthor address: Michael L. Goulden ,Department of Earth System ScienceUniversity of California, Irvine, CA 92697-3100, USAAuthor email: mgoulden@uci.eduWe used eddy covariance to measure the net exchange of CO 2 between the atmosphereand a primary tropical forest in Para, Brazil from June 20, 2000 to July 1, 2001. Themean air temperature and daily temperature range varied little year round, and the rainyseason lasted from late December to late June. Daytime maximum CO 2 uptake was ~20µmol m -2 s -1 and nocturnal CO 2 efflux was 6 to 7 µmol m -2 s -1 . The year-round growingseason and high rate of canopy photosynthesis (~25 µmol m -2 s -1 ) resulted in an annualGross Primary Production of ~26 tC ha -1 yr -1 . Light intensity was the main controller ofdiel CO 2 exchange, explaining 48% of the variance. CO 2 uptake increased with an initialslope of 0.045 µmol CO 2 µmol PAR -1 before saturating partially at 500 to 1000 µmolPAR m -2 s -1 . CO 2 uptake at a given light intensity was ~3 µmol m -2 s -1 lower in theafternoon than in the morning, possibly due to stomatal closure. The seasonal pattern ofdaily carbon balance was the opposite of what we expected, with greater carbonaccumulation during the dry season. Nocturnal CO 2 efflux was 2.1 µmol m -2 s -1 lower inthe dry season than the wet season. The surface litter became quite dry in the dry season,and we believe the seasonal pattern of respiration was a direct effect of reduced forestfloor decomposition caused by desiccation. CO 2 uptake at a given light intensity was 3.3µmol m -2 s -1 greater from October to April than from May to September. We believe theseasonal pattern of CO 2 uptake was a result of seasonal changes in leaf area or leaf-levelphotosynthetic capacity, rather than a direct effect of drought stress. The trees at the sitewere apparently sufficiently deeply rooted to escape drought stress, whereas litterdecomposition was curtailed by desiccation, resulting in an increase in daily carbonuptake during the dry season.

Carbon Release from Stems and Branches in a Seasonally Flooded Amazon ForestViviana Horna 1,2) and Reiner Zimmermann 1,2)1) Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Carl Zeiss Promenade 10, D-07701 JenaGermany2) Forest Ecology and Remote Sensing Group, Ecological-Botanical Gardens, Universityof Bayreuth, D-95440 Bayreuth, Germanyvhorna@bgc-jena.mpg.de Phone: ++49-3641-686731 Fax: ++49-3641-686710Release of CO 2 from woody tree tissue was measured in eight major tree species of a centralAmazonian “Varzea” white water inundation forest. Varzea forests are believed to have a highcarbon release since net wood productivity is low in spite of favorable nutrient supply andclimate. Consecutive daily courses of carbon release were measured starting in March 1999,using stem and branch chambers in an open system with an integrated infrared gas analyzerrunning in differential mode. Deciduous tree species (Albizia multiflora, Tabebuia barbata,Pseudobombax munguba, Crataeva benthamii, Vitex cymosa) and evergreen tree species(Nectandra amazonum, Laetia corymbulosa, Pouteria glomerata) were compared. The resultswere analyzed for different flooding conditions of increasing water level (February-April),maximum water level (May-July), decreasing water level (August-October) and underconditions of no flooding (November-January).Trees showed maximum rates of woody tissue CO 2 release during early flooding and variedfrom 2 to 14 µmol CO 2 m -2 s -1 in the lower part of the main stem during the day. These valuesare higher than those reported in the literature for broad-leaved species. The highest values ofcarbon release were observed in the main stem of the evergreen Nectandra amazonum. Forthe remaining seasons daily variation of main stem CO 2 release was smaller with a maximumof 4 µmol CO 2 m -2 s -1 between night and midday hours. CO 2 release rates in the upper stemwere rather constant throughout the year. Branch CO 2 release was high during new leafdevelopment indicating a tight relationship with leaf phenology.The up-scaled values of CO 2 release from above-ground woody parts per season showed alinear relationship with tree basal area: lowest correlation (r 2 =0.53) was found for the seasonof increasing water level and highest correlation (r 2 =0.68) during the season of decreasingwater level. Annual stand carbon release from above-ground tree woody biomass wasestimated to be 1870 g C ha -1 a -1 . This value is 5 to 6 times higher than stand carbon releasevalues reported for other non-flooded neotropical forest (Odum, 1970, Ryan et al. 1994, Meir1996).The results of this study support the hypothesis of a high respiration in seasonally floodedtropical forests. A close relationship exists between apparent carbon release in branches andtree leaf phenology.

Long term measurements of carbon dioxide, water and energy combined with thefetch analysis in central Amazonia.Araujo, A. C. de 1 , Nobre, A. D. 1 , Kruijt, B. 2 , Dallarosa, R. G. 1 , Von Randow, C .3 ,Manzi, A., Xavier, H. B. 1 , A. O. 3 , Dolman, A. J. 4 , Waterloo, M. J. 4 , Evans, J. G. 5 , Gash,J. H.C. 5 , Hodnett, M. G. 5 , Pacheco, V. B. 1 , Kabat, P. 21 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Manaus, Brazil2 Alterra, Wageningen University, The Netherlands3 Centro de Previsão do Tempo e Estudos Climáticos – CPTEC, São Paulo, Brazil4 Vrije University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands5Centre for Ecology and Hydrology – CEH, Wallingford, United KingdomAv. André Araújo, 2936, INPA, Petropólis, Aloj 09, Projeto LBA - ManausFlux,CEP:69083-000, Tel: 00 55 92 643 3255E-mail: carioca@inpa.gov.brStudies by Grace et al. (1996) and Malhi et al. (1998) show high rates of net CO 2uptake by Amazon rain forest, suggesting that such forests may represent the “missing”carbon sink that is required to close the Earth's carbon budget. In contrast, atmosphericinversion models and analyses of satellite images suggest that important terrestrial sinksare located in the northern hemisphere (Schulze & Schimel, 2001). Therefore, muchuncertainty exists about the real location of the missing carbon sink. Araújo et al. (2002)and Aubinet et al. (2001) revealed variation in carbon uptake rates, distributed overdifferent areas in the same ecosystem. Such differences could be related to thetopography, associated with variation in soil water content and the depth to which wateris available to plants, leading to contrasting edaphic conditions for the functioning of thevegetation (Chauvel et al., 1987 e Hodnett et al., 1997). Fluxes of CO 2 , water andenergy have been measured by the eddy correlation technique for several years nearManaus. An investigation of the location of sources responsible for the measured fluxeswas performed using footprint models in the context of such landscape. Analysis offetch related to availability of energy has shown that when the wind blows from thenorthwest and southwest quadrants less radiation is available than in the others, withconsequently lower net carbon uptake rates. Also, the respiration rates are highersuggesting that the CO 2 respired from the valleys or drained from the plateaus is beingcaptured by the eddy covariance system.

Estimation of Amazon night-time CO 2 fluxes and flux losses and effectson inferring ecosystem physiologyB. Kruijt 1) , A. Araújo 2) , J.A. Elbers 1) .A.D. Nobre 2) , C. Von Randow 3) , P.J. Oliveira 3)4) ,1) Alterra, Wageningen, Netherlands;2) INPA, Manaus, AM, Brazil); 3) INPE, Caxioeira Paulista,SP, Brazil; 4) Universidade Federal de Para, PA, Brazil.Several years of CO 2 flux data now exist for four flux towers in the Brazilian Amazon,collected within the scope of the international LBA project. These data sets show manysimilarities in the diurnal and seasonal behaviour of fluxes, as well as in the physiologicalresponses of NEE to radiation, VPD and CO 2 concentration. Clear differences exist,however, in seasonality.One overriding aspect of the results is the very high rates of carbon uptake on an annualscale, and these rates are subject to much skepticism. Nevertheless, despite rigoroussensitivity tests we cannot identify the reason for this discrepancy in eddy correlationmethodology.It is often found in eddy correlation studies that the system seems to underestimate CO 2emission fluxes during the night, if turbulent mixing is reduced. Even if properly correctedfor storage of CO 2 inside the canopy, ecosystem exchange in these conditions appearslower than expected from values measured during windy nights. If we apply such analysisto the data collected in some of the Amazon sites, this effect is present to such a largeextent, that it could take away the full annual carbon uptake if it were corrected for. Foranother Amazon forest site, with equally high uptake, the effect is completely absent. Wehere subject the data to some alternative analysis, shedding a rather different light onAmazon night-time flux losses.For example, if we consider 24-hour totals of NEE, there is only little dependence of thesetotals on night-time turbulence. Also, there often is a consistent high emission peak duringearly morning which is NOT compensated for by storage fluxes. We analyse thesemorning fluxes in more detail by comparing them with the expected light response duringthese hours, and find that light response is significantly 'stalled' at low light. Also weattempt to interpret respiration, photosynthesis and night-time leakage from a simplecombined mass balance-turbulence model. This observation may be used to construct amore realistic method to assess the real total night-time losses. Also, this may be used tocorrect day-time values to determine real canopy photosynthesis. We will explore thisapproach and investigate how this affects analysis of canopy physiology through, forexample, canopy-scale light response and A-Ci curves.

Spatial variation of soil properties in a 63 ha low productivity Amazon pastureC.E.P. Cerri a,* , M. Bernoux b , V. Chaplot c , R.L. Victoria a , J. M. Mellilo d , B.J. Feigl a ,M.C.Piccolo a , C.C. Cerri aa Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA), Universidade de Sao Paulo, CP.96.13400-970 Piracicaba, SP, Brazilb Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), URO41-SeqC, at CENAc IRD at Ambassade de France, BP06, Ventiane, RPD Laosd The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts,USA.* Corresponding author: Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Universidade de SaoPaulo, CP.96. Piracicaba, Brazil. E-mail: cepcerri@cena.usp.br; fax: +55 19-3429-4610.The present study investigates the spatial variation of soil chemical and physicalproperties in a 63 ha pasture area located at Nova Vida Ranch, Rondonia, Brazil. Aregular 25 m grid was used for collecting a total of 2,955 soil samples at the 0 to10, 10 to20 and 20 to 30 cm layers. Soil samples were analyzed for total carbon and nitrogen, δ13 C and δ 15 N, pH in H 2 O, pH in KCl, clay, silt, and sand contents. Conventionalstatistical methods and geostatistics were performed in order to analyze soil propertiesspatial dependence. Mean, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis for all measuredvariables were evaluated. All variograms generally were well structured with a relativelylarge nugget effect. Total C, total N, pH in H 2 O, pH in KCl, δ 13 C and δ 15 Nsemivariograms were best fitted by spherical models, while clay and sand contents werebest fitted by exponential models. Two types of validation (“Jackknife” or crossvalidationand external validation) were conducted, indicating a lack of bias for the usedprediction models. Models were used to interpolate the values at unmeasured locations

using block kriging. Data were overlaid using Geographic Information System (GIS),generating maps. Within these maps we defined areas containing a degree ofhomogeneity, used to selected specific locations to install an experiment of pasturerehabilitation.Keywords: spatial variation; physical soil properties; chemical soil properties;geostatistics; geographical information system.

AbstractChris DoughtyUC IrvineLBA-ecology group CD-04Conference registration # - CDOU-0502Email – Chris__doughty@hotmail.comAddress – Projeto LBA Componente- ecologiaRua 24 de Outubro, 3707 – MapiriSantarem – Para – BrasilCep. 68.040-010Title - An investigation of the post-noontime decline in photosynthesis in tropical forestsUsing the eddy covariance technique over a tropical rainforest in Santarem, Brazil, acontinuous decline in photosynthesis in the afternoon has been noted even after lightdifferences have been eliminated. This study attempts to understand what causes thispost-noontime decline in photosynthesis. Although there are many possibilities, thisstudy focuses on the decline either being caused by water stress of the tree or an internalcircadian rhythm. Using the platform tower at site 83 in the Tapajos national forest,leaves of several tree species were continually lit with 1000 micromoles of light and keptat constant temperature and humidity levels for a period of 24 hours as photosynthesismeasurements were taken every 20 minutes using a Licor 6400. In addition, waterpotential measurements using a pressure chamber were taken every 2 hours. These twomeasurements will determine if photosynthesis changes over the course of a day despiteconstant conditions and also how water potential changes over the course of a day. Ifunder constant conditions photosynthesis is lowest at night when water potential is alsolikely to be lowest then this indicates the decline may be due to a circadian rhythm. Ifhowever, photosynthesis is highest at night, this indicates that the decline is likely due towater stress in the tree.

FOREST CANOPY-TROPOSPHERE CO 2 AND TRACE GAS EXCHANGERATES IN THE FLONA TAPAJOS, PARA, BRAZIL, DETERMINED BYRADON-222 CANOPY AND SOIL FLUX MEASUREMENTSC.S. Martens 1 , H.P. Mendlovitz 1 , T.J. Shay 1 , M.C. Menton 1 , J.M.S. Moura 1 , O.L.L.Moraes 2 , R.L. Lima 1 and P.M. Crill 31 University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 2 Universidade Federal de Santa Maria,3 University of New HampshirePrimary author address: Department of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina,Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3300 USAEmail addresses: cmartens@email.unc.edu, Mendlovitz@unc.edu, tshay@email.unc.edu,Patrick_Crill@unh.edu, mary@tap.com.br, jmauro@tap.com.br, moraes@mail1.ufsm.br,ABSTRACTContinuous canopy air and soil-air flux measurements of radon-222 have beencombined to quantify canopy air exchange rate coefficients, eddy diffusivities, and CO 2plus trace gas fluxes with the troposphere in old growth and selectively logged forests inthe Amazonian terre firme forest and pasture sites near Santarém, Pará, Brazil. The radoncanopy air and soil flux measurements, when fully integrated with LBA-ECO tower eddycovariance flux, forest canopy gas inventory and soil gas flux studies led by other teamsincluding Keller et al, (TG-07), Goulden and Rocha (CD-04), and Wofsy et al., (CD-10)can provide quantification of gas production, consumption and net fluxes that isindependent of eddy covariance measurements. Arrays of custom designed flow-throughradon detectors have been deployed since April, 2000 at 65 meter tower sites at bothprimary forest (km 67) and selectively logged (km 83) sites in the Tapajos NationalForest. A solar powered array has been utilized at the km 77 pasture site to help quantifythe development of nocturnal and convective boundary layers in collaboration withFitzjarrald and Moraes (CD-03). The detectors can accurately resolve 0.01 pCi/l/m radonactivity gradients within the forest canopy using 15 minute counting intervals. Canopyand above-canopy air radon activities at up to ten tower elevations at both sites decreasesystematically with height above the soil surface and range from over 1.0 pCi/l (0.3 meterelevation) to less than 0.05 pCi/l (64 meter elevation). Diel radon activity variations inthe Tapajos forest canopy at both sites are characterized by dual maxima peaking nearapproximately 0900 and 1730 local time that occur respectively as a result of nocturnalstratification and late afternoon stratification during the early evening transition. Radoninventories within the lower 10m of the forest canopy typically range by over 200 percentover a diel cycle. Soil-air radon fluxes have been determined using portable radonfluxometers capable of repeated thirty-minute flux measurements on soil collars installedaround the tower sites. Changes in the canopy air radon inventory combined with radonsoil flux measurements have been utilized to determine forest canopy-troposphereexchange rates that are combined with CO 2 and other trace gas concentration data todetermine their net forest canopy-troposphere fluxes.

Photosynthesis light curves of sun and shade plants of transitional tropical forest(cerradão) in Mato GrossoClóvis Lasta Fritzen - UFMS - Campus de Corumbá; DEX - Departamento de CiênciasExatas Av. Rio Branco, N. 1270 Cx. Postal 252 Corumbá – MS CEP: 79304-020(clovislf@bol.com.br)Eduardo Jacusiel Miranda, José Holanda Campelo Jr., José de Souza Nogueira, NicolauPriante Filho -Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - Depto. de Física - Grupo deFísica e Meio Ambiente - Av. Fernando Correa da Costa s/n, 78060-900 -Cuiabá -MTBrasil.George Louis Vourlitis (georgev@csusm.edu) Biological Sciences Program- CaliforniaState University- San Marcos, CA 92096-0001, USAThe photosynthesis light response curves for several sun and shade plants ofQuiina pteridophylla and D. exelcia were measured during portions of the wet and dryseasons in the transitional tropical forest of northern Mato Grosso. Although thephotosynthesis curves of sun and shade plants show the same qualitative trend, plantsgrowing in full sun had a higher rate of light-saturated photosynthesis (P max ) than theplants growing in shade. In measurements made during the peak of the dry season(July), Q. pteridohylla plants growing in full sun had a P max value of on average of 5µmol m -2 s -1 , while plants growing in shade had a P max value of around 4 µmol m -2 s -1 .During the wet season (December), Q. pteridohylla plants growing in full sun had aP max value of 9 µmol m -2 s -1 while shade plants had a P max of 7 µmol m -2 s -1 . Similarly,measurements during the wet season of D. exelcia individuals growing in full sun hadP max values of on average 13 µmol m -2 s -1 , while individuals growing in shade had P maxvalues of 10 µmol m -2 s -1 . During the dry season, however, P max values wereapproximately 40% lower for plants growing in sun and shade, indicating that seasonaldeclines in precipitation led to corresponding declines in P max . Plants growing in sunalso exhibited dark respiration rates that were approximately 1.5 times higher thanplants growing in shade. These data indicate that spatial variations in sun exposure toplants growing in the sub-canopy of transitional tropical forests have importantimplications for the maximum rates of leaf photosynthesis, and these differences appearto be consistent over seasonal variations in rainfall. Our data also indicate that theseasonal variation in rainfall also cause substantial variation in the rate of maximumphotosynthesis, as there is a significant increase in the photosynthesis for all the plantsas the water availability increases.

Calibrating the carbon and energy-water exchange processes represented in theBATS2 model for a set of natural forest ecosystems within the AmazonEleanor J. Burke 1 , Phil Harris 3 , Antonio D Nobre 3 , W. James Shuttleworth 1 ,Luis A. Bastidas 1 , Celso von Randow 4 , and L. Gustavo Goncalves de Goncalves 1,41 Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona,Tucson, AZ 85721, shuttle@hwr.arizona.edu2 INPA, Alameda Cosme Ferreira 1756, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil3 Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK4 CPTEC-INPE, Cachoeira Paulista, Sao Paulo, BrazilOver the last decade, carbon exchange processes have been introduced into some ofthe more realistic and important land-surface models used in General CirculationModels (GCMs). In particular, carbon exchange is now calculated (albeit in anappropriately simple way) in the second-generation Biosphere Atmosphere TransferScheme (BATS2). This paper discusses automatic calibration of the description of thecarbon and energy-water exchange processes represented in BATS2 using state-ofthe-artmulti-parameter estimation techniques and long-term measurements of fluxesover several undisturbed Amazon forest sites. Optimization of the parameters in BATS2was made by simultaneously minimizing the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) betweentime series of observed and modeled latent- and sensible-heat fluxes and CO 2exchange. This procedure provides values of preferred sets of the many modelparameters used in BATS2 in the different conditions for which extended time series ofundisturbed forest data are available through the LBA Experiment. In most cases theoptimization algorithm defines preferred parameters that lie comfortably within thepredefined range of plausible values, but in some cases the preferred values are closeto the edge of this range. The RMSE between modeled and measured fluxes wassignificantly reduced when the optimized parameters were used over the “default”values of parameters that would otherwise be assigned in BATS for the tropical forestbiome. Investigations were carried out as to how preferred sets of model parameterschange with site and season. It should be noted that model calibration also (implicitly)provides an extra level of quality control on the LBA data by flagging times whenindividual data points are inconsistent with the remainder of the data.

Seasonality of Stem Respiration at the Tapajos National ForestEvilene Lopes 1 , Patrick Crill 1 , Michael Keller 1,2 , Rosenildes Guimaraes 3 and WilleyMachado 41 Complex System Research Center, Morse Hall, University of New Hampshire, Durham,NH 03824, USA2 USDA Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, Rio Piedras, PuertoRico3Desenvolvimento Regional RHAE/LBA4Iniciacao cientifica CNPq/LBAEmail addresses: evilene@kaos.sr.unh.edu, patrick.crill@unh.edu,michael.keller@unh.edu, roguisan@bol.com.br, willmach@zipmail.com.brStem respiration is one of the four major components of ecosystem respiration inthe forest environment. Previous studies in temperate and boreal forest have estimatedthat stem respiration contributes only 5% of ecosystem respiration. Based on recentestimates of ecosystem respiration from eddy covariance flux measurements and soilrespiration from chambers at the Tapajos National Forest (TNF), Para State, Brazil, itappears that soils emit less CO 2 than expected. The remaining CO 2 emission must befrom foliage, live and dead wood respiration. We have been measuring stem respirationmanually and discontinuously at the TNF since July 2002 and bi-weekly since November2001 at two sites at TNF. CO 2 is measured using an infrared gas analyzer (LI-6251). Bothsites have towers, which continuously measure NEE by eddy covariance and soilrespiration by an automatic chamber system. The undisturbed forest site is located nearthe km 67 of the BR-163 (Cuiaba-Santarem Highway). The logged forest site is locatednear the km 83 of the same road. At km 83, the forest was selectively logged betweenAugust 2001 and January 2002. Stem respiration fluxes varied between 0.11 and 3.95µmol CO 2 m -2 s -1 , with an average of 1.2 (+ 0.81) µmol CO 2 m -2 s -1 . The fluxes at thelogged site increased with increasing precipitation at the beginning of 2002 while theopposite trend was observed at the undisturbed site.

Comparison of the fast response instruments at C14 and K34 sites in theAmazon rain forest.Gannabathula S.S.D.Prasad 1* , A. O. Manzi 2 , L.D.A. Sá 1 , C. von Randow 2 , A.C.Araujo 3 ,A.D.Nobre 31. Laboratório Associado de Meteorologia e Oceanografia, Centro de Previsão deTempo e Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São Josédos Campos, Brazil.2. Laboratório Associado de Meteorologia e Oceanografia, Centro de Previsão deTempo e Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, CachoeiraPaulista Brazil.3. Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, BrazilAbstractWavelet and Fourier analysis was performed to study and compare the spectralcharacterstics, the fluxes of the wind velocity (u,v,w components), temperature andhumidity concentrations using two different instruments and on two different towers in theAmazon rain forest at Manaus in 2000. The comparison was made of the spectra andfluxes estimated from the Gill (Solent A1012R) and Campbell sonic anemometers, H2Omeasurements of the LiCor and Krypton instruments for the days, 216 to 248 at the C14site (02°35’21’’S , 60°06’53’’ W) and for days 252 to 267 at site K34(02°36’33’’S ,60°12’34’’ W). The sampling frequency for Gill is 10.42 Hz while for the Campbell it is16Hz. In the first stage of the analysis no attempt has been made to reduce to a commonsampling frequency. Since the sampling frequencies are not the same the data sets werealigned using the minimum of the temperature. After adjusting for calibrations it wasfound that there is good agreement in only the w component and the w spectra in both theinstruments at both the sites. The temperature measured by the Campell instrument isalways higher and the fluctuations smaller than those measured by Gill. The actualdifferences vary with the time of the day. There are also differences between the watervapour measurements. The Krypton appears to be much more sensitive to small changes inhumidity compared to LiCor. At the K34 site, at low wind speeds, there are significantdifferences in u and v between the Gill and Campbell. We are now examining thedifferences between the two sites and the instruments after reducing to a common samplingfrequency of 2Hz.___________________*Corresponding author.E-mail: prasad@cptec.inpe.br

The role of seasonal variations in meteorology on the net CO2 exchangeof Brazilian CerradãoGeorge L. Vourlitis, Nicolau Priante Filho, Mauro M. S. Hayashi, José de S.Nogueira,Fernando T. Caseiro, Fernando Raiter and José Holanda Campelo Jr.California State UniversityThe net ecosystem CO 2 exchange (NEE) of a 28-30 m tall transitional (ecotonal) tropicalforest of the Brazilian Amazon was quantified using tower-based eddy covariance.Measurements were made between August 1999 and July 2001 and were used to developnon-linear statistical models to assess daily variations in ecophysiological parameters andprovide annual estimates of NEE, gross ecosystem CO 2 exchange (GEE), and respiration(R e ). Diurnal trends in NEE were correlated with variations in photosynthetic photon fluxdensity (Q), vapor pressure deficit (V), and temperature. Seasonal trends in the CO 2 fluxcomponents estimated from non-linear regression (A max and R 0 ) were highly correlatedwith soil water availability and canopy structural properties (LAI and litter production).These results suggest that variations in soil water content can affect rates of canopyphotosynthesis and whole forest respiration by altering both physiological processes andcanopy structural properties. Estimates of the annual NEE suggest that the forest was inbalance with respect to CO 2 during the study period, which in terms of rainfall, was arelatively typical period compared to the 30-year average rainfall regime. Our resultsalso suggest that the warmer and dryer microclimate and decline in LAI that accompanyland cover change will cause transitional forests to be sources of CO 2 to the atmosphere.

Soil-Atmosphere Flux of Carbon Dioxide in Undisturbed Forest at the FLONATapajos, BrazilHudson Silva 1 , Patrick M. Crill 1 , Michael Keller 1,2 , Jadson Dias 3 , Peter Czepiel 1 , MichaelPalace 1 , Eraclito Sousa Neto 3 , Raimundo Cosme de Oliveira Junior 41 University of New Hampshire, Complex Systems Research Center, Morse Hall,Durham, N.H., USA 03824-3525; (603)862-0297; Fax (603) 862-01882 USDA Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, Rio Piedras, PuertoRico3Fundacao Floresta Tropical, Santarem, Para, Brazil4EMBRAPA Amazonia Oriental, Santarem, Para, BrazilE-mail addresses: hsilva@kaos.sr.unh.edu, patrick.crill@unh.edu,michael.keller@unh.edu, hj@tap.com.br, peter.czepiel@unh.edu,palace@kaos.sr.unh.edu, eraclito@tap.com.br, cosme@cpatu.embrapa.brIn forests, the respiration of roots and soil dwelling organisms accounts for a largepart of ecosystem respiration. We installed an automated chamber system formeasurement of the soil-atmosphere flux of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) in the TapajosNational Forest, Para, Brazil in April 2001. This is a mature forest site that is relativelyundisturbed. Soils are clay textured oxisols. Mean annual temperature is 25 o C and meanannual precipitation is 2000 mm of rain per year. A set of 18 aluminum chambers wereinstalled in a 0.5 ha area close to the flux tower at the km 67 LBA site. Green surface wasexcluded. Eight of these chambers are closed individually and sampled for approximately21 minutes about 5 times per day (closed 7% of the day). The other 10 chambers aresampled individually approximately once per day (closed 1.5% of the day). We measuredCO 2 concentration with an IRGA (Campbell 6262). The IRGA response for zero andspan gases was measured at 5 hour intervals. We found that during the late wet season(April – June 2001) CO 2 fluxes for the 8 frequently sampled chambers averaged about3.2 µmol CO 2 m -2 s -1 . Fluxes decreased slowly from the end of the wet season in Junethrough the end of the dry season (November-December) when CO 2 flux averaged onlyabout 1.8 µmol CO 2 m -2 s -1 . With the onset of the rain in January 2002, fluxes increasedrapidly to approximately 3.0 µmol CO 2 m -2 s -1 .

Oxygen isotope ratio of CO 2 in forest and pastures ecosystems in the Amazon BasinOmetto, J.P.H.B. (1)(2) , Ehleringer, J.R. (2) , Martinelli, L.A. (1) , Domingues, T.F. (2) ,Flanagan, L. (3)(1) CENA/USP, Brasil(2) University of Utah, USA.(3) University of Lethbridge, CanadaThe Amazon Basin in South America represents the largest extent of tropical forest in theworld, with high species diversity and an estimate forest stock of carbon over 169Mg Cha -1 . Forest-to-pasture conversions and logging activities are expected to have an impacton the carbon balance within the Amazonian Basin, resulting in landscapes consisting ofprimary forest, logged forest, and pasture ecosystems. Stable isotope ratio analyses ofatmospheric CO 2 provide useful information regarding the balance betweenphotosynthetic carbon gain and respiratory carbon loss in each of these ecosystem types.The oxygen isotope ratio of the CO 2 emitted by the biosphere is entirely dependent on the18 O/ 16 O of the water associated to soil and plants within that ecosystem and on relativehumidity. Our studies over the past 2 years have shown that there was an enrichment on18 O of leaf water above source water in leaves from all ecosystems, with upper canopyleaves being more 18 O enriched than lower canopy leaves. A seasonal shift of 5 to 10 ‰has been observed between wet and dry seasons, which was not due to a change in thesource water but instead to changes in humidity. The leaf water 18 O enrichment can beaccurately modeled and a permanent record of this labile signal was reflected in the 18 Osignal of cellulose through the canopy profile. We have not identified a strong differencebetween the nighttime 18 O of respired CO 2 between adjacent forests and pastureecosystems, although daytime values are different between these ecosystem types.CENA/USPAv. Centenário, 303Piracicaba, SP, Brasil13416-970jpometto@cena.usp.br

Comparison of an Open-Path Mk3 Hydra Instrument forthe Measurement of Surface Carbon Flux with a Closed-Path Eddy Correlation System over Amazonian RainforestJ.G. Evans, D.D. McNeil, A. Carioca de Araujo*, and J.A.Elbers**Centre for Ecology & HydrologyWallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK* Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia – INPA, Manaus, Brasil** Alterra, Green World Research, Wageningen, The NetherlandsEmail: J.Evans@ceh.ac.ukAbstractThe Mk3 Hydra, a fast response open-path infra-red gas analyser, measuring watervapour and carbon dioxide concentrations, integrated into a Solent three-axis sonicanemometer, was tested over pristine rainforest on the ‘K34’ tower near Manaus, AM.Eddy correlation flux measurements from the Mk3 Hydra were compared to anexisting Li6262/R2 closed-path eddy-correlation system. Both systems showed verygood energy closure (within 5%), with little difference in the latent & sensible heatfluxes. Most of the CO 2 flux data agreed well, but with larger open-path fluxes duringpeak daytime CO 2 uptake. These larger than expected fluxes may in part be due to theopen-path calibration being affected by high solar radiation levels. The comparisonshows how an open-path instrument can be successfully deployed in Amazonianconditions, with the advantages, compared to a closed path system, of a much simpler,lower maintenance and lower power system.

ESTIMATION OF LEAF AREA INDEX USING THE GAP FRACTIONMETHOD: AN ALGORITHM USING THRESHOLD'S DEFINITION FORCANOPIES OF TROPICAL FOREST, PASTURELAND AND SAVANNAHRobinson I. Negrón-Juárez and Humberto da RochaIAG-USPThe Leaf Area Index (LAI) estimated using hemispherical photographs can use thegap fraction method. We used the CID-110 digital canopy imager under three differentcanopies of tropical forest (Santarém km 83) and pastureland (Santarém km 77) and awoodland savannah (Cerrado sensu strictu) in São Paulo during May to June 2001. It usesthe non-linear estimation method (Norman and Campbell, 1989), which has howeverappeared to underestimate the observations (destructive mesurements or tipical literature’svalues) under heterogeneous canopies. The algorithm varies with the threshold’s selection,which in turn depends on sky’s brightness and the local canopy’s architecture. Weintroduced on the calculations the entropy crossover method (Sahoo et al. 1997) and anmutually exclusive hypothesis to select the optimal threshold. The optimal threshold isinitially based on the minium histogram entropy’s difference, and the final decision toaccept/neglect the threshold is taken by the mutually exclusive hypothesis. The clumpingfactor was assumed as equal to 1. The mutually exclusive hypothesis computes the meansquare error (MSE) between the transmitted light fraction (predicted by Norman andCampbell method) and that one absolutely accounted over the image’s pixels. Thresholdsassociated to values of MSE greater than 1 are disregarded. We have calculated averageLAI values equal to 4.7 and 1.1 for the tropical forest (wet season) and the cerrado (earlydry season), respectively. At the pasture areas, LAI was estimated at three 1m 2 plots on adestructive basis, and the calculated LAI using the above method showed errors lower than5%.

A MULTI-LAYER BIOPHYSICAL MODEL CALIBRATION TO AMAZONIA: TESTOF AN INTEGRATED MODELJulio Tóta 1 , jtota@cptec.inpe.brLianhong Gu 2 , lianhong@nature.berkeley.eduJose D. Fuentes 3 , jf6s@virginia.eduGilberto F. Fisch 4 , gfisch@iae.cta.brRildo G. Moura 1 , rildo@cptec.inpe.br1 Inst. Nac. de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), SJ dos Campos, 122201-970, Brazil2Uc Berkeley Biometeorology Lab, DESPM, Berkeley, CA 94720-3110, US3 University of Virginia (UVA), Charlotesville, VA 22903, US4 Centro Técnico Aeroespacial (CTA/IAE), São José dos Campos, 12228-904, BrazilAbstractAn integrated model of canopy micrometeorology and exchanges of mass and energy wastested for an Amazonian rain forest. In this model, plant canopies are divided vertically intomultiple layers. After obtaining profiles of air temperature, water vapor and CO2 partialpressures inside plant canopies using the Localized Near-Field (LNF) theory, canopy-scalefluxes were obtained by integrating these exchanges over the canopy depth. The model wastested against of diurnal measurements of canopy net radiation, sensible heat flux, watervapor flux, CO2 flux, friction velocity, and profiles of air temperature, water vapor partialpressure and CO2 concentration. The NEEs output was decomposed into contributionsfrom different ecosystem elements and analyzed. The results showed that daytimeexchanges of energy and mass in this tropical forest were largely controlled by its LAI.However, the degree of dominance varied for sensible heat, water vapor and CO2 fromdaytime to nighttime. Relative contributions of different ecosystem elements to NEEs ofsensible heat and water vapor remained largely unchanged from day to day during thetesting period. In contrast, relative contributions of different ecosystem elements to NEE ofCO2 fluctuated significantly from day to day in responses to changes in environmentalconditions. The role of the understory was most significant for the CO2 exchange and leastsignificant for the sensible heat exchange with the water vapor exchange beingintermediate. The soil and stem respiration balanced much of the foliage CO2 absorptionduring the daytime while during the nighttime they dominated the CO2 exchange.

An attempt to model Manaus k34, k14 and Caixuana eddy covariance data witha big-leaf and sun/shade modelLina Mercado 1* , Jon Lloyd 2 , Bart Kruijt 3 , Yadvinder Mahli 4 and Antonio Nobre 5 .1,2Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena,Germany.Carl-Zeiss-Promenade 10, 07745 Jena, Germany*Author for correspondence: lmercado@bgc-jena.mpg.de2e-mail : jon.lloyd@bgc-jena.mpg.de3 Alterra, University of Wageningen Research, Wageningen, The Netherlandse-mail : B.Kruijt@Alterra.wag-ur.nl4 University of Edinburgh, Institute of Ecology and Resource Management, Edinburgh, Scotlande-mail: ymalhi@srv0.bio.ed.ac.uk5Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazile-mail: anobre27@yahoo.comEddy covariance data from the Manaus K34 (1999-2000), K14 (1995-1996) and Caixuana(1999) towers in the Brazilian Amazon have been used in an intent of parameterization of twoecosystem gas exchange models. Those models use the big- leaf (Lloyd et al, 1995) and a sunand shade (De Pury and Farquhar, 1997) approaches for canopy photosynthesis modeling.The main difference between these two models lays in the way they represent the response ofcanopy photosynthesis to irradiance. The big leaf model assumes that the distribution ofphotosynthetic capacity is proportional to the profile of absorbed irradiance. In the sun/shademodel, the sunlit and shaded fractions of the canopy change during the day making theirradiance absorption and the photosynthetic capacity of both fractions to change as well.However, the goodness of fit with the sun/shade model did not improve very much comparedto the big-leaf model using the Manaus K14 data.Parameterization of the models for the Manaus K14 data during 1995-1996 seem to indicateseasonality of the photosynthetic parameters for canopy rubisco activity (Vmax ) and the lightsaturatedelectron transport capacity (Jmax ). Vmax and Jmax present a decrease during the dryseason. But it is not clear if this is attributable to changes in leaf area, photosynthetic capacityor both.Calibration of the models against Manaus K34 data has been problematic due to a lot ofscatter in the data together with some none yet explainable measurements of very low valuesof Net ecosystem exchange at high irradiances.Caixuana data fit well to both model types without requiring any seasonality in thephotosynthetic parameters observed for the Manaus K14 data.ReferencesLloyd, J., Grace, J., Wong, S.-C., Miranda, A.C., Meir, P., Miranda, H.S., Wright, I.R.C., andMacIntyre, J.A.(1995). A simple calibrated model of Amazon rain forest productivity based on leafbiochemical properties. Plant, Cell and Environment 18, 1129-1145.De Pury, D.G.G., and Farquhar, G.D.(1997). Simple scaling of photosynthesis from leaves to canopieswithout the errors of big-leaf models. Plant, Cell and Environment, 20, 537-557.

Dynamics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in an old growth neotropical rain forestLuitgard Schwendenmann (lschwen@gwdg.de) 1 , Edzo Veldkamp (eveldka@gwdg.de) 1 , AnjaBecker 1 , Markus Kleber 21Institute of Soil Science and Forest Nutrition, University of Goettingen, Germany2 Institute of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, University of Halle-Wittenberg, GermanyLuitgard SchwendenmannInstitute of Soil Science and Forest NutritionUniversity of Goettingen,Buesgenweg 237077 GoettingenGermanyTel.: ++49-551-3912294Fax: ++49-551-393310Dissolved organic matter in soil contributes to the C and N cycles in ecosystems, mayinfluence nutrient availability and is a source of energy for microorganisms. However, littleis known about the dynamics and controls of dissolved organic matter in tropical soils.Between April 2000 and April 2001 we have studied DOC and DON dynamics as part of across scale analysis on carbon stocks and fluxes in a lowland neotropical rain forest (La SelvaBiological Station, Costa Rica). The objectives of this study were (i) to measureconcentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON)along vertical profiles of two different soil types, (ii) to determine depthwise changes of DOCcomposition and (iii) to identify parameters that control DOC concentrations.DOC and DON concentration increased as rainfall passed through the canopy. The highest level of DOC(average: 10 mg C/l) and DON (0.5 mg N/l) was determined under the leaf litter layer. Significantly lower DOC(2 - 3 mg C/l) and DON (0.05 – 0.2 mg N/l) concentrations were measured throughout the soil profile between20 and 350 cm depth and in stream water. No differences were found between the two soil types studied. DOCcomposition changed as DOC percolated through the soil profile. Soil water collected under the leaf litter layercontained a high amount of humic substances. However, below 20 cm depth mainly low molecular weight acidswere identified. The sorption capacity of both soil types were high (partition coefficient: around 0.9). DOCconcentration is influenced by soil-nutrient related parameters (surface layer) and sorption/decompositionprocesses (subsoil).

LEAF AREA INDEX MEASUREMENTS AT CAXIUANÃ FOREST AND ATBRAGANÇA MANGROVE IN PARÁ STATELuiz Eduardo Aragão 1 and Mathew Williams 21 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE/DSR), Av. dos Astronautas 1758-12227-010; São José dos Campos-São Paulo-Brazil2Institute of Ecology and Resource Management, University of Edinburgh, EH9 3JU, UK.aragao@ltid.inpe.brLeaf area index (LAI) is a major control on land surface exchange rates of energy andcarbon. Field measurement of LAI is critical both for parametrizing models for scaling upleaf gas exchange to the canopy level and for use in calibrating remote sensing informationon canopy structure. In this study, we characterized LAI in three sites in the primary rainforest of Caxiuanã National Forest, and at a mangrove forest on the coast near Bragança,Pará State. The data collection occurred during a field campaign in November 2001. Wecollected data with a pair of LAI-2000 canopy analyzers (LI-COR). In Caxiuanã forest, wesampled two 1 ha plots (a Control and a dry-down or ‘Esecaflor’ site) on a 10 m × 10 mgrid. We also sampled four 100 m transects at 10 m spacing near the eddy flux tower. Weobtained the vertical distribution of LAI for each Caxiuanã forest site by recording LAI atsuccessive levels on canopy access towers. In the mangrove forest, we collected fortysamples at 5 m spacing near the eddy flux tower. Results from Caxiuanã showed that meanLAI was similar for Control (5.41) and Esecaflor (5.46). The LAI profile in the Control plotvaried linearly from 4.64 at 2 m to 2.57 at 30 m height. There was a similar pattern at theEsecaflor plot, which varied from 4.58 at 2 m to 2.01 at 30 m. The tower site had higherLAI values than the first two plots, with a LAI average of 5.70. The LAI profile at thetower site varied non-linearly, from 5.57 at 2 m to 1.1 at 30 m height. Compared to the rainforest, the mangrove site had low LAI values (2.73), reflecting the lower density of trees,and also the occurrence of tide channels. The two experimental plots at Caxiuanã foresthave similar patterns of horizontal and vertical LAI distribution and these patterns seem tobe different from tower site. The mangrove forest site had distinctly different characteristicsfrom the rain forest, reflected in low LAI values. With these data, we can now examinehow differences in C and energy exchange in mangrove and rain forest, as recorded byeddy covariance, are related to differences in canopy structure.

INFLUENCE OF SEASONALITY AND LAND USE ON GROSS PRIMARYPHOTOSYNTHESIS DYNAMIC AT TAPAJÓS REGIONLuiz Eduardo Aragão 1 ; Yosio Edemir Shimabukuro 1 & Mathew Williams 21 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE-DSR), Av. dos Astronautas, 1758-12227-010; São José dos Campos-SP-Brazil2 University of Edinburgh (IERM), Scotlandaragao@ltid.inpe.brAmazon region is the focus of the research works related with the global changes. In Brazil,the great contribution for the increase of atmospheric CO 2 is the land use changes (70% oftotal emission). Due to the uncertainties about the productivity of Amazon biome and theconsequences of climatic changes and of land use changes in the Amazon forestproductivity, this work propose to supply the lack of detail regional analyses for Amazonregion. Present abstract is an overview of our project that will explain the way that we willcarry the study about primary productivity at Tapajós. We pretend to emphasizemethodological aspects to access gross primary photosynthesis (GPP). The general aim ofthis research is to model the GPP process in a forest ecosystem in Alto Tapajós-PA, toevaluate the effects of the land use changes and of the atmospheric CO 2 increase. Thisapproach will consider the spatial and temporal variability of the environmental variables(soils, vegetation, temperature, precipitation, irradiance, etc). A multi-scale methodologyusing field, meteorological and remote sensing data will be apply to scaling up local toregional GPP at 1km grid with the Aggregate Canopy Model from Williams et al. (1997).We will use a map integration routine to define land units according land use, vegetation,soils and relief patterns to collect field data about leaf area index (LAI) and leaf nitrogenconcentration in the dry and wet season. To access land use we will carry an analysis ofMODIS image. With field and microclimate data, and remote sensing estimations of landuse and irradiance it will be possible to set the parameters for Tapajós environmentalconditions. To validate model results we will carry a comparison with eddy flux data and anerror analysis. So, we intend to generate results that make possible the quantitative analysisof GPP in the regional scale. We began project activities on May. At the moment, we aredigitalizing thematic maps (soil and vegetation) from the region and working to acquiredata and build a database about vegetation information. Fieldwork will be carried inAugust. Previous field data collect at Tapajós showed differences in forest structurebetween sites in primary forest. Mainly associate with species composition, so characterizealso LAI and N pattern from these vegetation type, will be helpful for GPP spatial analysisin that ecosystem. The present studied will contribute to the knowledge of biologicalprocesses in the Amazon, and the effects of climate and land use changes. This informationwill clearly help the elaboration of management plans resulting in the conservation ofAmazon forest through sustainable development of North region of Brazil.

Modeling Net Ecosystem Exchange from Multilevel Ecophysiologicaland Turbulent Transport Models: A Symbiotic ApproachMario Siqueira 1,2,* , Antonio C. Brasil Jr. 3,4 , Chun Ta Lai 5 , Gabriel Katul 1,21 Nicholas School of Environment and Earth Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.2 Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.3 Center for Sustainable Development (CDS), University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, Brazil.4 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, DF, Brazil.5 Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT*Corresponding Author: Mario SiqueiraDuke University, 328 LSRC, Box 90328Durham, NC, 27708USAPhone: 01-919-613-8068Fax: 01-919-684-8741e-mail:mbs4@duke.eduAbstractIn forested ecosystems, the complex vertical structure of the canopy plays a criticalrole in CO2 net ecosystem exchange (NEE). To quantify the contribution of differentcanopy layers on NEE, multiple approaches are developed and compared. The firstapproach is based on a one-dimensional ecophysiological-radiative transfer andturbulent transport model (hereafter referred to as forward model) that solveconservation equations for mean scalar mass and heat. It explicitly incorporatesbiophysical and ecophysiological mechanisms responsible for stomatal opening andcarbon assimilation. The forward model is compared with three inverse methods,which rely on mean concentration profiles as input. To assess the performance of themodels individually, they were compared to above-canopy eddy-covariance CO2 fluxmeasurements conducted at the Duke Forest AmeriFlux site. This study is the first torigorously compare such a broad range of multi-level methods for the same stand andfor a wide range of environmental conditions. The results show that the forwardmethod outperformed the inverse methods for unstable and neutral conditions. Pooragreement was obtained under stable conditions for all models. However, in ensemblesense, all methods performed comparably. Since the forward method requires detailedknowledge of the canopy ecophysiological and radiative transfer properties, which aredifficult to obtain on routine basis, a symbiotic use of these approaches isadvantageous. An optimization procedure for the ecophysiological parameters of theforward method using results from inverse calculation to be used in second growthAmazon Forest is proposed.

Using Eddy Covariance and Bowen Ratio Methods to Estimate Inter-Annual Variation inEvapotranspiration of a Transition Tropical Forest of Mato Grosso, BrazilMauro Massao Shiota Hayashi, Nicolau Priante Filho, José de Souza Nogueira, MartaCristina Jesus de Albuquerque Nogueira, Fernando Raiter, José Holanda Campelo Junior,Sérgio Roberto de PauloUniversidade Federal de Mato Grosso – Av. Fernando Correa da Costa s/n 78060-900,Cuiabá – MT – BRAZIL. (nicolaup@terra.com.br)George Louis Vourlitis (georgev@csusm.edu) Biological Sciences Program- CaliforniaState University- San Marcos, CA 92096-0001, USAThe inter-annual variation in evapotranspiration (expressed as latent heat flux, Q e ) for a30m tall tropical transitional (ecotonal) forest was quantified over January until Aprilperiod using eddy covariance and micrometeorological measurements from 2001 until2002. The study was conducted near the city of Sinop in northern Mato Grosso, Brazil,which is located within the ecotone of tropical wet evergreen rain forest and savanna(cerrado). Because the eddy covariance system failed we installed in 2002 onepsychrometer at 41m and one at 36m on the tower and calculate the evapotranspiration bythe Bowen ratio method. The majority (60-80%) of net radiation (Q*) was consumed byQ e and the seasonal variations in Q e were not significant during January-April period.The evapotranspiration inter-annual variations were not significant in that period whenwe compared 2001 and 2002 average data. For 2001 January and February data, thePriestley-Taylor method estimated significantly larger rates of evapotranspiration thanthe eddy covariance values. For the same months in 2002 the Priestley-Taylor methodoverestimated the evapotranspiration rates estimated by the Bowen ratio method. Thus,estimates of evapotranspiration derived from the Bowen ratio method followed the eddycovariance results closely. The Bowen ratio methods are relatively cheap and easy, and toensure continuous data collection and provide an additional check, we feel that it is goodsuggestion to use both eddy covariance and Bowen ratio methods in tower studies ofenergy balance in the LBA towers.

Estimating above ground biomass in Eastern Amazon: a comparisonamong old-growth, logged and logged & burned forestOswaldo de Carvalho Jr 1Daniel Nepstad 1, 21 Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia2 Woods Hole Research CenterIPAM - Av. Nazaré, 669, Nazaré, Belém, Pará, Brasil. CEP 66035-170oswaldo@amazon.com.brLogging activities and forest fires alter above ground biomass and increase forestflammability. In order to evaluate the impacts of logging and fire on forest biomass, wemeasured different types of vegetation in 6 different sites: 3 old growth forest sites and 3other sites with logged and logged & burned forest areas located in Paragominas region,Eastern Brazilian Amazon. Above ground biomass estimations included litter, small (0-2cm diameter); medium (2-10 cm diameter) and large trees (>=10 cm diameter). The plotssize was 0,00016 ha; 0,0012 ha; 0,03 ha and1,2 ha, to litter, small, medium and large treesrespectively. Total live biomass ranged from 360-423 Mg C/ -1 in old growth forests, from204-470 Mg C/ -1 in logged forests, and from 96-216 Mg C/ -1 in logged & burned forest.When comparing the sites with logged and logged & burned areas the total above groundbiomass in later decreased from 13 to 61%. As forests in Amazon are being disturbed byhuman activities this ecosystem is being impoverished, thus resulting in negative ecologicaland economic impacts to the region and also influencing the global climate system.

COMPARISION THE SOIL RESPIRATION IN FOREST, PASTURE ANDAGROSILVIPASTORAL SYSTEM IN THE SOUTH AMAZONPaulo César Nunes 1 (Av. 04 de Julho n. 53, Centro – 78340-000 Juruena MT- Brazil;prnatura@terra.com.br)José Holanda Campelo Jr. 2 , Nicolau Priante Filho 2 ,Linda Akiko Yamamura 1 , Elke Leite Bezerra 31 . Instituto Pro Natura –IPN 2 Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso-UFMT3 Universidade de Varzea Grande -UNIVAGThe aim of this work was to compare the soil respiration of an area of primaryforest cover, with an extensive pasture system and an agrosilvopastoral system, inthe plane dystrophic dark Argissolo Red soil. We used an infrared gas analyzer(the Environment Gas Monitor, EGM-1/WMA-2: GAS ANALYSERS), attachedto a container able to retain 1170 cm 3 CO 2 . The experimental area is located in theExperimental Center of Agroforestry of the Instituto Pró Natura, in themunicipality of Juruena, Northwest Mato Grosso - Brazil. The treatmentsconsisted of three areas under different uses: an area of primary forest, a sevenyears old agrosilvipastoral system and a five years old extensive pasture system.The plots have 10m x 10 m, with 1 m measurement network executed betweenJanuary 2001 and February 2002. The results showed that in wet season during inthe morning, the soil respiration and soil temperature, measured at 1 cm depth,was significant different in three areas, with means 7.9 µmol CO 2 m -2 s -1 at 27.2ºCto pasture, 5.4 µmol CO 2 m -2 s -1 at 26.3 ºC to agrosilvipastoral system and 4.4µmol CO 2 m -2 s -1 at 24.8 ºC to jungle. In wet season in the afternoon the soiltemperature was significant different for the three places, but the soil respirationshowed significant differences only between forest with pasture and forest withagrosilvipastoral. The average during wet season in the afternoon ranged by 5.8µmol CO 2 m -2 s -1 at 30.8 ºC to the pasture, 5.38 µmol CO 2 m -2 s -1 at 28.5 ºC to theagrosilvipastoral system and 4,13 µmol CO 2 m -2 s -1 at 25.84 ºC to the forest.

THE USE OF A FOOTPRINT MODEL TO ANALISE THE INFLUENCEOF THE SURFACE'S HETEROGENEITY UPON OBSERVED FLUXPaulo Y. Kubota 1 , Antonio Manzi 1 , C. von Randow 1 , B. Kruijt 2 , J. Elbers 3 .1 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciail – INPE2 Alterra, Holandaauthor : Rodovia Presidente Dutra, Km 40, SP-RJcep 12630-000, Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brasile-mail: paulo_kubota@hotmail.comABSTRACTAround the globe punctual measurements of momentum, energy, water vapor, and CO2 fluxes made bymicrometeorological towers have become very common. Since the quantities measured are punctual, they are influencedby the air advection, atmospheric instability and the distribution of their sources and sinks that are related to the surfacecharacteristics as relief, and vegetal cover, which depends on the wind direction. It was used for this study a footprintmodel parameterized with three-year flux measurements (1999, 2000 and 2001) made at the Biological Reserve of Jaru, inJi-Parana, Rondonia, on the scope of the Brazil / European Union Tower Consortium of the Large Scale BiosphereAtmosphere in Amazonia (LBA) experiment. The footprint model shows that, for stable conditions, around 78% of themeasured fluxes are mostly related to an area around the tower with up to 10 km radius, but with a maximum contributionfrom about 600 m. For unstable conditions, more than 95 % of measurements are related to the same area, and themaximum contribution radius is around 300 m. The variation in flow direction shows little influence on CO2 fluxes andnet radiation. However, the intensity of sensible and latent heat fluxes vary with wind direction, possibly associated withthe presence of deforestation areas at the neighborhood of the site and of Machado River, that is less than 1 km west fromthe tower.

WATER POTENTIAL OF PLANTS IN DIFFERENT CONDITIONS OF LIGHTINTENSITY IN ATROPICAL RAIN FOREST – SAVANNA ECOTONE OF MATOGROSSOPedro Correto Priante 1 (Rua dos Eucaliptos, n. 7 Quadra 15, J. das Palmeiras – Cuiabá-MT –Brazil pedropri@terra.com.br), Eduardo Jacusiel Miranda 1 , Clóvis Lasta Fritzen 2 , NicolauPriante Filho 1 , José de Souza Nogueira 1 and George Louis Vourlitis 31 Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso; 2 Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul;3 California State University San MarcosMeasurements of the water potential of transitional tropical forest understorey plants weremade seasonally to determine the effect of seasonal variations in rainfall on plant-waterstatus. The study was conducted in an intact transitional forest stand located near Sinop,Mato Grosso, and we chose plants that were common to the region, Quiina pteridophyllaand Dinizia excelsa, in different conditions of luminosity (plants located in gap and shadedareas). The measurements were made in 2 young and 3 adult individuals per species duringthe wet season, transition wet-dry season, dry season, and transition dry-wet season. The Q.pteridophylla individuals presented large season variation in water potential. The Q.pteridophylla in the wet season had an average water potential of –0.5MPa, 1.7 MPa in thetransition from the wet-dry season, -2.7 MPa in the dry season and, –1.7MPa in the transitionbetween the dry-wet season. Adult trees had an average water potential of –0.9MPa in thewet season;-1.2 MPa during the wet-dry season transition, and a –3.8MPa water potential atthe end dry season. The location of plants beneath the canopy (gap vs. shaded areas) had astrong influence on the water potential of D. excelsa and Q. pteridophylla individuals. Forexample, D. excelsa plants growing in shaded areas had a water potential of -1.1 MPa in thetransition wet-dry season while D exelsa individuals growing in gaps had a water potential of–1.5MPa. Following the same tendency, Q. pteridophylla plants growing in shade had anaverage water potential of –2.1MPa while plants growing in gaps had a water potential of –3.4MPa during the dry season. These data suggest that plant water potential is stronglycontrolled by seasonal variations in rainfall and the canopy light regime. These spatial andtemporal trends have important implications for the seasonal variations in leaf and canopygas exchange.

MODELLING FLUXES FROM AMAZONIAN RAIN FOREST USING A LAND-SURFACE SCHEMEP.P. Harris [ppha@ceh.ac.uk], C. Huntingford [chg@ceh.ac.uk], J.H.C. Gash [jhg@ceh.ac.uk][CEH Wallingford, Maclean Building, Wallingford, Oxon., OX10 8BB, UK.]P.M. Cox [peter.cox@metoffice.com][Met Office, London Road, Bracknell, Berks., UK.]Y. Malhi [ymalhi@ed.ac.uk][Institute of Ecology and Resource Management, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.]A.D. Nobre [anobre@inpa.gov.br][Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil.]The land-surface scheme (MOSES) currently used in the Met Office/Hadley Centre GeneralCirculation Model (HadCM3) simulates the fluxes of energy, momentum, heat, moisture andcarbon dioxide between land and atmosphere for a range of surface types. Until now the ability ofMOSES to simulate the fluxes of Amazonian rain forest has not been tested against observations.Using default parameters, MOSES is able to simulate satisfactorily the measurements of long-termevaporation and heat flux from a rain forest site near Manaus, Amazonas. However, the modelleddaytime net carbon exchange for this site is approximately 52% of the observed sink. Observedfluxes of heat, moisture and carbon dioxide are used to calibrate the model through photosynthesis,stomatal conductance and soil parameters. The model is able to make an adequate simulation ofeither the evaporation or net carbon fluxes, but not both simultaneously. It is suggested that thismay indicate a problem with way the model relates transpiration to photosynthesis throughstomatal conductance. The calibrated model is also tested against an independent set of flux datafrom a nearby site.

CO2 FLUXES OVER PANTANAL REGION UNDER DRY AND FLOODCONDITIONSPlinio Alvalá 1 , Celso von Randow 2,* , Antonio Manzi 2 , Amaury de Souza 31 Laboratório de Ozônio, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais2 Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de PesquisasEspaciais (CPTEC/INPE)3 Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul* Corresponding author: Celso von Randow, CPTEC/INPE, Rod. Pres. Dutra, km 40,Cachoeira Paulista, SP, 12630-000e-mail: randow@cptec.inpe.brABSTRACTThe Pantanal area, covering a large part of the center-western region of Brazil, ischaracterized by a strong seasonality throughout the year, with quite dry periods in thedry season and frequently flooded areas at the wet season. In May and June 2001, and inthe period from late November 2001 to April 2002, turbulent fluxes of carbon dioxide(CO 2 ) were measured at the micrometeorological tower of IPE project, using the eddycovariance technique. During the transition period from wet to dry season, the dailyaverage net ecosystem exchange (NEE) rate ranged from a sink of –1.0 ± 0.5 gC/m 2 /day in May to a situation close to the balance in June, with NEE of 0.1 ± 0.9 gC/m 2 /day. In the wet season, just before the flooding of the area around the tower,which happened on December 17, 2001, the daily NEE rate observed was –0.6 ± 1.1 gC/m 2 /day (carbon fixation). With a water layer of about 0.5 m height, the surface turnedinto a source of carbon, presenting a NEE average rate of +1.1 ± 0.5 g C/m 2 /day. Thiscondition lasted about 30 days, resulting on a carbon release of about 300 kg C / m 2 .After this period of large emission of carbon dioxide, the daily NEE rates were close tozero (daily uptake offset by nighttime losses) after some cold front passages whenemissions were lower and the water layer started to reduce. However, still there weredays with large emissions, leading to a release of about 50 kg C / m 2 on the next 30days. The daily NEE rates turn to negative values after that and the surface turns back toa sink of CO2, as the water layer dries out.

Submitted to: IISCLBA – 2 ND SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE OF LARGE SCALE BIOSPHEREATMOSPHERE EXPERIMENT IN AMAZÔNIA (LBA)MANAUS, AM, 07-10 JULY, 2002.THE ROLE OF MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM IN THE ATMOSPHERIC CARBONBUDGET - BRAGANCA, AMAZONIAN COASTAL REGION.Rafael FERREIRA da COSTA 1 ; R. B. SILVA 2 ; Paulo J. OLIVEIRA 3 ; Y. MALHI 3 ; P. MEIR 3 ;A. C. L. COSTA 2 ; J. M. N. COSTA 4 ; M. L. P. RUIVO 1 and V. ANDRADE 2 .1 MPEG/CCTE, Belém, PA, Brazil.Contact; e-mail: rfcosta@museu-goeldi.br or rfcostampeg@bol.com.br2 UFPA, Belém, PA, Brazil.3IERM/UEdin, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.4 UFV, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.ABSTRACTThis study was conducted near of old small city of Braganca distant about 200 kmeast-northeast of Belém, Pará, Brazil (00°51´S, 46°38´W), at the estuary of the Caeteriver into the Large Scale Biosphere Atmosphere Experiment in Amazônia (LBA). Themangrove ecosystem are constituted by a wet forest kind in the coastal region, the majorpart of the tropical coastline, between latitudes of 30 o N and 30 o S, is edged bymangroves. The mean height of Braganca’s canopy is about 20m. The tree speciespredominant in the landscape of mangrove are Rhizophora mangle (red mangue),Avicennia germinans (siriuba) and Laguncularia racemosa (white mangue), some reacharound 25m high. The CO 2 fluxes measurements were made in an aluminium tower with30m high, where was installed an eddy covariance system (Edisol software, University ofEdinburgh), using a infrared gas analyser LI-6262 (Li-Cor, Nebraska, USA), the sonicanemometer was mounted in a metallic arm with 3m length at the top of tower, in theeasterly side minimising flow distortion for the prevailing wind direction. The CO 2 fluxeswere measured during a period in the beginning of rainy season (2-15 January 2001). Thetotal rain registered was 253.3mm with events in 13 of 14 days. The mean daily cycle ofCO 2 fluxes were +4.1µmolm -2 s -1 at 4 a.m. and –11.4µmol m -2 s -1 at 1 p.m. The dailycarbon budget reached –0.17 gCm -2 day -1 (day 6, with 19.1mm of rain), and –3.13 gCm -2 day -1 in January 7, with 1.9mm of rain. For all the period, the mean of carbon release tothe atmosphere was 1.8 gCm -2 day -1 (between 7p.m. until 7a.m) and the atmosphericcarbon sequestrated (between 8a.m and 6p.m.) was –3.2 gCm -2 day -1 . If extended for oneyear, the carbon budget will be –4.9 MgCha -1 year -1 . For that period, the mangroveecosystem functioned like a significant atmospheric carbon sink.Key words: Mangrove ecosystem, Carbon budget, Amazônia, Atmosphere.

Radiation Budget over the forest near Manaus, Amazonas – BrazilDallarosa¹, R.L.G.; Marques Filho¹, A. de O.; Araújo¹, A. C. de; Nobre¹, A. D.;Pacheco¹, V. B.; Oliveira¹, J. A. D. de¹Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da AmazôniaCEP 69083-000, Manaus/AM–Brasil. Cx Postal 478, CPGC, e-mail: dalla@inpa.gov.brABSTRACTA study of the radiation budget over the forest of Reserva Biológica doCuieiras (ZF-2) was carried out, using data from the k34 micrometeorological tower.Further details of this site and the instrumentation used can be obtained in Araújo et al.(2002). The atmospheric cloudiness modulated the behavior of the shortwave and thelongwave fluxes near the surface. The longwave descending fluxes (Li) showed to besimilar during the day, in both seasons. However, during the night, they showed highervalues in the rainy season possibly due to the heating and reemission from the base ofthe clouds. The longwave ascending fluxes (Lo), showed to be similar in both seasonsduring the night, but showing higher values during the day, in response to a greaterheating of the surface. The seasonal budget showed higher values during the wet season,when a greater amount of cloudiness “trapped” the heat in the lower troposphere. Theincoming solar radiation (Si) and the reflected solar radiation (So) were also modulatedby the cloudiness, having shown higher values during the dry season. The mean albedowas around 0.13, in both seasons, agreeing with the results of the ABRACOS Project,having shown a greater daily variation in the early morning period.

ASSESSING THE CHANGE FROM PASTURE TO CULTIVATION ON LOCAL ENERGY, WATER ANDCARBON BALANCES AT THE LBA-ECO KM-77 SITERicardo K. Sakai (1) , D.R. Fitzjarrald (1) , O.L.L. Moraes (2) , O. C. Acevedo (2) , M. Czilowsky (1) , R. Silva (2) , andR. Staebler (1) ,(1) State University of New York at Albany(2) Universidade Federal de Santa Maria1. Introduction:LBA-ECO Group CD-03 has been measuring heat, water vapor, radiation, and carbon dioxide fluxes atthe km-77 site since Sepetember 2000. On November 14, 2001, this pasture site was burned, plowed, andput into the cultivation of dry land rice. This sequence of events is becoming typical of the region.Observations were made nearly continuously during this drastic change in the surface type. When grasswas present, December 2001 to October 2002, the net exchange ecosystem (NEE) is –0.082 mg /(m 2 s -1 )and increases to –0.052 mg/(m 2 s -1 ) if bare period is considered. We track the initial release of largeamounts of CO2 following the burning and cultivation and the eventual return to a strong sink during cropgrowth. We discuss the impact of changing agricultural practices on net carbon exchange in cleared areasin the Santarém region.2. Methodology:Site locationThe LBA-ECO km-77 site is about 12 years old, and the tower flux coordinates are 3.01190° S and54.53652° W. At this site the topography presents a gentle slope from West to East. The principal type ofvegetation is Brachiara brizanta.InstrumentsA 20 m tower was installed to monitor micrometeorological and trace gases measurements. An eddycovariance system was installed at 8.75 m, including a 3D sonic anemometer (SATI/3K), and a CO 2/H 2Ogas analyzer (licor 6262). Wind (CATI/2 - 12.25, 5.73, and 3.12 m), temperature and humidity (VaysalaHumitter, CS500, at 6.09, 4.14, 2.20 m), and CO 2 (licor 6262 at 11.81, 5.29, 2.71, and 0.5 m) profiles arealso measured. At the 17.76 m tower level, upward and downward solar (Kipp and Zonen, CM11/14) andterrestrial (CG2) radiation is collected. Soil temperatures (Campbell 108 at 0.10, 0.24, 0.50,1.50, and 2.0m), soil heat flux (Campbell HFT3 at 0.30 m), and soil moisture (Campbell CS615 at 0.30 m) have also beeninstalled. The site has been collecting data since September 2000.All instruments and data acquisition are powered by a solar panel that can provide, at least, continuous500 W of power. The sonic anemometers and the IRGAs send a serial stream outputs, analog signals aredigitalized by a datalogger (Campbell Sci., model 23x). In real time, a linux based computer synchronizes allserial streams, and process the data as well. Turbulent fluxes are calculated from deviations derived from a30 minute running mean removal. A 3D wind rotation has been applied to the wind components, as well asthe webb correction, and a tube attenuation correction.Energy Budget:Preliminary estimates of seasonal changes in the diurnal surface energy budget and carbon uptakeare encouraging. In the day there is a good agreement between the eddy correlation system and the netradiation measurements. There is a serious energy imbalance at nighttime. There is too little wind mixing atnight to apply the eddy covariance method alone; budgets are completed using the layer accumulationmethod. Fog forms regularly at this site.CO 2 exchange:Hourly averaged curves for the several periods show that there is only a noticeable CO 2 flux fromthe eddy correlation system during the wet season at night. During the day, there is a more uptake duringthe wet season. Since there is no littlenocturnal turbulence, we cannot apply any u* criterion (Goulden et al.,1996). Only 12.5% of the night cases have u* > 0.2 ms -1 , where u* is the friction velocity, but we canachieve reasonable estimates but looking at the “storage” term. On many mornings there is a morning“flush” of CO 2, a phenomenon previously thought to be more common in forest canopies.3. Acknowledgements:This work was entirely supported by NASA as a part of the LBA-ECO program, grant NCC5-283.4. References:Goulden, M.L., J.W. Munger, S.-M. Fan, B.C. Daube, and S.C. Wofsy, 1996. Measurements of carbonstorage by long term eddy correlation. Methods and a critical evaluation of accuracy. Global ChangeBiology, 2, 169-182.

MODELING INTERCEPTED SOLAR RADIATION FOR TWO DIFFERENTTYPES OF VEGETATION (RAIN FOREST OF REBIO-JARU-RO ANDMANGROVE FOREST -PA)Moura 1 , R. G.; Tota 1 , J.; Manzi 1 , A. O.; Gu 2 , L.1 CPTEC - INPE, Cachoeira Paulista-SP, Brasil2 Uc Berkeley Biometeorology Lab, DESPM, Berkeley, CA 94720-3110, USrildo@cptec.inpe.brABSTRACTMeasurements of solar radiation were made over a terra firme forest, at the BiologicalReserve of Jaru-RO, as part of the LBA and over a mangrove area in the City of Bragança-PA, as part of the MADAM project. Data of short wave radiation flux were collected withKipp & Zonen pyranometers, and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) flux, withLICOR quantum sensor, in the top of the towers installed at each site, and in the ground ofthe forests. In the first site, information regarding the leaf area index (LAI) was alsocollected, using a digital photographic camera, model CID-110, with fish-eye lens of 8mm.The results show that, on average, the fraction of short wave radiation and PAR fluxes thatreach the ground are smaller at the rain forest than at the mangrove. In this work theobservations of short wave radiation and PAR at the top of the forests of terra firme andmangrove are used to evaluate the performance of the radiative transfer model proposedinitially by Sellers (1985) and modified by Gu (1998). The results of the model showed thathe is capable to reproduce the radiation fluxes that reach the ground at both sites reasonablywell, when forced with the average values of the incident short wave radiation and PARobserved at the top of the towers.

Toward Mapping Spatial Distribution of Forest Biomass in AmazonBasinS. Saatchi 1 and R. Houghton 21. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91109.2. Woods Hole Research Center, P.O. Box 296, Woods Hole, MA 02543AbstractThe amount and spatial distribution of forest biomass in the Amazon basin is a majorsource of uncertainty in estimating the flux of carbon released from land-cover and landusechanges. Direct measurements of above ground biomass are limited to small areas offorest inventory plots, and site-specific allometric regression equations that cannot bereadily generalized for the entire basin. Furthermore, there is no spaceborne remotesensing instrument that can measure tropical forest biomass directly. To determine thespatial distribution of forest biomass of the Amazon basin, we introduce a methodologybased on a combination of land cover map, remote sensing derived metrics, and morethan 500 forest plots distributed over the basin. These metrics are derived from radarbackscatter and texture measures, and monthly composite NDVI from optical data thatcorrelate with biomass through other structural attributes such as canopy roughness,homogeneity, percentage of forest cover, and leaf density. These metrics and plot datawere included in a bootstrapping approach to derive a multivariate parametric expressionto extrapolate the forest plot data over the entire basin at 1 km spatial resolution. Thebootstrapping methodology provided a performance accuracy of estimation that increasedwith forest biomass to a maximum of 70 tons/ha for undisturbed forests of approximately400 tons/ha. The results are compared with forest biomass maps derived frominterpolation of plot data, ecosystem modeling, and RADAM data, and the sources oferror, the problems and caveats in the methodology are discussed. The results are alsoused to sketch a road map for improving the estimation of forest biomass distributionover the basin during the LBA experiment.

Tower- and Biometry-based Measurements of Tropical Forest Carbon BalanceScott D. Miller, Michael L. Goulden, Mary C. MentonDepartment of Earth System Science, University of California IrvineHumberto R. da Rocha, Helber C. Freitas, Adelaine Michela Silva e Figueira, CleilimAlbert Dias de SousaDepartment of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Sao PauloCorresponding author:Scott D. MillerDepartment of Earth System ScienceUniversity of CaliforniaIrvine, CA 92697-3100sdmiller@uci.eduVoice 949 824-2314Fax 949 824-3256We used two independent approaches, micrometeorology and biometry, todetermine the Net Ecosystem Production (NEP) of a primary forest in Para, Brazil. Eddycovariance measurements of CO 2 exchange were made during 93% of the time from July2000 to July 2001 using both open and closed-path gas analyzers. The annual sum (NEP)was calculated using 12 different combinations of hardware and software to gauge thesensitivity to methodology. The annual sum calculated using the closed-path gas analyzerand 30-minute averaging was –4.0 T C ha -1 yr -1 , consistent with tower measurements inother Amazonian forests. We directly show that this result is not significantly affected byhardware configurations and flux-calculation methods. This tower-based result issignificantly different from three inventories of forest biomass at the site over a 16-yearperiod that indicate the forest has not been accumulating a large amount of carbon(0 ± 1.5 T C ha -1 yr -1 ). The tower-based measurements indicated nocturnal respirationwas underestimated during calm conditions. The annual sum changed by ~4 T C ha -1 yr -1 ,and became consistent with the biometric measurements, when the NEE during periodswith u * < 0.2 ms -1 were replaced with observations from more turbulent periods. Weconclude that this u * filter provides the best estimate of annual CO 2 exchange, resulting ina NEP of +0.1 T C ha -1 yr -1 , such that the forest neither gained nor lost large amounts ofcarbon during the study interval. The high Gross Primary Production and calm nightscharacteristic of tropical forest amplify the uncertainty in tower-based annual sumscompared to temperate and boreal forest sites, and hence we attach a confidence intervalto the tower-based NEP of –5.2 and +1.2 T C ha -1 yr -1 .Key words: biosphere-atmosphere exchange, tropical forest, CO 2 exchange, NetEcosystem Production, eddy covariance, LBA

Carbon balance and seasonal patterns via eddy covariance measurements in an old-growthAmazon foreestScott R. Saleska 1 , J. William Munger 1 , Daniel M. Matross 1 , Bruce C. Daube 1 ,V.W.J.H. Kirchhoff 2 , Plinio B. de Camargo 3 , Steven C. Wofsy 11 Harvard University, Earth and Planetary Sciences20 Oxford St.Cambridge, MA 02138 USAsrs@io.harvard.edu2 INPE3 CENA/USP, Piracicaba, SPTo assess the role of Amazon forests as a source or a sink for atmospheric CO 2 , we used groundbasedbiometry measurements together with whole-system CO 2 fluxes (via eddy covariance) toexplore the ecological and climatic controls on the carbon balance at an old-growth Amazonforest (Tapajos National Forest, Santarem, Para, Brazil). The initial year (April 2001 – April2002) of eddy covariance measurements suggest that the forest was a modest source to theatmosphere during this period (net ecosystem exchange, NEE = +0.9 Mg C ha -1 yr -1 to theatmosphere, after correcting for “lost flux” during periods of weak mixing when friction velocitywas

A METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO STUDY THE DIFFERENCESBETWEEN THE RESULTS OBTAINED FROM THE SINOP-MT TOWER ANDOTHER LBA TOWERSSérgio Roberto de Paulo (iraesergio@uol.com.br), Nicolau Priante Filho, José de SouzaNogueira, Franklin Anderson de Oliveira Souza, Marcelo Sacardi Biudes e MauroMassao Shiota HayashiUniversidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Av. Fernando Correa da Costa s/n 78060-900George Louis Vourlitis (georgev@csusm.edu) Biological Sciences Program- CaliforniaState University- San Marcos, CA 92096-0001, USAData concerning micrometeorological measurements obtained from towers installed inthe Amazon Forest have indicated a mean carbon absorption rate of 1-6 tC ha -1 yr -1 . Thetower situated in Sinop-MT is an exception. Data from Sinop tower have indicatedequilibrium of carbon flux when a whole year period is considered. The explanation forthe difference between Sinop tower data and the data from the other towers can possiblybe found in the differences of the local ecosystem (the Sinop tower is situated in atransition forest), differences of the methodological procedures employed in Sinop (adifferent running mean, for example), or both. Here we consider a methodologicalprocedure to study these differences applying it for 6 days Sinop data. This procedure isbased on three main analyses of the Sinop tower data that basically is constituted bymethodological approaches employed by other LBA research groups in analyzing theirdata. The three analyses are the following: 1) The application of an “u* filter” on thedata in order to find some regularity between the carbon and energy balance closure andthe level of turbulence of the air and wind velocity; 2) the recalculation, from the rawdata available when all equipment was running well, the micrometeorological variablesby employing a 800 s running mean, which is a value normally used by other eddy fluxmeasurement groups; and 3) the application of a Fourier analysis of the data in order toknow the diurnal and nocturnal low and high frequency of the variability of the data.The application of the three analyses possibly should improve the knowledge of theresearchers of the LBA program on some open questions involved in the theoretical andexperimental procedures employed in the towers.

Climatic and edaphic control of regional-scale patterns of forest structure inAmazoniaBaker, T.R. 1,2,a , Phillips, O.L. 1 , Malhi, Y.M. 3 , Almeida, S. 4 , Killeen, T. 5 , Laurance, W.F. 6 , Neill,D. 7 , Salomão, R. 4 , Silva, N. 8 , Silveira, M. 9 , Vásquez Martínez, R. 10 , Vieira, I 4 & 22 others.1. Dept of Geography, University of Leeds, UK, 2. Max-Planck-Institut fur Biogeochemie, Postfach100164, D-07701 Jena, Germany. 3. Institute of Ecology and Resource Management, University ofEdinburgh, Scotland, UK, 4. Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Belém, Pará, Brasil, 4. ProyectoBOLFOR, Santa Cruz, Bolivia, 5. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO, U.S.A., andConservation International, Washington D.C., U.S.A., 6. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute,Balboa, Republic of Panama, and Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, NationalInstitute for Amazonian Research (INPA), Manaus, AM, Brasil. 7. Fundacion Jatun Sacha, Quito,Ecuador, and Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO, U.S.A. 8. CIFOR, Tapajos, PA, Brasil,and EMBRAPA Amazonia Oriental, Belem, PA, Brasil, 9. Universidade Nacional de Brasilia,Brasilia, DF, Brasil, and Universidade Federal do Acre, AC, Brasil, 10. Proyecto Flora del Perú,Jardin Botanico de Missouri, Jaen, Cajamarca, Perú.a. Corresponding author: Dept of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK.t.baker@geog.leeds.ac.ukUnderstanding the relationship between forest structure, and climatic and edaphic factors atlarge spatial scales is critical for obtaining accurate estimates of tropical forest biomass, andbiomass change. The RAINFOR project brings together researchers that maintain permanent sampleplots across Amazonia, to help monitor long term changes in forest structure and dynamics at largescales. We have collated data on basal area, stem number and mean tree size from more than 200hectares of inventoried forest. Here, we analyse the relationships between these variables andclimatic and edaphic data derived from global datasets. Basal area is broadly conserved between 25-35 m 2 ha -1 across the Amazon basin, although it declines in the driest areas. However, stem numberincreases, and mean tree size decreases, in the wettest, most aseasonal forests in western Amazonia.The implications of contrasting structural signatures for the ecology, dynamics and biomass of thesediverse forests are discussed.

Ecophysiological characteristics related to gas-exchange in the Amazonian tropical rainforestDomingues, T.F. 1 ; Larry B. Flanagan 2 ; Luiz A. Martinelli 3 ; Jean P.H.B. Ometto 1,3 &James R. Ehleringer 11 University of Utah - USA2 University of Lethbridge - Canada3 Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura - Universidade de São Paulo - BrazilUniversity of Utah - Dept. of Biology1400 East 257 SouthSalt Lake City - Utah84112-0840domingues@biology.utah.eduForest-to-pasture conversions and logging activities are expected to have an impact onthe carbon balance within the Amazonian Basin. Considerable effort is being made todevelop models that accurately describe the carbon-cycle interactions between theAmazonian ecosystems and the atmosphere. As part of the LBA effort, we havemeasured photosynthetic gas exchange and leaf structural parameters that will be usefulin parameterization of carbon-cycle process models at both primary forest and pasturesites in Santarém, Brazil. We have measured functional relationships, including theresponses of photosynthesis and respiration to light, CO 2 concentration, and relativehumidity, in upper and lower canopy leaves of trees and of upper canopy leaves of lianas.These sets of measurements have been made in both wet and dry season conditions. Wealso measured carbon isotope ratio, nitrogen content, and specific leaf area values as afunction of canopy height. When comparing functional relationships among different lifeforms and canopy height positions, most gas exchange characteristics appear to follow asingle functional relationship. The exception to an overall pattern is that upper canopyliana leaves appear to be more water-use efficient than adjacent upper canopy tree leaves.These results suggest a functional separation of the upper canopy, where most of thecarbon is gained, into two components that respond differently to short-term and longtermwater stresses.

Study of the mean wind speed profile above and within the canopy of the forestreserve Cuieiras in Central Amazonia.Vanusa Bezerra Pachêco 1 , Arí Marques Filho 1 , Antônio Donato Nobre 1 , AlessandroCarioca de Araujo 1 , Bart Kruijt 2 , Ricardo G. Dallarosa 1 , Celso von Randow 3 , AntônioOcimar Manzi 3 , Hermes Braga Xavier 1 , Albertos Johannes Dolman 4 , Maarten JohannesWaterloo 4 , Jan Albert Elbers 5 , John Handescombe C. Gash 5 , Martin George Hodnett 5 , EddyJohannes Moors 2 , Pavel Kabat 21 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Manaus, Brazil2 Alterra, Wageningen University, The Netherlands3 Centro de Previsão do Tempo e Estudos Climáticos – CPTEC, São Paulo, Brazil4 Vrije University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands5Centre for Ecology and Hydrology – CEH, Wallingford, United KingdomAv. André Araújo, 2936, INPA, Petropólis, Aloj 09, Projeto LBA - ManausFlux,CEP:69083-000, Tel: 00 55 92 643 3255E-mail: vanusa@inpa.gov.brThe vertical mean wind speed profile was studied utilizing data measured from a 50m micrometeorological tower in forest reserve Cuieiras – ZF2, km 34 (2 o 36’32,67”S, 60 o 12’33,48”W) some 60 km north of Manaus, in Central Amazonia. Themeasurements of wind speed were made at four heights (two above the canopy andtwo within the canopy) using cup anemometers logged at 30 seconds intervals. Thedata represent the period from June to November 2001. To perform the verticalmean wind speed profile analysis of 30 min averages were used. The mean windspeed profile data obtained during early morning (00:00 to 06:30 local time (LT)),day (07:00 to 17:30 LT) and night (18:00 to 23:30 LT) were compared with thevertical temperature and CO 2 concentration profiles. A least squares fittingtechnique was used to fit polynomial curves to the vertical mean wind speed profileusing Matlab-5 computer code. For the mean wind speed profile data the best fitwas obtained using third degree polynomial functions. The highest wind speedsoccur between 10:00 and 16:00 LT, which corresponds well with the maximum airtemperatures, usually between 12:00 and 15:00 LT. CO 2 concentrations begin todecrease soon after 08:00 LT and increase soon after 17:30 LT. The period from10:00 to 16:00 HL, when the maximum values of mean wind speed occur is also theperiod of major convective activity, caused by atmospheric instability associatedwith the diurnal solar cycle. The rate of decrease in mean wind below the canopywas shown to be related to the density profile of the foliage.

Ecological Classification of Soils and Pristine PremontaneVegetation in the Alto Mayo Valley, Northern PeruViviana Horna 1,2) , Johannes Dietz 1) , Tobias Mette 1) , Annett Börner 1,2) ,Jan Dempewolf 1,3) , Reiner Zimmermann 1,2)1Forest Ecology and Remote Sensing Group, Ecological-Botanical Gardens ÖBG, Universityof Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany2Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry MPI-BGC, Jena, Germany3University of Maryland, U.S.A.viviana.horna@bgc-jena.mpg.de Phone: ++49-3641-686731 Fax: ++49-3641-686710AbstractAn ecological classification method for pristine vegetation at the eastern slopes of the North Peruvian Andeshas been developed. Emphasis was on forest structure, biomass and soil properties and interrelations with thetopographic and geologic situation.Forest plots for intensive structural measurements and soil description (currently > 200) were taken alongtransects and typical catenae in the Río Avisado and upper Río Tioyacu watersheds. Study plots reach from800 m to > 1600 m a.s.l. and cover different topographic and geologic situations. The stand structural,topographic, and soil parameters which were obtained in the field were analyzed by principal component andhierarchical cluster analysis. The vegetation types were characterized by topographic position, soil organiclayers, mineral soil, tree size, stand density, life forms, canopy density as well as dead and living biomass. Wateruse by contrasting vegetation types was analyzed using site climate data and tree sap flow measurements.The classification resulted in a statistically significant separation of major vegetation types:(a) Palm forests (Aguajales), (b) Ficus ssp. swamps (Renacales) and (c) alluvial plain forest inseasonally inundated areas of the lower watersheds, (d) Valley forest, (e) hill forest, (f)montane rain forest, and (g) three types of heath forest (Chamizales) in the upper parts of thewatersheds. All vegetation types showed significant differences in soil and plant nutrientstatus, growth patterns, and/or in site climate. Stand structural properties were used forsubsequent biomass calculation of all vegetation types. Biomass ranged from 14 ± 6 tons perhectare in open heath forests to 245 ± 147 t ha -1 in montane rain forests.By overlaying stereoscopic aerial photographs, satellite imagery, a digital elevation model and geologicinformation using a geographic information system, a reliable forest type map for the study area was obtained.The classification of the present vegetation of both watersheds provides the basis for an ecological sensitivityanalysis of forests and soils and the development and implementation of an environmental monitoring system atthe Margen Izquierda (Bosque de Protección) of the Alto Mayo Region.

An analytical approach for estimating CO2 and heat fluxes over theAmazonian regionXiwu Zhan, Yongkang Xue, and G. James CollatzUniversity of California, Los AngelesAccurate assessments of the CO 2 fluxes between the terrestrial ecosystems and theatmosphere are pressingly needed for the climate change and carbon cycle studies. TheCollatz et al. parameterization of leaf photosynthesis-stomotal conductance has beenwidely applied in land surface parameterization schemes for simulating the land surfaceCO 2 fluxes. The study in this paper developed an analytical solution approach for theCollatz et al’s parameterization for stable solution and computational efficiency. Thisanalytical approach is then applied to the Simplified Biosphere Model (SSiB), enhancingits capability of simulating land surface CO 2 fluxes. The enhanced SSiB model is testedwith field observation data sets from two Amazonian field experiments (ABRACOSmissions and Manaus Eddy Covariance Study). Simulations of the land surface fluxes oflatent heat, sensible heat and soil heat by the enhanced SSiB agree very well withobservations with correlation coefficients being larger than 0.80. However, thecorrelation coefficient for the daily means of CO 2 fluxes is only 0.42 for the Manaus dataset although the model simulates the diurnal cycle generally well. A day-time “squarewave” in the simulated CO 2 flux diurnal curves is found. The discrepancies betweensimulation and observation may be the results of incorrect parameter setup or improperleaf to canopy scaling strategy. To improve the accuracy of land surface CO 2 fluxmodeling, further investigation on the coupled stomatal conductance-photosynthesismodel is suggested.

C Sequestration Dynamics: Biomass, Litter, and RootsPRIMARY AUTHOR ORGANIZATION ABSTRACT_TITLEJeffrey Chambers University ofCaliforniaOral Respiration from a Tropical ForestEcosystem: An Exception to a ConstantRespiration/Photosynthesis Ratio?Roberto AduanAdam HirschAna Cristina Segalin deAndradeUniversidade deBrasíliaWoods HoleResearch CenterOralPosterEffects of land use change and treecoverage decrease in key aspects of thecarbon budget of the Brazilian CerradosavannaThe Net Carbon Flux Due to Deforestationand Re-growth in the Brazilian Amazon:Comparing Process-Based andBookkeeping ApproachesINPA / PDBFF Poster The contribution of pioneer tree species toabove-ground biomass estimates incontinuous and fragmented forests incentral AmazoniaCleber Salimon CENA/USP Poster Autotrophic X Heterotrophic respiration inpastures in Western Amazonia, Acre-BrazilEdgard Tribuzy ESALQ/INPA Poster Response of photosynthesis to differenthigh levels in the canopy forestry atCentral AmazonEleneide SottaEnir Salazar da CostaEveraldo TellesUniversidade deGoettingenUniversity ofCaliforniaCentro de EnergiaNuclear naAgricultura -Universidade deSao PauloPosterPosterPosterDROUGHT EXPERIMENT IN EASTERNAMAZON – SOIL CO2 DYNAMICS INCAXIUANÃ RAINFOREST, AMAZÔNIA,BRAZIL.Fine root dynamics from radiocarbonmeasurements in primary forest,secondary forest, and managed pastureecosystemsEffect of Soil Texture on CarbonDynamics and Storage Potential inTropical Forest Soils of Amazonia.Flavio Luizao INPA Poster Seasonal changes of leaf litter nutrientconcentrations and possible implicationson nutrient cycling and plant growthJosé de SouzaNogueiraUniversidadeFederal de MatoGrossoPosterKarine Cristina Augusti Centro de Energia PosterNuclear naAgricultura (CENA-USP)Relationship Between Litter Productionand Reflected Photosynthetic ActiveRadiation by the Canopy of Transitionaltropical forestVariability of Soil Microbial BiomassCarbon in Different Pasture RestorationSystems in Rondônia, Brazil.

Leland PierceLiane GuildLívia VasconcelosUniversity ofMichiganNASA AmesResearch CenterFaculdade deCiências Agráriasdo ParáPosterPosterPosterRegrowth Biomass Estimation in theAmazon using JERS/RADARSAT SARCompositesEffects of Interannual Climate Variabilityin Capoeira and Crops Under Traditionaland Alternative Shifting CultivationSoil microbial biomass and respiration inan Eastern Amazonian regrowth forestLucy Hutyra Harvard University Poster Carbon balance and vegetation dynamicsin an old-growth Amazonian forestMarco Sack Max Planck / INPA Poster Tree ring studies to estimate carbonuptakein Amazonian lowland forestsMaria CarvalhoNicolau PrianteEscola Superior de PosterAgricultura "Luiz deQueiroz" /Universidade deSão PauloUniversidadeFederal de MatoGrossoPosterSoil carbon stocks influenced by litter androots quality on pasture chronosequencein RondôniaLitter decomposition rate estimation bymass balance model in a transitionaltropical forest –savanna in Mato Grosso -BrazilPaulo Moutinho WHRC Poster Drought effects on net primaryproductivity and its allocation in an eastcentralAmazon forest: results from athroughfall exclusion experiment.Percy Summers INPA Poster Coarse wood debris deposition,decomposition, and nutrient cycling in aselectively logged forest in centralAmazoniaRafael Rosolem IAG-USP Poster VARIABILITY OF SOIL RESPIRATIONOVER WOODLAND SAVANNAH(CERRADO) AND SUGAR CANE INSOUTHEAST BRAZIL.Regina Luizao INPA Poster Soil properties and carbon sequestrationalong a toposequence in centralAmazonia forestSamuel AlmeidaSandra PatinoMuseu ParaenseEmílio GoeldiInstituto deInvestigacion deRecursosBiologicosAlexander vonHumboldtPosterPosterFine litter fall and standing treecomponent contribution to the nutrientcycling in an amazonian rain forest,Caxiuanã, Pará, Brazil.A comparison of the relationshipsbetween leaf area index, Huber value andabove-ground biomass within Amazonianforests.

Simone PereiraMuseu ParaenseEmílio GoeldiPosterLATERAL VARIATIONS IN THECHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THETERRA FIRME SOILS, ESECAFLOREXPERIMENT (CAXIUANÃ, PARÁSTATE)Simone Vieira CENA/USP Poster Where are the oldest of the forest?Radiocarbon use to determine the ageand growth rate of trees from the BrazilianAmazonian ForestTibisay PerezViviana HornaUniversity ofCaliforniaMax PlanckInstitute forBiogeochemistryPosterPosterIsotopic Signature of Nitrous Oxide in dryseason forest soils - implications forseasonal production of N2OTree Growth History, Stand Structure, andBiomass of Premontane Forest Types atthe Cerro Tambo, Alto Mayo, NorthernPeru

Respiration from a Tropical Forest Ecosystem: An Exception to aConstant Respiration/Photosynthesis Ratio?Jeffrey Q. Chambers 1,2, (chamberj@uci.edu), Edgard S. Tribuzy 2 , Ligia Toledo 2 ,Bianca Crispim 2 , Niro Higuchi 2 , Joaquim dos Santos 2 , Antonio D. Nobre 2 , YadvinerMalhi 3 , Susan E. Trumbore 11 University of California, Earth System Sciences, Irvine CA 92697-3100, USA2 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, 3 University of EdinburghTo understand how tropical forest carbon balance will respond to global changes willrequire knowledge of individual heterotrophic and autotrophic respiratory sources, alongwith environmental factors that control variability. We measured leaf (R leaf ), live wood(R wood ), and soil (R soil ) respiration and additional environmental factors over a one-yearperiod in a Central Amazon forest. Seasonal variability was evident in R wood and R soil ,and diurnal variability was demonstrated for R leaf . R wood was positively correlated withtree diameter and growth rate, R leaf was positively correlated with leaf temperature, andR soil was curvilinearly correlated with soil water content. An ecosystem flux for R leaf andR wood was estimated by calculating a leaf area index (LAI) and stem area index (SAI)using allometric relationships derived from tree harvest data and published models.Combining these estimates with literature values for missing fluxes gave an averageecosystem respiratory flux (R eco ) of 8.5 µmol m -2 s -1 . This estimate was compared withthe above-canopy flux (F ac ) derived from eddy covariance data. Multiple regression andANOVA demonstrated that about 70% of the variability in F ac was accounted for byfriction velocity (u*) variables and the above-canopy CO 2 concentration. Definedsustained high turbulence (SHT) conditions that may permit F ac to approximate R eco wererare, accounting for only 3.3% of nighttime hours. F ac during SHT conditions was 6.5µmol m -2 s -1 , with a large 95% CI of 2.9-13.4. Using published leaf and wood productionestimates, we estimated a carbon use efficiency (CUE ag ) of 0.28. Our CUE estimateindicates a R a to gross photosynthesis (R a /P g ) ratio of 0.72, which is considerably higherthan the relative constant ratio of about 0.50 found for temperature forests. It appearsthat Central Amazon forests have a high capacity for capturing atmospheric carbon, butonly a small fraction of that carbon becomes incorporated into new tissues.

Effects of land use change and tree coverage decrease in key aspects of the carbonbudget of the Brazilian Cerrado savanna.Authors: Roberto E. Aduan*; Carlos A. Klink*,& Eric A. Davidson**Adress: Universidade de Brasília, Departamento de Ecologia; Campus Universitário, ICC,Ala Sul; Brasília, DF; Cep: 70910-900e-mail: rengel@unb.br* Universidade de Brasília, Departamento de Ecologia; ** Woods Hole Research CenterThe aim of this study is to evaluate differences in ecosystem carbon budgets amongCerrado vegetation with abundant trees, Cerrado vegetation dominated by native grasses,and formerly Cerrado areas converted to pasture. The work is being conducted in twoCerrado areas (with contrasting tree densities), in the Reserva Ecologica do Roncador(RECOR-IBGE) and in one area converted to pasture, in the Centro de PesquisasAgropecuarias do Cerrado (CPAC-EMBRAPA), both located near Brasilia. We monitoredkey processes related to the carbon dynamics: soil respiration (using the dynamic chamberIRGA technique), litterfall (litterfall collectors) and decomposition (litter decompositionbags). In the woody area, soil respiration rates were similar to other tropical savannas(0.7-0.22gC m -2 h -1 ). The area with lower tree density had similar soil respiration, but withsharper seasonal variation (0.6-0.25gC m -2 h -1 ), lower litterfall (1,5x10 6 gC ha -1 yr -1 versus3.0x10 6 gC ha -1 yr -1 in the woody plot) and lower decomposition rates. The planted pastureshowed higher soil respiration fluxes, with more intense seasonal variation compared to theCerrado plots. The peak of soil respiration activity in the pasture occurred in the beginningof the rainy season, while in the Cerrado areas the peak occurred in the end of this season.The decrease of the arboreal component seems to decrease the carbon cycling in thisecosystem, while the conversion to pasture seems to accelerate the carbon cycling,switching to a less conservative and more seasonably variable ecosystem.

The Net Carbon Flux Due to Deforestation and Re-growth in the BrazilianAmazon: Comparing Process-Based and Bookkeeping ApproachesAuthors: Adam Hirsch a* , William S. Little b , and Richard A. Houghton aa The Woods Hole Research Center, P.O. Box 296, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USAb The Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA*Corresponding Author. Email: ahirsch@whrc.orgAbstract: Recent work (Houghton et al., Nature 2000) suggests that the net flux ofcarbon to the atmosphere from deforestation and forest re-growth in the BrazilianAmazon averaged approximately 0.2 Pg C (1 Pg = 1 billion metric tons) per year from1989-1998. That study assumed a linear biomass accumulation for forests growing onabandoned agricultural land and a constant ratio of agricultural area abandoned toprimary forest area cleared each year. We test the impact of these assumptions on theland-use carbon flux by changing the model used in the Houghton et al. (2000) study intwo ways. First, we predict mature forest biomass and re-growth rates across theBrazilian Amazon using a process-based ecosystem model that is driven by observedradiation, climate, and soil characteristics. Second, we calculate rates of agriculturalabandonment and re-clearing of secondary forest from temporal changes in land-coverderived from satellite data. For the 1990s, the process-based model yields slower regrowthrates than the Houghton et al. (2000) study, but a much larger area of re-growingforest. The net impact of these changes is to lower the predicted net source of carbon dueto deforestation and re-growth during the period 1989-1998 from 0.2 Pg C per year to0.15 Pg C per year.

The contribution of pioneer tree species to above-ground biomass estimates in continuousand fragmented forests in central AmazoniaAna Cristina S. de Andrade 1 , Sammya A. D’Angelo 1 ; Susan Laurance 1,2 ; William Laurance 2and Rita Mesquita 11 Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research(INPA), C.P. 478, Manaus, AM 69011-970, Brazil – titina@inpa.gov.br2 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 2072, Balboa, Republic of PanamáThe floristic composition of rainforests will affect estimates of total above-ground biomass, astrees differ in stature, architecture and wood density. In this study, we used three differentallometric equations to assess the effect of floristic composition on estimates of above-groundbiomass in interior and edge plots. Of the 55 plots (1ha) examined, 28 were located near edge(less than 300m from the nearest forest edge) and 27 in interior forest (further than 300m fromthe edge), all trees (DBH>10cm) were sampled. We determined the biomass of trees using threeseparate allometrics equations: (1) primary forest species; (2) pioneer genera Bellucia, Croton,Goupia, Laetia, Pourouma, Trema and Vismia.; (3) the genus Cecropia.Using equation 1, biomass estimates for all plots was 18,290.6ton., however when generaspecific equations were included total biomass was only 18,128.5ton. The estimates differed by0.9% and were significant (t=5,817; df=54; p

Autotrophic X heterotrophic respiration in Western Amazonia, Acre-BrazilCI Salimon; JW Pereira; Victoria, RL; EA Davidson; AWF Melo; IF BrownConversion of forest to cattle pastures and subsequent abandonment of those pastures isoccurring throughout the Amazon Basin, and although there is a lot of research on theconsequences that come from this land cover change, there are still many questions to beanswered about biogeochemical processes associated with them. In this study we try todetermine the effects of land-use change on soil respiration in pastures, secondary forestsand mature forests near Rio Branco, Acre. Data analyses from June/99 to July/00 showsthat the greatest CO 2 fluxes are observed in pastures and not in mature forests. In searchof a better understanding of these results, we sampled soils for carbon stocks down to60cm depth and conducted some respirometry essays, and also sampled CO 2 fordetermination of its δ 13 C value, by using keeling plots. Carbon stocks are higher inpastures than in mature and secondary forests. Heterotrophic respiration is lower or equalin pasture compared to primary and secondary forests, showing that autotrophicrespiration is probably the main cause of higher fluxes in pastures. δ 13 C of heterotrophicrespired CO 2 in pasture was -15‰. Since δ 13 C from pasture soil is -21‰,microorganisms in the pasture soil are feeding basically on carbon from grasses and notfrom remaining forest carbon.

Response of photosynthesis to different high levels in the canopy forestry at CentralAmazonEdgard S. Tribuzy 1,3 , Niro Higuchi, Joaquim dos Santos, Alberto C. M. Pinto, Erika V.de Miranda, Roseana P. da Silva, Rosana de M. Rocha, Bianca C. Felix 1 ; Susan E.Trumbore, Jeffrey Q. Chambers 2 ; Plinio B. de Camargo 3 .estribuzy@yahoo.com.br, niro@inpa.gov.br, joca@inpa.gov.br, amartins@inpa.gov.br,erika@inpa.gov.br, rose@inpa.gov.br, rocha@inpa.gov.br, bfoc@bol.com.br,setrumbo@uci.edu, jeff@inpa.gov.br, pcamargo@cena.usp.br.1 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia /Brasil,2 University of California,Irvine, CA, 92697-3100 USA, 3 CENA, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP,13416-000, BrasilOur goal in this work was identify photosynthesis patterns at canopy of rain tropicalforestry. The activities was developed at two sites at Central Amazon, the first one was atExperimental Station of Rain Tropical Forestry of INPA (ZF2), at 50 km north ofManaus, the other one is 67 km south of Santarem. Infrared gas analyzer (IRGA), modelLi-cor 6400, quantified the photosynthesis. The photosynthesis potential maxim (Amax)was higher in wet season as dry season and we find correlation between height levels ofcanopy and Amax with r 2 =0.94, P

Submitted to: II_ISC_LBA – 2 ND INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE OF LARGESCALE BIOSPHERE ATMOSPHERE EXPERIMENT IN AMAZÔNIA (LBA),MANAUS, AM, 07-10 JULY, 2002.DROUGHT EXPERIMENT IN EASTERN AMAZON – SOIL CO 2 DYNAMICS INCAXIUANÃ RAINFOREST, AMAZÔNIA, BRAZIL.1 IBW/University of Goettingen, GermanyContact; e-mail: esotta@bigfoot.com2 MPEG/CCTE, Belém, PA, Brazil.Eleneide Doff SOTTA 1 ; Edzo VELDKAMP 1 ; M. L. P. RUIVO 2 .ABSTRACTTemperature and precipitation variations coupled with increases in atmosphericCO 2 concentration may affect terrestrial carbon storage. Forest soils may release of ~1,4Pg of carbon in the first year after 0,5° C temperature increase, with most of the responseoccurring in the tropics 1 . Low rainfall reduces soil microbial and root activity and mayresult in unknown feedback mechanisms in the soil carbon dynamics. The EasternAmazon is susceptible to seasonal drought and the El Niño events can make seasonaldrought effects severe. To advance understanding of forest soil response to low rainfallwe are simulating a drought by excluding rain from the soil of an Eastern Amazon forest,Caxiuanã.Our objective was to find out how soil respiration will be affected by climatechange? Is there a critical value at which small changes in soil moisture strongly affectsoil respiration?The preliminary data on soil respiration did not show any difference betweencontrol (4.4 ± 0.2 µmol CO 2 . m -2 .s -1 , n=10) and treatment plot (4.2 ± 0.2 µmol CO 2 . m -2 .s -1 , n=10) after two months of water exclusion. No significant difference was measured forsoil temperature in control (21.8 ± 0.3 °C) and treatment (21.2 ± 0.3 °C). However soilmoisture had a significant difference, 0.20 ± 0.04 m 3 .m -3 (n=10) for the control and 0.08± 0.02 (n=10) for the treatment.We will report the first six months of soil respiration of the drought experiment.

1 Trumbore et al., 1996

Fine root dynamics from radiocarbon measurements in primary forest,secondary forest, and managed pasture ecosystems.Enir Salazar da Costa, Susan Trumbore, Plinio Camargo, DanielNepstad, Daniel MarkewitzWe used radiocarbon to estimate the age of carbon in live fine roots inseveral Amazonian land cover types, including primary and secondaryforests, and managed pasture. The radiocarbon signatures of fine (

Effect of Soil Texture on Carbon Dynamics and Storage Potential in TropicalForest Soils of Amazonia.Everaldo de C. C. Telles, Plinio B. de Camargo e Luis A. Martinelli 1 ; Susan E.Trumbore e Enir S. Costa 2 ; Joaquim dos Santos e Niro Higuchi 3 , Raimundo CosmeOliveira Junior e Elder Campos 4 .ectelles@cena.usp.br,pcamargo@cena.usp.br,zebu@cena.usp.br,setrumbo@uci.edu,salazar@essgrad.ps.uci.edu,joca@inpa.gov.br,niro@inpa.gov.br,cosme@cpatu.embrapa.br, elcmpr@hotmail.com1 CENA, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Centenário 303, Piracicaba, SP 13416-000– Brazil; 2 University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697-3100 USA ; 3 Instituto Nacionalde Pesquisas da Amazônia /Brasil; 4 Embrapa Amazônia Oriental/Brazil.We investigated the role of soil clay content in the storage and dynamics of soil carbonat primary tropical forest sites spanning a range of soil texture by combining stable andradiocarbon isotope measurements of bulk and fractionated soil organic matter. Claycontent is a major control of the amount of refractory carbon in soils and thereforestrongly influences the storage and dynamics of carbon in tropical forest soils. Soils inprimary tropical forest have been proposed as a potentially large sink for carbon at a sitenear Manaus, in the central Amazon. Comparison of carbon contents of Oxisolssampled near Manaus, Brazil, over the past 20 years shows no measurable change inorganic carbon stocks with time. Simple models estimating the response of soil carbonpools to a 25% increase in productivity indicate that storage rates in soils averaging 0.4to 0.7 MgC ha -1 yr -1 in soil organic matter and 0.3 to 0.4 MgC ha -1 yr -1 in litter and rootsare possible in the first decade following the increase. Export of carbon in dissolvedform from terra firme soils can account for

SEASONAL CHANGES IN LEAF LITTER NUTRIENT CONCENTRATIONS, AND POSSIBLEIMPLICATIONS FOR NUTRIENT CYCLING AND PLANT GROWTHFlávio J. Luizão, Heraldo Vasconcelos, Claudio YanoE-mail: fluizao@inpa.gov.brSeveral studies in central Amazonia have shown litter production to be seasonal, with higherlitterfall during the dry season, when decomposition is slower. That leads to a temporaryaccumulation and growth of the litter layer on forest floor. However, it is not known the behavior ofbehavior of mineral nutrients in litter along the year. The present study aim to assess if litterconcentrations change considerably between seasons, and to suggest possible implications ofsuch changes. Two set of data from central Amazonia were used: (1) a 1-year series, gathered in1999-2000 at ZF-3 INPA-Smithsonian Institute Reserves; and (2) a 3-year data set from ZF-2 INPAReserve, collected from 1979 to 1982. Nutrient concentrations were determined monthly for theZF-2 samples and each 2-3 months for the ZF-3 samples. Concentrations of most nutrients werehigher in the dry season than in the wet season. For the 3-years period (1979-82), concentrationsof dry season were: N=19-22 g kg -1 ; P=0.36 g kg -1 ; K=1.5-2.0 g kg -1 ; Ca=3.8-4.9 g kg -1 ; S=2.1-2.3 gkg -1 ; Na=1105-1619 mg kg -1 ; B=44-64 mg kg -1 . In the wet season, these concentrations were: N=14-16 g kg -1 ; P=0.28 g kg -1 ; S=1.1 g kg -1 ; K=0.9-1.5 g kg -1 ; Ca=3.2-3.4 g kg -1 ; Na=922-943 mg kg -1 ;B= 28-37 g kg -1 . Within the same season, nutrients wich are more leachable, such as K and,especially, Na had their lowest concentrations in the first months (December-Febrruary) of the wetseason. Thus, higher nutrient concentrations coincided with higher litter production, and theopposite was also true. The lower concentrations in the wet season is likely a result of strongerleaching by rain water percolating forest canopy (internal precipitation) and washing mature, presenescentleaves. Alternatively, or additionally, it may be a result of strong nutrient retranslocationfrom mature leaves, which would allow a subsequent nutrient allocation to the young leaves,woody parts, or in the root system of the trees. That would imply in either crown, root or trunkgrowth, or all of them, during the wet season.

Relationship Between Litter Production and Reflected Photosynthetic Active Radiationby the Canopy of Transitional tropical forestJose de Souza Nogueira, Fernando Raiter (raitersn@terra.com.br); Nicolau Priante Filho; Wander Hoeger;Mauro Massao Shiota Hayashi; José Holanda Campelo Jr.; GeorgeSanches SuliUniversidade Federal de Mato Grosso - Depto. de Física - Grupo de Física e MeioAmbiente - Av. Fernando Correa da Costa s/n, 78060-900 -Cuiabá -MT Brasil.George Louis Vourlitis (georgev@csusm.edu) Biological Sciences Program- CaliforniaState University- San Marcos, CA 92096-0001, USAIn the present work we studied the litter production in a forest of transition in Sinop-MT -BRAZIL and its relationship to the ratio of the photosynthetic active radiation reflected(PARr) and incident (PARi) on the canopy. In this region of ecotone tropical rain forestsavanna,a 40m tall tower equipped with micrometeorological and eddy covariancemeasurement systems have been running since August 1999. The annual averageprecipitation of the region is of 2000 mm, with a dry season between June and Septemberand a rainy season between December the February. The measurement of litterfall wasmade using 20-1 m 2 collectors installed in a parcel 1 ha located near of the tower. Thelitter of each one of these collectors was collected monthly, separated into leaves, twigs,flowers and fruits, dried in oven to 70ºC for 72h, and weighed. The micrometeorologicaldata are sampled every 60 s and stored as 30 minute averages in memory modules. Theannual average litterfall was of 1340g.m -2 year -1 and the minimum production of litteroccurred in the February month (44g m -2 month -1 ). The ratio of PARr/PARi followed thetrend in litter production closely during the wet season but not during the dry season.Although unknown, the divergence between the ratio of incident and reflected PAR andlitterfall may be due to seasonal differences in canopy structure and reflective properties.This result can be important for future studies in the area of remote sensing relatingmeasured micrometeorological of towers with space characteristics of the structure of thecanopy.

Variability of Soil Microbial Biomass Carbon in Different Pasture Restoration Systems inRondônia, Brazil.Karine Cristina Augusti 1 , Marisa de Cássia Piccolo 1 , Brigitte Josefine Feigl 1 , CarlosClemente Cerri 1 , Christopher Neill 2 , Jerry Michael Melillo 2 , Paul Andrew Steudler 2 , DianaGarcia Montiel 21 Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA-USP), Av. Centenário 303, cep:13416.000,Piracicaba, SP, Brasil, Tel: (19) 34294750, Fax:19 34294610, E-mail: kaugusti@cena.usp.br; 2The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA.Pastures make up the principal use of cleared land in the Brazilian Amazon. Observations showthat in the long run after they are formed, pastures generally begin a process of degradationcharacterized by a decline in grass productivity and an increase in the cover of weeds. Soilmicrobial biomass is the living component of soil organic matter and plays an important role indecomposition and biogeochemical cycling of nutrients in soil. Our objectives were to quantifythe microbial biomass carbon (C) variation, as a function of time in pastures subjected todifferent restoration treatments (1- Control; 2- Plowing + fertilizer; 3- Herbicide; 4- Herbicidefollowed by planting soybean under no-tillage + fertilizer, and 5- Herbicide followed byplanting rice under no-tillage + fertilizer). Soil sampling (0-5 and 5-10 cm depths) for microbialbiomass C accompanied each management procedure in each treatment: application ofherbicide, fertilizer, and plowing). Microbial biomass C was estimated by fumigationextraction.Soil microbial biomass C decreased after a second plowing in the plowing +fertilizer treatment. But increased in the long run after the planting of Brachiaria brizantha.Microbial biomass C increased after fertilizing and planting in the soybean and rice treatments.Soil microbial biomass C decreased three days after the herbicide application in the herbicidetreatment, but then recovered.

Regrowth Biomass Estimation in the Amazonusing JERS/RADARSAT SAR CompositesLeland Pierce, Pan Liang, M. Craig DobsonRadiation LaboratoryDepartment of Electrical Engineering and Computer ScienceUniversity of MichiganAnn Arbor, MI 48109-2122Phone: (734) 763-3157,FAX: (734) 647-2106E-mail: lep@eecs.umich.eduAbstractSynthetic Aperture Radar is known to have a response that is directly related tothe amount of living material that it interacts with. It is thisproperty that our research seeks to exploit in order to better understand Carbon Dynamicsin the Amazon. Complicating factors include adependency on vegetation moisture, vegetation species, and vegetation density.Geometry, due to species diversity, causes subtledifferences that can be exploited for monocultures, but in the case of the Amazon is asource of noise. The vegetation density causes theradar response to saturate such that vegetation that is more dense than some threshhold isindistinguishable from each other. What thismeans for this study is that the undisturbed forest will likely fall in this saturated region,and hence radar cannot be used to assess thebiomass of those regions, beyond classifying it as large. However, the areas of regrowthare likely to have a low enough biomass duringthe first 10 years of regrowth to be accurately assessed using radar. It is in this area wherewe expect our study to be useful.Our efforts involve obtaining appropriate pairs of radar images from several sitesand for both seasons. These data are then orthorectifiedusing a map and elevation data of the area. Once orthorectified, the data overlay oneanother sufficiently accurately to allow accuratecalibration and incidence angle correction. Without these corrections the terrain effectswould make our analysis too noisy and inaccurateto be useful. The seasonality of the data is used to deal with the moisture sensitivity of thedata, and the different frequency data is used tohelp classify the data into several classes for use in class-specific biomass estimates.We have chosen the following sites in Brazil for our study: Manaus, Rio Branco,Tapajos, Rondonia. In order to classify, as a first step tobiomass estimation, we use the JERS (L-band) and RADARSAT (C-band) data at the 2different seasons to create a 4-channel

composite. We can also use several texture measures (lacunarity, entropy, etc..) to furtherincrease the number of channels. This data isthen classified into the following classes: water, bare soil, short vegetation, regrowth, andtrees. We report on the accuracy of both ourclassification and biomass estimation efforts.

Effects of Interannual Climate Variability in Capoeira and Crops UnderTraditional and Alternative Shifting CultivationLiane S. Guild 1 , Tatiana D. A. Sá 2 , Claudio J. R. Carvalho 2 , Christopher S. Potter 1 , AlbertJ. Wickel 3 , Silvio Brienza Jr. 2 , Maria do Socorro A. Kato 2 , and Osvaldo Kato 21 NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA2 EMBRAPA Amazônia Oriental, Belém, Pará, Brazil3 ZEF/University of Bonn, GermanyAbstractRegenerating forests play an important role in long-term carbon sequestration andsustainable landuse as they act as potentially important carbon and nutrient sinks duringthe shifting agriculture fallow period. The long-term functioning of capoeira isincreasingly threatened by a shortening fallow period during shifting cultivation due todemographic pressures and associated increased vulnerability to severe climatic events.Declining productivity and functioning of fallow forests of shifting cultivation combinedwith progressive loss of nutrients by successive burning and cropping activities hasresulted in declining agricultural productivity. In addition to the effects of intense landuse practices, droughts associated with El Niño events are becoming more frequent andsevere in moist tropical forests and negative effects on capoeira productivity could beconsiderable. In Igarapé-Açu (near Belém, Pará), we hypothesize that experimentalalternative landuse/clearing practices (mulching and fallow vegetation improvement byplanting with fast-growing leguminous tree species) may make capoeira and agriculturemore resilient to the effects of agricultural pressures and drought through 1) increasedbiomass, soil organic matter and associated increase in soil water storage, and nutrientretention and 2) greater rooting depth of trees planted for fallow improvement. Thisexperimental practice (moto mechanized chop-and-mulch with fallow improvement) hasresulted in increased soil moisture during the cropping phase, reduced loss of nutrientsand organic matter, and higher rates of secondary-forest biomass accumulation. Wepresent preliminary data on water relations during the dry season of 2001 in capoeira andcrops for both traditional slash-and-burn and alternative chop-and-mulch practices.These data will be used to test IKONOS data for the detection of moisture statusdifferences. The principal goal of the research is to determine the extent to whichcapoeira and agricultural fields are susceptible to extreme climate events (drought) undercontrasting landuse/clearing practices.

Soil microbial biomass and respiration in an Eastern Amazonian regrowth forestLívia G. T. R. Vasconcelos 1 , Daniel J. Zarin 2 , Claudio José R. de Carvalho 3 , Steel S.Vasconcelos 4 , Maria M. de L. S. Santos 11 Department of Soil Science, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias do Pará (FCAP), P. O. Box917, Belém, PA, 66077-530, Brazil, E-mail: lgabrig@amazon.com.br; 2 University ofFlorida, USA, E-mail: zarin@ufl.edu; 3 EMBRAPA Amazônia Oriental, Brazil, E-mail:carvalho@cpatu.embrapa.br;manflora@amazon.com.br4Projeto MANFLORA, FCAP, Brazil, E-mail:Soil microbial biomass is an important component in forest ecosystems and itsmeasurement provides an estimate of the size of the most dynamic fraction of soil organicmatter and associated nutrients. We measured soil microbial biomass in a fourteen-year-oldregrowth forest in Eastern Amazonia (Pará, Brazil) during early November 2000 (dryseason) and late April 2001 (wet season). Microbial biomass carbon (C mic ) and respirationwere determined using the fumigation-extraction method and an adaptation of thefumigation-incubation method, respectively. We also calculated the metabolic quotient(respiration:C mic ratio, qCO 2 ) and the soil microbial carbon:soil organic carbon ratio(C mic :C org ). During the dry season, soil moisture was significantly lower (12.9 ± 0.3 %) thanin the wet season (28.5 ± 0.8 %). C mic was significantly higher in the dry (937 ± 55 µg g -1 )than in the rainy season (454 ± 26 µg g -1 ); C mic :C org showed the same pattern. However,microbial respiration was significantly higher in the rainy than in the dry season (2.74 ±0.15 vs. 1.61 ± 0.06 µg C-CO 2 g -1 soil hr -1 ), and rainy season qCO2 values (0.006 ± 0.0004)were also significantly higher than dry season values (0.002 ± 0.0001). Our results indicatethat soil moisture influences soil microbial biomass which was more efficient during thedry season due to substantial carbon immobilization during this period. The increase inqCO2 in the rainy season suggests a higher carbon mineralization by the soil microbialbiomass, resulting in less efficiency in this period.

Carbon balance and vegetation dynamics in an old-growth Amazonian forestLucy Hutyra 1 , Amy H. Rice 1 , Elizabeth Hammond Pyle 1 , Scott R. Saleska 1 , Kleber Portilho 2 ,Dulcyana F. Marques 3 , Plínio B. de Camargo 4 , and Steven C. Wofsy 11 Harvard University, Earth and Planetary Sciences20 Oxford St.Cambridge, MA 02138 USAluh@io.harvard.edu2 Universidade Federal do Para, Santarém, PA3 FIT, Santarém, PA4 CENA/USP, Piracicaba, SPAmazon forests could be globally significant sinks or sources for atmospheric carbon dioxide,but carbon balance of these forests remains poorly quantified. We surveyed 20 ha of welldrainedold-growth upland forest near the km 67 access road of the Tapajós National Forest nearSantarém, Pará, Brazil (54°58’W, 2°51’S) in order to assess carbon pool sizes, fluxes, andclimatic controls on carbon balance. Live trees with diameter at breast height (DBH) >10 cmhad a stem frequency of 467 ha -1 and accounted for 142.5 ± 6.5 Mg C ha -1 in 1999 while coarsewoody debris (CWD) accounted for 32.6 ± 2.9 Mg C ha -1 . Net flux to live wood biomass,estimated by resurvey after two years, was 1.44 ± 0.57 Mg C ha -1 yr -1 , the net result of highgrowth rate (3.23 ± 0.20 Mg C ha -1 yr -1 from a mean bole increment of 0.36 cm yr -1 ), recruitmentof new trees (0.61 ± 0.02 Mg C ha -1 yr -1 ), and high mortality (-2.4 ± 0.51 Mg C ha -1 yr -1 due toindividual stem mortality of 1.8% yr -1 ) . The measured net gain in live wood biomass wasexceeded, however, by estimated net loss (1.7 to 5.0 Mg C ha -1 yr -1 ) from the large stock ofCWD, resulting in an overall aboveground carbon balance that was negative (estimated flux: -0.3 to -4.0 Mg C ha -1 yr -1 ). Tree growth and litterfall were highly seasonal and correlatedstrongly with variations in precipitation, suggesting that climatic variations exert a stronginfluence on short-term carbon balance. Three observations – (i) the stock of CWD is large, (ii)all of the net gain in live biomass is due to small-tree growth and recruitment, and (iii) thedistribution of stem density is piecewise log-linear with a notable steeper slope for trees < 40 cmDBH – suggest that an episode of high mortality (possibly caused by the strong El NiñoSouthern Oscillation event of 1997-98) preceded study initiation. This hypothesis suggests thatvariations in medium- to long-term carbon balances are also strongly influenced by climatechanges, and that such variations may overwhelm the relatively smaller carbon balance effectspredicted from rising atmospheric carbon dioxide.

Tree ring studies to estimate carbon-uptake in Amazonian lowland forestsSack, M. 1 , Worbes, M. 1 & Piedade, M. T. F. 21 Forstbotanisches Institut, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germanye-mail: msack@gwdg.dee-mail: mworbes@gwdg.de2 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Av. André Araújo 2936, Caixa Postal 478,CEP: 69011-970, Manaus/AM, Brasile-mail: maitepp@internext.com.brContribution to Carbonsink – LBA / WP5 - Historical and spatial trends in Amazon forestsProposal N o : EVK4-1999- 00191Project Coordinator: Kabat, P.The measurement of forest increment by conventional methods (e.g. repeated diametermeasurements) is widely used. From Amazonian lowland and adjacent regions several long-termobservation plots in forests have been evaluated previously. The data indicate a net increase ofwood biomass in the last decades. However, the method is not appropriate to analyze theinfluencing factors nor to explain this finding. Tree ring analysis allows the estimation of annualwood increment by ring-width measurements and helps to clarify the structural dynamics in woodformation and growth variation over the complete lifespan of individual trees. Together with themeasure of wood density and allometric functions of bole volume, the wood biomass incrementcan be calculated. This method is appropriate for examining the inter-annual variability in woodformation and its relation to climatic factors, to estimate the age of the investigated individualtrees, and to quantify long-term historical trends in forest productivity and carbon stocks. Most ofthe dendroecological investigations between extrinsic and intrinsic factors and the cambialgrowth dynamics of tropical trees were carried out with a strong emphasis on the influence ofclimatic factors and the significance of soil water supply for the cambial activity of the trees.According to recent investigations, we can show that repeated cambial wounding (“pinning”) isan appropriate method for growth rate determination, the characterization of the cambial activity,and the proof of annual tree rings in tropical trees.We found in our experimental plots in a forest 90 km north of Manaus a high diversity of about150 tree species per hectare. Congruent with species diversity there is a high diversity in woodstructure. Most of the investigated overstorey trees show a distinct tree ring structure. First resultsindicate a seasonal growth rhythm of many trees of the Amazonian terra firme. This serves forage determination of the trees and the estimation of current and long term growth increments.

SOIL CARBON STOCKS INFLUENCED BY LITTER AND ROOTSQUALITY ON PASTURE CHRONOSEQUENCE IN RONDÔNIAMaria Conceição Santana Carvalho 1 , Cristiano Alberto de Andrade 2 ,Adolfo José Melfi 3 , Carlos Clemente Cerri 4 .1 Researcher of Embrapa Algodão, Goiânia-GO, Brazil.2Doctoral student of ESALQ/USP; Laboratório de Biogeoquímica Ambiental (CENA/USP),Avenida Centenário n o 303, caixa postal 96, CEP 13416-000, Piracicaba-SP, Brazil. E-mail:caandrad@esalq.usp.br3 Professor of ESALQ/USP, Piracicaba-SP, Brazil.4 Researcher of CENA/USP, Piracicaba-SP, Brazil.The quality of litter and root inputs to soils may be one factor that contributes toincreased total soil carbon stocks in pastures following deforestation in somelocations. We evaluated changes to litter and roots carbon quality when a tropicalforest is converted to pasture. We examined a chronosequence locate in Rondônia thatincluded a natural tropical forest and Brachiaria brizantha pastures introduced inyears 1987, 1983, 1972 and 1911. Litter, roots and soil samples were taken in July2001. In litter and roots samples we measured C and N concentrations through drycombustion and lignin, cellulose and lignocellulose index (LCI) using a series of plantsamples digestions. Pastures of all ages had had lower concentrations of N and lignin,larger C/N ratios and lower LCI than forest. Pastures of different ages were similar.These values suggest that pastures plants tissues are less available for microbialdecomposition than forest tissues. Total soil C stocks were larger in pastures. Until30 cm soil depth, the average C stocks was about 50 Mg ha -1 in pasture and30 Mg ha -1 in forest. The larger pastures soil C stocks occurred by increase of bothsoil C concentration and soil bulk density. Litter and roots N contents correlatednegatively with soil C stocks, while litter and root C/N ratio correlated positively withsoil C stock. These results suggest that litter and roots quality are important for theestablishment of soil C stock after forest removal and pasture installation.

Litter decomposition rate estimation by mass balance model in a transitional tropical forest –savannain Mato Grosso - BrazilNicolau Priante Filho (nicolaup@terra.com.br), Fernando Raiter, Wander Hoeger, Clóvis LastaFritzen, Eduardo Jacusiel Miranda, José de Souza Nogueira, Moacir LacerdaUniversidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Depto. De Física/ICET - Av. Fernando Correa da Costa s/n78060-900-Cuiabá-MT-BRAZILGeorge Louis VourlitisIn the present study we measured the litter production and decomposition in a transition forest todetermine the role played by the litter decomposition in the overall carbon emission. The experimentswere carried out near the city of Sinop in northern Mato Grosso, Brazil, a region of transition betweenthe Amazon rainforest and the savanna (“cerrado”). That region presents an average rainfall of 2000mm, with a dry season from June to September, and a very wet season in the period betweenDecember-February, when approximately a half of the total rainfall is received. Decompositionstudies follow a common procedure, using 20-1m 2 litter traps installed in a 1 ha plot. Fallen litter wascollected monthly sorted and dry mass of leaves, twigs, flowers and fruits determined. We used amass balance model proposed by Wieder and Wright, 1995 to quantify litter decomposition. In thiswork we show preliminary results for the period between January and February 2002. For the fallenlitter, the exponential decay k value for January in Sinop was around 0.02 d -1 . This value was similarto the wet season value obtained in Panama by Wieder and Wright, 1995 and is substantially largerthan the annual average value 0.0089d -1 . The Sinop average litterfall was 13 g m -2 wk -1 to January and9 g m -2 wk -1 to February. In the same area an experiment using the litterbag method have beenconducting to estimate the litter decomposition rate. We continue collecting data until June 2002 andthe results of both methods will be compared and showed.

Drought effects on net primary productivity and its allocation in an east-central Amazonforest: results from a throughfall exclusion experimentP MOUTINHO 1 , NEPSTAD, D C 1 2 , M DIAS-FILHO 3 , D RAY 2 , L SOLORZANO 2 , GCARDINOT 1 , I TOHVER 1 .Institutional Affiliations:Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazonia 1 , Brasil,Woods Hole Research Center 2 , USA,Embrapa Amazonia Oriental, Belém, Brasil 3 .Large areas of Amazon forest are exposed to severe drought stress, and may experiencegreater drought stress in the future through the interacting effects of global warming,ENSO, and deforestation-inhibition of rainfall. We established a partial throughfallexclusion experiment (one-hectare treatment and control plots) in east-central Amazonia(FLONA Tapajós) in 1998 to help provide a more integrated understanding of forestresponses to drought. During the first year of the experiment, partial (40%) throughfallexclusion induced a decline in both leaf photosynthetic capacity and diameter growth ofsmall trees. During the second year of throughfall exclusion, when deep soil depletionoccurred, stem growth of trees up to 50 cm dbh was suppressed at the rate of 2 Mgbiomass ha -1 yr -1 . It was only after excluding a total of 1600 mm of throughfall, duringthe second post-treatment dry season, that pre-dawn leaf water potential declined,inhibiting leaf production and lowering LAI by 1.5 units. Hence, leaf fall responded todrought only after 2 years of treatment; the mortality of understory trees (

cardinot@amazon.com.britohver@yahoo.com

COARSE WOOD DEBRIS DEPOSITION, DECOMPOSITION, AND NUTRIENTRELEASE IN A SELECTIVELY LOGGED FOREST IN CENTRAL AMAZONIAPercy M. Summers; Flávio J. Luizão & Niro Higuchi. INPA-Ecology and Forestry. E-mail:fluizao@inpa.gov.brThe study aimed to assess the possible consequences of large inputs of new coarsewoody debris (CWD) to the current stocks in “terra-firme” forests in Central Amazonia as aresult of selective logging. It focuses on nutrient and carbon cycles, in three permanentplots (4 ha each) of undisturbed forest and four permanent plots that were selectivelylogged, all located 80 km north of Manaus, Brazil. Dry necromass stocks, decomposition,and nutrient stocks and fluxes were determined for all dead wood in the undisturbed plots.The use of permanent plots that have been measured since 1980 allowed to determine thespecies and decomposition time (in years) for the different logs. The mean stock of deadwood mass in the undisturbed forest was 29.7 ± 12.2 Mg ha -1 , increasing up to 80 Mg ha -1after logging. Decomposition rates were estimated using a simple exponential model(OLSON, 1963) for density, k d = 0.074 and for mass, k m = 0.020. Among the factorsaffecting decomposition rates, species, initial density and soil contact were significant(p

VARIABILITY OF SOIL RESPIRATION OVER WOODLAND SAVANNAH (CERRADO)AND SUGAR CANE IN SOUTHEAST BRAZILRafael Rosolem, Humberto da Rocha, Helber Freitas Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e CiênciasAtmosféricas Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo, BrasilWe report a time series of soil CO2 efflux observations, monitored at ecosystems of Cerrado(woodland savannah) and Sugar Cane crop, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, during April 2001 toMarch 2002. The data was collected using a static soil chamber (PPSystem) with EGM-2 infra-redgas analyser, over 17 (seventeen) rings each site, on a weekly basis. Measurements of soiltemperature (Campbell 107) at 1 cm and soil moisture (10 and 20 cm) (Campbell frequency domainreflectomere CS615-G) were measured automatically using a CR10X datallogger (CampbellSystems). The data has shown the average carbon emissions were substantially larger at the Cerradosite (4,75 ± 2,18 µmol m 2 s - ) than at the sugar cane (2,23 ± 1,59 µmol m 2 s - ). The correlationbetween soil respiration and temperature appeared to be well fitted on an exponential curve at theCerrado, as opposed to the sugar cane, where the statistical variation appeared larger. Theseasonality is strong and the soil moisture is substantially well correlated (on a near-linear mode) atboth sites. While it appears the correlations at the undisturbed Cerrado are easier to fitmathematically, the modelling at crop sites (sugar cane) faces several resistances, as of radicalchanges in phenology and canopy cover, and others of management (e.g. plowing).

Soil properties and carbon sequestration along a toposequencein central Amazonia forestRegina C. C. Luizão; Lucinéia S. Souza, Fabiane L. Oliveira & Flávio J. LuizãoDepartamento de Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da AmazôniaCaixa Postal 478, 69011-970, Manaus, AM. rccl@inpa.gov.brAbstractRecent studies suggest that soil topography and texture might be influencing the amount ofC being sequestred by the forest as measured by eddy flux. Carbon dioxide measured bythat technique also does not identify the gas source, wether from soil or from plants.Aiming to contribute in filling this gap, the present study made a physical-chemical andbiological characterization of the soil along a toposequence in the surrounds of theclimatological tower in order to relate them with the CO2 measurements from the tower.The study was carried out in the ZF-2 Reserve, located 60 km north of Manaus. Along thetoposequence, three replicate plots were selected in each topographic position: plateau,slope and valley. In each plot, three composite samples made up of five soil cores werecollected from the topsoil (0-12 cm). Soil measurements included texture, pH, soil organicmatter, moisture, microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen transformation rates. Clay contentwas the most distinct factor varying along the toposequence with 65% in the plateau, 43%in the slope and 5% in the valley, a pattern followed by the soil organic matter with 6%, 3%and 1,5% and soil moisture with 28%, 21% and 15% respectively in these positions.Despite these differences, soil biological properties such as soil respiration, microbialcarbon and nitrogen did not change significantly along the toposequence. For soil pH andmicrobial transformations of nitrogen the differences were only related to the valleyposition, with significantly lower nitrate and rates of nitrification even though the soil pHwas higher when compared with the other two topographic positions. Relationship betweenthese soil properties and carbon sequestration by the forest measured by eddy flux will bedicussed.

Fine litter fall and standing tree component contribution to the nutrient cycling in anamazonian rain forest, Caxiuanã, Pará, Brazil. Almeida, Samuel Soares & Silva,Rosecélia Moreira. MCT/Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Av. Magalhães Barata 376,Nazaré, Belém-PA (samuel@museu-goeldi.br, celitamoreira@hotmail.com.br).The most important and efficient mechanism of nutrients cycling in tropical forests is relatedto the litter fall. This panel presents the results of litter fall and organic matter decompositionin a dense amazonian rain forest, at the “Ferreira Penna” Scientific Station, Caxiuanã, Pará.The experiments had been carried out in 2 plots (A and B) of 1 hectar each. During 12months litter fall was collected, composed by foliage, reproductive fraction and fine branchs.The total production of litter fall was 9.63 Mg.ha -1 .ano -1 , divided into 5.65 Mg.ha -1 .ano -1 ofleaves; 1.68 Mg.ha -1 .ano -1 of fine branchs and 1.39 Mg.ha -1 .ano -1 of reproductive fraction.These values are among more highly obtained to the amazonian forests, reflecting theelevated biomass of the Caxiuanã forest. Annually this forest can be recycling about 4,820kg.ha -1 of C; 132.6 kg.ha -1 of N; 3.7 kg.ha -1 of P and 23.93 kg.ha -1 of K. The organic matterdecomposition experiment consisted of 360 plastic bags (180 by hectare). The decompositionrate in the first 180 days has been about 50 % of the decomposed material. To relate with theprimary production the floristic inventory in the parcels studied was carried out, recording alltrees and lianas with DAP ≥ 10 cm, its respective species, trunk and total height. The A andB parcels included about 180 and 185 species respectively, with considerable diversity of bigtrees that present an single or few individuals by hectare. The contribution of tree species forthe litter fall and the recycling is changeable during the year, being that plants that lose leavesduring the dry period can contribute massivelly to overall biomass decayed.(Research carried through with support of the MCT/Museu Goeldi, Project Esecaflor/UEdinand Instituto of the Milênio/LBA).

Patiño, S. 1,2,a , Mercado, L. 2 , Paiva, R. 3 , Quesada, A. 4 , Schmerler, J. 2 , Baker T.R. 2,4 ,Phillips, O.L. 5 , Malhi, Y. 6 & Lloyd, J. 21. Instituto de Investigaciones de Recursos Biologicos Alexander von Humboldt,Bogota, Colombia, 2. Max-Planck-Institut fur Biogeochemie, Jena, Germany. 3.INPA, Manaus, Brasil. 4. Universidade Nacional de Brasilia, Brasilia, Brasil. 5. Deptof Geography, University of Leeds, UK. 6. Institute of Ecology and ResourceManagement, University of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.a. Corresponding author: Instituto de Investigaciones de Recursos BiologicosAlexander von Humboldt, Calle 37, #8-40 Mezzaine, Bogota, Colombia.spatino@humboldt.org.coA comparison of the relationships between leaf area index, Huber value andabove-ground biomass within Amazonian forests.The Amazon Forest Inventory Network (RAINFOR) has been established to monitorthe biomass and dynamics of Amazonian forests. An important aim is to understandthe physiological mechanisms that underlie observed differences in forest structurealong resource gradients. Here, we report results from 1 ha plots in Ecuador, Peru,Brazil and Bolivia. For each plot, leaf area index (LAI) was measured usinghemispherical photographs, and above-ground biomass estimated using allometricequations. Huber values (wood cross sectional area per unit leaf area) were calculatedfor branches sampled from 20 - 45 trees per plot. We examine how LAI variesbetween forests that are growing under different climatic and edaphic conditions. Wecompare Huber values between different forests and examine whether there arecorrelations between physiological functional groups and phylogeny. We discuss thesignificance of our results in relation to the ecological and physiologicalcharacteristics of species within diverse forest stands and predict how global climatechange might influence forest structure.

LATERAL VARIATIONS IN THE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE TERRAFIRM SOILS, ESECAFLOR EXPERIMENT (CAXIUANÃ, PARÁ STATE)Simone Baía Pereira (MPEG/LBA)Maria de Lourdes Ruivo (MPEG/LBA)The relationships between water exclusion, properties of soil and forest cycle areinvestigated by “The Impact of drought on water and carbon dioxide fluxes from brazilianrain forest – ESECAFLOR project, located in Ferreira Penna Scientific Station (Caxiuanã,Pará). Treatment (B) and control (A) plots were established in the forest. Each plot had fourtrenches (A1, A2, A3, A4 and B1, B2, B3, B4). In A and B plots there are not lateralappreciable changes. In this study were evaluate the seasonal variability from the selectedchemical properties in the surface soils (0-25 cm) the samples were collected the early rainyseason (January /2000) and dry season (Jane/2001). The organic carbon content (plot A)was significantly higher in the rain season, increased diagonally in the both plots. In the dryseason, the organic carbon content is smaller compared with rain season. The observationsin dry period indicate small increase in the pH values. The increase tendency ofexchangeable Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ and pH is contrary between the A and B plots. In dry season,A1 trench showed the low valor of organic carbon (7.05 g/Kg), exchangeables Ca 2+ (0.112cmolc/dm 3 ) and Mg 2+ (0.112 cmolc/dm 3 ) and high value pH (4.7); and B3 trench exhibitedorganic carbon content near to minimal value (5.04 g/Kg) and pH is maximum (4.4).Clearly indicate an association with minimal percentage of humid, 18.6 and 14.7%, to Aand B plots, respectively. These observations, probably, indicate the A1 and B3 trencheshas major altitude, in relation to other trenches, cause higher weathering and aeration.Consequently, fast decomposition of organic matter. The increase pH may be due to theretreat weak acids of the environment, and decrease of the exchangeables cations.

Where are the oldest of the forest? Radiocarbon use to determine the age andgrowth rate of trees from the Brazilian Amazonian ForestSimone A. Vieira 1 , Plínio B. de Camargo 1 , Susan E. Trumbore 2 , Diogo Selhorst 3 ,Niro Higuchi 4 , Luiz A. Martinelli 1 , John Southon 5savieira@cena.usp.br,pcamargo@cena.usp.br,setrumbo@uci.edu,selhorst@bol.com.br, niro@inpa.gov.br, zebu@cena.usp.br, southon@llnl.gov(1)Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura/USP, Av. Centenário 303,Piracicaba, SP 13416-000 – Brazil (2) University of Califórnia, Irvine, CA, USA (3)Parque Zoobotânico-UFAC-Brazil (4) Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia –Manaus - Brasil (5) Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence LivermoreNational Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USAIt has been reported that trees can survive over 1000 years in the Amazonian tropicalforest. This fact apparently contradicts the idea that tropical rain forests are highlydynamic systems. This contradiction can be clarified by determining the age structureof the forest through the residence time of the Carbon in the vegetation. The first stepto estimate the C residence time in the forest is to determine the amount of 14 C oftrees. We followed the diameter tree growth at three sites in the Amazonian tropicalforest in order to provide a better understanding of the carbon dynamics in this regionand its variations according to the climate gradient. We also collected trunk samplesfrom 100 individuals and the radiocarbon measurements of tree cores purifiedcellulose were used to determine the ages and radial growth rates of various species oftrees with different diameter classes. The studied sites were located in the Tapajósforest (FLONA) near Santarém (PA), the EEST-ZF2 site near Manaus (AM) and theCatuaba Experimental Farm near Rio Branco (AC). The amount and distribution ofthe precipitation, the tree diameter distribution and the aboveground biomass aredifferent among the studied areas. The dry biomass is 360 t.ha -1 , 281 t.ha -1 and244 t.ha -1 in Manaus, Santarém and Rio Branco, respectively. The DHB of thesampled trees ranged from 11 to 143 cm. The maximum age obtained fromradiocarbon was 760 years and the minimum was 20 years. The annual diametergrowth rate ranged between 0.01 and 0.9 cm.year -1 . It seems that the bigger trees tendto have higher growth rates than smaller trees in all studied sites.

Isotopic Signature of Nitrous Oxide in dry season forest soils -implications for seasonal production of N2OTibisay PerezSusan Trumbore, Plinio Barbosa de Camargo, Enir Salazar da Costa, StanlyTyler, Michael Keller, Patrick Crill and Eric DavidsonUniversity of CaliforniaMeasurements of stable isotopes in N 2 O provide useful constraints for the globalN 2 O. Tropical rain forest soils are the largest natural source of N 2 O to the atmosphere.Variations in the flux and isotopic signature of N 2 O from tropical soils reflectmicrobiological processes that produce and consume N 2 O, and physical controls of therate at which N 2 O escapes from the soil pore space to the overlying atmosphere. Ourprevious work in the Amazon basin and in a Costa Rican forest suggested that soil textureaffects the isotopic composition of the N 2 O emitted from the soil surface. We presenthere measurements of N 2 O isotopic composition across a soil texture gradient during thedry season of 2001 in the N 2 O Tapajós National Forest (TNF), Para State, Brazil. Weselected three soil types within the TNF (km 83 site) for study: sandy, transitional (sand +clay) and clay soils. Soil pits (0 to 2 m) were dug at each site and sampled for soilcharacteristics, and tubes for sampling soil gases were installed in each pit. We alsocollected samples at a dry down experiment (TNF, km 67) at 4 pits (0-11 m depth) tocompare variability in the N 2 O isotopic composition affected by drought and at greaterdepths. During the dry season at all sites the N 2 O mixing ratio in soil air increased withdepth from ~340 ppb near the surface to ~600 ppb in the sandy soil (2 m depth) and to~2000 ppb in the transition and clay soils (2 m depth) of the km 83 site. At the km 67site the mixing ratio increased to 1000 ppb at 11 m. The isotopic signature of δ 15 N andδ 18 O of N 2 O and became more depleted in heavy isotopes with depth at all sites. Theδ 15 N 2 O values ranged from 3 to 4 ‰ in the surface to ~2 at 2 m depth in the sandy soiland to ~-4 ‰ in the transition and clay soils at 2m depth. We suggest that little is N 2 O isproduced in these soils during the dry season and that most of the N 2 O emitted during thistime was produced during the wet season and is being slowly released from the large soilcolumn to the atmosphere. Modeling of the diffusion of gases from the soil columnsupports this hypothesis, as do the N 2 O isotopic differences observed between soils withdifferent texture. Soils with higher overall effective diffusivity (sandy soil) release theN 2 O faster than the more compacted soils (e.g. clay and transitional) and therefore havelower N 2 O concentrations at depth and N 2 O with an isotopic value closer to that of theatmospheric N 2 O compared to the soils that have less effective diffusivity.

Tree Growth History, Stand Structure, and Biomass of PremontaneForest Types at the Cerro Tambo, Alto Mayo, Northern PeruViviana Horna 1,2) , Reiner Zimmermann 1,2) , Henry Soplin 1) , AnnettBörner 1,2) , Tobias Mette 1)1)Forest Ecology and Remote Sensing Group, Ecological-Botanical Gardens ÖBG,University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany2) Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany.viviana.horna@bgc-jena.mpg.de Phone: ++49-3641-686731 Fax: ++49-3641-686710AbstractTree growth and biomass accumulation were studied for two structurally contrasting premontane foresttypes occuring from 1200 -1600 m a.s.l. at the Cerro Tambo, Region Alto Mayo in Peru. The premontanevegetation at the Cerro Tambo consists of a mosaic of poor heath forests and well developed premontanerain forests.Within each forest type, the variation in species composition and aboveground biomass is small comparedto the dramatic differences apparent between the heath and rain forests. Edaphic variations and severedrought damage during prolonged dry seasons as agent for such differences was excluded by studies onsoils and water consumption by vegetation. Mosaic type heath forest establishment in a zone with potentialdense rain forest cover can be the result of recurring destructive events like natural fires or landslides,occuring on a decadal to secular scale. Such events may trigger a series of successional stages which lead toirreversible deterioration of site quality under current conditions.Stand structure, tree growth rates, and tree age was measured to describe the growth dynamics of thecontrasting forests and to detect stand growth depressions within the life span of old growth individuals.Tree ring analysis of 106 trees showed that all forests of the Cerro Tambo area have low annual tree growthrates. Heath forests and tall rain forests show no pronounced difference in growth rates. However, heathforests are young and no individuals older than 45 years were found. Tall rain forests trees of more than150 years in age were found. We conclude that heath forests are most likely successional stages after fairlyrecent disturbance.A slight and linear positive increase in rainforest tree growth in all forest plots was found for the pastcentury and may be attributed to the globally increasing atmospheric CO 2 concentration. A further observedincrease in tree growth in all forest plots during the last two decades may be attributed to atmosphericdeposition of nutrients due to massive deforestation followed by rural development in this region.

Ecosystem degradation due to fire & loggingPRIMARY AUTHOR ORGANIZATION ABSTRACT_TITLECarlos Souza IMAZON Oral Multi-temporal Analysis of Canopy Changedue to Logging in Amazonian TransitionalForests with Green Vegetation FractionImages.Mark CochraneMichigan StateUniversityOralSelective Logging, Forest Fragmentationand Fire Disturbance: Implications ofInteraction and SynergyAdelaine Michela Figueira IAG-USP Poster Litterfall and leaf area index before andafter selective logging in Tapajós NationalForestAndré Monteiro IMAZON Poster Impacts of logging and fire on thecomposition and structure of transitionalforests in Mato GrossoAne AlencarAne AlencarIPAM - Instituto dePesquisa Ambiental daAmazoniaIPAM - Instituto dePesquisa Ambiental daAmazoniaPosterPosterMapping Biomass Loss from Forest Firesin a Dense Forest of Western ParáForest Disturbance by Logging and Fire inEastern AmazoniaAurélie Botta University of Wisconsin Poster Spatial and Temporal Drivers of FireDynamics in the Amazon BasinCleilim Albert de Sousa UFPA Poster Effect of selective logging on biomass andtree growth in Tapajos National ForestDouglas Morton WHRC Poster A new method to detect forest fire scars inthe transition forest zone of Mato Grossousing Landsat ETM+Eraldo MatricardiBasic Science and PosterRemote SensingInitiative - BSRSI- MSUMultitemporal Assessment of SelectiveLogging in the Brazilian AmazonGregory Asner Carnegie Institution Poster Forest Canopy Damage from SelectiveLogging in Amazonia: Lessons Learnedfrom Detailed Field Studies, Landsat ETMand EO-1 HyperionJoao Andrade de Carvalho Jr.CarvalhoInstituto Nac. dePesquisas EspaciaisPosterA forest clearing experiment conducted inthe Amazonian arc of deforestationManoel CardosoUniversity of NewHampshirePosterFieldwork and Statistical Analyses forEnhanced Interpretation of Satellite FireData

Marco Rondon CGIAR Poster Carbon Storage in Soils from DegradedPastures and Agroforestry Systems inCentral Amazônia: The role of charcoalMichael PalaceComplex SystemsResearch CenterPosterCoarse Woody Debris in Logged andUndisturbed Forests: Determination ofStocks Using a New Methodology forWood Density and Void EstimationPaul LefebvreThe Woods HoleResearch CenterPosterAn improved soil water budget model forpredicting drought stress-related forestflammability in the Amazon BasinRegina AlvaláINPE - InstitutoNacional de PesquisasEspaciaisPosterSoil Thermal Properties Under Forest,Pasture and Mangrove in EasternAmazoniaSammya D'Angelo INPA / PDBFF Poster PATTERNS OF TREE MORTALITY INFOREST FRAGMENTS IN CENTRALAMAZONIASanae HyashiSavio FerreiraSavio FerreiraSusan LauranceInstuto de PesquisaAmbiental daAmazoniaINPA - InstitutoNacional de Pesquisasda AmazôniaINPA - InstitutoNacional de Pesquisasda AmazôniaSmithsonian TropicalResearch InstitutePosterPosterPosterPosterSpatial Pattern of Selective Logging, in anageing Amazon frontier: the case ofeastern ParáRAIN WATER INTERCEPTION BYSELECTIVELY LOGGED RAIN FORESTIN CENTRAL AMAZONIASOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AFTERSELECTIVE LOGGING IN CENTRALAMAZONIAPREDICTING EDGE-DRIVEN CARBONEMISSIONS FROM FRAGMENTATIONOF AMAZONIAN FORESTS

AbstractMulti-temporal Analysis of Canopy Change due to Logging in AmazonianTransitional Forests with Green Vegetation Fraction Images.Carlos Souza Jr. 1,2 , Dar Roberts 21. Instituto do Homem e Meio Ambiente da Amazônia – ImazonCaixa Postal 5101, Belém, PA, Brasil. 66613-3972. Department of Geography, University of California at Santa BarbaraDepartment of Geography EH3601, Santa Barbara, CA 93106We conducted a time series analysis to evaluate the appropriate temporal resolutionof Landsat TM/ETM to map canopy change due to selective logging in transitional forests,and to compare the rates of deforestation and selective logging in Central Mato Grosso,Brazil. We used a subset (2,800 x 2,800 pixels) of 13 Landsat Thematic TM/ETM(orbit/path = 226/68) images acquired between 1987 and 2000.Spectral mixture models were applied to radiometrically inter-calibrated Landsatimages to estimate the proportion of green vegetation (GV), soil, non-photosyntheticvegetation (NPV) and shade. Of the four fraction images, the GV fraction images showedto be less affected by smoke interference and, for this reason, were selected to detect forestcanopy changes over time. An image differencing technique was applied to every pair ofGV images to compute the percent of changes in vegetation proportion (∆GV) between theold date and the recent date. Thresholds values were defined empirically using imagescatter plots associated with GV images and field information to map the following landcover classes: i) no change in forest canopy: -10%

Selective Logging, Forest Fragmentation and FireDisturbance: Implications of Interaction and SynergyMark A. Cochrane, David L. Skole, Eraldo A.T. Matricardi, Christopher Barber andWalter Chomentowski.Basic Science and Remote Sensing Initiative, Department of Geography, East Lansing,MI, USAWorking forests are premised upon sustainable management, however, ecosystems aremandated by disturbance. Therefore, conservation and management of forests requiresknowledge of past, present and, to the extent possible, future disturbances. Tropicalforests are increasingly impacted by degrading activities as well as outright deforestation.Landscapes have been transformed from continuous tracts of unbroken forest intomosaics of pastures, agricultural plots and forest fragments that have often been subjectedto varying degrees of increased disturbance from sun, wind, fire and logging operations.Multitemporal case studies from within the Brazilian Amazon are used to illustrate thelinkages and synergy between forest fragmentation, selective logging and forest fire. Ageographic information system is then used to quantitatively and spatially relatedisturbance across the landscape so that spatially articulated disturbance regimes can bemapped. These maps provide both knowledge of the current state of existing forests aswell as the likely future of given parcels of forest. Preliminary results have shown thatforest fragmentation and forest fire are directly linked, with fires becoming edge effectsthat penetrate kilometers into standing forests. Selective logging also exacerbates fireprobability but with effects at larger distances from forest edges. In typical anthropogeniclandscapes, fragmentation effects, fire and logging can involve nearly all of the remainingforests and pose special challenges for sustainable management of these resources.

ABSTRACT – Second International LBA Science ConferenceLitterfall and leaf area index before and after selective logging in TapajósNational ForestA.M.Figueira 1 , C.A.de Sousa 2 , M.Goulden 3 , H.da Rocha 4 , M.Menton 3 , S. Miller 3 ,R.Juarez 4 , A. Maia 51Desenvolvimento Regional RHAE/LBA2Iniciação Científica CNPq/LBA3University of California, Irvine4Universidade de S. Paulo5 Universidade Federal do ParaAuthor adress: Rua Uruara 185. Santana.CEP: 68015220. Santarem – Para – BrazilEmail: mifigueira@hotmail.comWe are using measurements of litterfall to study the Leaf Area Index (LAI) of theselectively logged site in the Tapajos National Forest, Santarém, Pará. The surfacefluxes of water, energy and CO 2 between the atmosphere and ecosystems are largelycontrolled by the physical structure of the canopy and the amount of green biomass(the LAI). The effect of perturbations such as logging on these processes is not wellunderstood. We installed 30 1-m 2 litter traps in an 18-ha block upwind of the eddycovariance tower and collected litter bi-weekly beginning in September 2000. Thesite was selectively logged in September 2001, and observations prior to this pointindicate the litterfall dynamics of undisturbed forest. Litterfall varied seasonally fromSeptember 2000 to September 2001, with comparatively high rates beginning in Mayand continuing through the dry season. The May leaf drop preceded the beginning ofthe dry season, implying that it was not a direct result of drought. The May increasecoincided with a decline in daytime CO 2 uptake measured by eddy covariance,indicating that both LAI and canopy photosynthesis decreased beginning in May. Theintegrated litterfall observations prior to logging suggest an overall LAI of 5 m 2 m 2 ,which agrees with independent assessments of LAI made by fisheye photographyduring the 2000 wet season.

Impacts of logging and fire on the composition and structureof transitional forests in Mato GrossoAndré Monteiro 1 , Jeffrey Gerwing 1, 2 , Carlos Souza Jr. 1 , Paulo Barreto 1 , FrankPantoja 11. Instituto do Homem e Meio Ambiente da Amazônia – ImazonCaixa Postal 5101, Belém, PA, Brasil. 66613-397, E-mail address: andreluiz@imazon.org.br2. Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA, E-mail address: jjg156@psu.eduAbstractWe quantified the impacts of varying intensities of logging and fire on tree stem density,liana density, canopy cover, soil disturbance, and above ground live biomass in transitionalforests in the region surrounding Cláudia, Mato Grosso, Brazil. We based this study onfield inventories conducted on 12 properties. Based on logging and fire histories, wegrouped the study sites into five disturbance classes: i) intact forest, ii) logged forest (10m 3ha -1 removed); iii) logged and burned forest (forest that burned once); iv) logged andheavily burned forest (forest that burned more than once); and v) heavily logged and burnedforest (forest that was logged and burned multiple times with a total of > 25m 3 ha -1removed). Aboveground live biomass in logged and burned forests was consistently lessthan that of intact forest (326t ha -1 ). Compared to intact forest, there was a 15 – 20%reduction in logged and logged and burned forests, a 29% reduction in heavily logged andburned forests, and a 49% reduction in logged and heavily burned forests. Given our smallsample sizes, only the later of these differences was statistically significant. Similar to totalaboveground live biomass, the total density of large trees (DBH ≥ 10cm) for each class ofdisturbed forest was less than that of intact forest. The lowest mean density of large treeswas found in the logged and heavily burned forests where the difference from intact forestswas statistically significant. This significant reduction in large tree density occurred in spiteof a substantially higher density of large stems of pioneer tree species (37 stems ha -1 )compared to intact forest (12 stems ha -1 ). Compared to intact forest, the density of smalltrees (5 – 10 cm DBH) was 19% higher in heavily logged and burned forests and 73%higher in logged and burned forest but 14% lower than intact forest in logged forest and74% lower in logged and heavily burned forest. These values suggest that small tree densitycan be highly variable. The total density of climbing lianas increased substantiallyfollowing forest disturbance from 2685 stems ha -1 intact forest to high values of 4583 stemsha -1 in logged and heavily burned forest and 6115 stems ha -1 in heavily logged and burnedforests. In addition, the reduction of mean canopy cover to 69% and the increase of groundarea covered by slash to 39% in logged and heavily burned forests suggest that these forestsmay be highly vulnerable to future repeat burns. If this cycle of logging and repeat burningcontinues unchecked the forests of the region are likely to become increasingly degraded interms of reduced biomass, species diversity, and forest structure.

Mapping Biomass Loss from Forest Fires in a Dense Forest of Western ParáAne Alencar, Oswaldo de Carvalho Jr., Daniel Nepstad, Richard Houghton, Sanae HyashiDuring dry years, carbon emissions from Amazon forest understory fires may exceed thoseassociated with deforestation, but remote detection mechanisms for fire-induced biomass loss areyet to be developed. Little is known about the spectral properties of forest fire scars and theirrelationship to changes in ground-level biomass. In this study, remote sensing transformationtechniques were used to determine spectrally fire disturbance levels and response to biomassloss. The study site was a ~250 km 2 forest understory fire scar resulting from the1997/1998 ElNino event, located 100 km south of Santarém, Western Pará. Field interviews were conducted todetermine the burning and logging history of the fire scar, and showed three levels of burning andlogging intensity. Subsequently, biomass, fuel load, and LAI were measured in four 500x 500 mplots - three burning intensity levels and a primary forest control plot. Aboveground biomass was170, 184, 370, and 423 Mg ha -1 in forests with heavy, moderate, light, and no fire history,respectively. A multi-date analysis using Landsat TM and ETM images from 1997, 1999 and 2001identified changes in the spectral signal before, during and after the burning event. Preliminaryresults indicate that, when compared to field measures of biomass and LAI, Landsat bands 4 and5 provided the most accurate detection of burn intensity. This method reveals the potential formonitoring fire effects on dense forest biomass in Amazonia using remote sensing techniques.1 Instituto de Pesquisa Ambietal da Amazônia2 Woods Hole Research Center* Corresponding author: Avenida Nazare 669. Belem, PA - Brazil 66035-170Email:ane@amazon.com.br

Forest Disturbance by Logging and Fire in Eastern AmazoniaAne Alencar, Daniel Nepstad, Luis Solorzano, Sanae HyashiThe Amazon dense forest becomes susceptible to understory fire events if disturbed by logging,when fragmented, and if stressed by severe drought. Predictive models of forest fire thereforedepend upon quantifying the interaction among these variables. In this study, the relationshipbetween logging and burn events was measured to identify the disturbance intensity of eachforest fragment in the landscape. A 17-year sequence of forest understory fire and logging mapswas created for the Paragominas landscape - a 35-yr-old ranching and logging center in EasternAmazonia - based on field interviews (n=148) and Landsat image classification. The disturbanceintensity was defined by logging and burning frequency and then related to the size of thefragment. The results show that approximately half of the area affected by forest fires had beenlogged once or twice prior to burning. Most of this burned area was located in small forestfragments partially surrounded by cattle pasture – a common source of ignition. Forest understoryfires were significantly correlated with the percentage of the forest fragment that had previouslybeen logged or burned, demonstrating a positive relationship between logging and forest fires inthe Amazon.

Spatial and Temporal Drivers of Fire Dynamics in the Amazon BasinAurélie Botta (1) , Jeff Cardille (1) , Elaine Prins (2) , Joleen Feltz (3) , and Kirsten Thonicke (4)1) Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE), University ofWisconsin-Madison, USA2) NOAA/NESDIS/ORA Advanced Satellite Products Team, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA3) Cooperative Institute for Meteorological Satellite Studies (CIMSS), University ofWisconsin – Madison, USA4) Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam, GermanySAGE - Institute for Environmental StudiesUniversity of Wisconsin1710 University AvenueMadison, WI 53706 USAadbotta@facstaff.wisc.eduFire occurrence is likely to increase with the deforestation of the Amazon basin.Understanding and being able to predict fire dynamics is even more importantconsidering its impact on vegetation dynamics, carbon and nutrient cycles, andatmospheric composition. This paper proposes to examine the processes explaining thecurrent spatial and temporal distribution of fires in the Amazon Basin by combining mid-1990’s observations of fire derived from the GOES satellite with ecosystem modelingresults incorporating both agricultural land-use and changes in flammability due toclimate and fuel load variations.In several states, we found a significant correlation between the spatial distributions ofobserved fires and land use. Nevertheless, when considering the entire basin thisrelationship is not as pronounced due to land use data set biases and inadequate satellitespatial and temporal resolution needed to detect all fires. When comparing the spatialdistributions of fires in 1995 to the different land use types maps, planted pasture showsthe best agreement with fire occurrence; cropland is often not a significant predictor, andnatural pasture has an intermediate correlation. The main features of the 1997 minus1995 differences of fire distribution can be explained by climatic anomalies. The strong1997 El Niño event had a significant impact on the numbers and patterns of fire,especially in Bolivia and around Manaus where the associated precipitation changes werelarge. The 1997 minus 1995 differences in fire dynamics in regions with small changesin climate are probably the result of anthropogenic factors. Inter-annual differences inclimate factors, coupled with maps of land use, provide a strong basis for understandingand potentially predicting fire dynamics in this rapidly changing region.

Effect of selective logging on biomass and tree growth in Tapajos National ForestC.A.de Sousa 1 , A.M.Figueira 2 , M.Goulden 3 , H.da Rocha 4 , M.Menton 3 , S. Miller 3 , R.Juarez 4 ,A. Maia 51Iniciação Científica CNPq/LBA2Desenvolvimento Regional RHAE/LBA3University of California, Irvine4Universidade de S. Paulo5 Universidade Federal do ParaAuthor address: Rua 24 de Outubro, 3707. Caixa Postal 31.CEP: 68040010. Santarem – Para– BrazilEmail: albert_bio@hotmail.comSelective logging creates a mosaic of gaps in a forest and alters species composition, forestmicroclimate, and water and carbon cycling. We are using biometry and dendrometry todetermine the biomass and tree growth before, during, and after selective logging in a tropicalforest. We inventoried a 600 by 300-m block in an undisturbed stand in the Floresta Nacionaldo Tapajós, south of Santarém, PA during April 2000. The block contained 1036 trees withDBH > 35 cm and 784 trees with DBH between 10 and 35 cm. All of the trees wereidentified to species and tagged, and a subset of 400 trees were equipped with stainless steeldendrometers. The stand was subsequently logged in September 2001, resulting in a mosaicof gaps and relatively intact forest. After logging, we installed an additional 400dendrometers near gaps created by the logging. The dendrometers were measured at 6 weekintervals, and we plan to continue these measurements for several more years. Thedendrometer observations prior to the logging are being used to determine the seasonal patternof stem increment in the absence of disturbance. The dendrometer observations following thelogging are being used to gauge the regrowth of the forest, and to determine the relativeimpact of logging on tree growth in patches of intact forest vs gaps vs the edges of gaps.Keywords: biomass, carbon, primary tropical forest, selective logging

A new method to detect forest fire scars in the transition forest zone of Mato Grossousing Landsat ETM+Douglas Morton a,b , Ane Alencar c , Daniel Nepstad a,c* , Britaldo Silveira Soares Filho dAbstract: One of the major obstacles to closing the Amazon carbon balance is the lackof information on the areal extent of forest surface fires. Burn scars from low tomoderate intensity surface fires are a temporary feature of the tropical forest landscape;regrowing vegetation rapidly obscures the burn scar signature in remotely sensed data.The transition forest region of northern Mato Grosso is particularly susceptible to forestfires due to an extended seasonal dry period and presence of ignition sources from landuse activities. In this study, we develop a new method to accurately identify forest burnscars in Landsat ETM+ imagery. This new methodology is derived from field datacollected in August 2001 and two ETM+ images from the same time period (226/67 and227/67). The resulting Normalized Burn Scar Index (NBSI) shows a high degree ofpromise for distinguishing recent (

Multitemporal Assessment of Selective Loggingin the Brazilian AmazonE. Matricardi 1 , D. Skole 1 , W. Chomentoski 1 , D.J. Janeczek 1 , M.A. Cochrane 1 .1Michigan State University - Basic Science and Remote Sensing InitiativeDepartment of Geography, Michigan State University1405 S. Harrison Road, Room 101East Lansing, MI 48823(matricar@bsrsi.msu.edu; skole@msu.edu)Selective logging is becoming an increasingly important activity in the Amazon Region.According to IBGE (2000), between 1990 and 1997, more than 380 million cubic metersof round wood, an average of almost 48 million cubic meters of round wood per year,was extracted from the Amazon Region. Although selective logging has been occurringin Brazil’s tropical forests for several years and is visible in some Landsat TM images,generally, it cannot be detected by most Landsat TM classification techniques. Thecrowns of residual trees frequently camouflage logging activity and these logged areascan be misclassified as undisturbed forest. The estimates of deforestation for Brazil’sLegal Amazon, reported by Michigan State University - MSU and Instituto Nacional dePesquisas Espaciais - INPE, do not included most selectively logged areas. We havedeveloped and applied methodologies to identify and map selective logging throughoutthe Brazilian Amazon. We used an automated model based on texture analysis of TMband 5 to detect logging patios from within the forest canopy. Additional visualinterpretation and a supervised image classification were then applied to obtain ameasurement of the selectively logged forests. We estimated that selectively loggedforests have been increasing in the Brazilian Amazon, from 5.6 thousand squarekilometers by 1992 to 9.4 thousand square kilometers by 1996, and to 23.4 thousandsquare kilometers by 1999. We also compared results of detecting selective logging usingLandsat with Ikonos images. This work is extending current image classification toinclude selectively logged forests as well as common thematic classes such as forest,deforestation, regrowth, cerrado, cloud, cloud shadow, and water, supporting analysesand evaluations of land cover and land use changes as well as carbon studies.

Forest Canopy Damage from Selective Logging in Amazonia:Lessons Learned from Detailed Field Studies, Landsat ETM and EO-1 HyperionGregory P. Asner 1 , Michael Keller 2 , Jose N. Silva 3 , Johan C. Zweede 4 , Rodrigo Pereira, Jr. 41 Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution, Stanford University, 220 Panama Street,Stanford, CA 94305; Tel: (650) 325-1521; Fax: (650) 325-6857; Email:gasner@globalecology.stanford.edu2 CSRC – Morse Hall, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824; Tel: (603) 862-4193;E-mail: lba.ecology@unh.edu3 EMBRAPA AMAZONIA ORIENTAL, Trav. Dr Eneas Pinheiro SN, 66.095-100 Belem, Brazil;Tel: 55-91-276-6333; E-mail: natalino@cpatu.embrapa.br4 Servicos Tecnicos Florestais e Planejamento (STF&P), Belem, PA, Brazil; Tel: 55-91-453-0848;Email: zweede@fft.org.br and pereira@fft.org.brMajor uncertainties exist regarding the rate and intensity of logging in Amazon forests; theseuncertainties limit economic, ecological, and biogeochemical analyses of the region. Recentsawmill surveys in the Brazilian Amazon show that the area logged is nearly equal to total areadeforested annually, but conversion of survey data to forest area, forest structural damage, andbiomass estimates requires multiple assumptions about logging practices. Remote sensing couldprovide a means to monitor logging activity and to estimate the biophysical and carbon cycleconsequences of this land use. Previous studies have demonstrated the difficulties in detectingselective logging in Amazon forests. No studies have developed either the quantitative physicalbasis or remote sensing approaches needed to estimate the effects of various logging regimes onforest structure and carbon losses.Our work focuses on the detection of canopy structural changes associated with selective loggingusing Landsat 7 ETM+ and EO-1 Hyperion hyperspectral remote sensing observations. Wedeveloped a large-scale detailed field study of canopy damage and ground infrastructureassociated with selective logging at different intensitie s and recovery stages (0-5 years postharvest).We then analyzed calibrated Landsat ETM+ data with spatially explicit field data oncanopy gap fraction. We found that the commonly employed band-reflectance and texturalanalysis methods are only sensitive to the upper 50% of canopy damage encountered inselectively logged forests in the eastern Amazon. We then applied an automated spectral mixtureanalysis approach over a time-series of Landsat ETM+ observations of our intensive field studysites. We found this method to be highly sensitive to selective logging down to approximatelythe lowest 20-25% of canopy damage values that occur. The spectral mixture method alsoprovided pixel-by-pixel quantification of uncertainty, which is key for application of the data tocarbon budget, biogeochemical modeling, and forest management efforts. We are now taking themethod to the larger state-wide regional scale for annual estimates of canopy damage associatedwith land-use transitions, fire occurrence, and carbon and nutrient cycling.We have used similar techniques to estimate the accuracy and utility of spaceborne hyperspectralmeasurements provided by the EO-1 Hyperion sensor for assessment of selective logging damagein the eastern and central Amazon. The Hyperion-based results have proven highly sensitive tocanopy damage, down to the lowest 3-10% of all disturbance levels encountered. These resultsindicate the value of continued spaceborne hyperspectral measurements for monitoring selectivelogging and regrowth rates following timber harvests in Amazonia.

A forest clearing experiment conducted in the Amazonian arc of deforestationJ.A. Carvalho Jr. 1 , C.A.G. Veras 2 , R. Gielow 3 , E.C. Alvarado 4 , D.V. Sandberg 5 , E.R. Carvalho 1 ,J.C. Santos 31 UNESP, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Av. Ariberto Pereira da Cunha 33312516-410, Guaratinguetá, SP, Brazil2 UnB, Universidade de Brasília, Asa Norte70910-900, Brasília, DF, Brazil3 INPE, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Rodovia Presidente Dutra km 4012630-000, Cachoeira Paulista, SP, Brazil4 University of Washington, CFR-UW Mail Box 352100Seattle, WA 98195, USA5 United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, 3200 SW Jefferson WayCorvallis, OR 97331, USAAbstractThis paper describes the characteristics of fire spread around a forest clearing site located in theAmazonian arc of deforestation. The experiment was carried out in 2001 at the Caiabi Farm, nearthe town of Alta Floresta, state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, as part of a set of tests that have beenperformed in the same area since 1997. So far, six test plots were burned. The main goal in theexperiments of the first five plots was to determine biomass fire consumption and carbon releaserates under different conditions of size of burned area and period of curing. The results regardingthese tests were already published (Carvalho et al., 2001).Special care had to be taken to prevent fire from escaping the clearing site into the adjacentforest in all five experiments. This procedure had not been necessary in previous experimentsconducted by the group in Manaus, state of Amazonas (Carvalho et al., 1995, 1998), and inTomé Açu, state of Pará (Araújo et al., 1999). Therefore, during 2001 a site was prepared andburned to investigate under-story fire generated by the forest clearing process, and results of thiswork are presented here.The experiments reported by Carvalho et al. (2001) were conducted in five plots, denominatedA, B, C, D, and E. Biomass fire consumption and carbon release rates were determined in thecentral 1-hectare area of each plot. In 2001, plot F was felled in May and burned on August 20.

AcknowledgementsSupport of this research is acknowledged to Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de SãoPaulo – FAPESP, Brazil (project 98/00104-9), to the United States Department of Agriculture -USDA (project PNW 99-5147-1-CA), to Conselho Nacional de Pesquisas – CNPq, Brazil(project CMC-005/001), and to Instituto Nacional do Meio Ambiente – IBAMA, Brazil.ReferencesAraújo, T.M.; Carvalho, J.A.; Higuchi, N.; Brasil, A.C.P.; Mesquita, A.L.A., A tropicalrainforest clearing experiment by biomass burning in the state of Pará, AtmosphericEnvironment., 33(13), 1991-1998, 1999.Carvalho, J.A.; Santos, J.M.; Santos, J.C.; Leitão, M.M.; Higuchi, N., A tropical rainforestclearing experiment by biomass burning in the Manaus region, Atmospheric Environment, 29,2301-2309, 1995.Carvalho J.A.; Higuchi, N.; Araújo, T.M.; Santos, J.C., Combustion completeness in a rainforestclearing experiment in Manaus, Brazil, Journal of Geophysical Research, 103(D11), 13,195-13,200, 1998.Carvalho, J.A.; Costa, F.S.; Veras, C.A.G.; Sandberg, D.V.; Alvarado, E.C.; Gielow, R.; Serra,A.M.; Santos, J.C., Biomass fire consumption and carbon release rates of rainforest-clearingexperiments conducted in Northern Mato Grosso, Brazil, Journal of Geophysical Research,2001.

Manoel Cardoso, George Hurtt, Berrien Moore, Carlos Nobre(*) and Alberto Setzer(*)Complex Systems Research Center - University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824USA. (*) Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - São Jose dos Campos, SP 12201Brazil. e-mail: manoel.cardoso@unh.eduFieldwork and Statistical Analyses for Enhanced Interpretation of Satellite Fire DataData from satellites are very important for providing information on vegetation firesworldwide. Despite of the broad spatial and temporal coverage, there are several factorsthat complicate the interpretation of these data. Examples of these factors include firesoccurring at times different than the satellite overpasses, the presence of clouds, firesoccurring under plant canopies, small fires, and very reflective surfaces. In order toenhance the interpretation of satellite fire data, we are in the process of collecting groundbaseddata on fires, and relating these data to corresponding information from satellitefire products. Ground-based data are collected using a simple and passive method thatallows for a large sample size. One method for data analysis is the construction of errormatrixes, which can provide statistics on inclusion (commission) and exclusion(omission) errors in satellite fire data. In this work we present results from fieldwork inareas close to Marabá, Brazil, where about 90 fires were observed during November 3 to5, 2001. These results include fires position, time, size, type of vegetation burned, cloudcover,and statistics on inclusion and exclusion errors in related remote-sensing fire data.Preliminary analyses suggest that errors of omission are larger than errors of commission,and are dominated by satellite overpass times, cloud-coverage and fire size. Potentialstrategies to correct for these errors are discussed.

Carbon Storage in Soils from Degraded Pastures and Agroforestry Systems inCentral Amazônia: The role of charcoalMarco A. Rondon 1 , Erick C.M. Fernandes 1 , Rubenildo Lima 2 , Elisa Wandelli 21 Department of Crop and Soil Sciences; 2 EMBRAPA - CPAA, Manaus, AM Brazil1 Cornell University - Ithaca, NY 14853 USA; email: m.rondon@cgiar.orgVast areas of the Amazon are at various stages of degradation after being converted from forestto pastures. Abandoned lands have very low storage of nutrients and reduced stocks of soilorganic carbon (SOC). Some alternatives to recuperate degraded land, such as Agroforestry(AFS) and Silvopastoral (SPS) systems can restore soil nutrients and allow net C gains, both inbiomass and soils. Charcoal from incomplete biomass combustion is ubiquitous in Amazoniansoils and its contribution to total SOC has to be determined to allow proper comparison of soil Cstocks between land uses. A methodology was developed to quantify charcoal in different soilsize fractions. Information is presented on C storage in soils under 10 year old silvopastoral andagroforestry systems and secondary vegetation, as well as on primary forest at the EMBRAPA-CPAA research station near Manaus. Variability in charcoal content in the medium (0.5-2 mm)and gross size (>2 mm) classes was high indicating non-homogeneous distribution of charcoal insoils. The contribution of the fine fraction (

Coarse Woody Debris in Logged and Undisturbed Forests: Determination of StocksUsing a New Methodology for Wood Density and Void EstimationMichael Palace 1 , Michael Keller 1,2 , Gregory P. Asner 3 , Rodrigo Pereira Jr. 4 , and JoseNatalino Silva 51 Complex Systems Research Center, Morse Hall, University of New Hampshire,Durham, NH , 03824, USA, 603-862-41932 USDA Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, Rio Piedras, PR,USA3 Department of Global Ecology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, StanfordUniversity, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Tel: 650-325-15214 Fundacao Floresta Tropical, Trv. 14 Abril, Bairro Sao Braz, Belem CEP. 66063-140Para, Brazil5 EMBRAPA-Amazonia Oriental, Trv. Dr Eneas Pinheiro SN, Belem CEP. 66095-100,Para, BrazilE-mail addresses: michael.palace@unh.edu, michael.keller@unh.edu,gasner@globalecology.stanford.edu, rpereira@fft.org.br, natalino@cpatu.embrapa.brCoarse woody debris (CWD) can make up a large proportion of carbon stocks in tropicalforests. Knowledge of the stocks and fluxes of CWD is needed for modeling carbonbudgets in these forests. We measured the CWD stock in two Amazonian forests in Para,Brazil: the Tapajos National Forest, (3.08ΕS, 54.94ΕW) and the Fazenda Cauaxi,(3.75ΕS, 48.37ΕW). Measurements were conducted under two logging practices(reduced-impact and conventional logging) and a relatively undisturbed forest. Wesampled CWD volume by line-intersect sampling. Wood density was determined using aunique plug extraction technique for 5 wood decay classes for diameters greater than 10cm. All samples less than 10 cm diameter were lumped into two smaller classes, 2-5cmand 5-10 cm. We analyzed digitized photographs of radial log sections in order toestimate void spaces for all density samples. Wood density for five decay classes fromfresh to rotten were 0.62, 0.72, 0.63, 0.58, and 0.29 g cm -3 . Densities for smaller classeswere 0.36 g cm -3 and 0.45 g cm -3 for 2-5 cm and 5-10 cm diameter classes respectively.The proportion of void space for decay classes 1 to 5 were 0.02, 0.01, 0.09, 0.19 and0.27. Total CWD volume and preliminary mass estimation at Cauaxi was 110 m 3 ha -1and 55 Mg ha -1 for undisturbed forest, 191 m 3 ha -1 and 109 Mg ha -1 for conventionallogging, and 144 m 3 ha -1 and 75 Mg ha -1 for reduced-impact logging. Total volume andmass estimation for Tapajos was 117 m 3 ha -1 and 52 Mg ha -1 for undisturbed forest, and116 m 3 ha -1 and 54 Mg ha -1 for reduced-impact logging.

An improved soil water budget model for predicting drought stress-related forest flammability in theAmazon Basin.Paul Lefebvre, Daniel Nepstad, Luis Solorzano, Javier Tomasella, Urbano Silva, and Peter SchlesingerThe RisQue (Risco de Queimadas) spatial model of flammability based on soil moisture stocks, underdevelopment since 1998, continues to evolve. The soil map of maximum Plant Available Water (PAW),based on soil texture information from over 1,500 field samples, has been expanded from the BrazilianLegal Amazon region to cover the entire Amazon hydrographic basin. Enhanced meteorological dataprovided by CPTEC now cover this same region, and Penman-Monteith estimated PotentialEvapotranspiration has superseded previous estimates calculated after Thornthwaite, using GOES-derivedradiation fields. All spatial interpolation is now done via Kriging. The vegetation mask, used to constraindeep soil water estimations for forests only, has been updated to reflect recent deforestation, and the spatialresolution has improved.Sensitivity of the model to Penman-Monteith Evapotranspiration estimates were analyzed by running themodel with ET at –15%, -5%, +5% and +15% of actual estimates. A 5% reduction in ET resulted in a 60%decrease in the area of depleted soil moisture stocks, and a 38% decrease in the area of stocks diminished toless than 250mm of water in a 10m column of soil. 5% increase in ET resulted in a two-fold increase inarea of depleted soil moisture stocks, and a 38% increase in the are suffering depletion to less than 250mm.We find fair agreement between model output and field measurements of plant-available soil water to 10 mdepth, with actual soil moisture measured using TDR at our field stations in the FLONA Tapajós and inParagominas; average model estimates of soil water stocks averaged19% lower than field measurements forthe FLONA Tapajós, and 8% lower for Paragominas.

SOIL THERMAL PROPERTIES UNDER FOREST, PASTURE ANDMANGROVE IN EASTERN AMAZONIARegina C. S. Alvalá 1 , Ralf Gielow 1 , Júlia C. P. Cohen 2 , José Ricardo S. deSouza 21. Laboratório Associado de Meteorologia e Oceanografia (LMO) / Centrode Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos (CPTEC)/ InstitutoNacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE).Av. dos Astronautas, 1758São José dos Campos, SPE-mail: regina@cptec.inpe.br, ralf@cptec.inpe.br2. Departamento de Meteorologia, Centro de GeociênciasUniversidade Federal do ParáBelém, PAThe deforestation and the subsequent land use change may result insignificant alterations in the energy and water balances in the soilvegetation-atmospherecontinuum. The soil thermal properties, that is, thediffusivity, the conductivity and the volumetric heat capacity, specially as afunction of the water content, are currently not readily available.Notwithstanding, the demand for these data is increasing due torequirements in, e. g., coupled models of heat and moisture transport in thesoil near its surface, which are part of numerical weather and climatemodels. Thus, measured soil moisture content at the 30cm depth andtemperature profiles at the 5, 20 and 50 cm depths were used to obtainthermal soil properties at four different sites in the state of Pará, EasternAmazonia, during the wet season of 2002: (i) forest (Caxiunã Reserve,Melgaço - 01°42'30''S; 51°31'45'' W); (ii) pasture (Soure, Marajó Island -00°43'25''S; 48°30'29'' W); (iii) natural mangrove (Tracuateua, Bragança -00°50'31''S; 46°38'56''W); and (iv) degraded mangrove (Tracuateua,Bragança - 00°55'31''S; 46°42'13''W ). The thermal diffusivity is obtainedthrough the numerical method described by Alvalá et al. (1996).The impactof changing moisture conditions on the thermal soil properties is alsoinvestigated.Reference:Alvalá, R.C.S.; Gielow, R.; Wright, I.R.; Hodnett, M.G. Thermal diffusivityof Amazonian soils. In Gash, J.H.C; Nobre, C.A.; Roberts, J.M.; VictoriaR.L. (eds.) Amazonian Deforestation and Climate. Chichester, Wiley, 1996.pp. 139-150.

PATTERNS OF TREE MORTALITY IN FOREST FRAGMENTS IN CENTRALAMAZONIAD’Angelo, S. A. 1 ; Andrade, A.C.S. 1 ; Laurance, S.G. 2 ; Laurance, W.F. 2 ; Mesquita, R. 11Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, National Institute for AmazonianResearch (INPA), C.P. 478, Manaus, AM 69060-001, Brazil.sammya@inpa.gov.br2Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 2072, Balboa, Republic of PanamáRainforests that persist in a fragmented landscape frequently suffer increased tree mortality.We examined tree mortality patterns in a long-term tree demography study, in order todistinguish mechanisms leading to tree death. All trees (>10cm DBH) in 16 permanent (1ha) plots, 8 near the forest edge and 8 in continuous forest, were studied over 22 years.In total 13,229 individual trees were grouped initially into diameter class and classified byfour mortality types: fallen dead, broken trunk, standing dead and other kinds of mortality.Total tree mortality on forest edges (16.1%) was significantly higher than in forest interiors(5.2%) (χ² = 510.05; df=1 p

Spatial Pattern of Selective Logging, in an ageing Amazon frontier: the case of easternParáSanae Hyashi, Ane Alencar, Daniel NepstadSpatial determinants of logging activity in Amazon landscapes are important for predictingchanges in the forest sector, for estimating forest fire probability, and for improving enforcementof logging regulations. To identify the spatial determinants of logging, a multi-temporal analysis oflogging scars was conducted using Landsat ETM scenes (path/row 223/62) for an area of 32,340km 2 in eastern Pará between Paragominas and Tailândia, two important logging centers ineastern Amazon. Three consecutive years (1999-2001) of selectively logged areas were mappedusing a screen visual interpretation method for intercalibrated Landsat band five images. Theannual logging scars were defined by a strong soil response from the active wood decks. Thelogging scar maps were then overlaid to quantify the areas under consecutive logging,abandonment, and logged areas converted to pasture or agriculture. The spatial pattern of thelogging patches was identified based on the distance to paved and secondary roads, theprescence of sawmills and previously logged areas. In this old logging frontier, an average of52% of the area logged was abandoned to forest regrowth from 1999 to 2001, while 46% was relogged,and only 1 % was deforested in the following years. Most of the logged areas werelocated from one to five kilometers from secondary roads, and extended an average of threekilometers per year away from the nearby logging centers. The results of the study show a strongtendency for logging to take place within a one to three kilometers of the old logging scars.

RAIN WATER INTERCEPTION BY SELECTIVELY LOGGED RAIN FOREST IN CENTRAL AMAZONIASávio J. F. Ferreira; Flávio J. Luizão; Ricardo G. Dallarosa.INPA - Geociências e Ecologia. E-mail: savio@inpa.gov.brRainfall, internal precipitation, and rain interception were studied over 2 years in selectively logged plots(logged in 1993) and control forest located 80 km North of Manaus, in Central Amazonia. During the firstyear, measurements were continuous and frequent; in the following period, several intensive campaignswere made at selected climatic periods of the year: dry, wet and transitional periods. The internalprecipitation reached 86.9-92.9 % in the selectively logged plots, against 74.2-87.1 % in the untouchedforest. Thus, an increase in the internal precipitation, together with a lower rain water interception, occurredsoon after timber extraction. Also, lower variability of data was observed in the plots subject to selectivelogging, when compared to the control forest. The older managed plots (selectively logged in 1987)presented higher rain interception and lower internal precipitation than plots logged in 1993, showing values(72.0-89.5% of internal precipitation) similar to the untouched forest. It is concluded that moderate selectivelogging changes rain water interception and internal precipitation during the first years after timber extration,but that is recovered when forest structure is recomposed, within a few years, by the secondary regrowth inthe gaps.

SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AFTER SELECTIVE LOGGING IN CENTRAL AMAZONIASávio J. F. Ferreira, Flávio J. Luizão, Walane Mello-Ivo, Sheila M. Ross, Yvan BiotINPA - Geociências e Ecologia. E-mail: savio@inpa.gov.brAbstract - Soil physical variables were investigated in forest plots submitted to selective logging in CentralAmazonia. After logging, soil samples were collected to asses soil water retention curves, available soil waterto the plants, bulk or apparent density, and total porosity. Temperature measurements were carried out for 13months, considering six treatments: control, center of the gaps, edge of the gaps, edge of the remaining forest,remaining forest and tractor tracks. Hydraulic condutivity measurements on saturated soil were conductedboth on the control forest as well as on the logged plots, with no treatment distinction. The soil showed lowwater storage capacity: only 11 to 18% of soil water can be available to the plants, up to 1 a low meter depht.The temperature of the soil was influenced by logging, i. e., through the opening of the gaps, light reaches thesoil strongly in the center and edge of gaps, increasing temperatures in relation to control and the remainingforest.

PREDICTING EDGE-DRIVEN CARBON EMISSIONS FROM FRAGMENTATIONOF AMAZONIAN FORESTSSusan G. W. Laurance 1 , Henrique E. M. Nascimento 1 , William F. Laurance 2,1 ,Sammya D’Angelo 1 and Ana Andrade 11 Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, National Institute for AmazonianResearch (INPA), C.P. 478, Manaus, AM 69011-970, Brazil2 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 2072, Balboa, Republic ofPanamáEdge effects in fragmented landscapes alter aboveground biomass in Amazonianforests, with potentially important implications for carbon storage and greenhousegas emissions. We studied edge-related biomass dynamics in 50 1-ha plots infragmented and continuous Amazonian forests by integrating long-term data onmortality, damage, growth, recruitment, and floristic composition of large (>10 cmdbh) trees with measurements of nearly all other live and dead plant materialabove the soil surface. Carbon flux to the atmosphere was estimated bydetermining the mean loss of aboveground biomass near forest edges from largetreemortality and damage and from increases in the density of light-woodedpioneer species, subtracting observed increases in necromass and understorybiomass, and then determining the fraction of decomposing necromass that islikely to be emitted as carbon emissions.For 29 plots that were located within 300 m of edges, live biomass of large treesdeclined by an average of 22.7 (+31.8) Mg ha -1 during the first 10-19 years afterfragmentation. These same plots averaged 1.7 and 10.1 Mg ha -1 more understorybiomass and necromass, respectively, than did plots further from edges. Thesevalues suggest a net biomass decline of 10.9 Mg ha -1 within 300 m of edges.Assuming that 50% of biomass is carbon and that at least 75% of decompositionalloss results from wood respiration (principally from fungal and microbialdecomposers) that directly produces C emissions, this implies a net flux of at least4.1 Mg C ha -1 to the atmosphere within 300 m of forest edges. The remainingbiomass (about 1.4 Mg C ha -1 ) would be exported to soils and streams in the formof wood particles and leachates, and a significant fraction of this is likely to bequickly respired to the atmosphere. The overall C emissions are thus predicted tobe on the order of 4-5 Mg ha -1 within 300 m of forest edges.Because tree mortality is elevated within roughly 300 m of edges, our findingssuggest that an average of 12-15 Mg C are released for every 100 m of forest edgethat is created. Given that many tens of thousands of kilometers of forest edgehave been created in Amazonia, the carbon emissions from edge effects could beconsiderable.

Future Climate of AmazoniaPRIMARY AUTHOR ORGANIZATION ABSTRACT_TITLEAurelie BottaUniversity ofOral Long-Term Variations of Climate and CarbonWisconsinFluxes Over the Amazon BasinClemente A.S. Tanajura Laboratorio Nacionalde ComputacaoCientifica(LNCC/MCT)OralAn experiment with the Eta/SSiB model toinvestigate the impact of the Amazondeforestation on the South American climateJose Marengo CPTEC/INPE Oral Regional aspects of the IPCC ThirdAssessment Report. Assessment of climatechange scenarios due to increase ingreenhouse gases in the Amazon BasinRichard Betts Hadley Centre Oral Amazonian forest die-back in the HadleyCentre coupled climate-vegetation modelRobert DickinsonGeorgia Institute ofTechnologyOralRole of the Amazon in Global Carbon CyclingYongkang XueUniversity ofCalifornia, LosAngelesOralSimulations of South Americanhydrometeorology and effects of land surfaceprocessesChris HuntingfordGovernmentResearchLaboratoryPosterThe use of a GCM analogue model to assessthe impact of uncertainty in Amazônian landsurface parameterisation on future atmosphericCO2 concentrations.Christopher Potter NASA/ARC Poster Global teleconnections of climate to regionalmodel estimates of Amazon ecosystem carbonfluxesEddie Lenza UnB Poster Phenology of Cerrado Woody Plants and theEffects of Experimental Rainfall ReductionJose Augusto Veiga LMO/CPTEC Poster Contrasting conditions of atmospheric waterbalance and moisture transport in summertimein the Amazon basin during EL Niño 1997-98and La Niña 1998-99.Moacyr Dias-FilhoInstituto de PesquisaAmbiental daAmazônia - IPAMPosterThe effects of partial throughfall exclusion onthe seasonal photosynthetic light response oftrees in a forest area in eastern BrazilianAmazonia.Patrick MeirUniversity ofEdinburghPosterDrought in an E. Amazonian rain forest: effectsof the exclusion of rainfall from soil on fluxes ofwater and carbon dioxide.

Rafael FERREIRA daCOSTAMPEG Poster CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIABILITY IN THESOIL WATER VOLUMETRIC CONTENTS INCAXIUANÃ RAINFOREST, AMAZÔNIA,BRAZILRaquel ValeUniversity ofEdinburghPosterDrought in an E. Amazonian rain forest: effectsof the exclusion of rainfall from soil on leaf gasexchange.Ricardo FigueiredoIPAM - Instituto dePesquisa Ambientalda AmazoniaPosterThroughfall exclusion in a moist tropical forest:Impacts on solution nutrient fluxesRong FuGeorgia Institute ofTechnologyPosterThe influence of land surface winds show howfluxes on the onset of Amazon rainy seasonand the influence of South American rainfall onthe winter climate over North Atlantic, Europeand eastern North AmericaSamuel AlmeidaUniversity ofEdinburghPosterDrought in an E. Amazonian rain forest: effectsof the exclusion of rainfall from soil on litterfalland tree growth.Steel VasconcelosFaculdade deCiencias Agrarias doParaPosterWater use efficiency increases in response todrought for Vismia guianensis in the overstoryof an Eastern Amazonian regrowth forest

Long-Term Variations of Climate and Carbon Fluxes Over the AmazonBasinAurélie Botta, Navin Ramankutty and Jonathan A. FoleyCenter for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE), University of Wisconsin-Madison, USASAGE - Institute for Environmental StudiesUniversity of Wisconsin1710 University AvenueMadison, WI 53706 USAadbotta@facstaff.wisc.eduThe Amazon basin contains some of the most productive ecosystems on the planet; yetwe have little understanding of their long-term behavior, and their response to climaticvariations. We have identified a dominant long-term mode of variability (of ~24-28 yearperiod) within a newly available climate record of the Amazon basin. Using a processbasedterrestrial ecosystem model, we have examined how climatic variations affect thecarbon balance of the basin. Our simulations show that temperature and precipitationvariability, ranging from short-term mode (3-4 years, related to El Niño / SouthernOscillation) to long-term (24-28 year) mode, generate similar modes of variability interrestrial carbon fluxes. The variability in climate, net primary production (NPP) anddecomposition (RH) are dominated by the long-term mode; however, the variability ofthe net ecosystem exchange (NEE=NPP-RH) is dominated by the short-term mode. Thisis because time-lags between NPP and RH appear to enhance the short-term variations inNEE, while slightly dampening the long-term variations. The magnitudes of the longtermand short-term modes of carbon flux variability are comparable. Given theworldwide attention on terrestrial carbon cycling and the potential for “carbon sinks”, wesuggest that an improved understanding of long-term climatic and ecosystem processes iscrucial to put in perspective observations of current carbon balance of the Amazon basinand to predict its future evolution. Other regions should be examined for potential longtermcarbon cycle variations

An experiment with the Eta/SSiB model to simulate the impact of theAmazon deforestation on the South American climateClemente A. S. Tanajura 1Sin Chan Chou 2Yong Kang Xue 3Carlos A. Nobre 21 Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica (LNCC/MCT)Av Getúlio Vargas 333, Petrópolis, RJ, 25651-70, Brazil, E-mail: cast@lncc.br2 Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos (CPTEC/INPE/MCT), Brazil3 Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), USAAbstractAn experiment to investigate the impact of the Amazon deforestation on the SouthAmerican climate was performed with the regional Eta model coupled to the simplified version ofSimple Biosphere model (SSiB). The model domain covered all South America up to 50 o S. Theinitial and lateral boundary conditions were provided by NCEP analyses. Three one-monthintegrations during November 1997 were done. The first integration had realistic vegetation mask.The others had the vegetation type over the Amazon changed from rain forest to savannah andgrassland. All other variables, including initial soil moisture and boundary conditions, were keptthe same as in the control run.Changing rainforest to savannah produced large decrease of precipitation in central andeastern Amazon. It also increased the canopy air temperature by more than 1 o C in the wholeAmazon basin, with values of more than 5 o C in eastern Amazon.. The differences also showincrease of precipitation over the Rio de Janeiro area around 22 o S. This region is located to thesouth of the area with decreased precipitation. The stationary and transient moisture transportswere affected by the vegetation change, not only over the continent but also over the SouthwesternAtlantic. This affected the simulated South Atlantic Convergence Zone (SACZ), which depends onthe Amazon precipitation and is responsible for the precipitation maximum over southeast Brazilduring the austral summer. The upper level circulation was influenced by the reduction ofprecipitation and the Bolivian High was not formed. Changing vegetation type from rainforest tograssland lead to patterns similar to those found previously, but the precipitation decrease in mostof the Amazon region was smaller. This is due to the higher bare soil moisture flux provided by thegrassland in relation to the savannah. The experiment shows that modifications in the climate ofthe Amazon and other areas over South American may occur in Amazon deforestation scenarios.

Regional aspects of the IPCC Third Assessment Report. Assessment of climate changescenarios due to increase n greenhouse gases in the Amazon Basin.J. A. Marengo, Carlos A. NobreCPTEC/INPE, Sao Paulo, BrazilThe release of the IPCC Third Assessment Report has brought to attention the possibleimpacts of the increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in climate change in theAmazon basin, beside the possible effect of regional deforestation on climate. Newmodels and new developments have allowed some new insight on climate changescenarios in the Amazon region, as compared to the Second Assessment report of IPCCreleased in 1996. The four emissions scenarios were combined with low, medium andhigh levels of “climate sensitivity” for all climate model projections from the IPCC-DDC. The combination of ‘low emissions + low climate sensitivity’ (B1) through to‘high emissions + high climate sensitivity’ (A2) produce a range of future globalwarming and sea-level rise curves that span perhaps 90 per cent of likely future climates.Projected regional changes include for A2 increases in temperature between 3 to 4Cwhile B1 suggest changes in 1-3 C, with the warming being more pronounced duringwinter than in summer. Changes in precipitation are inconsistent for A2, showingincreases of 5-10% during summer, while all year long the changes vary from 0+10%whole for B1 changes in projected rainfall varies from 0+5%.It is expected than rainfall reductions forecasted by the IPCC would be in addition tothose expected possible due to deforestation, as proposed by numerical experiments ofdeforestation. For the Amazon basin, changes in temperature, precipitation and sea-levelrise for Century XXI, would affect the hydrological cycle (especially evaporation) in theregion, affecting biodiversity and natural ecosystems, and agricultural activities, as wellas extreme weather events in the region, such as the passage of cold fronts and thepresence of dry spells and rainy days. These projections exhibit a degree of uncertaintydue the differences between models, since some of them exhibit problems in representingthe summer-autumn rainfall maximum in northern-central Amazonia, and the fact thatthese projections are at regional scale, with some regional details missing since there isnot an availability of downscaled climate change scenarios valid for the different sectionsof the basin.

Amazonian forest die-back in the Hadley Centre coupled climate-vegetationmodelRichard A. Betts*, Peter M. Cox*, Matthew Collins † , John H. C. Gash ‡ , Philip P.Harris ‡ , Chris Huntingford ‡ , Chris D. Jones* and Keith D. Williams**Hadley Centre, Met Office, UK† Department of Meteorology, Reading University, UK‡ Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, UKThe Hadley Centre General Circulation Model HadCM3 simulates severeprecipitation reductions over a large part of the Amazon region as a consequence ofincreasing greenhouse gas concentrations. In a version of HadCM3 incorporating theTRIFFID dynamic global vegetation model, this drying leads to a major loss of forestcover. The simulated Amazonian ecosystems therefore undergo radical changes incharacter, and the region becomes a significant source of CO 2 . Consequently, theregional-scale climate and ecosystem changes in Amazonia provide a positivefeedback on global warming.The mechanisms of drying and die-back are complex and involve a number offeedbacks between CO 2 concentration, the atmospheric circulation, sea surfacetemperatures, surface hydrology and vegetation. This paper presents currentunderstanding of the simulated climate and vegetation changes, and discussesinvestigations into the robustness of the model result.Richard A. BettsMet OfficeHadley Centre for Climate Prediction and ResearchLondon RoadBracknellBerkshireRG12 2SYUKTel: +44 1344 856877Fax: +44 1344 854898Email: richard.betts@metoffice.com

ABSTRACT - Second International LBA Science ConferenceRobert E. Dickinson, Georgia Institute of Technology: 221 Bobby DoddWay, Atlanta Ga, 30332, USA: robted@eas.gatech.eduRole of the Amazon in global carbon cycling.This paper reviews knowledge of the contributions of the Amazon to globalcarbon budgets as determined by growth and decay of its vegetation.Linkages are made to evapotranspiration and seasonal and diurnalprecipitation and temperature. These linkages in turn determine thevulnerability of the Amazon ecosystems to global environmental change.Biophysical and biogeochemical aspects of this coupling between vegetationand climate are illustrated with climate model simulations.

Simulations of South American hydrometeorology and effects of landsurface processesYongkang Xue, Fernando de Sales, Weiping Li, and Chou Sin ChanThis paper presents our studies using the NCEP GCM and the Eta regional. Inboth atmospheric models, SSiB has been used to simulate the surface conditions. In theEta/SSiB study, a climate version has been used for three-months continuous simulationsthrough a dry season. This version includes updating surface boundary conditions, e.g.,sea surface temperature, the distance between sun and earth, and other conditions. Avegetation map developed at the CPTEC has also been introduced. The observationaldata of precipitation and surface temperature from CPTEC have been used to verify themodel output. The results show realistic simulations in the temporal and spatialvariations of precipitation. The influence of land surface processes to the precipitation isthrough the atmospheric circulation and moisture flow.A coupled NCEP GCM/SSiB has also been used to investigate the interactionsbetween land surface processes and hydrometeorology, in particular the interactionsbetween land and monsoon system. Several sets of experiments are designed toinvestigate the role of the land surface process. Impacts of different surface models,initial soil moisture, and leaf area index are tested. In one experiment initial soil moistureis provided by the global soil moisture project. In another experiment, the leaf area indexis from the satellite observation. In the third one, no explicit vegetation scheme but onlysoil model is used. These experiments show that the importance of the land surfaceparameterization and vegetation and soil condition in the simulations of hydrometeorologicalvariability. In addition to the impact on the continent, the effect alsoextends to the East Pacific Ocean through the circulation. The impact on the AtlanticOcean is relatively small.

The use of a GCM analogue model to assess the impact of uncertainty in Amazônian landsurface parameterisation on future atmospheric CO 2 concentrations.C. Huntingford [chg@ceh.ac.uk], P.P. Harris [ppha@ceh.ac.uk], J.H.C. Gash [jhg@ceh.ac.uk][CEH Wallingford, Maclean Building, Wallingford, Oxon., OX10 8BB, UK.]P.M. Cox [peter.cox@metoffice.com], R.A. Betts [richard.betts@metoffice.com][Met Office, London Road, Bracknell, Berks., UK.]J. Marengo [marengo@cptec.gov.br][Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, INPE, Cachoeira Paulista, São Paulo,Brazil.]Based on Hadley Centre GCM simulations, propagating patterns exist in the way that surfaceclimatology is predicted to vary within a changing climate. Such patterns are observed forsurface temperature, humidity, solar forcing and rainfall, which all influence land-surfaceresponse. The derived spatial patterns are indexed by the global mean land temperature, which,within the resultant “GCM analogue model”, depends upon modelled atmosphericconcentrations of greenhouse gases.The analogue model has been extended to incorporate an interactive global carbon cycle. Themodel generates a surface climate, consistent with atmospheric CO 2 concentration, which isused to drive a land-surface scheme (MOSES) coupled to a dynamic terrestrial carbon cyclemodel (TRIFFID). Changes in terrestrial carbon are allowed to feedback onto atmospheric CO 2concentration, and a “single point” sub-model represents global atmosphere-ocean CO 2 fluxes.Such inclusion of land and ocean carbon dioxide feedbacks means that a model is available thatmay be driven by a range of carbon emissions scenarios, is based upon the latest GCMsimulations and places high physical representation within the land surface component.Using this computationally quick methodology, the sensitivity of the global carbon cycle touncertainty in the land-surface parameterisation for Amazônia is investigated. Such uncertaintyis directly related to the trajectory in atmospheric CO 2 concentration for a “business as usual”emissions scenario. As such, some measure of “error bars” on predictions of future climatechange can be related directly to uncertainty in Amazônian land-surface response.

Poster title: Global teleconnections of climate to regional model estimates ofAmazon ecosystem carbon fluxes.Authors:Christopher Potter, NASA Ames Research CenterSteven Klooster, California State University Monterey BayVipin Kumar, University of MinnesotaRanga Myneni, Boston UniversityAbstract:Our LBA-ECO research team is investigating global teleconnections of oceanclimate to regional satellite-driven observations for Amazon ecosystemproduction, mainly in the form of monthly predictions of net carbon exchangeover the period 1982-1999 from the NASA-CASA (Carnegie-Ames-Stanford) Biospheremodel. This model is driven by observed surface climate and monthly estimatesof vegetation leaf area index (LAI) and fraction of absorbed PAR (FPAR)generated at 0.5 degree spatial resolution from the NOAA satellite Advanced VeryHigh Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR). Land surface AVHRR data processing usingmodified MODIS (Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) radiativetransfer algorithms includes improved calibration for intra- and inter-sensorvariations, partial atmospheric correction for gaseous absorption andscattering, and correction for stratospheric aerosol effects associated withvolcanic eruptions. .Results from our analysis suggest that anomalies of netprimary production (NPP) and net ecosystem production (NEP) predicted from theNASA-CASA model over large areas of the Amazon region west of 60 degreeslongitude are strongly (and negatively) correlated with the Southern OscillationIndex (SOI), whereas NPP and NEP anomalies over large areas of the region eastof 60 degrees longitude are strongly (and positively) correlated with SOI.Certain areas of the region appear to have strong linkages of the NASA-CASA NPPanomaly record to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index. Geophysicalprocesses are investigated for these global teleconnections of ocean climate toAmazon ecosystem carbon fluxes and land surface climate.

1Phenology of Cerrado Woody Plants and the Effects of Experimental Rainfall ReductionEddie Lenza (eddie@unb.br); Carlos Augusto Klink (klink@unb.br))Universidade de Brasília (UnB)SCRN 714/15, Bloco G, Ent. 35, Kit 01, Brasília-DF, Fone: 0xx61 274-9132Rapid changes in land use are bringing important modifications to ecosystem processes in theCerrado savanna of central Brazil. Land cover change models anticipate a decrease inprecipitation and a concomitant increase in the frequency of dry spells during the wet seasonin the Cerrado. This research aims to test the effects of experimental rainfall reduction on thephenology of woody plants in Cerrado vegetation. Our approach was to classify plants intofunctional types according to their foliage phenology (evergreen and brevideciduous). 256plants belonging to 19 woody species were tagged in two adjacent plots (“control” and“treatment”), each with 20m X 20m, located in the Reserva Ecologica do Roncador (RECOR-IBGE) located in Brasilia. Here we report on the one-year observation (pre-treatment).Rainfall exclusion will start in the coming wet season (September/October). No strongdifference in phenology between the two plots has been observed. At the community levelmore than 50% of plants maintained full canopy for 9 months. Plants shed leaves during thedry season (August and September 2000 and July and August 2001). For both the evergreenRoupala montana and the brevideciduous Dalbergia miscolobium more than 50% of plantswith complete canopy have been found in the two plots during 10 months. Plants of the firstspecies were never completely leafless, while almost 50% of plants of the second specieswere leafless at the end of August 2001.

Contrasting conditions of atmospheric water balance and moisture transport insummertime in the Amazon basin during EL Niño 1997-98 and La Niña 1998-99.J. A. Veiga 1 , J. A. Marengo 2 , J. F. Oliveira. 1LMO/CPTEC/INPE, São José dos Campos Sp, Brazil. 1CPTEC/INPE, Cachoeira Paulista Sp, Brazil. 1Nº inscrição JVEI-0154Rua avião tangara 71, bairro Jd Souto.CEP: 12227160Cidade São Jose dos Campos.Fone: 0XX12 3945-6660José Augusto Paixão VeigaE-mails: Jaugusto@cptec.inpe.brIn this study we study and assess the components of the atmospheric water balance andthe moisture transport in the Amazon basin, using the NCEP-NCAR reanalyses andfocusing on the 1997-98 and 1998-99 extremes of the Southern Oscillation. The summerof 1998 was characterized as rainfall deficient, with large negative rainfall departures insouthern Amazonia, which persisted during the autumn peak of the rainy season innorthern Amazonia. On the other hand, the summer of 1999 was considered betweennormal and moderately rainy in northern and central Amazonia. Moisture fluxes indicatethe weak moisture input from the tropical Atlantic into the Amazon region during the1998 El Niño summer, generating large rainfall departures in most of the region. In fact,the vertical cross sections tend to show a weak moisture input into the Amazon, while theexportation of moisture outside the Amazon by the Low Level Jet east of the Andes(LLJ) during 1998 was very intense, showing that besides the Amazon basin receivingless moisture from the tropical North Atlantic, this little amount was exported outside theregion. Situation in 1999 was not much different from the normal, showing that rainfalland moisture transport into and outside the Amazon basin is more sensitive to El Ninoand its related circulation anomalies that to La Nina. Previous studies using upper airobservations and modeling have shown that the summer of 1998 exhibited more frequentand intense LLJ than the summer of 1999, consistent with the circulation and rainfallcomposites 1998-1999 presented in here.

The effects of partial throughfall exclusion on the seasonal photosynthetic lightresponse of trees in a forest area in eastern Brazilian Amazonia.M. B. DIAS-FILHO, J. B. GUERRERO and D. C. NEPSTADEmbrapa Amazonia Oriental, 66017-970, Belém, PA, Brazil, moacyr@cpatu.embrapa.brWe studied the effect of partial throughfall exclusion on the photosynthetic capacity(Amax) of seven tree species in a primary forest area, in the State of Pará, Brazil. Lightresponse curves were measured, during the peak of the dry season (Dec 2001) and in themiddle of the wet season (Mar 2002), on undamaged, mature leaves, using an infraredgas analyzer with an attached red LED light source. Measurements were made on speciesfrom three different groups: 1) canopy species: Sclerolobium chrysophyllum (Fabaceae)and Erisma uncinatum; 2) low-canopy species: Coussarea racemosa (Rubiaceae),Guatteria poeppigiana (Annonaceae) and Poecilanthe effusa (Fabaceae), and 3) pioneerspecies: Aparisthmium cordatum (Euphorbiaceae) and Miconia ruficalyx(Melastomataceae). For each group, curves were measured for attached leaves, between 8and 12 h local time, at around 25, 12 and 10 m, respectively. Amax was lowest in thethroughfall exclusion treatment, during the peak of the dry season, for all groups. Thisdifference was highest for the pioneer (4.92 ± 1.99 vs. 2.66 ± 0.76 µmol m -2 s -1 , mean ±standard deviation) and the canopy (10.07 ± 1.63 vs. 5.51 ± 2.32) species and lowest forthe low canopy species (6.03 ± 0.77 vs. 4.28 ± 0.81). S. chrysophyllum and A. cordatumwere the most affected species, with reductions in Amax of 73 and 72 %, respectively. InMarch 2002, recovery in the photosynthetic capacity was already evident for the lowcanopy(7.05 ± 0.76 vs. 7.11 ± 0.84) and pioneer (8.14 ± 2.65 vs. 7.47 ± 1.61) species,but less apparent for the canopy (12.15 ± 0.95 vs. 8.18 ± 0.56) species.

1) Drought in an E. Amazonian rain forest: effects of the exclusion of rainfall from soil on fluxes of water andcarbon dioxide.P Meir 8 , E. Sotta 2,7 , R da Costa 2 , PJ de Oliveira 1,8 , L Aragao5, R Fisher 8 ,JMN Costa 3 , Y Malhi8, M Williams8, J Grace8,ACL Costa 1 .1. Universidade Federal de Pará (Brazil).2. Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (Brazil).3. Universidade Federal de Viçosa(Brazil). 4. EMBRAPA, Brazil. 5. INPE, Brazil. 6.Instituto de Agronomia Superior, Portugal. 7. University ofGoettingen. 8. University of Edinburgh (UK).Rainfall was experimentally excluded from 1 ha of E. Amazonian forest, at Caxiuana National Forest, Parausing transparent plastic panels placed 1.5-2.5 m above the ground. Measurements were made of sap flow intrees and soil carbon efflux before and after installation of the rainfall exclusion infrastructure. Comparisonswere made between adjacent control and treatment plots (1 ha) and with data obtained from a third plot 2kmaway, where weather and ecosystem flux measurements were also made. The exclusion of rainfall resulted ina reduction in soil water volume content by more than 30% in comparison to the control measurements. Theeffects of reduced soil moisture content on water use by trees (sap flow) and soil respiration rates arepresented.

Submitted to: II_ISC_LBA – 2 ND INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE OF LARGESCALE BIOSPHERE ATMOSPHERE EXPERIMENT IN AMAZÔNIA (LBA),MANAUS, AM, 07-10 JULY, 2002.CHARACTERISTICS OF VARIABILITY IN THE SOIL WATERVOLUMETRIC CONTENTS IN CAXIUANÃ RAINFOREST, AMAZÔNIA,BRAZIL.Rafael FERREIRA da COSTA 1 ; Patrick MEIR 2 ; P.J. OLIVEIRA 2 ; R. B. SILVA 3 ; A. C. L. COSTA 3 ;Y. MALHI 2 ; J. M. N. COSTA 4 ; M. L. P. RUIVO 1 and V. ANDRADE 3 .1 MPEG/CCTE, Belém, PA, Brazil.Contact; e-mail: rfcosta@museu-goeldi.br or rfcostampeg@bol.com.br2IERM/UEdin, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK.3 UFPA, Belém, PA, Brazil.4 UFV, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.ABSTRACTThe Caxiuanã National Forest, with an area of 330,000 hectares (1º43’ S; 51º32’W) belonging to the Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (MPEG), far from approximately400 km West of city of Belém, Para, Brazil. The experimental site was separated in threedifferent areas; Plot A, Plot B (with 1 ha each) and Plot T, where is installed themicrometeorological LBA’s tower. In the Plots A and B were made four trenches in eachone (with 1x2x5 meters width/length/depth each) where were installed the soil waterprobes, in two sides, at different levels, from surface to 5 meters deep. The Plot B isbeing used for the ESECAFLOR Experiment, and was covered by plastics panels, tosimulate a drought period in the forest for analysis of them influences. In the Plot T weremade two trenches like the others. The preliminary analysis indicated large variation inthe soil water volumetric contents among the plots A, B and T. The soils at Caxiuanã arewell drained to moderately drained, sandy to clay, acidic and poor of nutrients, with a pHranging from highly acidic (3.5) to moderately acidic (5.5). For the soil water contentmeasurements was used the TDR (Time-Domain Reflectometer) system, using Tektronic1502B/C equipment with WATTDR 3.11 software (Waterloo Centre for GroundwaterResearch). Monthly measurements are being made since September’2000. The Plot Ashowed values between 7.8% (Oct’2001) and 15.3% (May’2001). Plot B registered 6.5%(Oct’2001) and 15.7% (Jun’2001). The plot T showed 19.5 and 20% to Nov’2000 andNov’2001 respectively for minimums values and 27.3% (Mar’2001), 29.2% (Mar’2002).After to closed, in December of 2001, the plastic cover in the Plot B, this Plot reached–35.1% soil water content, when compared with Plot A. This characterisation isimportant for assessment of the soil in view of the expected changes in soil characteristicsduring and after the ESECAFLOR Experiment. It is very important to assess the impactof drought on water balance, carbon dioxide fluxes and carbon stock in the soil toinvestigate future sustainability of the Amazon forest ecosystem.Key words: Soil Water Content, Amazônia and Forest.

3) Drought in an E. Amazonian rain forest: effects of the exclusion of rainfall from soil on leaf gas exchange.R Vale 1 , MM Chaves 1,2 , CJR Carvalho 3 , J Maroco 2 , S Almeida 4 , J Grace 5 , JS Pereira 1 , P Meir 51-Instituto Superior de Agronomia. Lisboa. Portugal. 2-Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica. Oeiras. Portugal. 3-Lab. Ecofisiologia Vegetal. Embrapa Amazonia Oriental. Belém. Brasil. 4-Museu Goeldi. Belém. Brasil. 5-University ofEdinburgh. UK.Rainfall was experimentally excluded from 1 ha of E. Amazonian forest, at Caxiuana National Forest, Para usingtransparent plastic panels placed 1.5-2.5 m above the ground. Measurements were made of leaf gas exchange before andafter installation of the rainfall exclusion infrastructure. Measurements of stomatal conductance and the maximum rate ofcarboxylation and electron transport were measured on leaves at different levels throughout the vertical profile of thecanopy. Comparisons were made between adjacent control and treatment plots (1 ha) and with data obtained from a thirdplot 2km away, where weather and ecosystem flux measurements were also made. The exclusion of rainfall resulted in areduction in soil water volume content by more than 30% in comparison to the control measurements. Before theexperimental exclusion of rainfall no statistical differences could be discerned between leaves in the canopy profile at thedifferent sites. The effect of the experimental reduction in soil moisture on canopy physiology is discussed.

Throughfall exclusion in a moist tropical forest: Impacts on solution nutrient fluxes.Ricardo de O. Figueiredo and Wanderley Rocha da SilvaInstituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da AmazôniaDaniel Markewitz and Elizabeth L. BelkThe University of GeorgiaEric A. Davidson and Daniel NepstadThe Woods Hole Research CenterAlex V. KruscheCentro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura – USPLuciana Pimentel da SilvaUniversidade Federal do Pará – Bolsista ITI, CNPq/LBAAddress of corresponding author:Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da AmazôniaAv. Nazaré, 669 - Belém - PA - 66035-170 - BrazilEmail: rofig@amazon.com.brIn recent years, the world’s major moist tropical forest have experienced increasinglysevere and prolonged droughts associated with the El Nino Southern Oscillation (ENSO).If this current trend is sustained due to changing climatic conditions the effects ontropical forest could be dramatic. To investigate the effect of prolonged drought ontropical forest nutrient fluxes in solution we established a throughfall exclusionexperiment in the Tapajos National Forest. The experiment consists of paired onehectareplots that are trenched to >1.5m depth and a network of plastic panels excluding~50% of throughfall in the treatment plot. After nine months of pre-treatmentmeasurements the throughfall exclusion panels were installed in February 2000. Panelsare removed in the dry season (June-Nov.) and re-installed in the rainy season (Dec.-May) every year. Here we report solution chemical results from bulk precipitation,throughfall, litter leachate, and 25 and 200 cm soil solutions for the period May 1999 toJuly 2001. During the pretreatment period few significant differences were apparent insolution chemical concentrations. During the following two wet seasons of throughfallexclusion no changes in throughfall chemistry were observed, but increases in litterleachate and soil solution concentrations in the exclusion plot were apparent, particularlyfor NO 3 , K, and Ca. Because this effect was not observed for all elements, we do notthink it is due only to the concentration of nutrients in a smaller volume of soil water, butrather is also due to effects of drought on nutrient cycling processes. We are currentlydeveloping a soil hydrologic model to calculate the rate of movement of these nutrientsthrough the soil profile.

The influence of land surface winds show how fluxes on the onset of Amazon rainyseason and the influence of South American rainfall on the winter climate overNorth Atlantic, Europe and eastern North AmericaRong FuEarth & Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology221 Bobby Dodd Way, Atlanta, GA 30332-0340Tel: 404-385-0670; Fax: 404-385-1512; Email: fu@eas.gatech.eduAbstract:Our analysis of satellite observations and reanalyses products has suggested thatthe transition from dry to wet season over Amazon is initiated by an increase of landsurface fluxes, whereas the dynamic responses to the increase of the surface flux, such asan increasing moisture transport, accelerate the transition. A delayed onset could eitherby caused by abnormally preseasonal dryness, or by a slower increase of the surfacefluxes, in addition to a weaker large-scale moisture transport.We have also observed that during boreal winter, decreases of South Americanrainfall are correlated with enhanced anticyclonic surface winds over the mid-latitudeNorth Atlantic and cyclonic flow over the Northeastern North Atlantic a few days later.The latter also increases cyclonic weather activity over Western and Northern Europe andeastern United States, and decreases precipitation over the Mediterranean region.Comparison with simulations by a time-dependent barotropic model suggests that theprevailing weak westerly winds in the upper tropospheric tropical Atlantic during borealwinter allow latitudinal propagation of a Rossby wave disturbance that leads to theobserved remote influence of South American rainfall on winds over the North Atlantic.1

2) Drought in an E. Amazonian rain forest: effects of the exclusion of rainfall from soil on litterfall and treegrowth.S. Almeida 1 , R. Santos 1 , ACL Costa 2 , J. Grace 3 , Y. Malhi 3 , P. Meir 31. Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi (Brazil) 2. Universidade Federal de Pará (Brazil). 3. University of Edinburgh (UK).Rainfall was experimentally excluded from 1 ha of E. Amazonian forest, at Caxiuana National Forest, Para usingtransparent plastic panels placed 1.5-2.5 m above the ground. Measurements were made of litterfall and tree growthbefore and after installation of the rainfall exclusion infrastructure. Comparisons were made between adjacent control andtreatment plots (1 ha) and with data obtained from a third plot 2km away, where weather and ecosystem fluxmeasurements were also made. The effects of reduced soil moisture on the seasonality in litterfall and the annual treegrowth rate are discussed in the context of seasonality in the forest carbon cycle.

Water use efficiency increases in response to drought for Vismia guianensis in theoverstory of an Eastern Amazonian regrowth forestSteel S. Vasconcelos 1 , Daniel J. Zarin 2 , Stephen S. Mulkey 2 , Claudio José R. de Carvalho 3 ,Lucas B. Fortini 21 Projeto MANFLORA, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias do Pará, P. O. Box 917, Belém,PA, 66077-530, Brazil, E-mail: manflora@amazon.com.br; 2 University of Florida, USA,E-mail: zarin@ufl.edu, mulkey@botany.ufl.edu, lucasfortini@usa.net;Amazônia Oriental, Brazil, E-mail: carvalho@cpatu.embrapa.br3EMBRAPAWe assessed the impact of drought on an abundant overstory species (V. guianensis) bymeasuring leaf water potential and leaf gas exchange in irrigated and control plots in anEastern Amazonian regrowth forest during the 2001 dry-season. Light-saturated CO 2assimilation rates (A max ) under PPFD of 1500 µmol m -2 s -1 and light response curves wereperformed with a portable photosynthesis system on young, fully developed leaves. Predawnand midday leaf water potential were measured with a pressure chamber. Irrigatedplants maintained higher leaf water potential in relation to control plants. A max valuesshowed a decreasing trend during the dry season and were similar between treatments onfive of six measurement dates; on one measurement date, irrigated plants showed higherA max than non-irrigated plants (16.4 ± 1.5 vs. 10.8 ± 4.6 µmol m -2 s -1 ). Stomatalconductance (g s ) values of irrigated plants were relatively constant during the whole dryseason; control plants were consistently lower and showed a very sharp decrease instomatal conductance from the mid to the end of the dry season. Instantaneous water-useefficiency (A max /g s ) values increased in control plants as the dry season progressed, whileremaining constant in irrigated plants. Light response curves obtained near the end of thedry season showed a trend of higher light compensation and saturation points in controlplants than in irrigated plants. These results suggest that V. guianensis is able to maintaingas exchange during moderate drought through regulation of stomatal water loss.

Human Dimensions of Environmental Changes in AmazonPRIMARY AUTHOR ORGANIZATION ABSTRACT_TITLEBenedita M. G.EstevesFederal University of Acre Oral Amazonia as a shared space: the caseof “Brasivianos” along the frontierbetween Acre, Brazil and Pando,Bolivia.Bertha KoiffmannBeckerUFRJ (UniversidadeFederal do Rio de Janeiro)OralLocal Responses to Global ChangesImpacts in the Amazon: The Socio-Environmental ModelReinaldo CorreaCostaDepartamento deGeografia-FFLCH/USPOralPoliticas Publicas em antiga área defronteira: o eixo Transamazonica-Xingu.Richard BilsborrowUniversity of NorthCarolinaOralPopulation, Economy and Land Use inthe Ecuadorian AmazonScott HoefleUniversidade Federal doRio de JaneiroOralPro-Active Political Participation andSustainable Development in the CentralAmazonBertha KoiffmannBeckerUFRJ (UniversidadeFederal do Rio de Janeiro)PosterA Conceptual Model for InteratedResearch on Humann Dimension inAmazoniaCintia HonorioVasconcelosINPE/DSR Poster The relationship between deforestationrates, precipitation and Malariaincidence ratesF. Kennedy A. deSouzaFederal University of Acre(UFAC)PosterCarbon as an economic strategy toreduce deforestation in southwesternAmazonia: opportunities and limits forrural populations in Acre State, BrazilI.F. Brown WHRC-UFF-UFAC Poster The broader impacts of LBA science:Examples from Acre, Brazil.Maria del CarmenVera DiazWHRC Poster The economic costs of fire in theBrazilian Amazon: a valuation studyMaria RuivoMuseu Paraense EmílioGoeldiPosterMICROPEDOLOGY OF THEARCHEOLOGICAL BLACK EARTHAND YELLOW LATOSSOL INCAXIUANÃ SITEMónica J. De Los RiosMaldonadoFederal University of Acre(UFAC)PosterChallenges in the democratization ofknowledge generated by LBA forAmazonian societiesRebecca PowellUniversity of California,Santa BarbaraPosterMapping and monitoring urban landcoverchange in Rondônia usingspectral mixture analysis

René Poccard-ChapuisCIRAD-Ecopol - USP-FEA-PROCAMPosterMILK PRODUCTION, REGIONALDEVELOPMENT ANDSUSTAINABILITY IN THE EASTERNBRAZILIAN AMAZONRodrigo O. P. Serrano Federal University of Acre Poster Reliability of low-cost GPS data forecological and land use studies inAmazoniaSueli Oliveira Martins Istituto de EstudosAvançados DAuniversidade de S. PauloPosterReflorestamento EconômicoConsorciado Adensado-RECA: UmEstudo sobre DesenvolvimentoIntegrado na Amazônia.

Amazonia as a shared space: the case of “Brasivianos” along the frontier betweenAcre, Brazil and Pando, Bolivia.Benedita M.G. Esteves 1 , Paulo R.N. Ferreira 2 , and Hudisley. S. de Oliveira 2 .1 Coordinator of the research group Society and Environment and professor of theHistory Department of the Federal University of Acre, Rio Branco, AC, Brazil.benedita_esteves@uol.com.br2 Student research intern of the History Department, Federal University of Acre, RioBranco, AC, BrazilThis research is part of a set of studies on migrations in the frontier regions ofsouthwestern Amazonia, specifically in extractive regions of Acre State/Brazil, PandoDepartment/Bolivia and Madre de Dios Department/Peru. The results of our case studyof Brazilians that migrate to Pando alters the current perception of Amazonia, one wheregeopolitical definitions of space define national territories but are without socioenvironmentalcontent. The manner that the concept of the Amazonian region has beenused reduces one of the basic notions of social sciences -- that of space – to a locality, asif Amazonia was a restricted region of Brazil, omitting the extensive area of contiguousforests that occur in neighboring countries. Such a geopolitical appropriation does nottake into account the network of relations within the region established among residentpopulations. Amerindians, caboclos, river bank dwellers, and extractivists define theirterritories using existing natural resources. These populations create their proper nations.The rubber tapper nation is one of them, defined by the relationship of man and nature.This study focuses on Brazilian rubber tappers as they seek land and work in the Pando-Acre region and their migrations between extractive areas and urban peripheries.Approximately 6000 Brazilian families have resided in the Bolivian Pando. Recentgeopolitical decisions and economic trends have resulted in a migration to urbanenvironments with three families a day arriving in the urban center of Brasileia on theBolivian border. The reality of this situation has great importance for regional publicpolicy, particularly for municipal education programs.

1Session: Human Dimension, of Global Environmental ChangeAbstract: Local Responses to Global Changes Impacts in the Amazon: The Socio-Environmental ModelBertha K. BeckerDepartment of Geography Laboratory on Management – Federal University of Rio de JaneiroAv. Atlântica, 1896/1301 – Copacabana – CEP. 22021-001 – Rio de Janeiro - BrasilE-mail: nfrancina@globo.com ou nfrancina@bol.com.brLocal Responses to Global Changes Impacts in the Amazon: The Socio-EnvironmentalModelThe complexity of Human Dimensions of global changes implies recognizingdiverse interests and underlying factors in the analysis of situations. Emphasis in scientiphicanalysis is usually given to the impacts of local processes on global changes. There are,however global changes impacts on local processes. Impacts that are not merelyenvironmental and cannot be dissociated from economic and geopolitical interests, andScience must be aware of these complex conditions of global change.Important structural changes took place in the Amazon since the 1970’s, such as:connectivy, industrialization, urbanization and particularly, change in the social structure,which are expressed in the diversification of territorial occupation and use in five majorpatterns (Becker, 2002). The focus of this paper, based mainly on field research, is the socioenvironmentalpattern. It is the one that better expresses local responses to global changesimpacts, and is the less studied and diffused in international scientiphic literature.Hundreds of community experiments are beeing developed in the Amazonconfiguring a new socio-environmental model. The landmark of its emergence is 1985, withthe creation of the National Council of Rubbertappers, a symbol of the organization of localsocial movements against their land and resources expropriation. Conflicts of the 1970’s and1980’s changed into organized demands expressed in alternative bottom-up developmentprojects. They are experiments associated to bio-sociodiversity. Each of them develops in acertain ecossistem, with populations of different ethnic or geographic origin – Indians,rubbertappers, riverains, and peasants -, as well as different socio-economic and politicalstructure, techniques and alliances (Becker, 1995).The Catholic Church gave the basic support for community fights and organizationsthroughout the region. As global concerns with regional environmental protection increased,new national and particularly international partners became the crucial support for thesemovements. Technical and financial support, given by religions organizations, ngos,development agencies, banks.Telecommunications networks are the basic strategy used for communities to relatewith actors at the global scale, aiming to get support for their survival. Global motivations arecomplex. They include environmental protection concerns, economic and geopoliticalinterests of having access to information and control of the region’s natural capital, as well asscientiphic motivations.The socio-environmental model represents an important local contribution for thesolution of global problems: biodiversity loss, deforestation and it effects on climate. But, ifit is a relatively political and environmental success, the economic conditions of thepopulations involved are far from being satisfactory, challenging research, public policies andinternational cooperation to search and develop conditions for its sustainability.

Políticas públicas em antiga área de fronteira:o eixo Transamazônica -XinguReinaldo Corrêa Costa*Neste estudo analisarei o atual processo que está ocorrendo na área de Altamira (PA),localizada no centro do estado do Pará, e é atravessada pelo rio Xingu no sentido nortesule pela rodovia Transamazônica (BR 230) no sentido leste-oeste. Essa é uma dasantigas áreas de fronteira dos anos de 1970 e 1980, este estudo de caso analisará porquecom a chegada de energia elétrica vinda da usina hidrelétrica de Tucuruí, começou uma“efervescência” territorial na área de empreendimentos, como madereiras, laticínios eserrarias. No contexto, há os que especulam que a chegada de energia elétrica é paraproporcionar a construção da hidrelétrica do rio Xingu, denominada de complexohidrelétrico de Belo Monte e, por isso temem que se repita em Altamira o que aconteceuem Tucuruí. Dentro desse processo existem as cicatrizes dos projetos anteriores, como acolonização oficial às margens da BR-230; alguns questionamentos são necessários:como estão essas pessoas agora? O quê mudou? Como está a situação dos índios?,principalmente daqueles que poderão perder suas terras, caso seja construída ahidrelétrica. Esses são os pontos de observação/reflexão para estudar o espaçogeográfico e as territorialidades nele existentes após a fronteira em uma área daAmazônia brasileira*Doutorando em Geografia/USP.Endereço: Cidade Universitária, CRUSP, Bloco C, Apto. 311, Butantã, São Paulo (SP),05508-900.# reicosta@usp.br

Population, Economy and Land Use in the EcuadorianAmazonRichard E. Bilsborrow and William K.Y. PanCarolina Population CenterUniversity of North Carolina123 W. Franklin StreetChapel Hill, NC 27516USArichard_bilsborrow@unc.eduThis paper will bring together some results from a longitudinal study ofpopulation, socio-economic factors, and land use (including deforestation) in thenorthern Ecuadorian Amazon. This region, comprising the provinces ofSucumbios and Orellana, has experienced an intense process of colonizationduring the past three decades following the discovery of large petroleum fieldsin 1967 near what is now the largest city in the Ecuadorian Amazon, LagoAgrio. To extract the oil, oil companies built a network of roads connectinghundreds of wells to oil pipelines which ultimately fed into the TransAndeanPipeline to the Pacific port of Esmeraldas. The roads made the regionaccessible for the first time to land-starved farmers who migrated to the regionmainly from the Sierra or highlands region. Since the Amazon of Ecuador isone of the world’s 11 “hotspots” of biodiversity (according to the ecologist,Myers), the clearing of its forests to create farms has high ecological costs. Atthe same time, most colonist families are poor. It is therefore important todevelop policies that are more sustainable in the region to both improve thelivelihoods of the poor migrant families as well as to reduce the high rate ofdegradation of the stunning natural environment.As a result we designed a survey of migrant farm households in 1990 to collectdata to investigate these phenomena. With access to lists of colonist settlementareas (called sectors) and the number of original farms per sector from thegovernment Institute of Land Reform and Colonization (IERAC), we were ableto select a probability sample of migrant farm plots. On each plots weinterviewed both heads of households and spouses, obtaining a wealth ofinformation on household composition, fertility and health, migration, land titling,land use and technology, cattle, income, environmental problems, timberextraction, assets, use of local infrastructure, etc. In 1999 we repeated thesurvey on the same plots, providing a rich longitudinal data base on populationand land use. By 1999 the population living on the plots had grown by half dueto both continuing in-migration and subdivision of plots among heirs. At thesame time, forest cover declined from 56 % to 45 %, indicating continuing forestclearing. Data will be shown on demographic changes, socio-economic factors,changes in land use and technology, and interrelationships. In addition, farmplots, households, roads, rivers, local community centers and infrastructure,etc., were all geo-referenced in 1999-2000, permitting placing the study in abroader spatial context. The paper will conclude with a discussion of policyrecommendations and further research needs.

CONVIDADO DA MESA REDONDA“HUMAN DIMENSIONS OF GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE”PRO-ACTIVE POLITICAL PARTICIPATION AND SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT IN THE CENTRAL AMAZONAna Maria de Souza Mello BicalhoScott William Hoefle**Laboratório de Gestão do Território – LAGEGDepartamento de Geografia – IGEO/CCMNUniversidade Federal do Rio de JaneiroCidade Universitária – Ilha do Fundão21941-590 - Rio de Janeiro - RJ, BrasilPolitical sustainability in the sense of local people controlling the nature and the form ofdevelopment policy and implementation lies at the heart of generating sustainable livelihoods inthe Amazon. The conflict between new forms of political participation at the local andinternational levels, on one side, and old forms of client-patron political relationships at the stateand national levels, on the other, is analyzed in areas on and beyond the advancing frontier ofopen-field agriculture in the Central Amazon.Over the last thirty years a silent revolution in county level politics was induced by theCatholic Church and today communities successfully pressure municipal politicians to providebasic services. Over the last fifteen, another, not so silent, revolution took place in Amazonianpolitics with the active involvement of international and national non-governmentalorganizations. While considerable empowerment of previously marginalized Amerindians,rubber tapers and frontier peasants has occurred, beyond the county level throughout much of theregion, patronage networks, be they modern or “post-modern”, remain top-down in theirdecision-making process, significant horizontal political mobilization between different socialactors has not emerged and grassroots political organization has been stymied by authoritarianpolitics at the state level and neo-liberal “predatory democracy” at the national level.Positive experience in the cases of Silves and Iranduba counties as well as in Amerindianpolitical mobilization are used to show that participatory development is most successful whentraditional social structures and knowledge are mobilized and when new economic activities aredeveloped. Economic success enhances political participation, which, in turn, overcomes bias instate development policy, further enhancing economic success in an upward spiral. However, ona regional basis, only the Amerindians have managed to effectively scale upward to higher levelsof political participation. Consequently, the rise of enclaves of pro-active farming communitiesor of restricted local development do not lead to regional political sustainability so that much stillneeds to be done to break through the stonewall of state and national level politics.** Invited Oral Presenter

Poster Abstract: A Conceptual Model for Integrated Research on Human Dimension inAmazoniaBertha K. BeckerDepartment of Geography Laboratory on Management – Federal University of Rio deJaneiroAv. Atlântica, 1896/1301 – Copacabana – CEP. 22021-001 – Rio de Janeiro - BrasilE-mail: nfrancina@globo.com ou nfrancina@bol.com.brA Conceptual Model for Integrated Research on Human Dimension in AmazoniaUndoubtly, there has been a great advance in research on Amazonia,particularly in the last decade but, many problems still remain further progress. One ofits major challenges is the disarticulation of research initiatives. Another one is theneed to consider the human dimension since it is recognized that there is no possibilityof environmental protection without the participation and better living conditions ofregional inhabitants.Its means that we need a general framework, which can encompass linksbetween different projects and between natural and social processes. With thesechallenges in mind, a general framework is here proposed based on the major patternsof occupation and use of the regional territory. Research according to thematic lines isfundamental for deepening knowledge but it has not allowed us to reach the necessarylevel of generalization to understand regional dynamics and, to contribute to publicpolicies.Is there a better framework to insert thematic lines than the concept ofterritory? This would allow us to solve the problems pointed out, because:- territory is the space of practice. On one hand, it is a product of socialpractice, associated to the appropriation of a portion of space; on the other hand, it isalso a product used by actors, a means for their practice;- territory expresses the result of the interaction of multiple variables – socialand natural – which determine the process of change;- the major patterns of territorial occupation and use offer a vision of the wholeregion, allowing researchers to locate themselves within it;- research related to one or more of these patterns, offers the possibility of anintegrated and cumulative knowledge of the specific patterns under study and also of theregional dynamics as a whole.Five major patterns of territorial occupation and use are identified:1- primary forests searcely inhabited2- expansion of agropastoral frontier3- socio-environmental innovations4- consolidated settlement5- increased productivyThe model takes into account the central elements of territorial occupation anduse, the main features of its major patterns, and the demands they pose for S/T.

INFLUÊNCIA DA PRECIPITAÇÃO E DO DESMATAMENTO NA INCIDÊNCIADE MALÁRIA NA REGIÃO DE TUCURUÍ, PARÁVASCONCELOS, C.H.Doutoranda na Universidade de São Paulo (USP)Centro de Recursos Hídricos e Ecologia AplicadaAv. Trabalador Sãocarlense, 400 Centro, 13566-590 São Carlos-SP, Brasilcintia@ltid.inpe.brDRa. NOVO, E.M.L.M.Pesquisadora pelo Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)Av. dos Astronautas, 1578 Jd. da Granja 12227-010, São José dos Campos-SP, Brasilevlyn@ltid.inpe.brDr.CONFALONIERI, U.Pesquisador pela Fundação Oswaldo Cruz/ Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública (Fiocruz/Ensp)Av. Brasil, 4036 Rio de Janeiro-RJ, Brasilpmags@ensp.fiocruz.brABSTRACTMalaria is a complex disease that reaches million people around the world, mainly in theAfrican continent, South America and Asia. Transmission of malaria depends on theinteraction between the vector (mosquito Anopheles), the parasite (plasmodium), the hostsand the environment. The risk of malaria infection is determined by the following factors:parasite cycle within the anopheles and its survival time combined with human exposure tothe vector. The life cycle of the malaria parasite and of the mosquito are directly related tomany factors such as precipitation, humidity and temperature. Moreover, there are otherfactors contributing to the increase of disease in the entire world: parasite antimalarial drugresistance; mosquito insecticide resistance; environmental changes (deforestation,construction of dams); climatic changes; migration; population increase and lack of aorganized of health system. For controlling malaria, it will be necessary the development ofefficient vaccine and monitoring system. While scientists do not obtain this vaccine,however, it is necessary to prevent the infection, improving the system for to fighting thevector. The aim of this research is to study the relationship between the incidence ofmalaria in the Tucuruí dam region, Brazilian Amazon, deforestation and precipitation from95 to 97. Deforestation data provided by PRODES-INPE, malaria incidence records fromthe National Foundation of Health, Para Estate and precipitation measurements providedby the National Agency of Electric Power (Aneel) are being used. The expected results isto obtain a positive correlation between deforestation rates and the incidence of malaria,because in the areas of high deforestation there is a increase in migration rates and also theincrease in recent contact man-mosquito which is responsible for the spread in theinfestation rates.Keywords: malaria, deforestation, environmental change, precipitation.

Carbon as an economic strategy to reduce deforestation in southwestern Amazonia:opportunities and limits for rural populations in Acre State, BrazilF. Kennedy A. de Souza 1 and Diogo Selhorst 1,21 Federal University of Acre, Zoobotanical Park, Sector of Land Use and Global ChangeStudies – SETEM/PZ/UFAC, Rio Branco, AC Brazil, sakf@zipmail.com.br2 Foundation Bioma, Rio Branco, AC, BrasilThe Avança Brasil Program plans to invest approximately one billion dollars peryear for the next five years in southwestern Amazonia, which includes Acre. Toguarantee access of rural products to markets, the Acre State government plans to invest32 million dollars/yr in roads. Rural economic agents direct their investments and willdefine the evolution of regional deforestation, possibly accelerated by theseinfrastructural investments. Cattle raising, occupying 75% of the deforested areas of theState, is the most dynamic sector. In 1998 it was responsible for 18% of exports from theState; by 2001 this proportion increased to 75%. The total contribution of agriculture andcattle ranching to the state economy increases by about 8.2 million dollars/yr. One of thepossible mechanisms to influence these rural economic agents can be via economicincentives using carbon. We simulated the effect of avoided deforestation on committedcarbon emissions. The average rate of deforestation in Acre is 53,000 ha/yr and can bedisaggregated into small producers and large cattle ranchers. The amount of carbonstocked in biomass and liberated by the transformation of forest to pasture is about 130 to200 tons C/ha. At US$10/ton, the ‘value’ of the carbon is on the order of US$1,300 to2,000/ha. Avoiding deforestation would be worth approximately 70 to 100 milliondollars/yr, raising per capita rural incomes by 195 to 300 dollars/yr. In extractive reservesthis value could reach 500 dollars/yr/family. Administrative costs, however, are notincluded and could reach 45% of the value, if current trends hold. The State of Acre isconsidered a model of sustainable development for the region and will need to developmechanisms, such as carbon incentives, to limit deforestation.

The broader impacts of LBA science: Examples from Acre, Brazil.Foster Brown 1,2 and Silvia Brilhante 21 Woods Hole Research Center, Woods Hole, MA, USA and Federal FluminenseUniversity, Niterói, RJ, Brazil (fbrown@whrc.org)2 Zoobotanical Park, Federal University of Acre, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil (pz@ufac.br)The paradigm of doing science is changing. Funding agencies in Brazil and theU.S. have expanded their criteria to include impacts on such topics as public policy,education, and under-represented groups. Such a paradigm shift can be seen in theNASA research announcements for LBA-ECO, in the evaluation of LBA by the Ministryof Science and Technology (MCT), in directives from National Science Foundation, andin the Pilot Program for the Preservation of Tropical Forests of Brazil, called PPG-7.Continued societal support for funding science has become increasingly dependent on thequality of these broader impacts that can be incorporated and utilized by national,regional and local societies. At the national level, researchers from LBA /Acreparticipated in a Ministry of Environment workshops for establishing consistent methodsfor estimating deforestation rates and for defining priorities of the second phase of thePPG7. At a regional level, LBA/Acre collaborators authored or co-authored six chaptersof the Ecological and Economic Zoning of Acre State and presented suggestions at theState Education Forum about how to incorporate LBA research results into schoolcurricula. A study of official logging data spurred the state government to conduct amajor study of logging activity. LBA/Acre provided training, maps, and satellite imageryfor Epitaciolandia and Assis Brasil municipalities to help in planning land use in theborder region with Bolivia and Peru and in developing educational material for the localschool systems. Collaboration with professionals in the neighboring Departments (states)of Pando, Bolivia and Madre de Dios, Peru has grown rapidly in order to maximize thebenefits and minimize the impacts of the growing axis of integration along the road to thePacific. A course supported by LBA helped build the capacity of over thirty Bolivian,Peruvian, and Brazilian scientists in land use studies. One long-term goal of LBAactivities is to promote sustainable land use trajectories in the region; scientificpublications need to be coupled with broader impacts to achieve this goal.

THE ECONOMIC COSTS OF FIRE IN THE BRAZILIAN AMAZON: A VALUATIONSTUDYMaria del Carmen Vera DiazInstituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia – IPAM, Belem, PA, BrazilDaniel C. NepstadIPAM and Woods Hole Research Center – WHRC, Woods Hole, MA, USARonaldo Seroa da Motta & Mário Jorge Cardoso de MendonçaInstituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada –IPEA, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrazilFire is used to manage pastures and prepare agricultural soils by more than 400 thousandsmall farmers in the Brazilian Amazon. The economic system considers, exclusively, thebenefits obtained from use of fire as a management tool. However, when fires burn beyondtheir intended boundaries, they also cause losses to rural property owners and generateexternalities to society (CO 2 emissions and respiratory diseases). The risk of uncontrolledfire inhibits property owners from investing in their properties, perpetuating extensive cattleranching and slash and burn agriculture domination at the expense of agroforestry systemsand sustainable forest management. The objective of this work is to estimate the economicimpacts of fire in the Amazonia for society as a whole and for rural property owners. Suchimpacts include burned grassland (lost grazing), forest and plantations, lost fences, C0 2emissions and respiratory diseases. Physical and monetary costs resulting from fire inAmazonia were estimated using the theoretical structure of environmental economics. Theaverage annual minimum costs associated with fire are US$ 800 million, and range from1.5 to 4.0 percent of the region’s GDP. The costs are distributed as follows: 9.4 percent indamages to the farmers, 89.7 percent in CO 2 emissions, and 0.9 percent in respiratorydiseases as a result of smoke inhalation. These estimates provide a preliminary assessmentof the social costs of regional development models that favor accidental fire.Address of corresponding author (Diaz):Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia – IPAMSede BelémAv. Nazare 669, Centro.66035-170 Belém, PA, Brasilemails:mcarmen@amazon.com.brdnepstad@whrc.orgseroa@ipea.gov.br

Maria Del Carmen, Diaz, Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazonia –IPAM, Avenida Nazare 669, Belem, Para, 66035-170, Brazil, Phone (Fax): 55 91 241 6700,mcarmen@amazon.com.br.

MICROPEDOLOGY OF THE ARCHEOLOGICAL BLACKEARTH AND YELLOW LATOSSOL IN CAXIUANÃ SITERUIVO, M.L.P. 1 ; CUNHA, E.S. 2 , KERN, D.C. 11 Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi / Coordenadoria de Ciências da Terra e Ecologia, Campusde Pesquisa, Av. Perimetral 1901, Terra Firme, CEP 66077-530, Belém, Pará, Brazil, e-mail: ruivo@museu-goeldi.br2Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias do Pará, Belém,Pará, BrazilMicromorphology as a tool to deduce processes of soil formation, transformation naturaland human induced processes. The study was carried out at the National Reserve ofCaxiuanã in Yellow Latosol -YL (ESECAFLOR experiment (PA), LBA Tower (TOW),secondary vegetation (CAP) and Archeological Black Earth (ABE). YL soils are present inthe A, AB, BA, and B horizons and are well drained at sites PA and CAP, with moderatedrainage at site TOW. Structure varies from sub-angular blocky at massive structure. TheABE at Manduquinha site developed on the top of latossol. The new soil developed duringthe interaction between YL and pre-historic human occupation. The ABE is well drainedsoil and very aggregate. The ABE present A1, A2, A3, AB, BA and B horizonts. The A1and A2 are rich in archaeological materials. The mineralogy was similar for all soils,consisting predominantly of kaolinite in the clay fraction and quartz in the sand fraction,showed connection between macropores and organic matter. The soils ABE, PA and CAPare macroaggregrate and very porosity, principally for presence of the organic matter andsandy texture (ABE) and sandy texture (PA). The pore are great and interlaced in the ABE.The pore are small and macice struture in the CAP and PA e microagregation in depth inthe TOW. The conformation of the pores in the ABE facility water retention andmovement, biologic activity and aeration of the soil. The conservation of the soil structureis responsible for maintaining high levels of soil organic matter (SOM) and availablenutrients in archaeological black earth soils. The occurrence of recalcitrant SOM inpyrogenic forms and estability of ABE SOM can be partly explained with physicalstabilization in aggregates.

Challenges in the democratization of knowledge generated by LBA for AmazoniansocietiesMónica J. de Los Rios Maldonado 1 and I. Foster Brown 1,21 Federal University of Acre, Zoobotanical Park, Sector of Land Use and Global ChangeStudies – SETEM/PZ/UFAC and Bioma Foundation, Rio Branco, AC Brazil2 Woods Hole Research Center, Woods Hole, MA USA and Federal FluminenseUniversity, Niteroi, RJ, BrazilPrograms such as LBA and the Pilot Program for the Preservation of Brazil’sTropical Forests (PPG7) now require researchers to make their data available throughdata banks and via Internet. This represents an advance in the democratization ofknowledge, a goal of the science and technology component of Agenda 21 for Brazil.There exist, however, barriers to this process. Only 8% of the Brazilian population hasaccess to Internet and only a small fraction of this group has the scientific background touse these data that require a mastery of English. In Amazonia, few know how readEnglish and thus are excluded from information sources such as Beija-Flor, the metadatabank of LBA, and scientific publications. There exists a need of other means ofdissemination that do not require a computer. For example, municipal governments andeducational systems in Acre have increasingly requested results of LBA research in theform of satellite images, maps, and short courses to help in decisions about land use. Theeducation of young researchers (a strong point of LBA) and the insertion of LBA resultsin the elementary, secondary, and university educational systems are alternatives to helpovercome barriers. The democratization of knowledge generated by LBA, and its use tostimulate alternative practices of conservation and sustainable land use, will only beeffective when the majority of society has access to information and knows how to use it.1 Federal University of Acre, Zoobotanical Park, Sector of Land Use and Global ChangeStudies – SETEM/PZ/UFAC and Bioma Foundation, Rio Branco, AC Brazil2 Woods Hole Research Center, Woods Hole, MA USA and Federal FluminenseUniversity, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil

2 nd International LBA Scientific ConferenceTitle: Mapping and monitoring urban land-cover change in Rondônia using spectralmixture analysisAuthors:Rebecca L. Powell * , Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara,becky@geog.ucsb.eduDar A. Roberts, Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara,dar@geog.ucsb.eduLaura L. Hess, Institute for Computational Earth System Science, University ofCalifornia, Santa Barbara, lola@icess.ucsb.eduCorresponding address:* Department of GeographyUniversity of California, Santa BarbaraSanta Barbara, CA 93106USAAbstract: While the majority of the Amazon’s human population resides in cities andtowns, most studies of land-cover change in the Amazon have ignored the role of urbancenters in driving land-cover conversion and in generating significant environmentalchange. This research develops a methodology to systematically characterize urban landcover in Rondônia using optical remotely sensed imagery. The spectral properties ofurban land cover are derived from Landsat TM imagery using spectral mixture analysis(SMA). Aerial videography is used to relate spectral properties of urban surfaces withphysical materials on the ground. The bio-physical properties of urban land cover arethen characterized and mapped using a simple Vegetation-Impervious Surface-Soil (VIS)model. Accuracy of results is assessed using aerial videography collected in 1999. Thispaper presents an application of this methodology to the city of Ji-Paraná, Rondônia.Comparing such maps through time and across regions provides insights into the role ofurbanization in regional land-cover change and as a driver of environmental change. Thisapproach represents the fist step in developing datasets that include the bio-physicalproperties and the geographic distributions of urban land cover in the Amazon. Suchdatasets can be compared at the regional scale (i.e. across the Amazon Basin) andintegrated into broader studies of the causes and consequences of land-cover change.

MILK PRODUCTION, REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABILITY IN THE EASTERNAUTHORS :BRAZILIAN AMAZONPOCCARD-CHAPUIS René,Géographe, CIRAD 1 -EMVT 2 , Campus international de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5,France ; tel : 33 (0)4 67 61 58 00 e.mail : algodoal@cirad.frPIKETTY Marie-Gabrielle,Economist - CIRAD– ECOPOL 3 , Visting scientist, Universidade de São Paulo, FEA-PROCAM 4 , Av:Prof. Luciano Gualberto, 908, 05 508-900 São Paulo - SP tel : 55 11 3091 5858. Fax 55 11 30 91 6073. E.mail : piketty@usp.brVEIGA Jonas Bastos,Searcher animal science, leader of project n° 13.1999.650 Embrapa 5 Amazônia Oriental ,Trav.Dr.Enéas Pinheiro S/N-Marco, Cx.P.48, Belém, Pará, Brasil, CEP 66.095-100; Fone: 0xx91 299-4571 Fax: 0xx91 276-9845.e.mail : jonas@cpatu.embrapa.brHOSTIOU NathalieCIRAD 6 -EMVT 7 , Campus international de Baillarguet, 34398 Montpellier Cedex 5, France e.mail :hostiou@cirad.frTOURRAND Jean-François,Searcher animal science, CIRAD, SQS 309, Bloco J, Appt 606, 71362-100 Brasilia DF, Brazil,Tourrand@aol.comPlease response should be sent to :PIKETTY Marie-Gabrielle,Economist - CIRAD– ECOPOL 8 , Visiting scientist in São Paulo University, FEA-PROCAM 9 , Av:Prof. Luciano Gualberto, 908, 05 508-900 São Paulo - SP tel : 55 11 3091 5858. Fax 55 11 30 91 6073. E.mail : piketty@usp.brAbstract :Milk production is an important component of farming systems in the Brazilian Amazonagricultural frontiers. Developed mainly by smallholders, this activity appears as a promisingalternative to improve sustainability of these regions development. The regional milk chainsdynamics and its impact on sustainable development have thus been analyzed since 1995 byan interdisciplinary research team composed of scientists from Embrapa Amazônia Oriental,UFPA and CIRAD at the different levels (micro-meso- macro). Parts of their results arepresented here More than on technological constraints, long term sustainable smallholdersmilk production depends on the emergence of a local production and marketing milk chain. Acomparative analysis of three contrasted regions in the Eastern Brazilian Amazon allows tounderline the main determinants of such a chain development and to suggest some policiesand support actions, which may favor sustainable milk production development.1 Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement.2 Elevage et médecine vétérinaire3 Economie, Politiques et Marchés4 Departamento de Economia da FEA e Programa de Ciência Ambiental (PROCAM)5 Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária6 Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement.7 Elevage et médecine vétérinaire8 Economie, Politiques et Marchés9 Departamento de Economia da FEA e Programa de Ciência Ambiental (PROCAM)

Reliability of low-cost GPS data for ecological and land use studies inAmazoniaRodrigo O.P. Serrano 1,2 , I. Foster Brown 1,3 , and Julielmo A. Corrêa 11 Federal University of Acre, Zoobotanical Park, Sector of Land Use and GlobalChange Studies – SETEM/PZ/UFAC, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil2 Bioma Foundation, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil3 Woods Hole Research Center, Woods Hole, MA, USA and Federal FluminenseUniversity, Niteroi, RJ, BrazilEnvironmental researchers and traditional communities of Amazonia needgeoreferenced ecological study sites and forest management plans; the low-costof GPS receivers has provided a means of doing such georeferencing. Due tothese factors, the demand for training in GPS use has grown. To meet thisdemand in Acre we developed the manual Learn to navigate, produce maps andcalculate areas using GPS data. In training exercises we found that the principalsources of uncertainty were related to two factors: user error and receiverlimitations. Users frequently note wrong coordinates and use a datuminappropriate for maps of the region. The difference between two frequently useddata, WGS84 and SAD69, is 40 m in eastern Acre. We observed that threemeasurements of the same point, followed by selection of the median value,reduced the error of notation. Receiver limitations (model Garmin 12XL) resultedin uncertainty of localization. Under open sky conditions 90% of measurementsoccurred within 7 m of the median coordinate. In 15 m-high secondary forestwith 70% canopy closure, the same percentage occurred within 15m, withoccasional coordinates as much as 80 m from the median. The propagation ofthis uncertainty affects area measurements. Under open sky conditions, areas of10 ha or more have uncertainties of 10% or less. In secondary forest, areas of 40ha or more have similar relative uncertainties. These values show that there existinherent limits to the accuracy of area measurements and locations using GPS,limits that also need to considered in ground truthing of remotely sensed thematicdata.

REFLORESTAMENTO ECONÔMICO CONSORCIADO ADENSADO-RECAUm Estudo dobre Desenvolvimento Integado na AmazôniaNome – Sueli de Oliveira MartinsEnd. Resid. – Conjunto Resid. da Universidade de S. Paulo – CRUSP, Pós-GraduaçãoAv. Prof. Melo de Moraes, 1235, Bloco C, ap. 310, CEP-05508-900Situação Institucional – Estagiária Pré-Doutorado – Instituto de Estudos AvançadosIEA/USPOrientação Inicial – Prof. Dr.Aziz N. Ab’Sáber,E. Mail –Grupo de Investigação/LBA - 7 – Dimensões HumanasCódigo de Inscrição – SOLI-193.001RtfO presente trabalho consiste no estudo sócio ambiental do Projeto RECA, implantado e desenvolvido apartir de 1987/88, em Nova Califórnia, no Estado de Rondônia, fronteira com o Acre (Km. 160 da BR-364).A análise sistematizada e integrada dos aspectos sociais, econômicos e ambientais do projeto, tem porobjetivo investigar e demonstrar a sua viabilidade potencialmente multiplicativa, para contextos similares, emáreas florestadas de terras firmes, onde a devastação ao longo de eixos viários pré-implantados, ainda nãoatingiu grau degenerativo avançado para as biodiversidades espacialmente remanescentes.Tratando-se de uma das experiências de Sistema Agro Florestal– SAF, (com produção consorciada deespécies regionais de valor econômico) mais bem sucedida que se conhece, apesar de pouco divulgada eestudada no âmbito acadêmico, o RECA apresenta indicadores de ordem ambiental, socal-organizativa eeconômico-distributiva, extremamente compatíveis com as metas de sustentabilidade integrada, associandocomprovada diminuição de impactos no uso do solo e na ocupação do espaço, com a melhoria da qualidade devida para a população envolvida, contribuindo ao longo de mais de uma década, para a fixação populacional,com índices notoriamente crescentes de famílias agregadas.Metodologicamente procedemos ao levantamento, cruzamento e análise de dados: documentos oficiaisrelativos ao projeto; pesquisa de campo através de entrevistas aleatórias com representantes locaiscomunitários, de instituições governamentais, não governamentais, empresariais e científicas, que estejam (outenham estado) envolvidos com o projeto, buscando traçar o quadro histórico das atividades edesenvolvimento do mesmo; aplicação de questionários específicos junto à comunidade, elaborados a partirdas características sócio-culturais, econômicas e ambientais, consideradas local e regionalmente, para fins delevantamento de indicadores específicos; utilização de determinados dados ambientais, sociais e econômicos(em micro e macro escala), que estejam disponibilizados por outros projetos, instituições, instânciasgovernamentais, etc. Relacionados, direta ou indiretamente, com o espaço em questão, visando acompreensão ampliada dos fatores interferentes com a realidade local.Como consideração final, o estudo pretende contribuir com a ampliação da oferta de subsídios para umrol mais consistente de políticas públicas, projetadas para sub-setores locais, regionais ou macroregionais daAmazônia Brasileira.ECONOMIC SYNDICATED DENSE REFORESTING – RECAA Study About Integrated Development in Brazilian AmazonThe present paper is a social-environmental study on the “Projeto RECA, settled and developed since1987/88, in Nova Califórnia, Rondônia State, border with Acre State, Brazil (km 160 of BR – 364 Road).The systematic and integrated analysis of the social, economic and environmentalaspects of the Project is med at investigating and showing its potential viability to bestablished in similar contexts, in forest areas of terra firme, along local roads where the

devastation has not yet reached a advanced degenerative degree for the locally remainingbiodiversityes.RECA is one of the most succeful agricultural forestal system known – SAF(syndicated production of regional species with economic value). Even though it has notbeen much explored and studied by academic research, RECA be presents environmental,social – organizational and income – sharing indicators extremely compatible with theobjectives of integrated sustainability together with proved decrease of impact in the use ofsoil and the ocoupation of space, causing improvement of the quality of living for thepopulation concerned. RECA has contributed for over a decade to the settlement of thepopulation, with greatly increasing rate of aggregated families.The methodology adopted was:We collected, collated and analyzes data, like official reports related to the projectfield, random interviews with local community representatives, governamental bureausofficers, no governmental organisation, representatives of commercial companies and ofresearch centers wich are (or have been) involved with the project. It is aimed to draw ahistorical portrait of the activities of distributes the RECA project.Specific questionnares in the community, to take into account the social – cultural,economic and environmental caracteristics, locally and regionally considered, with thepurpose of having specific indicatorsThe economic data (in large and small scale) available in other projects, institutions,governmental departments, etc., which are directly or indirectly related to the areaconcerned, were also included to chance the understanding of the factors that affect thelocal situation.Finally, the study is intended to contribute additional information necessary for amore consistent set of public policy, designed for local, regional or macroregional subsectorsof the Brazilian Amazon.

Hydrologic Cycle in Amazon-From Runoff Generation to Large RiversPRIMARY AUTHOR ORGANIZATION ABSTRACT_TITLEBalázs FeketeUniversity of NewHampshireOral High resolution, runoff and discharge fields ofthe Amazon basinDoug Alsdorf UCLA Oral Measurements and Modeling of Water StorageChanges on the Central Amazon FloodplainEarle Williams MIT Oral The Drought of the Century in the AmazonBasin: An Analysis of the Regional Variation ofRainfall in South America during the Dry Yearof 1926Humberto da Rocha DCA/IAG/USP Oral Seasonality of water and heat fluxes over atropical forest in eastern Amazonia (Santarémkm83).John RoadsScripps Instituion ofOral A Regional Model Intercomparison Over BrazilOceanographyMichael Jasinski NASA/GSFC Oral Feasibility of Applying Topex/PoseidonAltimetric Data to the Estimation of AmazonRiver Stage and DischargePascal KosuthInstitut de Recherche pourle DéveloppementOralHydrological dynamics of the varzea of LagoGrande de Curuai : water and sedimentbalance, influence of river stage and localrainfall, long term dynamicsThomas Dunne University of California Oral Modeling the effects of hydrogeology and landcover conversion on runoff processes and ratesin Rondônia, Brazil.Azeneth Schuler CENA-USP Poster THE FOREST/PASTURE CONVERSIONEFFECTS ON SMALL CATCHMENTHYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES IN THEEASTERN AMAZONIACarlos Alberto Quesada University of Brasilia Poster Seasonal variations of soil moisture in an opensavanna (campo sujo) in central Brazil.Cassiano D'Almeida CSRC/UNH Poster Effects of Deforestation in Amazonia on theLocal Hydrological Cycle: The Scale-Dependence IssueDaniel Victoria CENA-USP Poster Estimating Actual Evapotranspiration andWater Balance through Geographic InformationSystems (GIS) and Remote SensingJosyane RonchailInstitut de Recherche pourle Développement - IRDPosterInundations in the Llanos de Mojos (Bolivia,south western Amazon) and associatedatmospheric circulation features in SouthAmerica.Liliane Bezerra Passos daSilvaUniversidade de Brasilia Poster TDR triple-wire probes calibration for Cerradosoils

Luz Adriana Cuartas-Pineda INPA Poster Development of new Instrumentation forAccurate Measurement of Throughfall andStemflow, and the Coupling of this in the studyof Water Interception for an UndisturbedRainforest in Central Amazonia.Martin Hodnett Institute of Hydrology Poster Processes of streamflow generation in aheadwater catchment in central Amazonia.Michael Coe SAGE Poster Long-term Simulations of Discharge andFloods in the Amazon BasinRaimundo Cosme OliveiraJuniorShozo ShiraiwaViviana HornaEmbrapa Poster CALIBRATION OF THE CAMPBELL CS-615WATER CONTENT REFLECTOMETER INHIGH CLAY CONTENT YELLOW LATOSOLIN THE FLONA TAPAJOSUniversidade Federal deMato GrossoMax Planck Institute forBiogeochemistryPosterPosterStudy of water table’s top variation, under theinterior of Amazonian tropical transitionalforest, Sinop, MT, Brazil, - preliminary results.Flooding Regime Characterization with MultitemporalJERS-1 Radar Imagery in thePeruvian Amazon Basin

High resolution, runoff and discharge fields of theAmazon basinBalázs M. Fekete, Charles J. VörösmartyWater Systems Analysis GroupInstitute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and SpaceUniversity of New Hampshire39 College Road, Morse Hall, Durham, NH 03824, USAbalazs.fekete@unh.edu / charles.vorosmarty@unh.eduAccurate representation of the spatially distributed runoff and discharge are essentialinformation for a wide variety of ecosystems studies. Terrestrial runoff can be estimated fromclimate variables (such as air temperature, precipitation, vapor pressure, solar radiation, etc.)but such estimates are often inaccurate due to the inherited errors originated from the inputdata.River discharge (which is an integrated signal of the runoff) is one of the most accuratelymeasured components of the hydrological cycle, but it is limited to selected locations whereriver discharge is measured. A combination of the water balance model estimated runoff andmeasured discharge has the potential to provide the most accurate assessment of theterrestrial runoff and discharge in non-monitored sections of the river systems.The Water Systems Analysis Group of the University of New Hampshire developed a simpletechnique to combine water balance model simulated runoff with measured discharge. Thedischarge monitoring stations are co-registered to gridded network, which allows theestablishment of station topology (i.e. the next station downstream from each station) and thedelineation of inter-station areas (the catchment area between upstream gauges and thedownstream station). Correction to water balance model simulated runoff is applied in eachof the inter-station regions to correct for inconsistency between simulated runoff andmeasured discharge. This technique was successfully applied at a global scale first using 30-minute network and discharge data from the Global Runoff Data Centre, Koblenz, Germany.New regional versions of the composite runoff fields were developed recently for theAmazon basin at 6' and 15' resolutions using climate forcings from various sources (such asthe Climate Research Unit of University of East Anglia, the GEWEX Global PrecipitationClimatology Project) and river discharge data from Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica(ANEEL). The new regional composite runoff fields were developed as a time series for the1979-99 period at monthly time steps. The composite runoff fields were aggregated torepresent river discharge using a special routing scheme, which allows dischargeinterpolation between discharge gauges with the aid of the runoff fields. Such discharge fieldsprovide accurate assessment of river discharge everywhere along the Amazon basins, whichis constrained by the measured discharge at gauging stations.The 6' and 15' minute networks and the composite runoff and discharge fields are to bereleased to the scientific community after rigorous testing. Further development will focus onautomating the input data processing, so similar composite data products can be developedsemi real-time, when the input data (such as the climate forcings and the observed discharge)are available.

1Measurements and Modeling of Water Storage Changes on theCentral Amazon FloodplainDoug Alsdorf, Department of Geography, University of California, Los Angeles, 1255Bunche Hall, Box 951524, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1524, alsdorf@geog.ucla.eduLaura Hess, ICESS, University of California, Santa Barbara; lola@icess.ucsb.eduJohn Melack, ICESS & Bren School, University of California, Santa Barbara,melack@lifesci.ucsb.eduTom Dunne, ICESS & Bren School, University of California, Santa Barbara,tdunne@bren.ucsb.eduAbstract:Inundation of the central Amazon floodplain is complex and includes thousands of lakes rangingfrom dendritic shapes to narrow crescents between scroll bars. Drainage across the landscape isimpeded by floating grasses, flooded trees, organic debris and remnant levees. Thuscharacterizing flow and storage changes requires 10s to 100s of spatially distributed observationsof the water surface. Interferometric processing of a Space Shuttle based swath of syntheticaperture radar (SAR) data collected over central Amazon floodplain locations reveals one-daydecreases in water levels ranging from 1 to 11 cm. Using a spatial integration scheme based onflow path distance, these water level drops were used to estimate a floodplain-to-river exchangerate during mid-recessional flow. Given the geomorphic complexity of the floodplain, wesuggest that diffusion based models of flow and storage change are simpler to parameterize thanopen-channel hydraulic equations. The water level changes represent change in water surfaceheight with change in time (dh/dt) in the continuity equation, which given a linear relationshipbetween discharge and water surface slope, can be used to predict storage changes and relatedfloodplain discharge. The diffusion model involves little parameterization, with the onlysignificant requirement being either dh/dt or floodplain conductivity (this parameter encapsulatesthe geomorphic complexity across the entire floodplain). Our diffusion model will provide a linkbetween local hydrologic observations and continental-scale ecological models requiringinundated area and floodplain storage change.

Abstract for LBA Conference in Manaus, July 2002Submitted by E.R. WilliamsThe Drought of the Century in the Amazon Basin:An Analysis of the Regional Variation of Rainfall in South America during the DryYear of 1926Earle Williams, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 USAAlaor Dall’Antonia, Vitoria Dall’Antonia, Fransisco Soares, INMET, Brasilia, BRAZILBrant Liebmann, NOAA CIRES Climate Diagnostics Center, Boulder, CO, USAThe century-old river gauge record at Manaus, Brazil documents a pronouncedminimum in Amazon River discharge in the year 1926 (Richey et. al., 1989). Theestimated mean discharge rate in 1926 (50,000 m 3 /s) is approximately half of theclimatological mean (95,000 m 3 /s). Earlier reports (Knoch, 1926; Knoche, 1937;Sternberg, 1987) indicate widespread fire and smoke in the upper Amazon and Orinocobasins in the same year. Monthly station rainfall accumulations during the decade 1920-1930 from Brazil, Venezuela and Colombia have been collected to examine the regionalpattern of rainfall anomaly during this pronounced El Nino year. A deficit of rainfall, oforder –20% from the long term mean, is evident at stations west and northwest ofManaus, in the Rio Negro basin upstream from the gauge, consistent with the negativedischarge anomaly in the gauge record. However, at rainfall stations east anddownstream from Manaus, and extending to Belem (at the mouth of the Amazon) andbeyond to the Nordeste region of Brazil, a surplus of rainfall is apparent, of order +20%of the long term mean. The overall rainfall pattern is therefore approximatelycharacterized as an east-west dipole, with no pronounced rainfall anomaly over thecomplete Amazon basin in 1926. The cause-and-effect aspects of this anomalous yearwill be examined in light of earlier interpretations: (1) widespread rainforest fire raisedthe atmospheric temperature and smoke enhanced the rainfall (Knoche, 1937), and (2)more recent evidence that El Nino-related higher temperatures and suppressed rainfallrender rainforest vegetation more flammable, that elevated temperatures and a dryersurface contribute to enhanced lightning activity per storm (Williams et. al, 2002), andthat widespread aerosol from fire suppresses rainfall (Rosenfeld, 1999).

Seasonality of water and heat fluxes over a tropical forest in easternAmazonia (Santarém km83)Humberto R. da Rocha1*, Michael L. Goulden2, Scott D. Miller2, Mary C.Menton2, Leandro D.V.O. Pinto1, Helber C. de Freitas1, Adelaine M.S. Figueira11Department of Atmospheric Sciences, IAG/University of Sao Paulo. 2Departmentof Earth System Science, University of California, IrvineWe used the eddy covariance technique to measure the fluxes of sensibleheat, water vapour and CO 2 between a primary tropical forest in eastern Amazonia(Santarém, Tapajós National Forest at km 83) and the atmosphere from July 2000to July 2001. Precipitation varied seasonally, with a wet season from mid-December 2000 to July 2001 characterized by successive rainy days, high soilmoisture status, and, relative to the dry season, cooler air temperatures, greatercloudiness, and reduced solar and net radiation. Average evapotranspiration was3.9 mm day -1 during the dry season, before decreasing to 3.1 mm day -1 during thewet season, in parallel with decreasing radiation and decreasing water vapourdeficit. The daily mean Bowen ratio varied from 0.05 to 0.25, indicating that most ofthe incoming radiation was used for evaporation. The Bowen ratio was relativelylow during the early wet season (December to March), as a result of both anincreased evaporative fraction and a reduced sensible heat flux. The seasonaldecline in Bowen ratio and increase in evaporative fraction coincided with anincrease in ecosystem carbon assimilation capacity, which we attribute to thegrowth of new leaves. The roots extracted water throughout the top 250 cm of soil,and hydraulic lift apparently partially recharged the shallow soil during dry seasonnights. Evapotranspiration did not decline as the dry season progressed, implyingthat the forest did not become drought stressed.

1A Regional Model Intercomparison Over BrazilJ. Roads 1 , S. Chen 1 , S. Cocke 2 , L. Druyan 3 , M. Fulakeza 3T. Larrow 2 , P. Lonergan 3 , J. Qian 4 , S. Zebiak 4jroads@ucsd.eduhttp://ecpc.ucsd.edu/projects/brazil.html1 Scripps Institution of OceanographyExperimental Climate Prediction CenterUCSD, 0224La Jolla, CA 920232 Florida State Univ.COAPSTalahassee, FL3 Goddard Institute for Space StudiesNew York, New York4 International Research InstituteLamontColumbia, NYDuring the past several years, the International Research Institute (IRI) and a few of the NOAAApplied Research Centers (ARCS), have been developing a community regional modelingintercomparison project to assess the capabilities and readiness of various regional climatemodels to downscale IRI global forecasts for various applications. Brazil was chosen for theinitial intercomparison since the IRI can make quite skillful seasonal global forecasts in thisregion. Transferability of regional climate models is also an issue that the Global Energy andWater-Cycle Experiment (GEWEX) has constantly stressed, since there is a recognized need totest regional models where they have not explicitly tuned their parameterizations. Besides theIRI, participating ARCS included the: Scripps Institution of Oceanography ExperimentalClimate Prediction Center (ECPC), Florida State Univ. Cooperative Ocean Atmosphere Project(COAPS), and the Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS). The NCEP/NCAR analysis wasused as boundary conditions for two-year continuous simulations (Mar. 1, 1997-May 31, 1999).The resulting climate simulations were somewhat encouraging. Although large-scale errorsdominated the solution, regional models did provide some improvement in precipitationsimulations, especially in comparison to available station observations. Nonetheless, additionalwork is clearly needed to fully realize the added benefits of using regional models in conjunctionwith global models and analyses.

Feasibility of Using Topex/Poseidon Altimetric Data in the Estimation of Amazon RiverStage and DischargeBy M. Jasinski, C. Birkett, S. Chin, and M. CostaThe feasibility of estimating stage and discharge of several Amazon Basin tributaries wasevaluated using satellite radar altimetry from the Topex/Poseidon Mission (T/P). T/P is ajoint NASA/CNES radar, operating since September 1992, that provides along-trackmean surface height with respect to a reference ellipsoid. T/P specifications include asurface resolution of about 350m, approximately every 580m along ground track, andaverage 1.5 degrees between tracks, with a ten-day orbital period. River stage data arepotentially available at the point of intersection of the T/P ground track with river reacheswider than about 0.5 km. The feasibility of estimating discharge was examined by firstestablishing an empirical relation between observed stage at the stream gage andestimated stage at the point of ground track/stream intersection. Empirical rating curveswere then developed between the T/P estimated height and the stage-discharge relation atthe gage site. The accuracy of the results depended on basin size, topography, river widthand distance between the stream gage and the ground track.

Hydrological dynamics of the varzea of Lago Grande de Curuai : water and sedimentbalance, influence of river stage and local rainfall, long term dynamicsPascal Kosuth (IRD)Pascal Kosuth, IRD, CP 70911 Lago Sul, CEP 711619-970 Brasilia DF Brazilkosuth.ird@apis.com.brFloodplains play a key role in Amazon River hydrology, sediment dynamics, carbon cycle,aquatic biodiversity and ecology. Nevertheless some basic questions related to floodplainsstill have not been answered : What fraction of Amazon River waters actually flows throughfloodplains ? What is the mean residence time of water in floodplains ? What percentage ofsediments entering a floodplain really stays trapped in it ? What is the signature offloodplains on river waters chemistry ? To contribute to the understanding and quantificationof water and sediment fluxes through floodplains a specific flooded system has beenmonitored since March 1999.The Varzea of Lago Grande de Curuai, south of Obidos, has a 3660 km² watershed area, ofwhich 800 km² to 1600 km² are flooded depending on the hydrological cycle phase. Thevarzea consists in interconnected lakes, linked to the Amazon River through eight majorchannels, 3 of them permanent. Annual amplitude of river level fluctuation at Obidos is 7meters, mean annual rainfall is 2400 mm and mean annual evapo-transpiration is 1400 mm.This varzea was selected for its size and morphological diversity allowing to monitor varioustypes of lakes with and without river inflow.Monitoring includes six daily measured gage stations, one simple meteorological station(rainfall and evaporation), eleven stations with ten to ten days surface water sampling forgeochemistry and sediment measurement. Additionally fourteen measurement campaignshave been realized since March 1999, at various hydrological stages, with dischargemeasurement on thirteen channels and systematic water sampling at 35 points.Measurement results enlighten the hydrological, sediment and geochemical dynamics of thevarzea. Water level inside the varzea changes regularly with river level with only slightgradients (tens of centimeters). Annual water inflow from the river and outflow to the river,estimated over November 1998 – October 1999 period, are respectively 10.6 10^9 m3 and13.8 10^9 m3. Over the same period estimated suspended sediment inflow and outflow arerespectively 1 350 000 t and 500 000 t, meaning an estimated net trapping of 850 000 t/year.A model of the varzea hydrological and sediment dynamics has been developed. Annualinflow from the river mainly depends on annual rainfall and celerity of river level raise.Percentage of flooded area in the watershed plays a crucial role in the balance betweenrainfall inflow and river water inflow and so controls the suspended sediment trapping.

Modeling the effects of hydrogeology and land cover conversion on runoff processes andrates in Rondônia, Brazil.T Dunne, Donald Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University ofCalifornia, Santa Barbara, CA 93106; ph. 805-893-7557; fax 805-893-7612; e-mail:tdunne@bren.ucsb.eduJ A Ballantine, Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA93106; ph. 805-893-8816; e-mail:andyb@bren.ucsb.eduJorge M. Moraes, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura/USP, Piracicaba, SP –Brazil13416-903; ph. 55 (-19) -429-4678; email moraes@cena.usp.br.Hydrologic records in the state of Rondônia are still too sparse and short, and the extentof deforestation too small and transient for recognition of deforestation signals in runofffrom mesoscale river basins (100s -1000s of km 2 ). Large changes in soil recharge areknown to result from deforestation at a point, but the response of river flow to suchchanges is complicated by subsurface transfer of this water, transient subsurface storage,and increases in the amount of overland flow. These influences depend in turn on thetopographic ruggedness and hydrogeologic properties of a basin. Using data fromtopographic and geologic maps, seasonal extreme water-table depths, and hydrogeologicproperties (both measured in situ and back-calculated from streamflow), we havemodeled runoff responses to deforestation that should be expected from typical hillslopesin gauged river basins of Rondônia. The hillslopes vary in length and gradient, and indegree of rockiness. The computations show that although complete deforestation shouldincrease total runoff by about 25%, the partitioning of the runoff into subsurface andsurface paths and the proportion of the flow reaching the river as quickflow should beaffected by the interaction of these increased volumes of runoff with the hydrogeologyand geometry of the basin. Steeper sloping basins, such as the Rio Massangana arepredicted to generate larger amounts of quickflow than low-gradient topography such asthat of the Rio Jacundá. However, when low-gradient hillslopes are deforested in themodel, the increased runoff is partitioned mainly into quickflow through an increase insaturation overland flow.

THE FOREST/PASTURE CONVERSION EFFECTS ONSMALL CATCHMENT HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES INTHE EASTERN AMAZONIASchuler, A.E. 1 , J.M. Moraes 1 , R. de O. Figueiredo 2 , D. Markewitz 3 ,T. Dunne 4 , E. Davidson 5 , R.L.Victoria 1 .1 CENA/USP, Piracicaba, SP-Brazil; 2 IPAM, Belém,PA –Brazil; 3 The University of Georgia, Athens, GA-USA; 4 The University ofCalifornia, Santa Barbara, CA-USA; 5 Woods Hole Research Center,Woods Hole, MT-USACorresponding Author: Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura/ USP, Piracicaba, SP –Brazil 13416-903E-mails: schuler@cena.usp.br, jmmoraes@cena.usp.br,rofig@amazon.com.br, dmarke@smokey.forestry.uga.edu,tdunne@bren.ucsb.edu, edavidson@whrc.org, reyna@cena.usp.brThe aim of evaluating the forest/pasture conversion effects on nutrients transfers in thehumid tropical forest Amazonia has lead to a research project linking hydrological fluxes andecosystem mass balance studies. In order to model the water flow mechanisms and theirrelationship with nutrient cycling processes in tropical forests, two monitoring sets wereinstalled on a couple of swales with forest and pasture each one, located on a 10,000 hacatchment draining towards Igarape 54 in the Eastern Amazonia.The hydrological monitoring includes the following measurements: streamflow;overland flow; subsurface flow; water table depth; rainfall and throughfall under canopyforest; a physical survey in both swales, measuring the hydraulic conductivity of saturated soil(Ksat), bulk density, water retention curve and soil granulometry, besides a topographicsurvey. The soil hydraulic conductivity showed high values in a shallow depth under forest(230.3 mmh -1 ), while in the pasture, the median value reached 3.7 mmh -1 . Rainfall data show30% of rainfall intensity exceeds the pasture Ksat value near the surface, generating Hortonianoverland flow. In both land cover an impeding layer related to a dense plinthite horizon wasfound at around 0.80-0.90 m. This leads to a perched water table development at a shallowdepth. In pastures, the near surface compacted soil is possibly related to the “root-zonecollapse”, due to burnings, cattle trampling and rain drop impact causing splash erosion andsurface sealing. Such changes in soil surface hydraulic properties might move the deliverymechanism from deep and lateral subsurface flow to infiltration-excess overland flow,increasing hillslope runoff considerably. How much this alters the nutrient leaching patternshas been inquired in the proceeding hydrological modeling studies.

Seasonal variations of soil moisture in an open savanna (campo sujo)in central Brazil.Quesada, C.A.; Santos, A.J.B.; Breyer, L.M.; Miranda, A.C.; Miranda, H.S. & Viana, S.Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília-DF. quesada@unb.brSavanna formations with scattered shrubs, few trees and a continuous herbaceous layer,characterise the Campo Sujo, an open form of the Brazilian savannas. High seasonality isan important characteristic what may suggest strong water stress during the dry seasonwhat is about five to six months long. The present study was carried out from August 1999to September of 2001 at the Reserva Ecólogica do IBGE, 35 km south of Brasília, Brazil(15 o 56′41′′ S e 47 o 51′02′′ W). The soil is a well-drained yellowish red oxisol with claytexture (60% of clay) and less than 2º of slope. The measurements of soil water contentwere taken with a neutron probe in three access tubes, measuring 3.60 m in length. Soilmoisture was marked seasonal, the variation between the wettest and driest day was403.3 ± 7.7 mm 65% of which occurred below 1m. The profile storage at the last days ofthe 1999, 2000 and 2001 dry seasons was very similar despite a difference in dry seasonduration and large differences in rainfall in the preceding wet seasons, indicating that thevegetation is conservative in its water use. A water balance was done to determinateevapotranspiration rates (E) and others components of the annual water balance. E from wetseason was determinate as 2.4 mm/d and 1.6 mm/d in the dry season. During the end of allthe measured dry seasons the top 0.6 m water content did not change for about two monthsuntil the onset of the subsequent wet season, suggesting that the vegetation has already usedall the available water content from this soil layer.

Effects of Deforestation in Amazoniaon the Local Hydrological Cycle:The Scale-Dependence IssueCassiano D’Almeida 1 , Charles J. Vörösmarty 1 , Fekete Balazs 1 ,José A. Marengo 2 , Lelys B. de Guenni 3 , Cort J. Willmott 41 CSRC/UNH/USA2 CPTEC/INPE/BRAZIL3 Simon Bolivar University/VENEZUELA4 University of Delaware/USACassiano D’AlmeidaCSRC/University of New HampshireMorse Hall, Durham, NH 03824 USAcassiano@eos.sr.unh.eduDespite all the concern from the scientific community on major impacts ofAmazonian deforestation, its effects on the regional hydrological cycle are still uncertain.While many modeling studies have observed that large-scale conversion of theAmazonian rainforest into pastures, or croplands tend to induce an overall reduction inprecipitation, there are also meso-scale experiments that predicted the establishment ofenhanced rainfall over deforested areas. These contrasting results suggest that the neteffect of deforestation on precipitation might depend on the size of the clearing area.However, precipitation in Amazonia follows more closely the fluctuations in thegeneral circulation of the atmosphere, which seems to be still offsetting the effects ofdeforestation. Since runoff is not directly dependent on such remote forcings, it may,unlike precipitation, carry the signal of deforestation and permit a better assessment onthe scale-dependence of its effects.The present work applies different methods of Trend Analysis to historicaldischarge records in the Amazon Basin, to detect significant trends potentially associatedwith deforestation. Spectral Analysis is also applied to identify significant oscillationspresent in the data, which are then removed after the application of suitable frequencyfilters. Based on current and predicted deforestation scenarios, a numerical modelrepresenting the Water Budget Closure (WBC) system in Amazonia is also applied,providing high-resolution gridded runoff and discharge outputs.Preliminary results indicate the existence of organized spatial patterns in thetrends of non-filtered discharge records, indicating a potential association with deforestedareas. After removing significant oscillations from these records – determined frompower spectrum calculations –, these patterns might get intensified. The application ofWBC as proposed, will assess the coherence of deforestation and trend patterns.

Estimating Actual Evapotranspiration and Water Balance through GeographicInformation Systems (GIS) and Remote SensingVictoria, D. C. 1 Ballester, M. V. R. 2 ; Pereira, A. R. 31 – Mestrando em Ecologia de Agroecossistemas da ESALQ/USP2 – Professora visitante do CENA/USP3 – Professor asociado do departamento de ciências exatas da ESALQ/USPCentro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Laboratiório de Geoprocessamento eTratamento de Imagens.Av. Centenário, 303São DimasPiracicaba, SPCep 13416-000Braizildaniel_victoria@yahoo.comIn order to accomplish an estimate of the actual evapotranspiration and water balance,AVHRR imagery were used to calculate the monthly temperature using the Ulivierialgorithm. The data was then used as the input on the classical Thornthwaite empiricalpotential evapotranspiration and water balance model, which uses the Water HoldingCapacity concept to calculate the actual evapotranspiration. Integration between theThornthwaite method and the GIS, done through an AML script created for ArcInfo,provided a monthly spatially distributed estimation of the studied parameters over the Ji-Paraná basin (RO). For this LBA site, the monthly actual evapotranspiration and waterbalance was calculated from February 1995 to December 1996. The information will bechecked against the annual actual evapotranspiration, calculated through a water balancemethod, for 10 sub-basins using data from Brazilian’s Eletryc Energy Agency (ANEEL).Preliminary results show that for 1995 (Feb. – Dec.), the estimated values follow thesame pattern as the water balance, with evapotranspiration ranging from 1039 to 1090mm*year -1 . For 1996 (Jan. – Dec.) the results obtained with the remote sensing methodranged from 1114 to 1190 mm*year -1 but it did not follow the same pattern as theevapotranspiration calculated by the water balance. These could be due to problems in thedata used in the water balance or to the coarse spatial resolution of the AVHRR images (8km) which could not establish a relation between the soil cover and surface temperature,thus evapotranspiration. Further study, using finer spatial resolution imagery and a betterwater holding capacity estimation, will be conducted in order to better evaluate the modelproposed.

Abstract for the 2 nd International Scientific Conference of the Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere (LBA) Experiment, Manaus, July 7-10 2002.Inundations in the Llanos de Mojos (Bolivia, south western Amazon) andassociated atmospheric circulation features in South America.Josyane Ronchail, Luc Bourrel, Gérard Cochonneau, Eurides de Oliveira et Jean-LoupGuyot.HiBAm (Hidrology and Geodynamics of the Amazon basin) – Institut de Recherche pour leDéveloppement (IRD) / Agência Nacional de Energia Elétrica (ANEEL).IRD, CP 7091, Lago Sul 71619-970, Brasilia (DF), Brasil.josyane@aneel.gov.brInundations in the region of Trinidad (Llanos de Mojos, Bolivia) are associated with intenserainy episodes in the lowlands of Bolivia, as those of February 1992 (400 mm in 5 days),and with sustained positive rainfall anomalies as during the February 1992-January 1993period.Outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), and low and high level geopotential height and windfields from NCEP-NCAR Reanalysis are used to compute composites for the days withintense rainfall in Trinidad (55 days with rainfall above 20 mm during the February 1992-January 1993 period, with exception of the winter episodes).At 200hPa, a wave-ridge pattern is observed with negative geopotential height anomaliesover the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) and positive ones eastward, at mid andsubtropical latitudes. In the tropics, a negative geopotential height is observed overnortheastern Brazil while the Bolivian High is slightly enhanced.Near the ground (850hPa), the south Atlantic subtropical High is stronger than usuallywhile negative height anomalies prevail over a great portion of the South Americancontinent and especially over the southwestern part of the Amazon basin and in centralBrazil. Over these regions, westward and northward abnormal winds, consistent with thegeopotential height anomalies, show that an enhancement of the perturbations from theAtlantic and from the extra-tropics may give rise to strong convection and heavy rainfallover the southwestern region of the Amazon basin. This is confirmed by the analysis of theOLR anomalies.

TDR triple-wire probes calibration for Cerrado soilsLiliane Bezerra 1 , Euzebio Medrado da Silva 2 e Carlos Augusto Klink 11 Universidade de Brasília, 2 Embrapa CerradosUniversidade de Brasília, Instituto de Biologia, Dept. de Ecologia, CP 04631,70919-970, Brasília-DF, Brasil.lils@unb.brWater availability is one of the major factors determining the structure and functioning ofthe Brazilian Cerrado. The volumetric soil-water content (θ ) in deep soil profiles has beenmeasured using Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR). TDR measures the relative dielectricconstant (k a ) of the soil which is mainly dependent on the water content in the soil. The“universal relationship” between k a and θ earlier developed has been shown to deviate forsome types of soils. The relationship k a (θ ) has been investigated to obtain a specificadjustment for TDR measurement for Cerrado soils. In the calibration procedure twelve soilcolumns were brought to the desired water content from 0.03 to 0.30 cm 3 cm -3 , and 24 hlater, the k a was measured using a set of 35 TDR triple-wire probes. The best-fit polynomialrelationship between θ and k a was θ = - 7.857x10 -2 + 4.631x10 -2 k a – 2.024x10 -3 k a 2 +3.765x10 -5 k a 3 (R 2 = 0,93). This relation mostly overestimated the universal relationship asθ increases, reducing the departure as θ approaches 0.31 cm 3 cm -3 . This finding was inagreement with other clay-textured soils studies. The application of TDR data to other twocalibration models, an empirical and a linear three-phase mixing model, was consistent withthe experimental results obtained in this study. The conclusion is that the TDR calibrationsmodels tested are adequate. However, their application should take into consideration thetype of soil to be analyzed and the intended accuracy requirements.

Development of new Instrumentation for Accurate Measurement of Throughfalland Stemflow, and the Coupling of this in the study of Water Interception for anUndisturbed Rainforest in Central Amazonia.Luz Adriana Cuartas-Pineda 1 , Antonio D. Nobre 1 , Martin Hodnett 2 ,Alessandro C. Araújo 1 , Ari O.Marques 1 , Javier Tomasella 31 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Manaus, Brazil2 Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Grã-Bretanha3Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais – INPE, Cachoeira Paulista, BrazilAv. André Araújo, 2936, INPA, CEP:69083-000, Tel: 00 55 92 643 3153.E-mail: lacuarta@inpa.gov.brAbstractThis work is part of a project that aims at quantifying the C fluxes associated to thewater cycle, in a 5 km 2 catchment in the INPA Manaus-Cuieiras reservation. The shorttermwater balance (daily, weekly, monthly time scales) requires some variables, likeinterception, that for the long-term estimations (like the ones to feed climate models)could be negligible in the volumetric sense, once canopy storage of water is near to nil.However, interception is closely related to the energy balance through its effects onevaporation. Thus, interception is a crucial component of the energy budget that hasbeen very poorly quantified due to difficulties associated to inherent complexities of therainforest environment. Therefore, we have designed and developed a new permanentand tiping-bucket gauged collector system for througfall and stemflow that is muchsuperior to the traditional array of collectors used in past studies. The unique feature ofthis system is the associated measurement of water vapor exchange at the interfaceforest-atmosphere using a tower and eddyflux covariance. Previous studies had to relyon estimations or empirical measurements of evapotranspiration. Throughfall is gaugedthrough two sets of specially designed and built 5cm X 36 m V shaped troughs,connected each to a large volume tiping-bucket. Stemflow is collected fromaproximately 60 trees, that cover roughly the area of the throughfall study, usingencircling aluminum/asfalt tape shaped to divert the flow to a pipe system that join allthe flows into two tiping-bucket gauges. The measurement system is completed by avertical profile of surface wetness logging sensors and a free rainfall improved gaugingsystem.

Processes of streamflow generation in a headwater catchment in central Amazonia.Authors:: M.G.Hodnett 1 , A.D.Nobre 2 , M.J.Waterloo 3 , W.W.P.Jans 4 , A.Cuartas Pineda 2 ,J.M.Heijmenberg 3 , W.Gomes Neto 2 , A.Nascimento 2 , J.Tomasella 5 .1 Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK2 INPA, Av. André Araújo 2936, Petrópolis, 69083-000, Manaus, AM, Brasil3 Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HVAmsterdam The Netherlands4 Alterra Droevendaalsesteeg 3, Building 101, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands5 CPTEC-INPE, Rodovia Presidente Dutra km 40, Cachoeira Paulista - SP, Brasil.ABSTRACTA 5 km 2 headwater catchment in terra firme forest close to the Manaus k34 eddyfluxtower has been instrumented to measure the components of the water, carbon andnutrient balances. This paper concentrates on the hydrological aspects: the processesby which streamflow is generated, and the routes taken by the water arriving in thestream. The variables being measured are: rainfall (4 locations), evaporation flux,throughfall, soil moisture storage (to 4.8m) and groundwater level along atoposequence, and streamflow. Data collection began in December 2001.The response of streamflow to rainfall is very rapid, indicating that stormflow peaksare generated from the valley floor areas, where the water table is close to the surface.Peaks in DOC concentrations confirm the valley floor as the source of the stormflow– DOC concentrations in the groundwater beneath the hillslope are very low.The groundwater level response to rainfall at different positions in the toposequencechanges as the season progresses because the arrival of recharge from the plateau andslope areas is delayed by the travel time through the deep unsaturated zone. Late inthe wet season, the discharge of groundwater from beneath the plateau and slope areasbegins to dominate the water table behaviour in the valley floor.The water balance is being calculated on a daily basis to attempt to quantify storage inthe deep unsaturated zone and groundwater. Data collection is still at an early stage,but important results are emerging. These are important in understanding the carbonbalance.

Long-term Simulations of Discharge and Floods in the Amazon BasinMichael T. Coe 1 , Marcos Heil Costa 2 , Aurélie Botta 1 , and Charon Birkett 31 Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment, Institute for EnvironmentalStudies, University of Wisconsin, 1710 University Ave., Madison, WI, 53706,mtcoe@wisc.edu2Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36571-000, Brazil3ESSIC, University of Maryland at College Park, Mail Code 923, NASA/GSFC,Greenbelt, MD, 20771A terrestrial ecosystem model (IBIS) and a hydrological routing algorithm (HYDRA) areused in conjunction with long time-series climate data to simulate the river discharge andflooded area of the Amazon/Tocantins River Basin over the last 60 years. Evaluating theresults of this modeling exercise over the entire basin against land and satellite basedobservations yields three major results: (1) Observations at 121 stations throughout thebasin show that discharge is well simulated for most tributaries originating in Brazil.However, the discharge is consistently underestimated, by greater than 20%, fortributaries draining regions outside of Brazil and the main stem of the Amazon. Thedischarge underestimation is most likely a result of underestimated precipitation in thedata set used as model input. (2) A new flooding algorithm within HYDRA captures themagnitude and timing of the river height, and flooded area in relatively good agreementwith satellite based observations, particularly downstream of the confluence of the Negroand Solimões Rivers. (3) Climatic variability strongly impacts the hydrology of the basin.Specifically, we find that short (3-4 year) and long (28 year) modes of precipitationvariability drive spatial and temporal variability in river discharge and flooded areathroughout the Amazon/Tocantins River basins.

CALIBRATION OF THE CAMPBELL CS-615 WATER CONTENTREFLECTOMETER IN HIGH CLAY CONTENT YELLOW LATOSOL IN THEFLONA TAPAJOSRaimundo Cosme de OLIVEIRA JUNIOR, Jose Pinheiro Lopes NETO, MichaelKELLER, Patrick CRILL, Jadson Dezencourt DIAS, Hudson SILVA, Heraclito NETOSoil moisture content and its temporal and spatial variation deserves attention in all soilstudies. It is a critical indicator of soil structure, infiltration capacity, plant availablewater, etc. Soil moisture content is a critical variable related to soil management.Recently automated measurements of soil moisture content using time domainreflectometry (TDR) and frequency domain reflectometry have become more common.These techniques measure water content based on the variation of the apparent soildieletric number that varies chiefly as a function of water content. We adopted theCampbell CS-615 water content reflectometer probes for use in the FLONA Tapajos. Wecalibrated these probes using undisturbed soil blocks removed from 6 depths coincidentwith the levels we have established for automated monitoring (5 cm, 15 cm, 30 cm, 50cm, 100 cm, 200 cm). Calibration compared CS-615 response in saturated and dried soilblocks with gravimetry. Multiple moisture contents were collected for each block and theresulting water contents were fit as polynomial and logarithmic functions of theinstrument responses.

STUDY OF WATER TABLE’S TOP VARIATION, UNDER THE INTERIOR OFAMAZONIAN TROPICAL TRANSITIONAL FOREST, SINOP, MT, BRAZIL, -PRELIMINARY RESULTS.Shozo Shiraiwa*, Tania Helena Marcelino, Moacir Lacerda*, Welitom Rodrigues Borges,*Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso – Departamento de FísicaAv. Fernando Correia da Costa, sn,Cuiabá – MT - CEP 78060-900shozo@cpd.ufmt.brRecent studies about the soil moisture in a Amazonian transitional forest, the water content in soilindicated that is invariable until approximated four meters depth, without variations on observedpluviometric level. To intend to verify the hydric balance on that transitional forest, geophysicalmethods were applied to determine the top of water table. These methods were Vertical ElectricSounding – VES – with Schulumberger array and Ground Penetrating Radar – GPR . Threemeasure was made: first on May, second on October/2001 and third on March/2002, 50 m apartfrom LBA - Sinop Tower. With maximum AB/2=240m the electrical resistivity apparent rangefrom 37.7Ohm.m to 7812 Ohm.m and indicated that water table’s top under 12.1 m. The GPRline with 200MHz antennas and 50 m long was conduct on same time and the sections of GPRshow irregulars reflectors associated to lateritic beds at 3.5 m and another reflector at 6.0 m. Afterthis results, a monitoring hole was made with 5.3 m depth. From December to January/2002water table’s top change from 5.14 to 3.18m depth, after intense pluviosity. After this until now,this level variety between 3.1 and 3.6 m until now, April/2002.

Flooding Regime Characterization with Multi-temporal JERS-1 Radar Imageryin the Peruvian Amazon BasinViviana Horna 1,2) , Annett Boerner 1,2) and Reiner Zimmermann 1,2)1)Forest Ecology and Remote Sensing Group, Ecological-Botanical Gardens ÖBG,University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany2) Max-Planck-Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany.viviana.horna@bgc-jena.mpg.de Phone: ++49-3641-686731 Fax: ++49-3641-686710AbstractExtend and intensity of flooding in the Amazon lowlands controls the development ofvegetation types. Therefore it is important to add geographic information on floodingintensity and aerial extent to existing vegetation maps of the Peruvian Amazon region.Currently available vegetation maps of the Peruvian Amazon are based on classificationof optical range images. Closer examination reveals that vegetation maps derived fromthese sources differ considerably, especially for flooded lowland regions.Medium wavelength (L-band) radar microwaves penetrate vegetation canopies to somedegree and give a strong return signal to the radar antenna if water saturated soils or openwater tables are encountered in vegetated areas. The increase in signal return fromwaterlogged forests is caused by the double reflection of the microwave signal from soiland stems. Comparison of vegetation classification using available JERS-1 radar L-bandimagery and Landsat images showed that optical imagery information often results inwell defined vegetation units but does not necessarily allow interpretation of floodingtype. Gradual changes in strutural properties or species composition limit the applicationof well defined reflectance property classes to determine vegetation types. Forestflooding information from JERS-1 imagery allows an improved geographic delineation ofdensely vegetated lowland amphibiomes.In our mapping of Northern Peruvian lowland forests we demonstrate that detection andmapping of forest flooding extent is possible for the Peruvian Amazon with JERS-1 L-Band radar imagery. It can be expected that the interpretation of existing optical imageryas a basis for vegetation classification will be significantly enhanced and classificationambiguities will be reduced if this flooding information is added. In the absence ofground truth information, JERS-1 generated flooding maps are for the near future one ofthe few independent data sources which is available for the entire Amazon basin forchecking plausibility of optical classification results especially in forested amphibiomesand hydrobiomes.

Meso-scale processes & transport in AmazoniaPRIMARY AUTHOR ORGANIZATION ABSTRACT_TITLEAli Tokay JCET/UMBC Oral Comparison of three rain typeclassification algorithms in TRMM-LBACelso von Randow INPE Oral Boundary-layer moisture regimesduring wet and dry season aboveRondonia forestDavid FitzjarraldState University ofNew York, AlbanyOralIS THE TAPAJOS NATIONALFOREST ANOMALOUSLY CLOUDY?German PovedaUniversidad Nacionalde ColombiaOralSCALING PROPERTIES OFEXTREME VALUES,INTERMITTENCY, AND LYAPUNOVEXPONENTS OF WIND ANDTEMPERATURE DYNAMICS OFCENTRAL AMAZONIAMaria Assunção Silva Dias USP Oral Observation and numerical simulationof the river breeze circulation in thevicinity of the Tapajós and AmazonriversRenato Silva Duke University Oral A Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of theBoundary Layer Evolution Over aDeforested Region of Rondonia(Brazil)Rosana Nieto Ferreira USRA/NASA/GSFC Oral Variability of South AmericanConvective Cloud Systems andTropospheric Circulation duringJanuary-March 1998 and 1999Adilson Gandu DCA-IAG-USP Poster Deforestation Impact in EasternAmazônia : Climatic Simulations UsingRAMS Model for the Local DrySeasonAlexandra LimaInstituto Nacional dePesquisas EspaciasPosterTHE UPPER LEVEL WINDDIVERGENCE THE ITSRELATIONSHIPWITH THE CLOUDCOVER AND PRECIPITION, DURINGWETAMC/LBA

Aline ProcopioGEPA - Instituto deFisica, USPPosterObserved changes in AerosolsProperties at the Amazon Basincaused by a "friagem" phenomenaduring the LBA-CLAIRE 2001experimentDavid MendesCentro de Previsao deTempo e EstudosClimaticos -CPTEC/INPEPosterVARIABILITY OF THE ONES OFEXTREME RAIN EVENTS IN THEESTUARY OF THE RIVER AMAZONDirceu Herdies CPTEC/USP Poster Development of a High-resolutionAssimilated Dataset for South AmericaEliana Andrade LMO/CPTEC/INPE Poster Some characteristics of the temporalevolution of the atmospheric boundarylayer above Pantanal wetlandFabio SanchesUniversidade deTaubatéPosterDOES AN ARTIFICIAL LAKEMODIFIES THE MICROCLIMATE? ACASE STUDY OF THE RAINFALLVARIATIONS AT TUCURUI ´s DAMIN PARA.Fernando Ramos LAC/INPE Poster Modeling the fine-scale turbulencewithin and above an Amazon forestusing Tsallis' generalizedthermostatistics. II. TemperatureGannabathula Prasad LMO/CPTEC/INPE Poster Sensible heat flux height variationabove the Rebiu Jaru Amazonian rainforest canopy during diurnal periodsGannabathula Prasad LMO/CPTEC/INPE Poster Evidence of non-existence of a"spectral gap" in turbulent datameasured above Rondonia, Brazil.Part II: Amazonian pastureGilberto Fisch IAE/CTA Poster THE CONVECTIVE BOUNDARYLAYER OVER PASTURE ANDFOREST IN AMAZONIAGilberto Fisch IAE/CTA Poster The modification of the ABL structuredue to a Friagem event in Amazonia:a case studyGilberto Fisch IAE/CTA Poster The intercomparison of radiosondesystems during the LBA/TRMMexperiment

Henri Laurent IRD Poster CHARACTERISTICS OF THECONVECTIVE CLOUD SYSTEMORGANIZATION DURINGWETAMC/LBA - COMPARISONWITH WEST AFRICANCONVECTIVE SYSTEMSIgor TrosnikovCenter for WeatherForecast and ClimateStudies, NationalInstitute for SpaceResearch,INPE/CPTECPosterMODELLING OF THEATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT OFSPECIES EMITTED BYCONTROLLED BURNINGS INAMAZÔNIAJosé Francisco de OliveiraJúniorInstituto Nacional dePesquisas Espaciais -LMO/CPTECPosterTHE DEEP CONVECTIONTHROUGH THE CAPE INCOMPARISON WITH RADARDOPLER BAND-L IN THE REGIONOF SERPONG-INDONESIA.Jose Ricardo SouzaUniversidade Federaldo ParaPosterSoil Temperature and MoistureVariability, Beneath Forest, Pastureand Mangrove Areas, in EasternAmazonia.Jose Ricardo SouzaUniversidade Federaldo ParaPosterThermal and Hydric Behavior of SoilBeneath Pasture, in Marajó IslandJulia CohenDepartamento deMeteorologia - UFPAPosterCONTINENTAL SQUALL LINEFORMATION OVER EASTERNAMAZÔNIA.Julio Tóta INPE Poster EVALUATION OF SIMULATIONS OFEta REGIONAL MODEL DURINGWET-AMC/LBA 1999: APPLICATIONOF CPTEC´s RPSASL. Gustavo Goncalves deGoncalvesUniversity of Arizona Poster Towards a South American Land DataAssimilation System (SALDAS):Investigating Potential PrecipitationForcing DataLeonardo Sá LMO/CPTEC/INPE Poster Coherent structures observedimmediately above Amazonian forestcanopy in Rebiu Jaru Reserve,Rondônia, Brazil

Luis Marcelo Mattos Zeri LMO/CPTEC/INPE Poster Some characteristics of the turbulencestructure evolution in the atmosphericsurface layer above Pantanal WetlandLuiz Machado CTA/IAE-ACA Poster THE DIURNAL MARCH OF THECONVECTION OBSERVED DURINGTRMM-WETAMC/LBALuiz A. T. Machado CTA/IAE-ACA Poster THE CONVECTIVE SYSTEM AREAEXPANSION AND ITS RELATION TOTHE LIFE CYCLE DURATION ANDTHE UPPER TROPOSPHERIC WINDDIVERGENCE: AN ANALYSISUSING WETAMC/LBA.Marcel RoccoUniversity of SaoPaulo/DCAPosterMICROPHYSICALCHARACTERISTICS OF A SQUALLLINE IN THE AMAZON REGIONMarcos LongoMarcos LongoMarcus BottinoInstituto dePosterAstronomia, Geofísicae CiênciasAtmosféricas -Universidade de SãoPauloInstituto dePosterAstronomia, Geofísicae CiênciasAtmosféricas -Universidade de SãoPauloCentro de previsão de Postertempo e estudosclimáticos - CPTEC-INPEHorizontal vorticity budget associatedto an Amazonian squall line during theCIRSAN/LBA experimentDynamic and Synoptic Features of aCold Outbreak during Wet-Season onSouth-western AmazonThe distribution of convective systemsdetected by satellite in the Tropics ofSouth America and some relationshipswith the precipitation and the generalcirculationMargarete Domingues LMO/CPTEC/INPE Poster Evidence of non-existence of a"spectral gap" in turbulent datameasured above Rondonia, Brazil.Part I: Amazonian ForestMaria Aurora Santos daMotaUniversidade Federaldo Para / InstitutoNacional dePesquisas EspaciaisPosterRelationship between CAPE andBolivian High during Wet-AMC-LBA

Mauricio Bolzan LMO/CPTEC/INPE Poster Modeling the fine-scale turbulencewithin and above an Amazon forestusing Tsallis' generalizedthermostatistics. I. Wind velocityOsvaldo MoraesUniversidade Federalde Santa Maria(UFSM)PosterWind, Temperature and MoistureVertical Profiles at the FLONA PastureSitePaulo Jorge Oliveira UFPa/UEdin Poster ENVIROMENTAL CONDITIONSDURING A FRIAGEM EVENT OVERAMAZONIA : A STUDY OF CASERachel Ifanger AlbrechtRachel Ifanger AlbrechtInstituto deAstronomia, Geofísicae CiênciasAtmosféricas -Universidade de SãoPauloInstituto deAstronomia, Geofísicae CiênciasAtmosféricas -Universidade de SãoPauloPosterPosterWET-AMC/LBA campaign soundingdata quality controlTEMPORAL EVOLUTION OF Z-RRELATIONSHIPS OVERPRECIPITATING SYSTEMS DURINGWETAMC/LBA & TRMM/LBARILDO MOURACENTRO DEPREVISÕES DETEMPO E ESTUDOSCLIMÁTICOS -CPTECPosterCOMPARISON AMONG TWOSIMPLE MODELS IN THECLASSIFICATION OF DAYS ASRESPECT TO CLOUDINESSRobert Chatfield NASA and Ames Poster Rationalizing Burned Carbon withCarbon Monoxide Exported fromSouth AmericaRosa Maria N. SantosInstituto Nacional dePesquisas Espaciais -INPE/CPTEC/LMOPosterTHE NOCTURNAL BOUNDARYLAYER: OBSERVACIONALASPECTS IN RONDÔNIARosângela Cintra INPE Poster Statistical Evaluation of the WetSeason Atmospheric MesoscaleCampaign – LBA and GTSObservations used in RPSAS withCPTEC Eta modelSaulo Freitas USP Poster Explicitly Modeling the VerticalTransport of Biomass BurningEmissions by a Mesoscale ConvectiveSystem on Amazon Basin

Scott DenningColorado StateUniversityPosterAtmospheric Responses to Land andWater: Simulations and Observationsof Mesoscale Circulations and CO2Concentrations in the SantarémMesoscale Campaign

Comparison of three rain type classification algorithms in TRMM-LBAAli Tokay, David B. Wolff, David Marks, Christopher R. Williams, Kenneth S. GageJCET/UMBCThis paper presents three different precipitation classification algorithms that wereconstructed through disdrometer, scanning, and vertically pointed (profiler) radarmeasurements. The radars and disdrometer were operated in part of the TRMM-LBAfield campaign, on January-February, 1999. The precipitation type was determined eitherconvective or stratiform. Regarding rain occurrence, 70%, 75%, and 77% agreement wasobtained between disdrometer and profiler, disdrometer and radar, and profiler and radaralgorithms, respectively. Regarding rain volume, the agreements were 84%, 73%, and85% for the same pairs of the comparison. The relations derived between radarmeasurements and surface rainfall (R-Z), differed from each other due to the differentconvective and stratiform partitioning. At reflectivities above 50 dBZ, the absolutedifference in rain rate ranged between 0.5 to 1 mm/h. The results presented heredemonstrate the importance of the precipitation classification in radar rainfall estimation.

Boundary-layer moisture regimes during wet and dry season aboveRondonia forestCelso von Randow 1,* , Leonardo D. Abreu Sá 2 , Antonio O. Manzi 11 Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de PesquisasEspaciais, Rod Pres. Dutra, km 40, Cachoeira Paulista, SP, 12630-0002 Laboratório Associado de Meteorologia e Oceanografia, CPTEC/INPE* Corresponding authore-mail: randow@cptec.inpe.brAbstract: Two distinct boundary-layer moisture regimes are observed over RondôniaAmazonian forest during diurnal periods of a few days in wet and dry seasons. Toidentify these two regimes, the scale dependence of skewness of moisture andtemperature was investigated. Turbulent signals of temperature and specific humiditymeasured with an eddy covariance system installed at 62 m height, over a 30-35 m tallforest, were scale projected using Daubechies-8 orthogonal wavelet, and the skewnessfactor at each scale was calculated for these signals. The data were measured in March-April (late wet-season) and in August-September, year of 1999, as a part of theBrazil/European Union LBA Tower Consortium. Measurements are made atmicrometeorological tower located in the Biological Reserve of Jaru (10 o 04´ S, 61 o 56´W), Ji-Paraná, Rondonia state. The fast response temperature and specific humiditymeasurements, sampled at 10.42 Hz rate, were made using a three-dimensional sonicanemometer (Solent A1012R, Gill Instruments) and a closed-path infrared gas analyzer(LI 6262, LI-COR). During dry season, the boundary-layer is characterized by relativelyweak surface evaporation (comparatively to the wet season) and the entrainment of dryair from the top of boundary-layer occasionally reaches the surface, leading to negativemoisture skewness in spite of positive temperature skewness associated with warmmoist updrafts. This is observed specially during late morning, when the boundary layerrapidly grows into the residual layer from the previous day. In contrast, during wetseason, associated with greater surface evaporation and a ‘disturbed’ state caused byfrequent strong convection activities, the boundary-layer is characterized by positivemoisture skewness and negative temperature skewness.

IS THE TAPAJOS NATIONAL FOREST ANOMALOUSLY CLOUDY?David .R. Fitzjarrald (1) , Osvaldo.L.L. Moraes (2) , Ricardo K. Sakai 1) , Ralf Staebler (1) Maria A. F. Silva Dias (3) ,Otávio C. Acevedo (2) , Matt Czikowsky (1) , and Rodrigo da Silva (2)(1) University at Albany, SUNY, NY, USA(2) Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS(3) Universidade de São Paulo, SP1. Introduction:The success of LBA-ECO depends on valid extrapolation of measurments made at intensiveobservation sites, through the numerical modeling, use of remote sensing products or both. In the Amazon,river breezes are known to exert a strong influence on regional climate (Oliveira and Fitzjarrald, 1993). Wepresent evidence that the cumulative effect of the river breeze circulation is to make the Tapajos NationalForest (TNF) LBA-ECO flux sites (near Santarém, Pará, Brazil; 2° 25’S, 54° 42’W), cloudier than morerepresentative forests distant from rivers. Measurements of H, LE, and F C (the CO 2 flux) at the TNF mayalso be biased both by precipitation anomalies and by changes in radiative fluxes caused by enhancedcloudiness. We examine data from satellite and ground-based instruments to quantify the bias in incidentPAR and suggest what this means in terms of a bias in maximum daytime carbon uptake.Observation sites of the LBA-ECO project are located in and around the Tapajos National Forest(TNF). The TNF is a thin strip of forest near the confluence of the Tapajos and Amazon river. It is wedgedbetween a partially managed mosaic of forests, pastures, agricultural fields and secondary succession to theeast and the 10-25 km wide Tapajos River to the west. To the north is the braided expanse of the mainAmazon River. This region experiences persistent easterlies during much of the year, a “continental tradewind” regime. These trades are punctuated at intervals by light winds associated with weakening of thelarge-scale E-W pressure gradient by synoptic-scale events. Breezes lead to strong gradients inprecipitation and cloudiness. In the daytime, rivers are clear areas surrounded by cloudier land areas.2. Methodology:Surface observations are made at a network of five surface observation stations, a cloudceilometer, in situ data complemented by hourly recording of GOES infrared and visible satellite imagery inthe region. In 1998, two automatic weather stations were installed; three additional stations were added in2000. These are supplemented by the regular hourly observations at the Santarém airport and at the threeLBA-ECO eddy flux towers. At one of these flux towers, a Vaisala cloud ceilometer capable of recordingcloud base to 12,000 m was installed in early 2001. Evidence of the breeze is sometimes apparent atstations as far as 50 km from the rivers. Radiation anomalies depend on distance from the nearest river.The perturbation pressure gradient of the river breeze can be found through composite analysis. Hourlycomposites of forced cumulus cloud-cover fraction from GOES images illustrate the preferred regions forinitial convective activity, locations consistent with the idea of convergent river breezes. The TNF sites ofthe LBA flux towers appear to be located in an anomalously cloudy region, especially during large portionsof the transition and dry seasons.3. Acknowledgements:This work was entirely supported by NASA as a part of the LBA-ECO program, grant NCC5-283.GOES images for the Santarém region are being recorded at the University of São Paulo as part of ourongoing collaboration. We are grateful to Mr. Eleazar Brait and the staff of the LBA Field Office in Santarémfor assistance in field deployment and in acquiring data.4. References:Oliveira, A. P. and D. R. Fitzjarrald, 1993, The Amazon river breeze and the local boundary layer: I.Observations Bound.-Layer Met. 63, 141-162.

SCALING PROPERTIES OF EXTREME VALUES, INTERMITTENCY, ANDLYAPUNOV EXPONENTS OF WIND AND TEMPERATURE DYNAMICSOF CENTRAL AMAZONIAGermán Poveda, Jorge M. Ramírez, Carlos D. Hoyos, John F. Mejía.Posgrado en Aprovechamiento de Recursos HidráulicosUniversidad Nacional de Colombia, Sede Medellínjramirez@hidraulica.unalmed.edu.coAbstractWe use high resolution (60 Hz) wind velocity and temperature data gathered duringMay 1999 at Rodonia (central Amazonia) as part of LBA field campaigns, to studydiverse features of turbulence in and over the canopy. Our analyses are aim todetermining scaling properties of the extreme events of wind velocity over a broadrange of timescales. The scaling relation between the tails of the probability densityfunction (PDF) are calculated for different time scales, and upon these relations,predictions are made for the PDF at any particular timescale. Secondly, we applywavelet transforms to detect intermittency features in the energy dissipation rates.Intermittency is a fundamental issue that is brought about to explain the insufficiency ofKolmogorov’s theory to describe the sample structure function and the non-Gaussiannature in the dynamics of turbulent signals. Also, we use ideas pertaining non-lineardynamical systems to artificially reconstruct the attractor in phase space. Towards thatend, we use the methods of “false neighbours” and the Shannon mutual information,and then we estimate the largest Lyapunov exponent of the reconstructed attractor. Ourresults indicate the exponential divergence trajectories in phase space, thus suggestingthe existence of a strange attractor in the dynamics of the turbulent atmosphericboundary layer over Central Amazonia.

Observation and numerical simulation of the river breeze circulationin the vicinity of the Tapajós and Amazon riversMaria A. F. Silva Dias (1)Marcos Longo(1)Pedro L. Silva Dias(1)David R. Fitzjarrald (2)A. Scott Denning(3)Priscila Brier D'Auria(1)(1) Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo(2) Atmospheric Science Research Center, State University of New York at Albany(3) Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Colorado State UniversityRua do Matão, 1226 - 05508-900 São Paulo - SP - mafdsdia@usp.brDuring the beginning of the dry season of 2001 in the Amazon Region, basically from middle Julyto middle August, an atmospheric intensive field campaign called CIRSAN/LBA (Circulation inSantarém) was carried out close to Santarém as part of the LBA. Boundary layer and upper airmeasurements were carried out in both margins of the Tapajós rivers and on the southern margin ofthe Amazon with the objective of studying the local circulation. This paper presents preliminarydata on the local circulation evolution close to the Tapajós and Amazon rivers intersection,embedded in weak trade winds during an event of “friagem” in the Amazon region. Numericalsimulations of the river circulation with 2 km resolution are presented and used to help theunderstanding of the observations. The preliminary analysis of the observations taken duringCIRSAN/LBA indicate that the margins of the Tapajós and Amazon rivers, close to the city ofSantarém in Eastern Amazon, are influenced by river induced thermal circulations; the localcirculation is more evident during periods of light large scale winds. A "friagem" event reachingwestern Amazon during CIRSAN produced the ideal conditions for the development of riverinduced circulations in Santarém. The effect of the river breeze is basically to lower the mixed layerheight and enhance cumulus cloud at the river margin. The effect of these on the venting of mixedlayer trace gases may be an important feature in the interpretation surface measurement in the area.The numerical simulations show the coupling of the circulation on both sides of the river and theadvection of the circulation cell to the west, thus inducing cloudless skies in the western margin ofthe Tapajós.

A Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of the Boundary Layer EvolutionOver a Deforested Region of Rondonia(Brazil).Renato Ramos da Silva and Roni AvissarDuke UniversityCivil and Environmental EngineeringPO BOX 90287Durham,NC 27701 (USA)renato@duke.eduMaria Silva Dias *Pedro Leite Silva Dias *Adilson Vagner Gandu**USP - University of São PauloABSTRACTLarge Eddy Simulation (LES) is used to study the atmospheric impacts of land use changeover Rondonia (Brazil) during the wet season. Spatial distribution of land cover types for the regionwere evaluated from Landsat images and implemented into the model. Atmospheric variablesrecorded during the LBA Wet Campaign in January 1999 are used as initial conditions for themodel and to evaluate its performance. Case studies for selected days having weak winds andstrong solar radiation were chosen in order to capture possible landscape impacts on theatmosphere. The preliminary results show that the model is able to realistically represent theevolution of the boundary layer. Also, the model shows that the “fish-bone” structure of thevegetation is able to organize local convection and impact the rainfall distribution. This LESapproach is a preliminary effort to develop a reliable tool to represent and understand the impactsof land use in the Amazon on scales not yet explored. In the near future, a larger domain will becovered by the model to better represent the mesoscale features. Additionally it will help toincrease our understanding the distribution of rainfall and the transport of trace gases over theAmazon.

Variability of South American Convective Cloud Systems and TroposphericCirculation during January-March 1998 and 1999Rosana Nieto Ferreira (JCET/UMBC/NSIPP/NASA/GSFC) 1 , Thomas M. Rickenbach(JCET/UMBC/NASA/GSFC) , Dirceu Herdies (CPTEC/INPE) , Leila M. Vespoli deCarvalho (USP)A comparison of the variability of atmospheric winds and of the organization ofcloudiness and rainfall in South America during January-March of 1998 (JFM98) andJanuary-March of 1999 (JFM99) is presented.The variability of precipitation in subtropical South America is strongly related tothe variability of the South American low-level jet (SALLJ). The SALLJ is a northerlycurrent that flows along the eastern side of Andes Mountains bringing warm, moisttropical air from the Amazon basin to subtropical South America (parts of SouthernBrazil, Uruguay, and Argentina). According to the National Center for EnvironmentalPrediction, the SALLJ was nearly twice as strong during January-March (JFM) of the1998 El Niño episode than during JFM of the 1999 La Niña episode. The difference inSALLJ strength between these two years translated into a stronger flow of moist tropicalair into subtropical South America during JFM98. As a consequence of the enhancedmoisture supply, twice as much rainfall fell in subtropical South America during JFM98than during JFM99. A careful analysis of 3-hourly satellite imagery showed that largerand more numerous long-lived cloud systems were present in subtropical South Americaduring JFM98 than during JFM99. This showed that most of the large, long-lived cloudsystems observed in subtropical South America occurred during times when the SALLJwas strong over Bolivia.The difference between JFM98 and JFM99 SALLJ strength in Bolivia is in partexplained by the winds produced by the South Atlantic Convergence zone (SACZ).Periods when the SACZ is present are marked by southerly or weak northerly winds inBolivia. The SACZ was more prominent during JFM99 than during JFM98 leading to aweaker SALLJ during JFM99. The Southern Oscillation also contributed to the observedvariability of the SALLJ in Bolivia.In the tropical portions of South America nearly six times more cloud systemswere observed during JFM99 than during JFM98. This was accompanied by moreplentiful precipitation in the Amazon basin and in the Bolivian Altiplano during JFM99than during JFM98. In this region, the Southern Oscillation was probably the mostimportant contributor to the observed cloud system and precipitation differences.1 GEST/UMBC/NSIPP/NASA/GSFC Code 913.0, Greenbelt, MD 20770, E. U. A.e-mail: ferreira@janus.gsfc.nasa.gov

1Deforestation Impact in Eastern Amazônia : Climatic Simulations Using RAMS Model for theLocal Dry SeasonAdilson W. Gandu (1) , Julia C. P. Cohen (2)(1) Department of MeteorologyFederal University of Pará, Belém, Brazile-mail : jcpcohen@ufpa.br(2) Department of Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazile-mail : adwgandu@model.iag.usp.brABSTRACTThe RAMS model was used to simulate the effect of possible climatic impact produced bydeforestation in Eastern Amazonia. Biophysical parameters derived from field experiments at threerepresentative sites, of the local soil-vegetation-atmosphere responses, were adapted in the numericalmodeling.Two numerical experiments were run, for a two month period, August-September/2000, whichcorresponded to the drier season of that year. In the first experiment, designated as “control”, the existenttypes and distribution of vegetation, were used as standard in the model. In a second experimentdesignated as “deflorested”, the forest biophysical parameters were replaced by those corresponding to“pasture”.This procedure resulted in the “deforested” experiment showing a diminishing precipitation,within a narrow coastal strip, at the same time that the preciptation raised towards the continental regions.This experiment also showed a generalized air temperature increment, varying between 0.5 and 1.5 o C,which is compatible with previous results derived from large scale models. Neverthetless, the higherspatial resolution model used in study expressed clearly the thermal regulation effect of the larger riversof this region, on the spatial distribution of the nuclei of temperature.The “deforested” experiment showed a 50% raise in the sensible heat flux at the surface, withrelation to the “control” experiment, within a continental strip near the coast. An inverse variation, of thesame magnitude, happened to the latent heat flux, over the same region.In the other hand, within the continental area, corresponding to the southwestern and easternpotion of the State of Para, it was redicted a decrement of the sensible heat flux by the “deforested”experiment.The results show the influence of deforestation over the climate in Eastern Amazonia and that isessential to use high resolution models to detect the regulating effects of the large rivers existing in thisregion.It was also shown the relative importance of the biophisycal, thermal and mechanical parameters,near the Atlantic coast and in more continental areas.Corresponding author address : Dr. Adilson W. GanduDepartamento de Ciências Atmosféricas.Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências AtmosféricasUniversidade de São PauloRua do Matão, 1226 – Cidade Universitária

CEP : 05.511-900 – São Paulo – SP2

THE UPPER LEVEL WIND DIVERGENCE THE ITS RELATIONSHIPWITH THECLOUD COVER AND PRECIPITION, DURING WETAMC/LBAAlexandra Amaro de LimaInstituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espacias-CPTEC/DASRodovia Presidente Dutra km SP-RJCep 12630 – 000, Cachoeira Paulista SPxanduca@cptec.inpe.brLuiz Augusto Toledo Machadomachado@iae.cta.brHenri Laurentlaurent@iae.cta.brThis work´s objetive is to analyze the upper level wind divergence obtained by threedifferent methods to evaluate the diurnal cycle and which of them has the more effetiveresponse to the cloud fraction and the precipition. It was used cloud fraction data(calculated from images of the GOES-8), rain fraction (calculated from the refletividadesupplied by the radar TOGA), and upper level wind divergence (starting from the watervapor channel, radiossondas and NCEP), obtained during the WETAMC/LBA campaign,on January and February of 1999. The diurnal cycle of the divergence was marked by amaximum 11:00 LST, and it showed good correlation with the precipitation. Related tocloud cover it was possible to verify that the divergence didn´t show any relationship withclouds with low and hot tops (threshold of 284 K), but on the other hand, it behaved as apredictor of the convective cover.

Second International LBA Scientific Conference, Manaus 2002Observed changes in Aerosols Properties at the Amazon Basin caused by afriagem phenomena during the LBA-CLAIRE 2001 experimentAline Sarmento Procópio (1) , Paulo Artaxo (1) , Luciana V. Gatti (2) , Ana Maria C. Leal (2) , MariaAssunção F. da Silva Dias (3)* corresponding authorAline Sarmento Procópio aline@if.usp.brInstituto de Física, Universidade de São PauloRua do Matão, travessa R, 187, Cidade UniversitáriaSão Paulo – SP, Brazil 05508-900(1) IF/USP -Instituto de Física da Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil;(2) IPEN - Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares, Brazil;(3) IAG, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil.The LBA-CLAIRE intensive field campaign took place in Balbina (1º 55.20’ S, 59º28.07’ W), Amazonas, during the transition of the wet to dry seasons, in June and July of 2001.Aerosols gravimetric mass, size distribution, scattering coefficient and black carbonconcentration were measured in parallel with trace gases as NO and NO 2 . Several meteorologicalparameters were obtained from a meteorological station and from a SODAR installed at the siteduring the experiment.At this time of the year very low concentration of aerosols and trace gases are observed atthe forest, but changes in aerosol concentration and in its composition was seen during a coldfront (friagem) that reached Amazonas from June 19 th to 21 st . The mean daily air temperaturedropped from 28 o C to 23 o C, and the SODAR registered a change in the meridional wind fromnorth to south and a strong subsidence regime during these days. The mean linear light scatteringcoefficient decreased from 5.35 x 10 –5 m -1 to 4.0 x 10 –5 m -1 , indicating an increase in the finemode aerosol fraction. The ratio of black carbon to the aerosol fine mass concentration increasedfrom a mean value of 7% to 12%. Black carbon mean concentration increased by a factor of 2,from 60ng/m 3 to 125ng/m 3 . A strong correlation was found between black carbon and NO xconcentrations during this period, both being tracers of combustion. All these changes in theconcentration and composition of aerosols and trace gases clear indicate an entrance of a pollutedair mass at the site. This reflects the occupation and anthropogenic influences on a forested area,changing the background atmosphere of a remote region at Amazonia.

Variability of the ones of extreme rain events in the estuary of the river AmazonDavid MendesJosé Antonio MarengoCentro de Previsão do Tempo e Estudos Climáticos – CPTECRod. Presidente Dutra Km – 40Cachoeira Paulista – SP 12630-000david@cptec.inpe.brThe study of physical factors that act on the forest it is of vital importance in the knowledgeof the caused climatic impacts in such a way in the regional scale as in the global one. Theregion of the estuary of the river Amazon has a climatic behavior of different rains of thetoo much areas of the Amazon region. The main meteorological system that acts on this eregion the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). The rainy period in this region goes ofDecember the April. This work has the intention to show a possible change in thevariability of rains, using given of stations located in the band of 51°W 48°W and 02°S 0°.These data had been gotten through the National Agency of Energy from Brazil (ANEEL).The variability of rains in the February months the May (rainier period) since of 1979 up to2000, sample that mainly had a bigger variability of the anomalies, in the period of 1979 upto 1988, from 1989 this variability diminished, being the year of 1983 what it presented thebiggest rain anomaly, this due to presence of the phenomenon El Niño that was acting. Thisregion has a possible influence of the El Niño. In this period of study, it was verified thatextreme rains (superior 60 mm) will diminish in the reason of y = -0,1228x + 5,6491. In theyears of the 1982-83 and 1991-92 occurrence of extreme events she was very low, in the1991-92 case was not registered superior rain occurrence 60 mm. The number of dayswithout rains, also had a reduction in the reason of y = -0,8793x. 103,81. In the years of1979-80, the 1980-81 and 1982-83 number of days without rains had been bigger, thisassociate the presence of the El Niño, mainly in the years of 1979-80 and 1982-83.

Development of a High-resolution Assimilated Dataset for SouthAmericaDirceu L. Herdies, José A. Aravéquia, Rosangela Cintra, Julio Tóta e José P. BonattiCentro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos, CPTEC/INPERodovia Presidente Dutra km 4012630-000 Cachoeira Paulista – SP BrazilArlindo da SilvaData Assimilation Office NASA/GSFCGreenbelt, MD USAThis work is concentrated on the period from January to February 1999, when thecombined TRMM-LBA and WETAMC-LBA experiments took place in southeastAmazonia. The experiment measured temperature, moisture and wind profiles fromrawinsondes, surface fluxes, soil parameters, precipitation, etc.The Regional Physical-space Statistical Analysis System (ETA/RPSAS), implemented atCPTEC since 1999, was used to produce a high-resolution reanalysis (40 km) for this pilotperiod. Results for whole South America circulation obtained with this reanalysis get abetter agreement with the observation and a more detailed structure.On a longer time scale, this regional system will be the engine for a regional SouthAmerican Project, which will serve the purpose of refining the data products available withrecent reanalysis from NCEP, ECMWF and DAO.These regional data assimilation datasets represent an advancing in our undestanding of theSouth American climate and synoptic climatology, given its high resolution and utilizationof observational data not yet available to the global reanalysis aforementioned. This workwill also serve as a “proof of concept” for a long-term reanalysis project for the SouthAmerica.

SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TEMPORAL EVOLUTION OF THEATMOSPHERIC BOUNDARY LAYER ABOVE PANTANAL WETLANDEliana Soares de Andrade 1 , Leonardo D. A. Sá 1 , Maria Paulete P.M. Jorge 1 , Amaury deSouza 2(1) Laboratório Associado de Meteorologia e Oceanografia, Centro de Previsão de Tempo eEstudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Avenida dos Astronautas1758, 12227-010, São José dos Campos, Brazil; (2) Departamento de Física, UniversidadeFederal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazileliana@cptec.inpe.brAbstract: Pantanal is one of the biggest wetland regions of the world, with an area ofapproximately 150,000 km 2 . It is located in central part of the South America (19 o S, 57 oW) and presents a climatology which is characterized by a very dry season and a wet periodin which strong floods are often observed. The Interdisciplinary Pantanal Experiment (IPE)aims to investigate the micrometeorological aspects and the differences between these twoseasons. An important goal of IPE researches is to characterize the atmospheric boundarylayer (ABL) structure above Pantanal wetland, particularly the nocturnal boundary layer(NBL). For this purpose, it is important to take into account the meteorological processeswhich drive the early evening transition (EET) and define classes of the NBL. In Pantanalsome cases studies have shown two distinct classes of EET: a) one with the generation of astrong low level jet (LLJ), below 600 m height; b) one without a well defined LLJ. LLJ ismore frequent during the dry season and seems to be generated as a response to the strongstability created by next surface intense radiative cooling process after the sunset. Besidesthe LLJ, other aspects of the dry and wet CLA structure are presented and some possiblephysical explanations of the results are discussed.

DOES AN ARTIFICIAL LAKE MODIFIES THE MICROCLIMATE? A CASESTUDY OF THE RAINFALL VARIATIONS AT TUCURUI ´s DAM IN PARA.Fabio SanchesGilberto FischPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Ambientais da UNITAUe-mail: fosanches@uol.com.brAbstract: There are a lot of concern about the impacts from an artificial lake in Amazoniacan make, especially related with the microclimate. These impacts are not well understoodyet. The rainfall data (daily values) from 1972 up to 1983 (namely prior) from INMET andfrom 1984-1996 (namely post) from ELETRONORTE were used in this work. Comparingthe monthly totals, there is no significant differences between the prior and post periodaccording to statistical tests (Mann-Whitney and/or Fisher Test). Only one month(December) has not failed to pass the hypotheses of equal precipitation at 5% level ofconfidence. Analyzing the occurrence the days with rains higher than 1, 5, 10, 25 and 50mm, the number (and frequency) of light rains has increased, especially during the dryseason. This may be due to the increase of evaporation from the lake. Although the onset ofthe rainy season is controlled by large-scale factors, there is a weak signal that it can startearlier (September) for the post conditions than for the prior conditions (October). Anautoregressive-moving average model (Arma) has been simulated with the prior data-set inorder to identify the influence of the lake. The post conditions (in a monthly scale) matchquite well the forecast data, suggesting that the lake did not modify the characteristic of therain.

Modeling the fine-scale turbulence within and above an Amazon forestusing Tsallis’ generalized thermostatistics. II. TemperatureFernando M. Ramos 2 , Leonardo D. A. Sá 1 , Maurício J. A. Bolzan 1,3 , Camilo RodriguesNeto 2 , Reinaldo R. Rosa 21. Laboratório Associado de Meteorologia e Oceanografia, Centro de Previsão de Tempo eEstudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos,Brazil2. Laboratório Associado de Computação e Matemática Aplicada, Instituto Nacional dePesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos, Brazil3. Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, São José dosCampos, BrazilAbstract: In this paper, we show that Tsallis generalized thermostatistics provides a simpleand accurate framework for modeling the statistical behavior of turbulent temperaturefluctuations. For this, we compared our theoretical framework to data measured during theLarge Scale Biosphere Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA) wet-season campaign,in the southwestern part of Amazonia region. Measurements were made simultaneouslywith Campbell sonic thermometers at different heights in a 60 meters micrometeorologicaltower located in the Biological Reserve of Jaru (10 o 04´ S, 61 o 56´ W), Brazil. Thetheoretical results were found to be in good agreement with experiment through spatialscales spanning at least three orders of magnitude and for a range of up to 10 standarddeviations, including the rare fluctuations in the tails of the distribution. For scales largerthan approximately 10 m, a gradual transition to Gaussianity becomes evident in theexperimental histograms which is not captured by the present model. A generalization ofthis model is proposed to take this effect into account, assuring thus a smooth transition toGaussianity as the scale increases.____________________* Corresponding author.E-mail address: fernando@lac.inpe.br

SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX HEIGHT VARIATION ABOVE THE REBIOJARU AMAZONIAN RAIN FOREST CANOPY DURING DIURNALPERIODSGannabathula S.S.D. Prasad and Leonardo D. A. SáLaboratório Associado de Meteorologia e OceanografiaCentro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos ClimáticosInstituto Nacional de Pesquisas EspaciaisAvenida dos Astronautas 1758, 12227-010, São José dos Camposprasad@cptec.inpe.brAbstract: In this work we verify if the vertical sensible heat fluxes change with heightabove the Amazonian rain forest canopy, under diurnal conditions. The data were measuredin March 1999, during the wet-season of the Large Scale Biosphere AtmosphereExperiment in Amazonia (LBA), in southwestern part of Amazonia region. Measurementswere made at three different heights in a 60 meters micrometeorological tower located inthe Biological Reserve of Jaru (10 o 04´ S, 61 o 56´ W), Brazil. We used the fast responsesonic data of wind velocity and temperature measured simultaneously at heights of 64mand 42m, during the 11 Hrs to 15 Hrs time interval (local time). The wind velocitycomponents and temperature data were decomposed into various frequency bands usingbiorthogonal wavelets and the vertical heat fluxes were computed in each of the bands.Non-parametric statistical tests were then performed to examine the hypothesis that thefluxes in each of the bands are different at the two heights. Results show that the sensibleheat fluxes measured at the 64m and 42m heights are statistically different during diurnalperiod.

Evidence of non-existence of a "spectral-gap" in turbulent datameasured above Rondonia, Brazil. Part II: Amazonian PastureGannabathula S.S.D. Prasad 1,* , Margarete O. Domingues 1 , Leonardo D. A. Sá 1 , Celso vonRandow 1 , Antônio O. Manzi 1 , Bart Kruijt 31. Laboratório Associado de Meteorologia e Oceanografia, Centro de Previsão deTempo e Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, CP 515,12201-970, São José dos Campos, Brazil2. Alterra, P.O. Box 47,Wageningen, NetherlandsAbstract:Wavelet and Fourier analyses are used to identify the spectral characteristics of windvelocity (u, v, w components), temperature, humudity and CO 2 concentration data sets,obtained during dry and wet seasons in a pasture in a deforested area in Amazonian. Thedata were measured in August (dry-season) and in December (wet-season), year of 2000, asa part of the Brazil/European Union LBA Tower Consortium, in southwestern part ofAmazonian region. Measurements are made at micrometeorological tower located in theNossa Senhora Farm (10 o 045.7´ S, 62 o 21.4´ W) county of Ouro Preto D’Oeste. The fastresponse wind speed and temperature measurements, sampled at 10.42 Hz rate, were madeusing a three-dimensional sonic anemometer (Solent A1012R, Gill Instruments), at aheight of 4 m. Analyses are performed over a wide frequency range, from the inertialsubrange domain up to one day time-scale. Data are studied for a five day only spectrumand for one day mean spectra and cospectra. Results showed that is not possible to identifyspectra gap in any of the investigated variables. This has important consequence in thatseparating the turbulence flow into mean and fluctuation components may not be valid.This also makes it difficult to determine a cutoff frequency for filtering the data. Thisabsence of a spectral gap is probably due to the non-stationary characteristics of turbulentfields above deforested area. A comparison is made with the turbulent spectra computedabove the Amazon rain forest in Rebio Jaru. Possible physical phenomena in tropicalmeteorology are proposed to explain the findings.__________________* Corresponding author.E-mail address: prasad@cptec.inpe.br

THE CONVECTIVE BOUNDARY LAYER OVER PASTURE ANDFOREST IN AMAZONIAG. Fisch *1 , J. Tota 2 , L.A.T. Machado 1 , M.A.F. Silva Dias 3 , R.F. da F. Lyra 4 , C. A. Nobre 2A.J. Dolman 5 , A. D. Culf 61 Centro Técnico Aeroespacial (CTA/IAE), São José dos Campos, 12228-904, Brazil,gfisch@iae.cta.br2 Inst. Nac. de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE), SJ dos Campos, 122201-970, Brazil3 Universidade de São Paulo (USP/IAG), São Paulo, 05508-900, Brazil4 Universidade Federal das Alagoas (UFAL), Maceió, 57072-970, Brazil5 Vrije Universiteit Amesterdam, Amesterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands6 Center of Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UKAbstract: The Amazon region is suffering from a high rate of deforestation, with thetropical forest initially being replaced by pasture and agricultural crops. The couplingbetween different types of surface (tropical forest or grass) and the Convective BoundaryLayer (CBL) has been investigated using observational (rawinsoundings) data collectedover Rondônia in the southwest Amazonia. The data reported here support the notion thatdeforestation may modify the dynamics of the boundary layer, in particular during the dryseason. In this period the sensible heat fluxes are very high over pasture, creating a CBLaround 550 m deeper compared to that over the forest. The height of the fully developedCBL for pasture has been computed to be 1650m compared to around 1100 m for forest.During the wet season the height of CBL is lower than during the dry season and it has thesame height (around 1000 m) for forest and pasture sites. The CBL over pasture is hotterand drier than over forest during the dry season, but during the wet season the airtemperatures and humidities fields are similar. Comparing the CBL growth during the dryand wet season, there is evidence that the CBL properties over the forest are not dependenton the surface characteristics, but the pasture CBL are.

The modification of the ABL structure due to a Friagem event in Amazonia: a case studyGilberto FischCentro Técnico Aeroespacial (CTA/IAE-ACA)São José dos Campos, 12228-904, SP, Brazilgfisch@iae.cta.brAlistair D. CulfCenter of Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UKRoberto Fernando da Fonseca Lyra (UFAL)Departamento de Meteorologia/Universidade de MeteorologiaMaceió, CEP 57000-000, AL, BrazilAbstract: A cold front invasion into Amazonia during the winter times is known regionallyas Friagem. These phenomena is an important feature of the climate, as intermittent eventscan modify the meteorological conditions, altering the way of life from Amazonidas as wellas the flora and fauna. During the field campaign of RBLE 2 (july 1993), a Friagem eventhas happened in the Ji-Parana area (Rebio Jaru tropical forest) and was fully measured.Using temperature data from ABRACOS Project (1992-1993), usually there are 6-7 eventsof Friagem during the year, with 2-3 cases in July. The invasion of cold air (classified asmoderate) had occurred in early evening on July 6, provoking a light rain (3.6 mm at 6 AMon July 7). The radiation integrated fluxes (solar and net radiation) showed a remarkablechange from a value of 17.1 and 11.8 MJ.m -2. day -1 for solar and net, respectively, on July 6to 7.1 and 5.2 MJ.m -2. day -1 during the event (July 7,1993). The air temperature also showeda dramastic change from a daily average of 25.3 °C to a value of 18.7 °C. The specifichumidity also reduces from 18 g.kg -1 to a value around 13 g.kg -1 . The windspeed hadincreased from 1.5 m.s -1 to 3.8 m.s -1 . All these changes are expected by the modificationfrom a cold and dry air mass. The following day (July 8, 1993), as the cold front was indissipation, the radiation fluxes return to their typical values. The behavior of the sensibleheat flux is interesting as it has a reduced during the friagem (as normally one expected) butit was very high: 3.5 after on July 9, 1993. This value is very high (correspond a sensibleflux of 200 W.m -2 which is not typical). This can suggest the hypothesis that the principalmechanism chosen by the plants were the sensible heat flux instead the usual latent heatflux. In terms of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), prior of the Friagem the height ofthe convective boundary layer was 1350 m, with an average virtual potential temperature of307.8 K. The ABL was very well mixed at late afternoon with a temperature discontinuityalmost null. On June 7, there was a cooling of the layer (temperature of 293.5 K) and only ashallow but still well mixed layer (height around 420 m). This value is 1/3 of the typicalvalues and the mechanical turbulence was very important. The temperature jump at the topof mixed layer was 9 K, indicating a strong subsidence acting at Ji-Parana area. The nextday the insolation has begun to heat the layer and the averaged virtual potential temperaturewas 300.5 K, with a discontinuity of 3.5 K and still shallow CBL. The cooling of theatmosphere was so intense in the lower 1-2 km that first the mixed layer has to be heatedand then it can grow its depth. Also the intensity of jump of temperature was so strong thatit may inhibited the entrainment, which act on the CBL development. The timescale

associated with the influence of a Friagem is 2-3 days, depending the intensity of it. Thestructure from the atmosphere above 2 km is not modified by the event.

The intercomparison of radiosonde systems during the LBA/TRMM experimentGilberto FischCentro Técnico Aeroespacial (CTA/IAE-ACA)São José dos Campos, 12228-904, SP, Brazilgfisch@iae.cta.brRafael Ferreira da CostaMuseu Gueldi, Belém, 66000-000, BrazilMaria Assunção F. Da Silva DiasUniversidade de São Paulo (USP/IAG), São Paulo, 05508-900, BrazilAbstract: As a part of the LBA/TRMM strategy design, an intercomparison of theradiosonde systems was performed at the end of experiment (Feb 22-24, 1999) at thepasture site. A dataset of 17 flights (1 launch each 3 hours) were made with VIZ andVaisala sondes attached to the same balloon. For each of the flights, the variables measuredby the radiosoundings were: air temperature, relative humidity, pressure (Vaisala only) andwind components. These variables were extracted from the raw data and have been linearlyinterpolated at 50 m intervals up to 5000 m in 500 m layers. In summary, although theindividual profiles can show some alternate patterns, on average the difference betweenVaisala and VIZ was –0.3 °C for the temperature and –5 % for relative humidity(equivalent to 1.0 up to 1.5 g.kg -1 ). In this analysis, the Vaisala measurements have beenconsidered as the reference. The humidity profile deserves a special attention, since one ofthe goals of the LBA/TRMM is to validate the algorithms applied to the data from thesatellite TRMM. The humidity profiles show overall differences around 5 %, with Vaisalapresenting the smaller values. The layer between 1000 and 2000 m shows the largestdifferences (values around 8%). This layer is often the cloud layer and sometimes the sondegoes in and out cloud, not allowing enough time for the sensor to come into equilibriumwith the environment (time constant of the sensors is around 1 s). The differences for thepressure is insignificant (around 0.1 hPa) and the winds (both components) show areasonable agreement (between 0.5 and 0.8 m.s -1 ). The humidity data do not show anysignificant difference between daytime and nighttime. The temperature differences betweenVaisala and VIZ is larger during daytime than during nighttime

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CONVECTIVE CLOUD SYSTEM ORGANIZATIONDURING WETAMC/LBA – COMPARISON WITHWEST AFRICAN CONVECTIVE SYSTEMSHenri Laurent and Luiz Augusto T. MachadoCentro Técnico Aeroespacial–Instituto de Aeronáutica e Espaço–Divisão de Ciências AtmosféricasSão José dos Campos/SP - 12228-904 , BrasilandIRD, LTHE, Grenoble, Francehlaurent@iae.cta.br - machado@iae.cta.brTropical convection tends to cluster into mesoscale convective systems that are responsible for themain vertical exchanges of energy in the tropical troposphere, and that account for most of the totalrainfall. An automatic method, based in infrared images from geostationary satellites, has been usedfor tracking cloud clusters during their life cycle. This objective tracking has been applied overAmazonia during the WETAMC/LBA (Wet season Atmospheric Mesoscale Campaign), in January-February 1999. The results allow for analyzing the MCS organization and propagation and tocompare them to the rain cells observed from meteorological surface radar. The convective activityshowed two different patterns named Easterly and Westerly regimes according to the wind flow inthe middle-to-low troposphere. During Easterly regime, MCS and rain cells have closely relatedpropagations, mostly associated to the mean flow at 700 hPa. During Westerly regime, thepropagations of both MCS and rain cells are much more disorganized, there is no clear relationshipwith the mean atmospheric flow at any level, and the low-level rain cells propagate quiteindependently from the high-level cloud cover.The same tracking methodology was originally employed over West Africa during the rainy season;therefore a limited comparison between these two continental tropical regions can be addressed.The convective systems are mostly driven by the diurnal cycle in the Southwestern Amazon duringthe rainy season, in contrast to the Sahel where squall lines and other long-lived MCS are the mostimportant convective systems. Another finding is that the behaviors of Amazonian and Sahelianconvective systems are quite similar during the Easterly regime, whereas they are very differentduring the Westerly regime. This is consistent with the presence of a mid-level “jet” favouring awind shear essential for the organization of the convection.

MODELLING OF THE ATMOSPHERIC TRANSPORT OF SPECIES EMITTED BYCONTROLLED BURNINGS IN AMAZÔNIAIgor Trosnikov 1 , Ralf Gielow 2 , João Andrade de Carvalho Jr 3 , Carlos Alberto GurgelVeras 4 , Ernesto Alvarado 5 , David Victor Sandberg 6 , José Carlos dos Santos 71. CPTEC/INPE, Cachoeira Paulista, SP igor@cptec.inpe.br2. LMO/CPTEC/INPE, São José dos Campos, SP ralf@cptec.inpe.br3. FEG/UNESP, Guaratinguetá, SP joao@feg.unesp.br4. ENM/UnB, Brasília, DF gurgel@enm.unb.br5. U W, Seattle, WA alvarado@u.washington.edu6. USDA FS, Corvallis, OR sandberg@fsl.orst.edu7. LCP/INPE, Cachoeira Paulista, SP jcsantos@cptec.inpe.brAbstractA coupled numerical Transport-Eta Mesoscale model was used for the determination of thetransport of CO 2 from a slashed Terra Firme Amazonian forest controlled burning with anarea of 9 ha, effected on August 31, 1998 in the region of Alta Floresta, MT, with an emissionof 2052 Mg CO 2during 144 min. The path of the resulting CO 2 plume was computed for 78hours, and reached the coast of Santa Catarina as a compact mass. Its concentration, followingthe wind, was modified by mesoscale diffusion, with values that agreed well with the onesobtained through Taylor's similarity theory.The results of the same numerical experiments for others dates will be presented.

Igor Trosnikov:Center for Weather Forecast and Climate StudiesNational Institute for Space ResearchRodovia Presidente Dutra, km 40Cachoeira Paulista, SPCEP 12630-000, BrazilTel:55 12 561 2822; Fax: 55 12 561 2835e-mail:igor@cptec.inpe.br

THE DEEP CONVECTION THROUGH THE CAPE IN COMPARISONWITH RADAR DOPLER BAND-L IN THE REGION OF SERPONG-INDONESIA.José Francisco de OLIVEIRA JÚNIOR 1 , Paulo Yoshio KUBOTA 2 , José Augusto PaixãoVEIGA 3 ,1 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - Laboratório de Meteorologia e Oceanografia(LMO) Centro de Previsão do Tempo e Clima (INPE/LMO/CPTEC),São José dos Campos, SP – BrasilAv. dos Astronautas, 1758 – Jardim da Granja – CEP: 12227-010Nº inscrição JDE-0395tel. : 0XX12 3945-6660e-mail : jfoliver@cptec.inpe.brABSTRACTDeep convective activity in the region of Serpong-Indonesia (6° 24’S – 106° 42’E)identified with the help of the radar reflectivity and CAPE (Convection Avaliable PotentialEnergy) shows strong diurnal variation with different chacarteristics in the dry and wetseasons. Maximum convective activity in the dry season occurs around the early afternoon.Whereas in the wet season it is in the morning and early evening hours. During the dryseason the CAPE is stable to moderately unstable agreeing with the Stutevant (1994) scaleexcept at 1500 LT (Local Time). Sometimes CAPE obtained values of over 3000 J/Kg atthis time. During the wet season CAPE was unstable to very unstable, values reaching 3500J/kg, especially around 1800-2100 LT. High values of CAPE is only a necessary conditionfor convection. In future the characteristics of convection over Indonesia and Amazoniawill be compared.

Soil Temperature and Moisture Variability, Beneath Forest, Pasture and MangroveAreas, in Eastern AmazoniaJosé Ricardo S. de Souza, Julia C. P. Cohen, Antônio C.L. da Costa, Zilurdes F. LopesDepartment of MeteorologyFederal University of Pará, Belém, Brazile-mail : jricardo@ufpa.brABSTRACTSoil temperatures down to 50 cm depth, and volumetric moisture content within theupper 30 cm layer of soils, were measured with similar thermistor sonde and soil moisturereflectometer probe sensor systems, beneath natural forest (Caxiuanã), pasture (Soure) andmangrove (Bragança) areas, in Eastern Amazônia. The sites were selected along a 500 kmtransect, parallel to the equador, between latitudes of 0 and 2 degrees south.The climatic regimes at all three monitoring sites were quite similar and regulatedby the passage of the ITCZ over the equator, which determines the transition between theirdrier and rainy seasons. The soils temperature and moisture levels and variability, beforeand after the onset of the rainy season, were analysed considering the observed short waveincident solar radiation flux and pluviommetric precipitation, at each site.At the depths studied, the soil temperatures in general decreased in the sequence :pasture, mangrove and forest. On the other hand, the soil moisture beneath the forest washigh throughout the dry season.The soils vegetation coverage was found to be, the principal agent responsible forthe wide range of soil temperatures variability found among the studied sites.The waterstorage recharging beneath the pasture was intense and abrupt, just after the onset of therainy season. A smooth soil moisture transition was observed beneath the forest.Corresponding author address : Dr. José Ricardo S. de SOUZA.Departamento de Meteorologia - Centro de Geociências- UFPACP. 1611 , Belém Pará Brasil CEP 66075-900.

Thermal and Hydric Behavior of Soil Beneath Pasture, in Marajó IslandJosé Ricardo S. de Souza, Julia C. P. Cohen, Antônio C.L. da Costa, Zilurdes F. LopesDepartment of MeteorologyFederal University of Pará, Belém, Brazile-mail : jricardo@ufpa.brABSTRACTSoil temperature and moisture were monitored within the upper 30 cm layer, beneatha natural pasture area in Soure, Marajo Island, Pará, Brazil. The data collected during an 18month observation period (Aug/2000 up to Jan/2002) inclued also the short wave incomingsolar radiation flux and pluviommetric precipitation, at that experimental site. Anautomatic station was used, with thermistor sonde, soil moisture reflectometer probe,silicon photodiode pyranometer and tipping bucket rain gage sensor systems.The results presented, include the monthly averages, hourly behavior and respectiveextremes, for those soil physical variables. Selected case studies are presented, to showsudden temperature falls and/or moisture recharging, associated with severe rainshowerevents or the transition between the local dry and rainy seasons.The soil temperatures observed at 20 cm depth were nearly 3 ºC above those measuredat the same depth, beneath other pasture sites in the Amazon Region (Souza et. al; 1996).This may be attributed to differences in soil composition and climatic conditions among thesites considered. The soil moisture values were within the range observed for shallowdepths, at other pasture sites, in Marabá, Manaus and Ji-Paraná (Hodnett et. al; 1996).The soil parameters measured, will be used to initialize regional weather andclimate numerical models, and serve as reference for comparisons with other ongoingexperiments, in soils beneath native forest and mangrove areas, as part of the AmazonianLarge Scale Biosphere – Atmosphere Experiment (LBA).Corresponding author address : Dr. José Ricardo S. de SOUZA.Departamento de Meteorologia - Centro de Geociências- UFPACP. 1611, Belém, Pará, Brasil CEP 66075-900.

CONTINENTAL SQUALL LINE FORMATION OVER EASTERN AMAZÔNIA.Julia Clarinda Paiva Cohen (1) , Adilson Wagner Gandu (2) , José Ricardo S. de Souza (1)(1) Department of MeteorologyFederal University of Pará, Belém, Brazile-mail : jcpcohen@ufpa.br(2) Departament of Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazile-mail : adwgandu@model.iag.usp.brABSTRACTThis paper presents the observational results of two squall lines (SL) originated overthe continental eastern part of the Amazon Region.Satellite images and automatic weather stations observations at three sites(Bragança, Soure and Caxiuanã), located along a 500 km transect parallel to the equatorand between 0 and 2 degrees south, were used to monitor the SL´s genesis anddisplacement.The observation period, between 17 and 18 September, 2002, was within the drierseason. Nevertheless the pluviommetric precipitation monitored at three experimental sites,indicated the occurrence of a large scale convective system over the region. Thisatmospheric system produced a nearly 4 o C temperature fall below seasonal daily average inSoure and Bragança. This fact might be associated to downdrafts during the local dayligthhours. Precipitation intensities in Soure and Caxiuanã reached 36 mm/h , followed by 8mm/h observed in Bragança.It was observed from the satellite images that before the disturbance, there weresome scattered convective clouds, over the central portion of the state of Maranhão. Thecombination of an easterly wave disturbance plus the existence of a 300 m high topographyto the west appear to have produced an internal gravity wave, which apparently organizedthose clouds in a linear form. The propagation speed of the SL´s formed was about 14 m/s.Even though these continental SL´s have different generation mechanisms from themaritime breeze circulation, which produce SL´s along the Atlantic coast of Amazonia(Kousky, 1980 ; Cohen et al, 1995); the present case study shows that they both havesimilar structure and propagation speeds.Corresponding author address : Dr. Julia Clarinda Paiva Cohen.Departamento de Meteorologia - Centro de Geociências- UFPACP. 1611 , Belém Pará Brasil CEP 66075-900.

EVALUATION OF SIMULATIONS OF Eta REGIONAL MODEL DURING WET-AMC/LBA 1999: APPLICATION OF CPTEC´s RPSASJulio Tóta 1 , jtota@cptec.inpe.brDirceu Luiz Herdies 1 , dirceu@cptec.inpe.brRosângela Cintra 1 , rcintra@cptec.inpe.brJosé Antônio Aravéquia 1 , araveq@cptec.inpe.brJosé Paulo Bonatti 1 , bonatti@cptec.inpe.brClemente A. S. Tanajura 2 , tanajura@cptec.inpe.br1 Centro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos (CPTEC), Cach. Paulista, SP, Brazil.2 Laboratório de Computação Científica -LNCC/CNPG, RJ, Brazil.Words Key: Modeling, Amazon, Tropical Forest, and PrecipitationSuggested Thematic group: Measurement and modeling of precipitationThe objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of the seasonal simulation of twoversions of CPTEC´s Eta model using data from the WET-AMC/LBA campaign in 1999assimilated by CPTEC RPSAS (Regional Physical-space Statitical Analysis System). Aspart of the investigations of the LBA experiment, upper air and surface data were measuredcontinually during the WET-AMC/LBA campaign from January to February 1999 over partof Amazon region. Those data were used to evaluate and validate variables simulated bytwo versions of the CPTEC regional Eta model at a seasonal time scale. Two versions ofthe CPTEC regional Eta model were used. One version of the Eta Model was coupled to theOSU (Oregon State University) surface scheme, and another version was coupled with theSSiB (Simplified Simple Biosphere Model) surface scheme. The models were configuredwith a horizontal resolution of 40 km and 38 vertical levels over South America. A controlsimulation was accomplished using analyses and forecasts of the CPTEC global model.Another experimental simulation was accomplished using initial conditions and analysesgenerated by CPTEC´s RPSAS, which assimilated the data from the WET-AMC/LBAcampaign during 1999 and the Global Telecomunication data (GTS). The spatialdistribution and daily variability of meteorological variables, for both simulations, wereassessed against observed data. The performance and the peculiarities of the surfaceschemes, as well as its limitations over Amazon region were evaluated. The initialization ofthe model and its respective characteristics are discussed. Heterogeneity of the surface andits influence in the precipitation regimes were assessed. The data generated by the LBAProject has been extremely important in the validation and improvement of several modelsin Amazônia. This work mainly evaluates the use of the data available from LBAcampaigns in Amazônia to improve CPTEC´s regional Eta model at seasonal time scale.

Towards a South American Land Data Assimilation System (SALDAS):Investigating Potential Precipitation Forcing DataL. Gustavo Goncalves de Goncalves 1,2 , W. James Shuttleworth 1 , Bart Nijssen 1 ,Jose A. Marengo 2 , David Gochis 1 , Chou Sin Chan 2 , Kuolin Hsu 11 Department of Hydrology and Water Resources, University of Arizona,Tucson, AZ 857212 CPTEC-INPE, Cachoeira Paulista, Sao Paulo, BrazilThe overall goal of this research is to provide better understanding anddocumentation of soil moisture and surface-atmosphere processes and toimprove the initialization of the land-surface variables in the CPTEC SSiB-ETAcoupled model across South America in general, and the Amazon Region inparticular. This will be done by creating and using a South American Land DataAssimilation System (SALDAS) consisting of a two-dimensional array ofuncoupled SSiB models, calibrated using appropriate field data from LBA andearlier studies. This array of land surface models will be forced by near-surfacevariables derived from the assimilation fields of the ETA model supplemented byreal surface-based and remotely sensed observations of precipitation andradiation to the extent possible. In due course, observations gathered under theLBA program will be used for validation of the SALDAS modeled fields, whereavailable. An initial priority in this study is to evaluate alternative sources ofprecipitation forcing data. This paper reports our early studies that are concernedwith investigating the relative value of three alternative sets of precipitationforcing data, specifically, the precipitation fields used as initial condition in theCPTEC/ETA model (derived from the NCEP global model), the precipitationfields derived using the PERSIANN system (Precipitation Estimation fromRemotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks) at the Universityof Arizona, and experimental NOAA/NESDIS precipitation estimates. These dataare evaluated relative to daily rain gauge data from South America provided byseveral Brazilian agencies (CMCD/INPE, INMET, FUNCEME, LMRS/PB, ARN,DMRH/PE, SRHBA, CEPES and NMRH/AL) and compiled by CPTEC/INPE.Comparative statistics are reported for the three sets of potential forcing datarelative to the rain gauge observations for the calendar year 2000.Email Address of Corresponding Author: gustavo@hwr.arizona.edu

Coherent structures observed immediately above Amazonian forestcanopy in Rebio Jaru Reserve, Rondônia, BrazilLeonardo D. A. Sá 1,* , Maurício J. A. Bolzan 1,3 , Fernando M. Ramos 2 , Reinaldo R. Rosa 21. Laboratório Associado de Meteorologia e Oceanografia, Centro de Previsão de Tempo eEstudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos,Brazil2. Laboratório Associado de Computação e Matemática Aplicada, Instituto Nacional dePesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos, Brazil3. Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, São José dosCampos, BrazilAbstract: We used Morlet wavelet transform to detect coherent structures in wind velocityturbulent field above and within Amazon forest canopy. The data were measured in March1999, during the wet-season of the Large Scale Biosphere Atmosphere Experiment inAmazonia (LBA), in southwestern part of Amazonia region. Measurements were madesimultaneously at three different heights in a 60 meters micrometeorological tower locatedin the Biological Reserve of Jaru (10 o 04´ S, 61 o 56´ W), Brazil. The fast response windspeed measurements, sampled at 60 Hz rate, were made using Campbell three-dimensionalsonic anemometers at the heights of 66 and 42 m (above the canopy), and 21 m (below thecanopy). The results show that coherent structures are allways present at the 42m level,irrespectively of the time of the day. On the other hand, coherent structures are notubiquous in the wind velocity turbulent signal measured at 66 and 21 m. During the day,the time-scale associated with the coherent structures detected at 42 m is of the order of 30to 40 s. During the night, this time-scale grows up to values between 90 and 100 s. Wecongecture that these coherent structures are "role-type" structures asociated with inflexionpoint instability. They have a time-scale of the same of order of magnitude, and defined as t= 1 / (d u / dz) | h , where du / dz | h is the mean horizontal wind velocity vertical gradient at h= 32 m, the mean height of the forest canopy.____________________* Corresponding author.E-mail address: leo@cptec.inpe.br

SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF THE TURBULENCE STRUCTUREEVOLUTION IN THE ATMOSPHERIC SURFACE LAYER ABOVE PANTANALWETLANDLuís Marcelo de Mattos Zeri 1 , Gannabathula S.S.D. Prasad 1 , Leonardo D. A. Sá 1 , ElianaS.Andrade 1 , Amaury de Souza 2(1) Laboratório Associado de Meteorologia e Oceanografia, Centro de Previsão de Tempo eEstudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, Avenida dos Astronautas1758, 12227-010, São José dos Campos, Brazil; (2) Departamento de Física, UniversidadeFederal do Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, MS, Brazillmarcelo@cptec.inpe.brAbstract: Pantanal is one of the biggest wetland regions of the world, with an area ofapproximately 150,000 km 2 . It is located in central part of the South America (19 o S, 57 oW) and presents a climatology which is characterized by a very dry season and a wet periodin which strong floods are often observed. We compare some mean characteristics of theatmospheric surface layer (ASL) structure during wet and dry seasons over PantanalWetland. Momentum and sensible heat fluxes and its associated correlation coefficientswere calculated for some periods during IPE-1 wet season campaign and IPE-2 dry seasoncampaign. Turbulence scale characteristics, stability parameters and coherent structuresbehavior were also investigated. It seems that turbulence structure characteristics aresimilar during wet and dry seasons, except during early evening transition periods. This isprobably due to peculiar energy budget conditions associated to the existence of a 15cmshallow water layer during wet season in Pantanal. Other aspects of the dry and wet ASLcharacteristics are presented and some possible physical explanations for the results arediscussed.

THE DIURNAL MARCH OF THE CONVECTION OBSERVED DURING TRMM-WETAMC/LBALuiz A. T. Machado, Henri Laurent * and Alexandra A. Limamachado@iae.cta.br, hlaurent@iae.cta.br and xanduca@cptec.inpe.brCentro Técnico Aeroespacial / Instituto de Aeronáutica e Espaço / Divisão de CiênciasAtmosféricas. São José dos Campos/SP , Brasil* Also filliated to the IRD/LTHE Grenoble – FranceRadiosonde, satellite data, TOGA radar 2 km CAPPI and rainfall collected from theTRMM-WETAMC/LBA experiment have been used to investigate the diurnal cycle of thetropical convection. GOES satellite images were used to describe the diurnal modulation ofthe total/high/convective cloud fraction and the diurnal evolution of the size spectrum andinitiation/dissipation of the convective systems. Radar 2km CAPPI were used to describethe diurnal cycle of the rain fraction for different thresholds and the diurnal evolution of thesize spectrum and initiation/dissipation of the rain cells. An average over the four raingauge networks was applied to describe the average hourly rainfall. The upper air networkdataset was used to compute the thermodynamic variables: equivalent potential temperature(θe), convective available potential energy (CAPE), thickness of positive buoyancy,instability and convective inhibition. High and convective cloud areas fractions reach theirmaximum some hours after the maximum rainfall detected by rain gauge and radar 2 km –CAPPI. The minimum cloud cover occurs only a few hours before the maximumprecipitation and the maximum cloud cover occurs during the night. The maximum rainfalltakes place at the time of the maximum initiation of the convective systems observed bysatellite and rain cells. At the time of maximum precipitation the majority of the convectivesystems and rain cells are small sized and present the maximum increasing area fractionrate. The diurnal evolution of θe also presents a very clear diurnal variation with maximumoccurring in the beginning of the afternoon. The CAPE is well related to θe; when θe ishigh CAPE is high, the atmosphere is unstable and has a deep layer of positive buoyancyand small convective inhibition. These results suggest the following mechanism controllingthe diurnal of convection: in the morning, cloud cover decreases as the solar flux reachingthe surface increases and consequently θe. In the beginning of the afternoon convectionrapidly develops, high and convective clouds fractions increase rapidly and the maximumprecipitation and initiation is observed. After convection is developed the atmosphereprofile is modified reaching a nearly saturated state; the water vapor flux decreases in theboundary layer which becomes very stable, which inhibits surface fluxes and consequentlyextinguishes the convection.

THE CONVECTIVE SYSTEM AREA EXPANSION AND ITS RELATION TO THELIFE CYCLE DURATION AND THE UPPER TROPOSPHERIC WINDDIVERGENCE: AN ANALYSIS USING WETAMC/LBA.Luiz A. T. Machado(machado@iae.cta.br)Henri Laurent*(hlaurent@iae.cta.br)Centro Técnico Aeroespacial – Instituto de Aeronáutica e Espaço – Divisão de CiênciasAtmosféricas São José dos Campos/SP CEP: 12228-904 , Brasil* Also filliated to the IRD/LTHE Grenoble - FranceThe WETAMC/LBA data measured during January February 1999 combine many differentsources of data resulting in one of the most complete dataset to describe the convection inthe tropical continental region. Based in this dataset we have studied the convective systemlife cycle obtained from GOES images and the methodology described in Laurent et al.(2002). Machado et al. (1998) suggested that the normalized area expansion of theconvective system can be associated to the upper tropospheric wind divergence andproposed a possible relationship with the life cycle duration of convective system. Thispaper analyses this hypothese combining the convective system tracking, the upper levelwinds derived from the GOES water vapor channel and the divergence computed using theradiossonde data. The main goal of this study is to verify if the area expansion of theconvective system at the first moment of detection (i.e., at the initiation) can be related tothe life duration of the convective system. The physical explanation for this relationship isbased in the association of the area expansion with the upper tropospheric wind divergence.Large wind divergence at these levels corresponds to strong mass flux in the convectiveparts of the cloud cluster, a convective system having strong mass flux will live for morehours than a convective system with smaller area expansion (mass flux). The results showthat there is an exponential relationship between these two parameters, and that up to 10hours the life duration of the convective system can be predicted using only the convectivesystem area expansion at the initiation life stage. Also this study compares the uppertropospheric wind divergence estimated from radiossonde, water vapor wind and areaexpansion, to analyse the performance of these kinds of observations to describe theconvective activity. The diurnal cycle of the upper tropospheric wind divergence iscomputed and compared with the precipitation (radar and pluviometer) and the convectiveand total cloud cover. The maximum upper level wind divergence (as well as the areaexpansion) occurs at the moment of maximum precipitation and two hours earlier than theconvective cloud cover maximum.

MICROPHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF A SQUALL LINE IN THEAMAZON REGIONMarcel Ricardo Rocco and Augusto José Pereira FilhoUniversidade de São Paulo, São Paulo – USP / IAG / DCARua do Matão, 1226, São Paulo, SP, Brazil, 05508-900e-mail: marcelri@model.iag.usp.brABSTRACTA hydrometeor classification is performed for a squall line that passed through the WETAMC and TRMM LBA experiment area in 26 January 1999. Polarimetric measurementsfrom a S-band dual Doppler weather radar were used in conjunction with a classificationprocedure developed by Straka et al. (2000). This method is based on extensiveobservational and modeling studies of polarimetric hydrometeors signatures. Hydrometeortypes are classified according to arbitrary boundaries or thresholds in a multidimensionalpolarimetric space. The hydrometeors are divided in the following groups: rain, hail, rainwethail mixtures, small graupel, snow crystals and aggregate. Preliminary results areconsistent with expected vertical microphysical structures; warm and could types belowand above the bright band, respectively. In the end, this classification showed to be veryrestrictive. A fuzzy classification algorithm that builds upon this foundation will bediscussed in a forthcoming paper, because the fuzzy logic-based method makes use of asmooth transition in polarimetric observable boundaries among precipitation types insteadof simple thresholds. Finally, this study will support a different number of scientific andoperational studies that needs a better understanding to deduce hydrometeor types frompolarimetric data. These include: determination of Z-R relations, evaluation of interactionsbetween microphysics and kinematics in severe storms and mesoscale systems, estimationof latent heating budgets, initialization of hydrometeor types and amounts in storm-scaleand mesoscale numerical models, determination of detrainment rates in hybrid cumulusparameterization schemes, improvement and verification of microphysical parameterizationin cloud and mesoscale models, and verification of quantitative precipitation models,among others.

Horizontal vorticity budget associated to an Amazonian squall line during theCIRSAN/LBA experimentMarcos LongoMaria Assunção Faus da Silva DiasInstituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São PauloRua do Matão 1226, Cidade Universitária, 05508-900, São Paulo, SPTel.: +55 +11 3091 4808 FAX: +55 +11 3091 4808E-mail: marcos@master.iag.usp.brSince vorticity has a governing conservation principle, it is more adequate to study theflow in terms of vorticity than in terms of wind speed, especially when Reynolds number islarge, like in the case of convection, for instance. Therefore, the aim of this work is to analysethe horizontal vorticity budget associated to a squall line formed on Amazon basin duringCIRSAN/LBA experiment. This budget was developed using RAMS model, applied to a gridsuitable to convective scale. Only horizontal components were considered here because theyare about 2 orders of magnitude larger than the vertical component.The squall line system chosen for this study was formed along the Amazonian coast,between Pará and French Guyana in August 10 th , 2001, reaching Santarém area by themorning of the 11 th . Most important synoptic-scale and thermodynamic features determiningappropriate conditions for propagation were found. This system did not produce much rain,but, considering its overall structure it can be considered a typical squall line.Results show that horizontal vorticity terms depict important convective structures:meridional component of vorticity tendency is positive when convective cells are developingand it is negative on decaying stage. Vorticity tendencies describe also some gravity waves onthe top of troposphere. Moreover, it was verified that the flux term acts at the same directionof tendency, while tilting and solenoidal terms act in the opposite direction. Threedimensionaldivergence is positive in deep cumulus from cloud base to near the cloud top,while at the top there is three-dimensional convergence. Equivalent potential temperature andbuoyancy have also important structures during deep convection, showing stabilization afterconvection.

Dynamic and Synoptic Features of a Cold Outbreak during Wet-Season on SouthwesternAmazonMarcos LongoMaria Assunção Faus da Silva DiasRicardo de CamargoInstituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São PauloRua do Matão 1226, Cidade Universitária, 05508-900, São Paulo, SPTel.: +55 +11 3091 4808 FAX: +55 +11 3091 4808E-mail: marcos@master.iag.usp.brThe aim of this work is to analyse a cold outbreak, or “friagem”, event that reachedSouth-western Amazon and Southern and Middle Brazil on November 9 th , 1999. Usingsatellite images, CPTEC-INPE analysis and surface and sounding data, it was found that thisevent induced, on South-western Amazon Basin, decrease of temperature — reaching about12°C — and specific humidity — as low as 8 g/kg — and increase of wind magnitude — to 7m/s southerlies. Convection activity, which was intensified before cold front interaction, wassuppressed for 2-3 days after the cold outbreak.Since vorticity advection at middle to high troposphere is related to temperatureadvection at low levels, it was verified that the anticyclonic advection induces pressureincrease at west side of trough and pressure decrease at east side of trough. This feature inpressure field generates cold advection in low levels, which intensifies the trough.Cold advection was the most important term in the temperature budget equation, andan equilibrium was found between adiabatic cooling and diabatic heating. While it movednorthward, the layer which has cold advection became shallower.

The distribution of convective systems detected by satellite in the Tropics of SouthAmerica and some relationships with the precipitation and the general circulationMarcus Jorge Bottino 1Paulo Nobre 1Glaucia Meira Carneiro 11 CPTEC - INPE, Cachoeira Paulista, km 40-SP, Brasilbottino@cptec.inpe.brAbstractThe distribution of convective systems (CS) identified in images of the satellite GOES 8 itwas implemented by a simple method of classification of high top and deep clouds basedon the information of the water vapor and thermal infrared channels. Images of the periodfrom 1998 to 2000 were processed on the tropical strip of South America. In this work it ispresented: the) the classification methodology and identification of SC; b) some aspects ofthe annual and seasonal average distribution of the frequency and dimensions of thesesystems and its relationship with the vertical movement and the precipitation; c) themonthly evolution of SC in the area of the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) andrelationships with the circulation and the vertical movement. In a general way that areas ofintense annual and seasonal precipitation are associated to a larger covering of convectiveclouds. The annual march of ITCZ and the continental convection present phase differencesthat exercise it influences in the vertical movement of the atmosphere of the coast north ofBrazil.

Evidence of non-existence of a "spectral-gap" in turbulent datameasured above Rondonia, Brazil. Part I: Amazonian ForestMargarete O. Domingues 1,* , Gannabathula S.S.D. Prasad 1 , Leonardo D. A. Sá 1 , Celso vonRandow 1 , Antônio O. Manzi 1 , Bart Kruijt 31. Laboratório Associado de Meteorologia e Oceanografia, Centro de Previsão deTempo e Estudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, CP 515,12201-970, São José dos Campos, Brazil2. Alterra, P.O. Box 47,Wageningen, NetherlandsAbstract:Wavelet and Fourier analyses are used to identify the spectral characteristics of windvelocity (u, v, w components), temperature, humudity and CO 2 concentration data sets,obtained during dry and wet seasons above Amazonian forest. The data were measured inAugust-September (dry-season) and in December (wet-season), year of 2000, as a part ofthe Brazil/European Union LBA Tower Consortium, in southwestern part of Amazonianregion. Measurements are made at micrometeorological tower located in the BiologicalReserve of Jaru (10 o 04´ S, 61 o 56´ W) above a 32 m height forest canopy. The fastresponse wind speed and temperature measurements, sampled at 10.42 Hz rate, were madeusing a three-dimensional sonic anemometer (Solent A1012R, Gill Instruments), at aheight of 62.7 m. Analyses are performed over a wide frequency range, from the inertialsubrange domain up to one day time-scale. Data are studied for a five day only spectrumand for one day mean spectra and cospectra. Results showed that is not possible to identifyspectra gap in any of the investigated variables. This has important consequence in thatseparating the turbulence flow into mean and fluctuation components may not be valid.This also makes it difficult to determine a cutoff frequency for filtering the data. Thisabsence of a spectral gap is probably due to the non-stationary characteristics of turbulentfields above Amazonian forest. Some physical phenomena in tropical meteorology areproposed to explain the findings.__________________* Corresponding author.E-mail address: margaret@cptec.inpe.br

Relationship between CAPE and Bolivian High during Wet-AMC-LBAMaria Aurora Santos da MotaUniversidade Federal do Pará/Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas EspaciaisCentro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos ClimáticosRodovia Presidente Dutra, Km 40, SP-RJ- 12630-000, Cachoeira Paulista, SP, BrasilPhone: +55 12 5608562 - email: aurora@cptec.inpe.brABSTRACTRadiosonde date from the Wet Season Atmospheric Mesoscale Campaign of the LargeScale Biosphere Atmosphere Experiment in Amazônia (January and February 1999) heldin Rondônia-Brazil, rainfall date sets as well as the global analysis from CPTEC were usedin this study. Analysis of the transient variability of convective available potential energy(CAPE) and any possible relationship with Bolivian high and convective activity wascarried out. Results show that there is a direct relationship between CAPE and vorticityfield in 250 hPa, in the studied period. When CAPE increases, anticyclonic vorticity alsoincreases, if CAPE decreases cyclonic vorticity appears in the region. This means thatwhen CAPE is released for formation of the deep convection event, it will occurconvergence in the low levels with rising motion and divergence in the upper tropospherefavoring thus the formation of the Bolivian high.

Modeling the fine-scale turbulence within and above an Amazon forestusing Tsallis’ generalized thermostatistics. I. Wind velocityMaurício J. A. Bolzan 1,3,* , Fernando M. Ramos 2 , Leonardo D. A. Sá 1 , Camilo RodriguesNeto 2 , Reinaldo R. Rosa 21. Laboratório Associado de Meteorologia e Oceanografia, Centro de Previsão de Tempo eEstudos Climáticos, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos,Brazil2. Laboratório Associado de Computação e Matemática Aplicada, Instituto Nacional dePesquisas Espaciais, São José dos Campos, Brazil3. Instituto de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Universidade do Vale do Paraíba, São José dosCampos, BrazilAbstract: Modelling of the fine-scale for vertical wind velocity component above andwithin Amazonian forest has been performed using Tsallis' generalized thermostatisticstheory (GTS). We show that such a theory provides an accurate framework for modelingthe statistical behavior of the inertial subrange above and below the canopy. For this, wecompared the experimental probability density functions (PDFs) with the theoreticallypredicted ones. The data were measured in March 1999, during the wet-season of the LargeScale Biosphere Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia (LBA), in southwestern part ofAmazonia region. Measurements were made simultaneously at different heights in a 60meters micrometeorological tower located in the Biological Reserve of Jaru (10 o 04´ S, 61 o56´ W), Brazil. The fast response wind speed measurements, sampled at 60 Hz rate, weremade using Campbell three-dimensional sonic anemometers at the heights of 66 m (abovethe canopy) and 21 m (below the canopy). Above the canopy forest, results showed goodagreement between experimental data and the Tsallis´ generalized thermostatistics theory.For below canopy data, the agreement between the experimental and theoretical PDFs wasfairly good, but some distortion was observed. This is probably due to some peculiarcharacteristics of turbulent momentum transfer process inside the forest crown. Discussionis presented to explain these results; conclusions regarding the absence of “universalscaling” in the inertial subrange are also presented in the context of the entropic parameterof Tsallis’ theory.____________________* Corresponding author.E-mail address: bolzan@univap.br

Wind, Temperature and Moisture Vertical Profiles at the FLONA Pasture SiteOsvaldo L. L. Moraes, Otávio C. Acevedo, Rodrigo da SilvaUniversidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, BrazilDavid R. Fitzjarrald, Ricardo K. Sakai, Ralf M. Staebler, Matthew CzicowskiAtmospheric Sciences Reesearch Center, SUNY, Albany, NY, USATwo campaigns of tethered balloon observations were conducted in 2001 (July andOctober, 5 nights each) at the Km 77 LBA-ECO pasture site, 500 m away from themicrometeorological tower. The tethered balloon carries a sonde that measurestemperature, humidity, wind speed and direction up to heights of 1000 meters, and sendsthe signal to a receiving station at the ground. The soundings were performed throughoutthe nights, starting before dusk, finishing when the convective boundary layer was welldeveloped, usually around 0800 LST. Typical profiles were taken every half hour, up to400 m. Intensive observations were conducted at dawn, to get the early development of theconvective boundary layer.Nocturnal soundings were designed to understand the development of the stablelayer and the vertical wind profile. Drainage flow was expected and found in a shallowlayer above which the large scale easterlies persist.Observations indicate that the drainage layer has a 50-m thickness. Wind speedcomposites for the 5 nights in october show that it starts its development around 1800 LST,reaching 50 m around 2100 LST, after which it stays steady until 0400 LST, when it startsto disappear. The wind direction in this layer comes from south/southwest. We found thatextremely calm conditions are common in the cleared areas. In the core of the night, theeddy covariance flux effectively vanished on most nights.The intensive sets of soundings performed from just before dawn until the CBL waswell developed allows the estimation of surface fluxes from the convergence of heat andmoisture observed in subsequent soundings, using the boundary-layer budget approach.The estimated fluxes from this technique are in good agreement with those measured byeddy covariance measurement at the nearby pasture tower. This period is of special interestfor canopy studies, because an appreciable portion of the CO 2 released by the plants atnight is transferred to the atmosphere that is starting to become turbulent.

ENVIROMENTAL CONDITIONS DURING A FRIAGEM EVENT OVERAMAZONIA : A STUDY OF CASEPaulo Jorge de OliveiraUniversidade Federal do Pará(UFPa), Belém, CEP 66000-000, PA, Brasil,pjosouza@aol.comEdson José Paulino da RochaGilberto FischJulio TotaBart KruijtAntonio O. ManziCelso Von RandowABSTRACTAn observation of the Friagem phenomena influence at Meteorological variables andboth energy and CO 2 fluxes were made, in forest site near Ji-Paraná area, (Rondonia),during June of 2001. Data used in this study belong to the LBA project and they werecarried out from an automatic weather station (AWS) which gave mean information ateach 30 min and surface fluxes were measured by LICOR/SONICO system(Moncrieff et al., 1997). Not only mean air temperature but also maximum andminimum air temperature showed a decreasing of 35% during Friagem days. We havenoticed a decreasing of 75W.m -2 , from normal days (200W.m -2 ) to cold days(125W.m -2 ) at daily mean incoming solar radiation. During Friagem days, bothSensible (H) and Latent Heat fluxes (LE), showed a decreasing in their meanmaximum daily value. The CO 2 concentration stayed almost constant, withoutincreasing during the night, due to the windiness condition at Friagem days. Duringnormal days the mean diurnal CO 2 flux (-2.44µmol m -2 s -1 ) was lesser than that one atfriagem days (-5.78µmol m -2 s -1 ), while the mean nocturnal fluxes were 1.77µmol m -2s -1 e 2.83µmol m -2 s -1 during normal and cold days, respectively.

WET-AMC/LBA campaign sounding data quality controlRachel Ifanger Albrecht (1)Marcos Longo (1)Luiz Augusto Toledo Machado (2)Gilberto Fisch (2)Maria Assunção Faus da Silva Dias (1)(1) Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências AtmosféricasUniversidade de São PauloRua do Matão, 1226 – Cidade Universitária 05508-900 São Paulo, SPTel.: +55 11 3091 4808 Fax: +55 11 3091 4769E-mail: rachel@master.iag.usp.br(2) Instituto de Aeronáutica e EspaçoCentro Técnico AeroespacialPraça Marechal Eduardo Gomes, 50 CEP 12228-904 São José dos Campos, SPTel.: +55 12 3947 4558This work presents a quality control of radiosonde data collected during WET-AMC/LBA. There were four radiosonde stations: ABRACOS, Rancho Grande, Rolim deMoura and Rebio Jaru, where the first two ones launched VIZ radiosondes and the otherslaunched Väisälä radiosondes. The quality control method was based on visual inspection,plausibility and spatial and physical consistency. The visual inspection corrected date andhour in files and name files, while plausibility checked surface measurements and its units.A statistical plausibility method based on temporal site series and its consistence with eachradiosonde at a 95% interval of confidence.was also applied. Finally the mass divergenceintegrated in the atmospheric column in a triangle which vertices were the radiosondestations were computed to verify the horizontal consistency of wind vector data. It wasverified that the substitution or elimination of suspected data improves the reliability ofthermodynamical parameters, for instance, CAPE. Consequently, it is stronglyrecommendable to use the corrected data series.

TEMPORAL EVOLUTION OF Z-R RELATIONSHIPS OVER PRECIPITATINGSYSTEMS DURING WETAMC/LBA & TRMM/LBARachel Ifanger AlbrechtAugusto José Pereira FilhoInstituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências AtmosféricasUniversidade de São PauloRua do Matão, 1226 – Cidade Universitária CEP 05508-900 São Paulo, SPE-mail: rachel@master.iag.usp.brThis work is concerned with the time evolution of the ZR relationship of precipitatingevents during the WETAMC and TRMM-LBA experiment in Rondônia, Brazil carried out betweenJanuary and February 1999. Particularly, five squall lines were analyzed. The results indicate thatmost events are characterized by three distinct ZR relationships during the life cycle of suchsystems. Disdrometer estimations and weather radar measurements of the reflectivity factor showgood agreement for convective rainfall and poor correlation for the stratiform type. Since the later isresponsible for nearly 50% of the total rainfall volume, one might be careful while using radarderived rainfall accumulations.

COMPARISON AMONG TWO SIMPLE MODELS IN THE CLASSIFICATION OFDAYS AS RESPECT TO CLOUDINESSMoura 1 , R. G., Correia 1 , F. W. S., Mendes 1 , D.1 CPTEC - INPE, Cachoeira Paulista-SP, Brasilrildo@cptec.inpe.brABSTRACTThe Amazon Area, with its gigantic dimensions, a lot of times is studied by means ofsimulations using models. However, it is not easy, for example, to assess the amount ofshort wave radiation that reaches a certain surface, once this radiation depends mainly onthe cloudiness cover, which is difficult to estimate. This work consists of verifying theperformance of simple mathematic formulations to estimate the cloudiness, with theobjective of evaluating the convenience of using those formulations in the classification ofdays as respect to cloudiness. The results showed that in both formulations used in thiswork, it was verified that a large percentage of days was classified as cloudy days, and mostwas classified as partially cloudy, reminding that these results refer to the rainy periods ofthe first LBA campaign. However the largest differences found among the formulations isin the classification of days of clear sky, as one of them classifies, like this, approximatelyhalf of the studied days. Possibly this is related with the different ranges established byeach one of the different formulations.

Rationalizing Burned Carbon with Carbon Monoxide Exported from South AmericaR. Chatfield 1 , S. R. Freitas 2 , M. A. Silva Dias 2, and P. L. Silva Dias 22NASA Ames Research Center, Bldg. 245-5, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA, E-mail: chatfield@clio.arc.nasa.gov,2Rua do Matão, 1226, Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilE-mail: sfreitas@model.iag.usp.br; mafdsdia@model.iag.usp.br; pldsdias@model.iag.usp.br;We present several estimates cross-checking the fluxes of carbon to the atmosphere from burning,comparing models that are based on simple land-surface parameterizations and atmospheric transportdynamics. Both estimates made by NASA Ames and USP modeling techniques are quite highcompared to some detailed satellite/land-use studies of emissions. The flux of carbon liberated to theatmosphere via biomass burning is important for several reasons. This flux is a fundemental statisticfor the parameterization of the large-scale flux of gases controlling the reactive greenhouse gasesmethane and ozone. Similarly, it is central to the estimation of the translocation of nitrogen andpyrodenitrification in the tropics. Thirdly, CO 2 emitted from rainforest clearing contributes directly tocarbon lost from the rainforest system as it contributes to greenhouse gas forcing. While CO 2 frompasturage, agriculture, etc, is considered to be reabsorbed seasonally, and so “off budget” for thecarbon cycle, it must also be accounted. CO 2 anomalies related to daily weather and interannualclimatic variation are strong enough to perturb our scientific perception of long-term carbon storagetrends. We compare fluxes deduced from land-use statistics (originally, W.M. Hao) and from satellitehot pixels (A. Setzer) with atmospheric fluxes determined by the mescoscale/continental scale modelsRAMS and MM5, and point to some new work with highly resolved global models (the NASA DataAssimilation Office’s GEOS4). Our simulations are tied to events, so that measured tracers like COtie the models directly to the burning and meteorology of a specific period. We point out a particularsensitivity in estimates based on CO, and indicate how analysis of CO 2 along with other biomassburningtracers may lead to an improved multi-species estimator of carbon burned.

THE NOCTURNAL BOUNDARY LAYER:OBSERVACIONAL ASPECTS IN RONDÔNIAR. M. N. Santos 1 , G. Fisch 2 , A. J. Dolman 3The dynamics and the structure of the Nocturnal Boundary Layer (NBL) arestill not very understood especially in tropical forest areas, despite of itsimportance for the weather and climate control mechanisms. Data set fromRBLE and WETAMC-LBA field experiments (dry and wet seasonrespectively) in Ji-Paraná, Rondônia – Brazil were analysed and consist oftethered balloon profiles, surface fluxes (sensitive heat flux, H, latent heatflux, LE, soil heat flux, G, and net radiation, Rn), and surface meteorologicaldata. These data were collected in 2 sites: one representative of the pasture(Fazenda Nossa Senhora Aparecida/ABRACOS - 10 o 45’S, 62 o 21’W, 290 m),and another representative for tropical forest (Rebio Jarú–10 o 05’S, 61 o 55’W,120 m). During the dry season on the forest the NBL was deeper than on thepasture. Otherwise, during the wet season the NBL was deeper on the pasture.The maximum development has occurred at around 5 am for dry season (420m and 320 m, on forest and pasture, respectively). During the wet season themaximum development accured at 10 pm on the forest (270 m) and 04 am onthe pasture (450 m). Pasture was warmer and drier than forest for the dryseason. The stable stratification on the pasture was larger in both of seasons.The CLN erosion occurred between 7-8 am, in both seasons (for the dry andwet periods). On the pasture it seems to exist a contribution of a horizontalflux to broken of nocturnal capping inversion, which is more effective duringthe dry season. This advection can be created by the juxtaposition ofremanescent of tropical forest inside a larger deforested pasture. This situationis not so clear on the forest yet, where more detailed analysis are still needed.1 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais – INPE/CPTEC/LMO. Av dos Astronautas, 1758 – Caixa Postal515 – Jardim da Granja – CEP 12201-970 – São José dos Campos – SPFone: 0xx12 3945-6821 Fax: 0xx12 3945-6817 E-mails: rosa@cptec.inpe.br ou rosa_2 Centro Técnico Aeroespacial – CTA/IAE3 Free University (Vrije Universiteit) of Amsterdam

Statistical Evaluation of the Wet Season Atmospheric Mesoscale Campaign – LBAand GTS Observations used in RPSAS with CPTEC Eta modelRosângela Cintra, José A. Aravéquia, Julio Tóta,Dirceu Herdies, Jose P. BonattiCentro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos - CPTEC/INPERodovia Presidente Dutra, km 4012630-000 -Cachoeira Paulista - SPe-mail:rcintra@cptec.inpe.brAbstractTo improve the skill of the CPTEC regional model was developed and implemented aanalysis system, called Regional Physical-space Statistical Analysis System (RPSAS),that make use of the core system PSAS from Data Assimilation Office (DAO) on theGSFC/NASA. The RPSAS has ben designed as an improvement over the currentOptimal Interpolation (OI) based on the Data Assimilation System (DAS). FromJanuary to February 1999, during AMC-WET/LBA campaign, comparisons of theObservation Data Stream (ODS) and the RPSAS analysis fields were made using theEta six hour forecast fields (first guess). The Eta model was integrated daily for 00, 06,12 and 18 GMT using initial conditions from RPSAS analyses. The statistical indexeswere calculated with the purpose of evaluating the quality of the analysis. Theobservations minus analysis and the observations minus first guess for geopotentialheight and humidity at the levels 850, 500 and 300 hPa levels were used to generatemean bias score and standard deviation (RMS) for each region to produce a statisticalevaluaton of the observing system for South America. The first results show mean biasscore for geopotential height amplitude on 500 hPa of approximately 16 mgp at 00Z , 28mgp at 06Z, 8 mgp at 12Z, and 14 mgp at 18Z.

Explicitly Modeling the Vertical Transport of BiomassBurning Emissions by a Mesoscale Convective System on Amazon BasinS. R. Freitas 1 , R. Chatfield 2 , M. A. Silva Dias 3 and P. L. Silva Dias 41 Rua do Matão, 1226, Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, BrazilE-mail: sfreitas@model.iag.usp.br; 2 NASA Ames Research Center, E-mail: chatfield@clio.arc.nasa.gov,3USP, E-mail: mafdsdia@model.iag.usp.br; 4 USP, E-mail: pldsdias@model.iag.usp.br;The convective transport of trace gases by a mesoscale convective system (MCS) in the Amazonbasin is explicitly modeled through a numerical simulation with high spatial resolution. The study iscarried out using the atmospheric model RAMS (Regional Atmospheric Modeling System). Themodel configuration was set up with 3 grids with horizontal resolution of 50, 10 and 2.5 km. Theresolution of the finer grid should permit the model to resolve the main eddies associated with deepconvective activity, simulating the transport of pollutants from the planetary boundary layer (PBL) tothe high troposphere. The case study is related to a MCS that was observed on September 26, 1992 inAmazon basin. The PBL was polluted by biomass burning emissions on the previous days. Theatmospheric simulations were carried out using ECMWF reanalysis for initial and boundaryconditions. The initial condition for carbon monoxide (CO) in the PBL was defined using profilesobtained by an instrumented aircraft of the TRACE-A experiment and the remote-sensing product'aerosol index' of TOMS. The simulated thermodynamic and CO vertical profiles inside the MCS andin the environment are presented, as well the role of updrafts and downdrafts in the vertical transportof pollutants. Comparison between the CO measured by aircraft at the MCS anvil and modeled isshown. The main information resulting from high resolution experiments are discussed in the contextof convective transport parameterization for low spatial resolution models.

Atmospheric Responses to Land and Water: Simulations and Observations ofMesoscale Circulations and CO 2 Concentrations in the Santarém MesoscaleCampaignA. Scott Denning 1 , Lixin Lu 1 , Elicia Inazawa 1 , Maria Assuncao Silva Dias 2 , Pedro SilvaDias 2 , Raymond Desjardins 3 , Jeffrey Richey 4 , Marek Uliasz 1 , and Peter Bakwin 51 Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, USA2 Universidade de São Paulo, IAG, São Paulo, Brazil3 Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa, Canada4 School of Oceanography, University of Washington, USA5 Climate Monitoring and Diagnostics Laboratory, National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration, Boulder, CO, USAVariations of the concentrations and stable isotope ratios of atmospheric CO 2 containinformation about sources and sinks at the underlying surface. We have investigatedmesoscale variations of atmospheric CO 2 over a heterogeneous landscape of forests,pastures, and large rivers during the Santarém Mesoscale Campaign (SMC) duringAugust, 2001. We simulated the variations of surface fluxes and atmosphericconcentrations of CO 2 using the CSU Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS)on a multiply-nested grid which included a 1-km inner grid centered on the FlonaTapajos. Surface fluxes of CO 2 were prescribed in the model using idealized diurnalcycles over forested and pasture vegetation, and over surface water using a valuesuggested by in-situ measurements in the Amazôn River. Land vegetation cover wasprescribed using AVHRR NDVI data. Atmospheric winds and structure and boundarylayerdepth were compared to observations made by radiosondes at Belterra and bySODAR at Santarém.Mesoscale circulations were simulated in the vicinity of both the Amazôn andTapajos Rivers on most days, with magnitudes of 1-2 m s -1 near the surface. These“riverbreeze” circulations were also present in observations made in the field. SimulatedCO 2 concentrations were perturbed by over 10 ppm in the immediate vicinity of therivers, with the strongest effect in the early morning. By midafternoon, the effect of theriver evasion fluxes on simulated concentrations was mixed through a deeper layer andinfluenced by the riverbreeze, but still easily measurable.In-situ measurements of atmospheric CO 2 and its stable isotopic ratios duringtransects flown in a small aircraft at midmorning were consistent with the river evasionflux hypothesis, though the magnitude was weaker than simulated. This suggests that theprescribed evasion flux in the model was too strong.Corresponding Author: Scott Denning, Atmospheric Science, Colorado State UniversityFort Collins, CO 80523-1371 USA denning@atmos.colostate.edu

Productivity, nutrients and sustainable land usePRIMARY AUTHOR ORGANIZATION ABSTRACT_TITLECARLOS CLEMENTECERRICENA/USP Oral STRATEGIES FOR RESTORATION OFDEGRADED PASTURES IN AMAZONIAEXAMINING AGRONOMIC,ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMICCRITERIAEric Davidson WHRC Oral Co-limitation by nitrogen and phosphorus forbiomass growth in a six-year-old secondaryforest: results of a nutrient amendmentexperimentErick Fernandes Cornell University Oral Carbon and Nutrient Stocks and Trace GasFluxes in Agroforestry Systems on DegradedPastureland in the Central Amazon.Regina Luizao INPA Oral Nutrient dynamics through litterfall in anagroforestry system in Rondonia, Amazonia,BrazilTatiana Sa EMBRAPA/CPATU Oral Fallow vegetation and agricultural sustainabilityin Eastern Amazonia: bringing out ecologicalfeatures in the present and alternative scenariosAlexandre PintoUniversity ofBrasilia - UnBPosterEffects of different pasture management inemissions of soil trace gases (N2O, NO andCO2)Carol Schwendener Cornell University Poster Green mulch applications affect mineralnitrogen beneath cupuaçu treesChristienne Kuczak Cornell University Poster Phosphorus fractions in earthworm casts andsoils of agroforestry systesms, pasture, andsecondary forest in the Central Amazon BasinChristoph SteinerEMBRAPA,Manaus, Universityof BayreuthPosterSoil charcoal amendments maintain soil fertilityand create a carbon sink.Cláudio Carvalho EMBRAPA/CPATU Poster Mechanisms of conservation and cycling of Nand P in a chronosequence of secondaryvegetation in Eastern AmazoniaGoetz SchrothBiological Dynamics Posterof ForestFragmentsProject/INPACan traditional agroforestry practices stabilizeforest borders, reduce edge effects and firehazards while increasing community wellbeing ?The case of rubber agroforests in the TapajósNational Forest, ParáGuilherme Silva INPA Poster Litter standing crop and mycorrhizal infection inroots of agroforestry systems plantations incentral AmazoniaIlse Lieve Ackerman Cornell University Poster Nitrogen cycling in termite mounds in centralAmazôniaIván CortésInstituto Nacionalde Pesquisas daAmazônia (INPA)PosterDiversity and vertical distribution of soil faunafunctional groups in two agroforestry systems inCentral Amazon

Janaina Braga Carmo CENA/ESALQ Poster ALTERATIONS TO NITRATE AND AMONIUMCONCENTRATIONS IN PASTURE SOILSSUBJECTED TO TILLINGJessica Milgroom Cornell University Poster The effect of lime and phosphorus onnodulation of the leguminous trees, Inga edulisand Gliricidia sepium in AmazonianagroecosystemsJohannes Lehmann Cornell University Poster Organic nutrients in throughfall and soil solutionof mixed tree cropping systems and forests ofcentral AmazôniaJorge Luis Enrique GallardoOrdinolaJulio ResendeKaren HolmesINPA Poster ROOT CARBON AND NUTRIENT STOCKS INCENTRAL AMAZONIAN ABANDONEDPASTURES AND AGROFORESTRYSYSTEMS.Universidade deBrasiliaUniversity ofCaliforniaPosterPosterThe Influence of Prescribed Burning on theNutrient Cycling of the Cerrado SavannasModeling regional soil patterns based onlithology and topographic attributesLucerina Trujillo INPA Poster Nutrient use efficiency in abandoned pasturesoils under organic and chemical amendmentsManfred Verhaagh SMNK/EMBRAPA Poster Wood, soil-macrofauna and nutrients – a fieldexperiment in central AmazoniaMegan McGroddy Princeton University Poster Fate of phosphorus in a lowland AmazonianrainforestRalf Gielow LMO/CPTEC/INPE Poster CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THESOILWATER IN THE SUBSURFACE AFTERTHE SLASHING AND BURNING OF TWO"TERRA FIRME" FOREST PARCELS INNORTHERN MATO GROSSO.Romilda Paiva INPA Poster Relationship between soil nutrient availabilityand carbon fixation in seedlings and trees incentral AmazoniaTatiana Sá EMBRAPA/CPATU Poster Assessment of biophysical and biogeochemicalprocesses in traditional and alternativeagriculture systems in Eastern AmazoniaTerezinha Monteiro INPA Poster LITTER DYNAMICS IN AN UPLAND FORESTTOPOSEQUENCE IN CENTRAL AMAZONIA

STRATEGIES FOR RESTORATION OF DEGRADED PASTURES IN AMAZONIAEXAMINING AGRONOMIC, ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC CRITERIACarlos Clemente CerriBrigitte Josefine FeiglMarisa de Cássia PiccoloMaria da Conceição Santana CarvalhoJerry Michel MelilloChristopher NeillPaul SteudlerDiana GarciaCentro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura – CENA/USPAv. Centenário, 30313416-000 Piracicaba-SPe-mail: cerri@cena.usp.brPastures make up the principal use of cleared land in the Brazilian Amazon. Observationsshow that after 4 to 10 years after they are formed, pastures generally begin a process ofdegradation that characterized by a decline in grass productivity and an increase in thecover of weeds. For both environmental and economic reasons, development of strategiesfor reformation and restoration of these existing degraded pastures is preferable toformation of new pastures by traditional slash and burn activities. The objective of thisproject is to examine strategies for recuperation of degraded pastures in Amazôniaexamining agronomic, environmental and economic criteria. To achieve this objective, weare conducing an experiment on an existing 63-ha area of pasture in the process ofdegradation located at Fazenda Nova Vida, in Ariquemes, Rondônia. The experimentconsist of four blocks (replicates) of six pasture reformation techniques: 1) control, 2)herbicide + NPK +micronutrients, 3) disking + NPK + micronutrients, 4) plowing + disking+ planting of rice + NPK + micronutrients and 5) plowing + disking + planting of soybean+ NPK + micronutrients. Before and during the three years following the initiation of thetreatments, they will be evaluated for a number of agronomic, environmental and economiccriteria. Results will be analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance to determine thetreatments that best meet the criteria in each of the three areas and to examine the tradeoffsbetween these reformation objectives.

Co-limitation by nitrogen and phosphorus for biomass growth in a six-year-oldsecondary forest: results of a nutrient amendment experimentEric A. DavidsonThe Woods Hole Research CenterCláudio Reis de Carvalho,EMBRAPA Amazônia OrientalIma C. G. Vieira,Museu Paraense Emílio GoeldiRicardo Figueiredo, Paulo Moutinho, FrançoiseYoko Ishida, Maria Tereza Primo dosSantos, José Benito Guerrero, Kemel Kalif, and Renata Tuma SabáInstituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da AmazôniaAddress of corresponding author:Eric A. DavidsonThe Woods Hole Research CenterP.O. Box 296Woods Hole, MA 02543 USAEmail: edavidson@whrc.orgDeforestation and agricultural abandonment are increasing the area that passes throughsecondary successional stages. Most Amazonian soils are highly weathered andrelatively nutrient poor, but the role of nutrients in successional processes is unclear. Wefertilized a six-year-old secondary forest growing on an abandoned cattle pasture on aclayey Oxisol near Paragominas, Pará. Four treatments (control; 100 kg N ha -1 as urea;50 kg P ha -1 as simple superphosphate; and N + P at these same rates) were applied withthree replications to 20x20m plots in January 2000 and February 2001. All trees >2cmdiameter were tagged and measured for height and diameter in November 1999, June2000, and June 2001. Nonwoody biomass was measured destructively in 2x1m subplots.Growth of remnant grasses responded significantly to the N+P treatment, whereas treegrowth rates increased significantly following N-only and N+P treatments. Responses offoliar concentrations were species specific. The plants took up about 10% of the appliedP, and recovery in soil fractions accounted for the rest. The trees took up about 20% ofthe applied N. Emissions of nitric oxide and nitrous oxide were elevated in the N-treatedplots only briefly after the second year of fertilization. Net N immobilization in soilincubations indicated that much of the N was probably retained in soil. Our results showa co-limitation of N and P to biomass growth and a strong capacity to retain bothnutrients in the plant/soil system. We intend to continue monitoring growth rates andspecies composition to determine long-term responses to nutrient manipulations.

Carbon and Nutrient Stocks and Trace Gas Fluxes in Agroforestry Systems on DegradedPastureland in the Central Amazon.E.C.M. FERNANDES 1* , E. WANDELLI 2 , K.A. McCAFFERY and M.A.RONDON 11. Cornell University, 2. EMBRAPA-CPAA*Dept. of Crop & Soil Sciences, 624 Bradfield Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853, USAecf3@cornell.edu; +1 (607) 255-1712.Rehabilitation of degraded pastureland in the Brazilian Amazon could yield significantenvironmental benefits in terms of C sequestration, enhanced water and nutrientconservation, reduction in GHG fluxes and increased biodiversity. We describe thedevelopment and performance of four agroforestry systems as alternatives for degradedpastures. In 9 years, the agroforestry systems accumulated 32-82 t/ha of abovegroundbiomass, which is lower than the biomass on abandoned pastures (112 t/ha).Approximately 50% of all root biomass is concentrated in the top 20 cm of soil. Litterstocks in the agroforestry systems (2.2 - 3.3 t/ha) are significantly lower than inabandoned pasture vegetation (3.9 t/ha). Wet season litter biomass is about 50% of thedry season litter. Carbon stocks down to 1m, ranged from 140 to 150 Mg/ha of which 6%is charcoal. Loss of C in the form of dissolved organic C is about 200 kg/ha/yr. Degradedpastures are net sources of methane (10ugCh4/m2/h). The recolonization of such areas by2-yr-old secondary vegetation, appears to reverse the flux into a net small sink. Methanesinks in soils under agroforestry (15-20 ug CH4/m2-h) have been increased relative toabandoned pastures (5-10 ug CH4/m2/h), but are 50% of forest sinks.

Nutrient dynamics through litterfall in an agroforestry system in Rondonia,Amazonia, BrazilRegina C.C. Luizão; Marciléa S. Freitas; Flávio J. Luizão & Sonia S. AlfaiaDepartamento de Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Caixa Postal 478,69011-970, Manaus, AM. rccl@inpa.gov.brABSTRACTAn agroforestry system (AFS) using only three plant species (Theobromagrandiflorum, Bactris gasipaes and Bertholethia excelsa) was generally adopted in 1989by farmers belonging to RECA´s (Reflorestamento Econômico Consorciado e Adensado)Association, in Rondonia, as their land use management model. Recently, after a period ofhigh productivity, the sustainability of the systems seem to be declining. In this study wetested the hypothesis that low plant diversity in the systems prevents litter production inadequate quantities and nutritional qualities to maintain an efficient turnover of nutrientspromoted by microbial activity. For that purpose, our objectives were to compare AFS andnatural forest regarding to the following parameters: (i) the amount of carbon immobilizedby soil microbial biomass, (ii) the stock of soil mineral nitrogen, relating their amountswith N input from litterfall, (iii) the litter mass and their nutrients content, and (iv) toevaluate the influence of soil type in the nutrient dynamics in both AFS and natural forest.The study was conducted in three small farms in each of two secondary roads (Linha 5 andPioneiro) which present different soil types (Red Latossol and Yellow Cambissol,respectively) with very similar agroforestry systems surrounded by natural forest, used as acontrol. Results so far, including only the wet season sampling, showed that soil microbialbiomass was significantly higher in the forest (500 µgC g -1 ) than in the AFS (280 µgC g -1 )and particularly in the Cambissol than in the Latossol. Nitrate was the dominant form ofsoil mineral nitrogen in both soil types and systems but there was more nitrate in forests(25 µgN g 1 ) than in the AFS (12 µgN g -1 ) soils. Nitrogen and calcium were the nutrientswith higher concentrations in the litterfall, independently of both soil and land use types.Soil type was the major influence on litter mass accumulation, always higher in theLatossol than in Cambissol, with little differences between AFS and forest. However,regardless of the soil type, AFS showed higher proportions (> 80%) of leaf litter, thefastest decomposing fraction, in the litter layer. Seasonal influences and AFS´ssustainability will be discussed as soon as the dry season results become available.

Fallow vegetation and agricultural sustainability in Eastern Amazonia: bringing outecological features in the present and alternative scenarios ∗Tatiana D. de A . Sá 1 , Konrad Vielhauer 2 , Erick A . Davidson 31 2EMBRAPA Amazônia Oriental, Belém, Pará, Brazil, ZEF/University of Bonn, Bonn,Germany , 3 The Woods Hole Research Center, Woods Hole, MA, U.S.A.Address of the first author: Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Tv. Enéas Pinheiro S/N, CEP66095-100, Belém, PA e-mails: tatiana@cpatu.embrapa.br and tatiana@nautilus.com.brAbstractOver a century, smallholder agriculture has been practiced in Eastern Brazilian Amazonia,alternating cropping periods with fallow periods, when the secondary vegetation developsand allows to restore the soil fertility, with land preparation been made by slash-and-burn.With the population pressure increasing over this old agricultural frontier, reducing theduration of the fallow period and introducing other land uses in the system, sustainabilityhas been threatened and research effort focused in understanding the biophysical andbiogeochemical roles played by the fallow vegetation in the traditional and in the recentlyintroduced systems, and in proposing and assessing sustainable alternative technologiestaking into consideration ecological roles played by fallow vegetation (i.e. biophysical andbiogeochemical processes and biodiversity). Along this process, ecological features of thefallow vegetation have been gradually revealed: the ability of numerous groups of plantspecies in storing different nutrients (functional biodiversity); the role of their deep rootspumping water and nutrients of deep layers during the fallow phase, and of maintaining thenutrients in the soil, even during the cropping period, by avoiding leaching (the safety-nethypothesis); the effect of this rooting mat associated to the maintenance of the riparianvegetation by the small holders, keeping water quality in a watershed scale; the rates ofcarbon stocked above and bellow ground; and the rate of water vapor exchange with theatmosphere found even in young fallow vegetation approaching those found in primaryforests. The alternative technologies proposed include: fire-free land preparation (to avoidburning allowing doubling the cropping period) and improved fallow (reducing the fallowperiod, by planting fast growing tree species). The assessment of the effect of thesealternative technologies as compared to the traditional system includes studies of: water andnutrient balances; emission of green house effect associated gases; carbon stocks; andwatershed level hydrometeorological and hydrogeochemical aspects.∗ Based in results and activities of the “Tipitamba Project”, being carried out by Embrapa Amazônia Oriental and partnersin Northeastern Pará State, started by the activities of the SHIFT-Capoeira project, and presently complemented by otherinitiatives, including some of LBA (LBA-ECO, Milênio LBA).

Effects of different pasture management in emissions of soil trace gases (N 2 O, NO andCO 2 )Alexandre Pinto1, Mercedes Bustamante1, Richard Zepp2, Roger Burke2, Keith Kisselle2,Laura Viana1, Catarina Garofalo1, Marirosa Molina21) Universidade de Brasília, Brazil (aspinto@unb.br)2) United States Environmental Protection Agency, Athens, Georgia, USAIn the central savanna region of Brazil, the “Cerrado”, it is estimated that there areapproximately 50 million hectares of planted pasture, mainly Brachiaria spp., almost allutilized for beef production. Our objective was to assess the effects of active pasturemanagement on the exchange of trace gases (N 2 O, NO and CO 2 ) between soil and theatmosphere. Using chamber techniques, trace gases have been measured monthly on a farmin Planaltina – GO, Brazil (15 o 13’ S, 47 o 42’W) since November 2001. Three areas ofcerrado stricto sensu were converted to pasture (Brachiaria brizantha) in 1991 and havebeen managed since 1999 as follow: 1) N and P fertilized plot (N = 60 kg ha -1 , P = 12 kgha -1 ), 2) Brachiaria associated with a legume (Stylosanthes guianensis) with addition of P(12 kg ha -1 ), and 3) a control plot without management. A fourth area of cerradão (densecerrado) was converted to pasture in 1999 and was left without management. All treatmentsshowed high variability of soil N gases emissions. The plot converted in 1999 showed thehighest NO fluxes (0.05 – 0.2 ng N cm -2 h -1 ) except during November 2001, when thehighest average NO flux (3.6 ng N cm -2 h -1 ) was observed in the control treatment. The plotassociated with legumes showed higher emissions of N 2 O (0.6 – 2.0 ng N cm -2 h -1 ) in thebeginning of the wet season, but in March 2002 the highest average N 2 O emission wasobserved in the control plot (6.7 ng N cm -2 h -1 ). Despite some peaks, the total emissions ofNO and N 2 O could be considered low. The CO 2 fluxes were larger in the managed pastures(fertilized and legume treatments, highest average flux = 9.9 µmol m-2 s-1) than in thecontrol plot early in the rainy season. The variability of CO 2 fluxes decreased withintreatments and between treatments at the end of the wet season (April 2002).Address first author: Universidade de BrasíliaCampus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Asa NorteDepartamento de EcologiaCEP 70919-970, Brasília - DF

Green mulch applications affect mineral nitrogen beneath cupuaçu treesCarol M. Schwendener 1 , Erick C. Fernandes 1 , Johannes Lehmann 1 , MarcoRondon 2 , Elisa Wandelli 31 Department of Soil and Crop Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY2 International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Cali, Colombia3 EMBRAPA, Amazonas-OccidentalCorresponding AuthorCarol M. Schwendener610 Bradfield HallDepartment of Soil and Crop SciencesCornell UniversityIthaca, NY 14853(607) 254-1244cms67@cornell.eduErick Fernandes (ecm3@cornell.edu)Johannes Lehmann (cl273@cornell.edu)Marco Rondon (m.rondon@cgiar.org)Elisa Wandelli (elisa@cpaa.embrapa.br)Cupuaçu (Theobroma grandiflorum) is an economically important crop and themost utilized fruit species in agroforestry systems in the Amazonas state ofBrazil. It is often produced on degraded soils and has a shallow root system andlow quality litter that perpetuate the low nutrient status of the soil. The applicationof high quality gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) and inga (Inga edulis) prunings couldincrease decomposition rates of cupuaçu litter and improve soil nitrogen (N)availability beneath cupuaçu. Our objectives are to compare the effect of gliricidiaand inga leaf applications to cupuaçu litter on decomposition and N availability inthe soil and to determine if interactions occur between litter species duringdecomposition and nutrient release. In a greenhouse experiment, dried gliricidiaand a gliricidia/inga combination were mixed with cupuaçu litter and applied to adegraded Oxisol. Mineral soil N, carbon (C) and macronutrients in the soil andlitter, and litter decomposition were analyzed at 7, 29, 50, 98, and 162 days afterlitter application. Mineral N accumulation in the soil corresponded positively tothe amount of gliricidia present in the litter, however the litter decomposition raterelated only to the presence or absence of gliricidia. Additions of legumebiomass were additive to N release rates of cupuaçu litter. Further studies willtest for immobilization of nutrients by cupuaçu litter and increases in cupuaçulitter decomposition rates in the presence of gliricidia. An understanding of theseinteractions will facilitate development of green mulch application ratesappropriate for cupuaçu trees.

Phosphorus fractions in earthworm casts and soils ofagroforestry systesms, pasture, and secondary forest in theCentral Amazon BasinChristienne N. Kuczak*, Erick C. M. Fernandes, Johannes Lehmann, and Marco RondonCornell University*address of primary author: 610 Bradfield Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 U.S.A.; email: cnk4@cornell.eduPhosphorus is limiting to agricultural production throughout the tropics and 96%of land in the Amazon basin has been reported to be P-limited (Dematê and Dematê1997). Because P dynamics can be greatly affected by vegetation cover and nutrientcycling (Solomon et. al 2002), we investigated the effects of tree species and earthworms(Family Glossoscolecidae) on P in soils and earthworm casts. Soils and earthworm castsbeneath the agroforestry species Theobroma grandiflorum, Bactris gasipaes, Eugeniastipitata, and Bertholletia excelsa, the pasture grass Brachiaria sp., and the secondaryforest species Vismia sp. and Cecropia sp. were sequentially extracted using amodification of the Hedley fractionation (Hedley 1982; Tiessen and Moir 1993).Earthworm casts had significantly more total P, inorganic P, and organic P than soils.Soils and casts beneath agroforestry species had significantly more total P, inorganic P,and organic P than soils and casts beneath Brachiaria sp. and the secondary forestspecies; and soils and casts beneath Brachiaria sp. had significantly more total P,inorganic P, and organic P than soils and casts beneath secondary forest species. Thesoils and casts beneath the agroforestry species had significantly more P in the resinfraction than soils and casts beneath the secondary forest species. The greatest total Pwas in earthworm casts beneath Eugenia sp. with a mean of 251 µg cm -3 and in soilsbeneath Bertholettia sp. with a mean of 89 µg cm -3 . Secondary forests had the least totalP in both casts and soils with a mean of 11 µg cm -3 and 41 µg cm -3 , respectively. Giventhat bulk density of earthworm casts was 1.47 g cm 3 and the bulk density of soil was 0.96g cm -3 , casts contained 1.87 to 2.97 times more total P (g cm 3 ) than soils. Within thesystem studied, earthworm casts can contribute from 61 kg ha -1 in secondary forest to 140kg ha -1 beneath Eugenia sp. It was shown that earthworm casts and vegetation covercontributes greatly to P dynamics in agroforestry systems, pasture, and secondary forestin the Central Amazon Basin.

Abstract for the 2 nd international LBA Conference in Manaus, Brazil, 7 th to 10 th of July 2002Soil charcoal amendments maintain soil fertility and create a carbon sink.Christoph Steiner* 1, 2 , Wenceslau Teixeira 2 , Johannes Lehmann 3 , Thomas Nehls 1 and Wolfang Zech 1 .1 Institute of Soil Science, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany; 2 Embrapa Amazonia Ocidental,69011-970 Manaus, Brazil; 3 Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA* corresponding author: Christop@cpaa.embrapa.br, Christoph.Steiner@uni-bayreuth.deSoil nutrient and carbon contents are generally low in the highly weathered and acidupland soils of central Amazônia. In agro-ecosystems, high precipitation and temperaturelead to a loss of soil organic matter (SOM) as carbon dioxide into the atmosphere andnutrients into the sub-soil. Patchily distributed anthropogenic soils (Terra Preta de Índio) ofBrazilian Amazônia make an exception. These soils are rich in stable SOM and nutrients.SOM is especially important to the cation exchange capacity of soils.Recent investigations of Glaser et al. (2002) presented evidence that charcoal fromincomplete combustion of organic material is a key factor in maintaining high levels of SOM.Terra Preta contains high concentrations of charcoal and SOM.In a series of experiments, we are studying the use of charcoal in agricultural praxisand management of a highly weathered Xanthic Ferralsol on terra firme north of Manaus. Ina randomized complete block design with five replicates 15 amendment combinations arebeing tested on sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). During the second growing period a significantdifference between NPK plus lime-fertilized plots and NPK, lime, and charcoal plots wasobserved. Charcoal amendments alone had no effect. These results are evidence ofcharcoal’s nutrient retention and/or sorption capacity and its positive effect on cropproductivity. Slash and char as alternative to slash and burn could be a further step towardsustainable agriculture in the tropics as well as toward the management of the carbon cycle bysimultaneously transferring carbon to stable pools.

Mechanisms of conservation and cycling of N and P in a chronosequence ofsecondary vegetation in Eastern AmazoniaCláudio J. Reis de Carvalho 1 , Elizabeth Ying Chu 1 , Eric A. Davidson 2 , Maria TerezaPrimo dos Santos 3 , Ricardo de O. Figueiredo 3 , Geórgia S. Freire 4 , Karina de Fátima R.Pantoja 4 .1- Embrapa Amazônia Oriental.2- The Woods Hole Research Center MA, USA3- Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia (IPAM)4- Bolsista DTI, CNPQ/LBAAddress of corresponding author:Cláudio J. Reis de CarvalhoEmbrapa Amazonia OrientalTrv. Enéas Pinheiro s/n, MarcoBelém-PA, 66095-100 BrasilTelephone: (91) 299-4505E-mail: carvalho@cpatu.Embrapa.brThe availability of nitrogen and phosphorus may restrict rates of regrowth of Amazoniansecondary forests. The dynamics of these nutrients was studied in a chronosequence ofsecondary forests (3, 6, 10, 20, 40, and 70 years) growing on highly weathered, acid,nutrient-poor soils of following traditional slash-and-burn agriculture. An abandoned,intensively cultivated pepper field and a remnant mature forest were also studied. Inaddition to C, N and P stocks in the litter layer and soil, the number of mycorrhizal fungalspores was counted and the activity of acid phosphatase was measured in the top 0-30 cmof soil. The lowest stocks of N and P in fine litter were in the pepper field (14 kg N ha -1and 0.5 kg P ha -1 ) and 3-year-old secondary forest (66 kg N ha -1 and 1.7 kg P ha -1 ), butthere was no clear pattern with age among the other forested sites (ranging from 93 to130 kg N ha -1 and 1.4 to 2.7 kg P ha -1 ). The stocks of nonwoody litter were equivalent to

the mature forest by about 6 years of succession. A similar trend was observed for soil Cand N, although the mature forest had somewhat higher concentrations. Soil fungalspores measured at the end of the rainy season decreased with increasing age of thesecondary forests. In contrast, acid phosphatase activity increased with forest age.Although N and P litter stocks recover quickly during succession, the mechanisms of Pdynamics appear to change, with a greater importance of mycorrhizae in young forestsand more extracellular production of phosphatase in older forests.

Can traditional agroforestry practices stabilize forest borders, reduce edge effects andfire hazards while increasing community wellbeing ? The case of rubber agroforestsin the Tapajós National Forest, ParáGötz Schroth and Paulo CoutinhoBiological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, National Institute for Research in theAmazon, C.P. 478, 69011-970 Manaus-AM, Brazil; Tel.: 55-92-642 1148, Fax: 55-92-6422050, Email: schroth@inpa.gov.brAbstractThroughout the tropics, farmers threaten primary forests with conversion into slash-andburnplots and pastures and expose forest borders to the degrading effects of timberextraction, hunting, wind damage and fire. However, certain traditional agroforestrypractices may have the potential to "soften" the edge between forest and agriculture and, inconcert with effectively enforced conservation legislation, may help to protect forests fromdegradation. At the same time, they may offer income opportunities for farmercommunities at the forest frontier. The traditional rubber agroforests in the lower Tapajósregion, which have been studied in a farm survey comprising the Tapajós National Forestand neighboring areas, are a case in point. On the margins of the Tapajós river, where in the1930s and 40s attempts to establish industrial rubber monocultures in Amazoniaspectacularly failed, small farmers have been cultivating the rubber tree for over a centuryby sowing locally collected seeds into their slash-and-burn plots. Extensive management ofthe plantations and their periodic abandonment at times of low rubber prices favor thedevelopment of secondary forest-like systems, where rubber trees are associated withvariable amounts of spontaneous regrowth, often including large forest trees. In parts of thepopulation zone of the Tapajós National Forest, these systems form the transition betweenagricultural land and forest. We hypothesize that the small-scale mosaic of permanentagroforests and slash-and-burn plots which can be found along the forest boundariesobliges the farmers to closely control the use of fire, thereby also protecting the forest.Furthermore, while the otherwise very similar "jungle rubber" systems of south-east Asiaare clear-felled and burnt every few decades because of exhaustion of the rubber trees,locally developed management practices allow to maintain Amazonian rubber agroforestsover much longer time periods. We propose the integration of local agroforestry practicesinto forest management plans as a step in the harmonization of forest conservation andcommunity development.

Litter standing crop and mycorrhizal infection in roots of agroforestry systemsplantations in central AmazoniaGuilherme C. da Silva, Rejane O. Freitas & Regina C.C. LuizãoCurso PG-Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Caixa Postal 478,69011-970, Manaus, AM. gsilva@inpa.gov.brThis study aimed to evaluate the seasonal dynamics of the litter standing crop andmycorrhizal infection rates in the roots of agro forestry systems (AFSs).The study hasbeen carried out at the CPAA/EMBRAPA experimental AFSs and in the surround secondgrowth, located 50 km north of Manaus. Three formulations of AFSs, with threereplicates each were used, one with low density of plants (AS1) and other with highdensity (AS2). A third one included pasture in its formulation (ASP1). In each systemparallel transects were delimited, 50 m apart from each other, following the plantationline. Two samplings were made so far, one in the wet season and the other in the dryseason. Composite soil samples from two depths, 0 – 10 and 20 – 30 cm were made offive individual samples taken at each two meters along the transect. Root fragments weremanually extracted, clarified and stained for visualization of fungal structures. Results sofar showed that litter standing crop did not change with seasons but was higher in thesecond growth (219g ± 58) and lower in the ASP1 (57g ± 35). Among the littercomponents, the accumulation of leaves (100g ±50) was much higher than theaccumulation of branches (28g ± 26) and fruits (2 ± 4). Litter accumulation on secondgrowth soil is associated with its physical-chemical composition: leaves hard and thickwith high content of lignin and therefore low decomposability. Mycorrhizal infectionrates were higher in the dry season. In ASP1 soils, rates of infection were higher in thetopsoil (0 – 10 cm) than in the 0 – 20 cm layer. During the wet season, AS1 and secondgrowth soils showed the lowest rates of infection with 8.2 and 10.8% respectively.Among the fungal structures, formation of hyphae were higher (18%) than the formationof vesicles (2.4%) arbuscles (0.9%) or coils (0.1%). Litter standing crop were not relatedwith the rates of mycorrhizal infection. During the dry season higher rates of mycorrizalinfection in ASP1 soils may be related with the lowest accumulation of litter (and itsnutrients), which triggered mycorrhizal proliferation.

Nitrogen cycling in termite mounds in a secondary forestin Central AmazôniaIlse L. Ackerman 1 , Erick C. M. Fernandes 1 , and Elisa V. Wandelli 21 Dept. of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 ila1@cornell.edu2 Embrapa-CPAA, AM-010 km 29, Manaus, AM BRAZILAbstractTermite mounds are a prominent feature of the post-clearing landscape in centralAmazônia. Associated with dead woody debris, their abundance increases with each cycle ofclearing. In our study site, a secondary forest which has been cleared twice, termite moundsare found at an abundance of 800 per hectare. These numerous termite-modified patcheshave different chemical, physical, and hydrological properties than the surroundinglandscape and support little vegetation. Total nitrogen is elevated in the termite mounds,b ut microbial biomass is lower, suggesting that conditions for microbial activity may beore limiting in termite mounds than in the surrounding soil. Termite mound material isrier than the surrounding soil and has a greater proportion of large aggregates. We testedhe hypotheses that (1) nitrogen mineralization is lower in termite mounds and that (2)ineralization is limited by moisture and by physical protection of organic matter.aterial from termite mounds and control soil was incubated in a factorial experiment withwo moisture and two aggregation levels.lthough the ammonification rate was not significantly lower, the nitrification and totalineralization rate were indeed significantly lower in the termite mound than in the controloils. The elevated moisture level did not affect the nitrification rate but decreased themmonification rate in both materials. The level of aggregation did not significantly affectny of the response variables.hese results confirm the hypothesis that termite mounds mineralize nitrogen at lower rateshan the surrounding soil. At the levels chosen, moisture was not a limiting factor foritrogen mineralization in thenitrogen at lower rates than the surrounding soil. At theevels chosen, moisture was not a limiting factor for nitrogen mineralization in the termiteound. Aggregate size may not have been reduced enough to expose physically-protectedrganic matter, or termite mound-building activities may chemically protect organicatter.

Diversity and vertical distribution of soil fauna functional groups in twoagroforestry systems in Central AmazonIván L. Cortés 1 ; Flávio J. Luizão 2 ; Elisa V. Wandelli 3 ; Erick C. Fernandes 4In the native Amazon forest, the mineralization and humification of the soil organic matterdepend upon the complex activities of a large community of invertebrate organisms, whichcan also affect other (physical and chemical) properties of the soil. For the rehabilitation ofdegraded pasture areas, through implementation of agroforestry systems (AFS), it is stillpoorly understood how the botanical composition and management of the AFS affect thestructure and activity of soil biota. The main objective of this work is to evaluate thevertical distribution, biomass and diversity of functional groups of soil invertebrates in twotypes of AFSs implemented by EMBRAPA/Manaus in 1992 (km 53 of BR-174): theagrossilvicultural system AS1, less diverse, with dominance of the palm trees Bactrisgasipaes and Euterpe oleracea; and AS2, more diverse, with several fruit species andwithout any type of palm trees. Both systems are surrounded by live fences of Gliricidiasepium, used as green manure. The field sampling procedure followed the TSBF method(monolith 25 x 25 x 30 cm), and the classification of functional groups used the guidelinesgiven by the project SHIFT ENV-052 (Beck & Gasparotto, 2000). The number oftaxonomic groups within the functional groups was larger in the AS2 system (morediverse). The more abundant functional groups in the AS2 and AS1 systems were: the “soilengineers” (2407 and 2005 ind/m2), the social groups (2299 and 1819 ind/m2), and thedecomposers (634 and 603 ind/m2), in decreasing order, always with larger abundance inthe AS2 system. The vertical distribution of the functional groups showed largerabundances in the litter and in the 0-10 cm soil layers, for all groups. Largest abundanceswere found in the 0-10 cm soil layer in the two systems, for most of the functional groups,except for the herbivores in AS1, and the predators and "other groups" in AS2, abundant inthe deeper layers (10-20 and 20-30 cm), especially in the system AS2. It is concluded thatthe agroforestry systems, and especially the most diverse in species composition, AS2, arehousing a diverse and active soil fauna, presumably able to keep and improve soilconditions towards a sustainable system.Keysword: Soil macrofauna; agroforestry systems, Soil functional groups1 Grant holder LBA-ND-04, Master's degree in Ecology of the National Institute for Research inAmazonia - INPA. E-mail: cortarr@inpa.gov.br2 Researcher of INPA - Ecology, Manaus AM. E-mail: fluizao@inpa.gov.br3 Researcher of CPAA/EMBRAPA Manaus, AM. E-mail: elisa@cpaa.embrapa.br4 Assistant Professor of Tropical Cropping Sistems and Agroforestry. Cornell University, Department of Cropand Soil Science, Ithaca, NY. E-mail: ecf3@cornell.edu

ALTERATIONS TO NITRATE AND AMONIUM CONCENTRATIONS INPASTURE SOILS SUBJECTED TO TILLINGJanaina Braga do Carmo 1 , Carlos Clemente Cerri 2 , Christopher Neill 3 , Marisa deCássia Piccolo 2 and Diana Garcia 31 Doutoranda do Curso de Solos e Nutrição de Plantas- ESALQ-USP, Av. Pádua Dias s/n caixa postal 9CPG-Solos e Nutrição de Plantas, Piracicaba-SP, Brasil. Email jbcarmo@esalq.usp.br2 Centro de Energia nuclear na agricultura (CENA-USP).3 The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory.We examined the effect of tilling on soil extractable ammonium and nitrateconcentrations on an Ultisol at Nova Vida Farm (10°10`05” e 62°49`27”W) in centralRondônia. Tilling was conducted as part of an investigation of biogeochemicalchanges during different treatments designed to restore a degraded Brachiariabrizantha pasture. We made intensive measurements of soil NH + 4 -N and NO - 3 -Nconcentrations before and for 25 days after soils were tilled to 30 cm depth in earlyOctober. Soil was collected at 0-5 and 5-10 cm depths and immediately prepared andextracted with KCl 2N. Extractable NH + 4 -N and NO - 3 -N concentrations increaseddramatically in the tilled treatment 7 days after tilling. Extractable NH + 4 -N and NO - 3-N concentrations during the same time remained unchanged in the control treatment.NH + 4 -N concentrations were almost always higher than NO - 3-N concentrations in-both treatments. An increase in NO 3 concentrations after 18 days suggested anincrease in nitrification rate at that time. An increase in soil moisture 7 d after plowingmay have improved conditions for microbial activity, increasing the mineralization ofthe soil organic matter. Higher NH + 4 concentrations found in the tilled pasture can bea consequence of the slow transformation of NH + 4 to NO - 3 and absence of plantuptake in these pastures. More than 3 weeks after tilling, increases of NH + 4 (1.18 to24.75 µg g -1 dry soil) and NO - 3 (0 to 14.83 µg g -1 dry soil) in the soil could lead tohigher losses of the gaseous forms of N (N 2 , NO x and N 2 O), loss of N throughleaching, as well as enhanced availability of this element to plant growth.

The effect of lime and phosphorus on nodulation of the leguminous trees,Inga edulis and Gliricidia sepium in Amazonian agroecosystemsJessica Milgroom*, Erick Fernandes, Marco Rondon, Karen McCafferyCornell University*111 Donlon Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca NY 14853, jm120@cornell.eduThe Amazon rainforest is rapidly being converted to farmland and pasture. Many efforts are underway tounderstand the ecology of reforestation of deforested areas and the sustainable management of associatedagroecosystems. Nitrogen-fixing trees in small-scale agricultural systems play an important role inmaintaining and restoring soil fertility via minimizing soil erosion and nutrient leaching, and enhancingbiological N fixation. Trees in agricultural systems also provide fruits, fuelwood and fodder. This studyfocused on two N-fixing species, Inga edulis (native) and Gliricidia sepium (exotic) that are ubiquitous inforests as well as on farms. The low levels of available Ca and P in local soils can severely restrict rootgrowth, nodulation and N-fixation. I investigated the effect of fertilizer treatments: phosphorus, lime andphosphorus + lime on nodulation of I. edulis and G. sepium in a 2x2 randomized blocks field experiment54km north of Manaus, Brazil. In addition, two methods: soil auguring and trenches were compared forquantifying nodulation of I. edulis and local farmers were surveyed about their knowledge and uses ofInga. Results showed that additions of lime (Ca) significantly increased total number of nodules of I.edulis and there was a significant interaction effect between P and lime in terms of nodule biomass for I.edulis. In comparing G. sepium and I. edulis, P had a significant positive effect on nodule biomass andactivity and there was a significant interaction effect with species. The augur method cannot be used topredict nodulation values found with the trench method. All but three of 24 farmers interviewed cultivatedspecies of Inga, mainly for fruit and shade purposes.

Organic nutrients in throughfall and soil solution of mixed tree cropping systemsand forests of central AmazôniaJohannes Lehmann 1 and Klaus Kaiser 21 Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA, Email:CL273@cornell.edu; 2 Institute of Soil Science, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth,GermanyDissolved organic matter comprises a large portion of total nutrients in throughfall, stemflowand soil solution of forests. In most ecosystems, the organically bound nutrients are mobile andcontribute largely to the leaching from soil. Under the strong leaching conditions of the humictropics, soluble organic nutrient forms may be even more mobile and thus control nutrientlosses.We tested this hypothesis in soils under species of agroforestry systems (Bactris gasipaesKunth., Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. Ex Spreng.) K. Schum., Pueraria phaseoloides), of asecondary (Vismia spp) and of a primary forest (Oenocarpus bacaba, Eschweilera spp) incentral Amazônia. We sampled throughfall, stemflow, and soil water at 10, 60, and 200 cmdepth in January 1999 and measured inorganic and total organic N, S and P and organic carbontherein. In addition, a fractionation procedure was used to separate labile hydrophilic andrefractory hydrophobic (humic) compounds.Under the species of the agroforestry systems, the concentrations of dissolved organic carbon(DOC) were larger in the soil solution at 10 cm depth than in stemflow and throughfall. Withincreasing soil depth the DOC concentrations decreased. Under Eschweilera and Vismia, theconcentrations of DOC in stemflow were larger than at 10 cm depth. The DOC concentrationsunder both primary forest species increased with increasing soil depth and decreased onlyslightly under Vismia. Dissolved organic carbon in throughfall and soil solutions of theagroforestry and secondary forest stands were mainly in the hydrophilic fraction. Theproportions of hydrophobic DOC in soil water decreased with depth under the agroforestryspecies. In contrast, the proportions of hydrophobic DOC under secondary and primary forestspecies were largest in the subsoil. This result is opposite to those of temperate forests wereDOC typically decreases with soil depth and DOC in the subsoil is mainly hydrophilic.Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) in all solutions comprised up to 90% of total N. Theconcentrations of DON under all investigated species remained unchanged with increasing soildepth or even increased. This suggests that the organic N is more mobile compared with DOCwhich is in agreement with observations in temperate forests. But in contrast to these systems,DON is predominately in the hydrophobic fraction. The largest dissolved organic sulphur (DOS)concentrations occurred in the topsoil. Here, up to 80% of total S were organically bound. Theconcentrations of DOS increased strongly with soil depth. Thus, DOS was less mobile in thesesoils than DOC. In all compartments of the investigated forests, DOS was entirely in thehydrophilic fraction. Dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) was not detected in any solution.Our results show that dissolved organic matter contained the major part of the nutrients inthroughfall, stemflow and soil solutions not only in natural forest ecosystems but also managedand fertilized agroforestry systems of central Amazônia. Organic nutrient forms contributeespecially to the leaching of N into the subsoil. Thus, organically bound nutrients are of muchhigher relevance in tropical soils than in temperate soil.

ROOT CARBON AND NUTRIENT STOCKS IN CENTRAL AMAZONIANABANDONED PASTURES AND AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS.Gallardo-Ordinola, J.L.E.; Luizão, F.J.; Fernandes, E.C.;Wandelli, E.&Rebeca Afonso MeiraINPA-Ecology; Cornell University and EMBRAPA-CPAAE-mail: ilego@inpa.gov.brThe quantity of roots in two agroforestry systems (AFSs) and in three abandonedpasture areas in Central Amazonia as well as their carbon an nutrient content wasmeasured in 2001. Two 9-year old agroforestry systems (AFSs) were studied: oneagrosilvicultural system (AS1) which is based on two perennial fruit trees(Theobroma grandiflorum and Bactris gasipaes), and an agrosilvipastoral system(ASP1), which has a forrage cover of Desmodium ovalifolium Wall, associatedwith the herbaceous Brachiaria brizantha, between rows of timber trees. Native(13-14 year old) secondary forest (SF) stands where the natural regeneration waskept, were used as controls in each block. Vismia sp is the predominant species inthe secondary forest. One 1,5 m deep trench was excaveted in each plot,according to the vegetation, structure where the roots were collected: at AS1, thetrench measured 3 m x 3 m; at ASP1 and secondary forest the trenches were 3 mlong x 0.5 m wide. Two sampling techniques were combined for sampling theroots: soil corer were used for the fine roots, separating them layer by layer.Coarse roots were collected at every 10 cm, up to a depht of 1.5 m, collecting allthe soil present in the corresponding layer of the trench. Coarse roots wereseparated by species, into two categories of diameter: 2.5-5.0 mm and >5 mm.Roots were dried at 65-70 ºC for 3 days, weighed and stored for organic carbonand macronutrient analyses. Total root biomass up to 1.5 m deep was 20.8 Mg.ha -1in the secondary forest; 9.5 Mg.ha -1 in AS1 and 1.5 Mg.ha -1 in the ASP1. Thehighest root yield occurred in the secondary forest (SF). Nutrient concentration washigher in the fine than in the thick roots for most species. The carbon and nutrientcontents in the different species shows the species’ stocking potential of carbonand nutrients, with marked influence of some species: for instance, in the AS1

Columbrina glandulosa is stoing high amounts of C and nutrients, since it is clearlythe dominant species in the belowground plant biomass.

The Influence of Prescribed Burning on the Nutrient Cycling of the Cerrado SavannasResende 1 , J. C. F.; Klink 1 , C. A.; Bustamante 1 , M.; Markewitz 2 , D.; Davidson 3 , E. 1-Departamento de Ecologia-UnB, 2-University of Georgia; 3-Woods Hole ResearchCenter. e-mail: resende@unb.brThe effects of controlled burning on the flows and stocks of nutrients were measured inareas “cerrado denso” (savanna woodland) vegetation at the IBGE Ecological Station inBrasília. Two experimental plots were evaluated: fire exclusion for 26 years andburning every four years since 1992. The two plots are on a Haplustox. The stocks ofCa, K and Mg in the biomass (litter + root biomass) were 108, 62.4, and 30 kg.ha -1 ,respectively, while the stocks in the 0-100 cm soil were 77, 81 and 25 kg.ha -1 ,respectively. The stocks of N and P in the biomass were 218 and 12.9 kg.ha -1 ,respectively, much lower than in the soil (4,576 and 2,042 kg.ha -1 , respectively). Litterdecomposition rates were low, with half-life of the 2.6 years and residence time of 10years. The atmospheric deposition of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S were of 4.2, 0.01, 1.5, 3.6,0.5 and 0.7 kg.ha -1 .year -1 , respectively. P availability evaluated by sequential extractionindicated a system with large stocks of total P, whose largest portion occurs in occludedforms in the soil. The stock of total organic P (up to a depth of 100 cm) was of 259kg.ha -1 . Fire increased the concentrations of inorganic P in the NaHCO3 and NaOHfractions, and reduced the concentration of organic P. The organic fraction wassignificantly reduced from 86 µg P/g soil to 78 µg P/g soil in the 0-10 cm depth. Firealters the cycling of nutrients in the Cerrado savanna due to the reduction in biomassand nutrients and losses through volatilization and leaching, thus impoverishing theecosystem. The replacement of Ca, K and Mg by atmospheric deposition occurs incycles that can vary from 4 to 15 years, depending on the amount of burned biomass.The replacement time of P may be as high as 200 years, due to low rates of atmosphericdeposition.

Modeling regional soil patterns based on lithology and topographic attributesK.W. Holmes, 1 Geography Department, 3611 Ellison Hall, University of California,Santa Barbara CA, 93101-4060 USA, karen@geog.ucsb.edu (corr. author)P.C. Kyriakidis 1 , phaedon@geog.ucsb.eduE. Matricardi, Michigan State University, Lansing, MI, USA, matricar@bsrsi.msu.eduG.T.Batista, Department of Agricultural Science, Universidade de Taubaté (UNITAU)Taubaté - SP, Brazil, getulio@ltid.inpe.brO.A. Chadwick 1 , oac@geog.ucsb.eduSoil moisture and nutrient conditions are critical for modeling trace gas fluxes andtropical forest biogeochemistry, but traditional soil maps are not designed to supply thespatially explicit soil property information necessary for biogeochemical modeling. Wepresent a geostatistical method for producing gridded maps of soil properties from fieldmeasurements combined with available geology, topography, soils, and precipitationdata.The key to advancing research in tropical forest biogeochemistry and biosphereatmospheremodeling is to improve our understanding of the ecosystem moisture, carbon,and nutrient flows. Basic hydrologic and pedologic processes regulateevapotranspiration, net primary production (NPP), and soil microbial activity which caneither produce or consume atmospheric trace gases. Changes in the rates or magnitude ofthese processes, such as those incurred through land-cover change, may significantly alterregional NPP and carbon cycling, but how these processes react to disturbance underdifferent environmental conditions is not well understood. We model soil pH, totalorganic carbon, and soil texture (2000 soil profile data from the SOTERON database)across most of the state of Rondônia on a 1km grid with the following objectives: 1) toimprove our understanding of the natural controls on soil nutrient levels and the effects ofland-cover change; and 2) to refine a methodology for producing maps of soilbiogeochemical properties for use in biosphere-atmosphere models.The geostatistical approach takes advantage of relationships betweenenvironmental data, as well as spatial autocorrelation inherent in their measurement, topredict attributes at locations where no data were available. Any regional trend in the soilvariable of interest is modeled through linear or non-linear regression, using topographicattributes, lithology, precipitation, and existing soil maps as independent variables. Theresiduals from the regression are then treated as stochastic variables and interpolated(kriged) based on a model of their spatial dependence of data (variogram). The trend isthen added back to the interpolated residuals, to produce a raster map of the soil variableunder study. This method is an effective means of exploring relationships among soilnutrients and edaphic gradients, visualizing spatial trends, and creating input layers forregional biogeochemical models.

NUTRIENT USE EFFICIENCY IN ABANDONED PASTURE SOIL UNDERORGANIC AND CHEMICAL AMENDMENTSLucerina Trujillo; Flávio J. Luizão; Johannes Lehmann. INPA-Ecology and CornellUniversity. E-mail: lucerina@inpa.gov.brMost of the agricultural systems in Amazon do not take into account the organic matter useand recycling, which is the key for the functioning of the original forest ecosystem. In orderto compare the efficiency of nutrient use for plant growth and production under two typesof fertilizers added to the soil (organic or chemical), an experiment was established at theEMBRAPA/CPAA Experimental Station, near Manaus. Using a randomized block designwith five repetitions, 1-m 2 suspended plots, filled with Yellow Latosol from abandonedpastures, were planted with green pepper (Capsicum sp), used as test-plants. Fourtreatments were used: addition of organic fertilizer; chemical fertilizer; organic+chemicalfertilizer; and, control (without fertilizer). Lime was applied in all treatments. The plantbiomass, amounts of nutrients in the leaves, shafts and roots of test-plants, besides the fruitproduction, were measured. In the plants under organic amendment, were necessary 0.42 gof P; 4.5 g de K; 1.19 g of Ca and 0.04 g of Mg to produce 1 kg of fruits. In the chemicaltreatment, the amounts of nutrients necessary were much larger (except for Ca): 1.05 g ofP; 13.2 g de K; 1.19 g of Ca and 0.95 g of Mg. That means that the use of nutrients for fruitproduction in the treatment with organic fertilizer was more efficient than in the treatmentwith chemical fertilizer, possibly due to a better retention of water and nutrients in the soilorganic matter. One consequence of that was significantly lower leaching of nutrients underthe organic amendment: 17 kg /ha of N; 1.3 kg /ha of K; 3.3 kg /ha of Ca and 0.4 kg /ha ofMg. Under chemical amendment, leaching losses were: 94 kg/ha of N; 212 kg/ha of K; 36kg/ha of Ca and 7.4 kg/ha of Mg. Additionally, under organic amendment plants developedlarger biomass of leaves and roots which allow larger photosynthesis rates and largersurface for nutriente uptake. At a basin scale, the largest nutrient retention in the soil and inthe plants would represent a lower risk of pollution of water bodies by agriculturalplantations, when organic fertilizer is used instead of chemical treatments.

Wood, soil-macrofauna and nutrients – a field experiment in central AmazoniaVerhaagh, Manfred 1 , Martius, Christopher 2 , Martins, Gilvan C. 3 , Medeiros, Lucilene G.S. 31 Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde, Erbprinzenstr. 13, D- 76133 Karlsruhe, Germanymanfred.verhaagh@smnk.de² Zentrum für Entwicklungsforschung – ZEF, Walter-Flex-Str. 3, D-53113 Bonn, Germany3 Embrapa Amazônia Ocidental, C.P. 319, 69.011-970 Manaus/AM, BrasilSlash-and-burn cultivation is the method commonly used in Amazonia to clear land for cropplants. Due to the normally highly weathered, nutrient-poor soils this practice has to be combinedwith shifting cultivation. In practice fields are often abandoned already after one or two years toallow the regeneration of the soil during the fallow period. Nevertheless, land degradation is acommon problem especially in densely populated areas like Manaus or Belém. Investigationsduring the SHIFT-Project ENV 25 in the Zona Bragantina, Pará (HÖLSCHER ET AL. 1997) haveshown very high element losses during burning (e.g. up to 98% of C, 96% of N, 48% of K or 47%of P) a major reason why this form of agriculture is not sustainable even under fertilization. In thesame project was shown, however, that fire-free land clearing by cutting and chopping thesecondary vegetation converting it into a mulch layer results in the preservation of organic matterand nutrients. Crop production can be adequate especially in the second year under theseconditions, too.In our field experiment as part of SHIFT-Project ENV 52/2 in Manaus (site of Embrapa AmazôniaOcidental) we aim to investigate the role of the soil macrofauna, with a special focus on woodconsuming termites, during the decomposition of wood and in the release of plant nutrients in firefreeland preparations. For this purpose, 9 areas of secondary forest (capoeira) were cut during thedrier season in 2001, each 30x40m sized. We prepared 3 replicates of 3 different land treatments:(1) traditional slash-and-burn as control; (2) arranging the cut wood in files inside the areas leavingthe litter layer intact; (3) creating a several centimeters thick mulch layer of chopped wood via acommercial wood chopper. Total wood biomass was at least 50 tons/ha (d.w.) in the selected areas,and all areas were planted in November 2001 with cassava.Wood decomposition and its colonization by fauna is monitored in wood bags of 70x40 cm filledeither with trunk pieces (about 4 kg d.w.) of two commonly encountered trees in the capoeiravegetation (Vismia cayennensis, Bellucia sp.) or with a mixture of chopped wood of both species(about 2 kg d.w.). Other methods used to compare macrofauna abundance and biomass in thedifferent areas are: extraction of fauna from the organic layer from 0,56 m² sized areas in Winklerbags;extraction from litter and soil cores (21 cm Ø, 7 cm depth) in a Berlese funnels; extraction ofearthworms from 4m² squares by diluted formol; direct counts of termites nests and galleries. Soilorganic matter, soil nutrients (N, P and major cations) and characters of soil physics aredetermined in the same intervals as the fauna, i.e. every 6 months so far until the end of the projectin September 2003. To compare the effect of fertilizer on root production of cassava we fertilizedone third of each area.Literature: HÖLSCHER, D., MÖLLER, M.R.F., DENICH, M., FÖLSTER, H. (1997): Nutrient input-outputbudget of shifting agriculture in Eastern Amazonia. – Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 47: 49-57.

The fate of phosphorus in a lowland Amazonian forest ecosystem.M. McGroddy 1,2† , W. Silver 1 , R. Cosme de Oliveira Jr. 3 , M. Keller 4,5 , and W. Zambonide Mello 61 University of California, Berkeley, 2 Princeton University, 3 EMBRAPA AmazôniaOriental, 4 IITF/ USDA Forest Service, 5 University of New Hampshire, 6 UniversidadeFederal Fluminense† corresponding author: 32M Guyot Hall, Department of Ecology and EvolutionaryBiology, Princeton University, Princeton NJ 08542, email Phosphorus may limit net primary productivity in highly weathered tropicalecosystems. Under limiting conditions the size of the component fractions of the soil Ppool can indicate the relative strength of biological and geological processes in soil Pcycling. We conducted a field fertilization treatment to study the fate of P in two highlyweathered soils, which varied both with respect to texture and total soil P pools. In eachtreatment (clay control, clay fertilized, sand control and sand fertilized) we examined Psinks including fine root, microbial and three soil pools (soil P that is considered readilyavailable, of intermediate availability or unavailable for plant uptake) using ingrowth andexclusion cores over the course of one year. Of the soil P pools measured only theintermediate availability pool (NaOH + dilute acid extractable) showed a significantincrease with fertilization, and this occurred only in clays (+ 18.3 kg ha -1 + 3.2 after 1year). In contrast, both root and microbial biomass P pools increased more in sands withfertilization suggesting a larger biotic P sink in these soils. Leaching of inorganic P fromthe surface soils was an unexpectedly significant fate of added P in both soil types (up to18 % + 3 of added P in the sands and 9 % + 1 in the clays). Patterns in soil P pools andfluxes were strongly seasonal indicating high turnover rates and the dominance ofbiological mechanisms in short-term P cycling in this ecosystem.

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE SOILWATER IN THE SUBSURFACEAFTER THE SLASHING AND BURNING OF TWO “TERRA FIRME” FORESTPARCELS IN NORTHERN MATO GROSSO.Ralf Gielow 1 , Maria Cristina Forti 1 , João Andrade de Carvalho Jr 2 , Carlos Alberto GurgelVeras 3 , Ernesto Alvarado 4 , David Victor Sandberg 5 , José Carlos dos Santos 61. LMO/CPTEC/INPE, C. P. 515, São José dos Campos, SP, CEP 12201-970ralf@cptec.inpe.br2. FEG/UNESP, Guaratinguetá, SP3. ENM/UnB, Brasília, DF4. U W, Seattle, WA5. USDA FS, Corvallis, OR6. LCP/INPE, Cachoeira Paulista, SPABSTRACTChanges in the chemical composition, with depth and time, of the soil water solution thatresults from rainfall and that percolates through the unsaturated zone, are studied after theslashing and burning of two “Terra Firme” Amazonian forest parcels located (9 o 57'42.20"S,56 o 20'52.05"W) near Alta Floresta, MT. The samples were collected with zero tensionlisymeters installed in the following parcels: (i) pristine forest, (ii) forest with the litteraccidentally burned, (iii) and (iv) slashed and burned forest, in 1999 and 2001, respectively.The concentrations of Na + , K + , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , NH 4 + , Cl - , NO 3 - , SO 4 2- , Fe 2+ , Mn 2+ , Cu 2+ , Zn 2+and Al 3+ in the soil solution were determined. The major cations and anions presented aconcentration decrease with time, after initial peaks caused by the burning, while for mostmetals a mobilization was observed. Also, unbalances which decrease with time wereevidenced by the electronegativities determined. The pulses introduced in the soil solutioncomposition lasted about two months for each major ion, and react with the soil system.

Relationship between soil nutrient availability and carbon fixation in seedlings andtrees in central AmazoniaRomilda M. Q. Paiva; Claudio Y. Yano; Flávio J. Luizão. INPA-Ecology. E-mail:romilda@inpa.gov.brTropical rain forests generally grow on nutrient-poor soils. Despite of efficient mechanismsfor nutrient conservation and recycling, developed by the forest, nutrient limitations mayprevent higher carbon fixation, and consequent plant growth. The present study aim to testthe hipothesis that soil nutrient limitations can influence both, the initial growth ofseedlings as well as carbon sequestration and additional growth in adult trees. The studyhas been conducted at the ZF-2 INPA’s Reserve, ca. 80 km north of Manaus, in two phases:i) test of the effect of fertilizer additions (N + P and Ca + Mg) on the growth of seedlings ofpioneer and climax species; and, ii) study of the relationship between C and nutrientconcentrations, and the possible nutrient limitation to the atmospheric CO 2 uptake by adulttrees in the forest. In a toposequence (plateau, slope and valley), the ratios C/N, C/P,C/bases, were calculated in selected trees and surrounding soil. The addition of N+P to thesoil induced a higher seedling mortality; however, there was a positive effect on the growthof surviving seedlings, suggesting a possible N and P limitation to the establishment ofseedlings. Adult trees located in the valley plots showed the most favorable C/bases(K+Ca+Mg) ratio: 83, against 145 in both, plateau and slope plots. Mean N concentrationswere similar in tree leaves at plateau (1.9%) and slope (2%); however, both were higherthan in the valley (1.3%). That is also reflected in the C/N ratio, significantly lower in theplateau and slope than in the valley plots (26.1%, 26% and 36.6%, respectively). Carbonconcentrations in mature leaves were higher (49.2%) in the slope than in both, plateau andvalley (47.5% and 47.8% respectively). Suggestions are made that: (i) lower CO 2 fixationin the valley plots may be influenced by low soil nutrient availability for plants; and, (ii)slopes may have better supplies of other elements (e.g., water in soil) which favor Cfixation in trees.

Assessment of biophysical and biogeochemical processes in traditional and alternativeagriculture systems in Eastern Amazonia ∗Tatiana D. de A . Sá 1 , Andreas Block 2 , Ana C. L. Rendeiro 3 , Antonio R. Fernandes 4 ,Cláudio J. R. de Carvalho 1 , Eric A . Davidson 5 , F. Yoko Ishida 7 , Geórgia S. Freire 8 ,Izildinha de S. Miranda 4 , Jorge F. B. de Freitas 6 , Josie H. O . Ferreira 9 , Karina R. Pantoja 8 ,Liane S. Guild 9 , M. Tereza P. dos Santos 7 , M. do Socorro A. Kato 1 , Osvaldo R. Kato 1 ,Paulo F. S. Martins 4 , Renata T. Saba 8 , Silvio Brienza Junior 11 2EMBRAPA Amazônia Oriental, Belém, Pará, Brazil, Universidade de Göttingen,Göttingen, Alemanha, 3 FCAP/CNPq (SHIFT), Belém, PA, 4 FCAP, Belém,PA, 5 The WoodsHole Research Center, Woods Hole, MA, U.S.A ., 6 FCAP- trainee at Embrapa, 7 IPAM,Belém, PA, 8 CNPq/LBA, Belém, PA, 9 FCAP PIBIC/CNPq, Belém, PA, 10 NASA AmesResearch Center, Moffett Field, CA, EUAAddress of the first author: Embrapa Amazônia Oriental, Tv. Enéas Pinheiro S/N, 66095-100, Belém, PA e-mail: tatiana@cpatu.embrapa.brAbstractShifting-cultivation in the Eastern Amazonia is becoming less sustainable, since pressureon land use is leading to shortened fallow periods, and to a move to semi-permanent crops(e. g. passion fruit). This reality, completed by the persistency of land preparation by thetraditional slash-and-burn technique, is endangering the biophysical and biogeochemicalfunctions of the fallow vegetation, and may lead to degradation. One of the promisingalternatives to avoid burning is the chop-and-mulch technique, which may be associated tothe improved fallow technique, to foster biomass and nutrient accumulation. Theunderstanding of how biophysical and biogeochemical processes are changed in thesealternative systems as compared to the traditional ones is crucial to safely disseminatingtheir use, and to provide scientific background for proposing polices accounting forenvironmental services offered by them. As an attempt to do that, an interdisciplinarystudy started in November 2001, in Igarapé-Açu, PA, where large plots (2 ha each) arebeing submitted to the following sequences: 1) traditional system (slash-and-burn landpreparation followed by non-fertilized maize and cassava crops, followed by a fallowperiod); and 2) alternative system (chop-and -mulch land preparation, followed by fertilizedmaize and cassava crops, followed by improved fallow). Major focus is given to soil gasesemissions (CO 2 , N 2 O, NO and CH 4 ) and carbon and nutrient dynamics. Biophysicalvariables are being monitored mainly during field campaigns. An attempt to test IKONOSimages as tools for detecting seasonal and system-induced differences is also planned.Preliminary results are presented.∗ Segment of the Milênio LBA project financed by MCT, and leaded by P. Artaxo Neto, USP, and componentof the Tipitamba Project, a long term research initiative underway by Embrapa Amazônia Oriental associatedwith several partners, focusing on fallow management oriented alternatives to slash-and-burn agriculture.

LITTER DYNAMICS IN AN UPLAND FOREST TOPOSEQUENCE IN CENTRALAMAZONIAMaria Terezinha F. Monteiro & Flavio J. Luizao. INPA-Ecology.E-mail: mtfmonteiro@aol.comFine litter production, its nutrient contents, and litter-layer deposition andchanges over time were studied in a toposequence of an upland moist forest incentral Amazonia, 80 km north of Manaus. The aim of this study was to assess thedynamics of litter production and deposition at different climatic periods of the year(dry and wet season) and topographic positions in the local relief. Three plots wereestablished in each of three distinct topographic levels: plateau, slope and valley,at km 34 of the secondary road ZF-2. Litterfall was measured semi-monthly in tensquared 50 cm X 50 cm traps for each plot. Litter was sorted into four maincomponents: leaves, woody material, reproductive structures, and fine fractions.Macronutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg) were analysed on oven-dried leaf samples. Leafcarbon concentration was determined by elemental CHN Analyser. Each 3 months,samples of the litter layer were also taken, in the same plots used for measuringlitter production, in order to follow the dynamics of litter deposition on forest floor.The greatest litter production, during the dry period, occurred in the plateau (1.17 tha -1 ), while the smallest one was measured in the valley plots (0.67 t ha -1 ). Thesame patttern was found in the wet season (0.48 t ha -1 in the plateau and 0.41 t ha -1 in the valley), when much less litter was produced in all topographic positions.However, higher proportion of leaves (81%) were recorded at the plots located inthe slopes, while more woody material (17%) was found in the valley plots. Thegreatest C/N ratio was found in the valley (43.7), while lower ratios were recordedin the slope (33.9), suggesting that faster litter decomposition and more efficientnutrient recycling occurs in the slopes. During the dry season, higher leaf Cconcentrations were found in the slope samples. There are indications of higherefficiency of C fixation at the slope, which agrees with other current work made inthe same forest location.

The Quaternary Climate of AmazoniaPRIMARY AUTHOR ORGANIZATION ABSTRACT_TITLEAlexandre Correia Institute of Physics,University of SaoPauloOral Evidence for Changes in Amazon BasinAerosol Composition During 20th CenturyInferred From the Illimani Ice-Core,Eastern Bolivian AndesFrancis MayleMark BushUniversity ofLeicesterFlorida Institute ofTechnologyOralOral50,000 year record of vegetation andclimate change in Noel Kempff MercadoNational Park, Bolivian Amazon.Pleistocene Amazonia: forest cover, lakelevel and orbital variation.Peter Toledo MPEG Oral NEW EVIDENCE OF QUATERNARYLANDSCAPE CHANGES IN AMAZONIABASED ON EXTINCT MAMMALS.Renato CordeiroUniversidade UFF doRio de JaneiroOralCHARCOAL DEPOSITION FROMTROPICAL VEGETATION IN BRAZIL: ACOMPARISON IN DIFFERENT REGIONSAND TIME SCALE

Abstract submitted to the 2 nd LBA Scientific ConferenceEvidence for Changes in Amazon Basin Aerosol Composition During 20 thCentury Inferred From the Illimani Ice-Core, Eastern Bolivian AndesAlexandre Correia 1,2 (acorreia@if.usp.br); Rémi Freydier 3 ; Jefferson Simões 2,4 ; Jean-Denis Taupin 5 ;Robert Delmas 2 ; Paulo Artaxo 1 ; Bernard Dupré 3 .1 Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, R Matão, Trav R, 187, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil;2 LGGE, CNRS and Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France; 3 UMR5563, LMTG, CNRS andUniversité Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France; 4 Institute of Geosciences, Federal University of Rio Grandedo Sul, Brazil; 5 LGGE, IRD, Grenoble, France.An 137m ice-core drilled in 1999 from Eastern Bolivian Andes at the summit of Nevado Illimani(16°37' S, 67°46' W, 6350m asl) opens a new perspective on tropical ice-core research as the site isstrongly influenced by Amazon Basin weather systems, offering the possibility of investigatingamazonian atmospheric chemistry changes along the 20 th century.The upper 50m of the ice-core were dated by multi-proxy analysis (δ 18 O, δ 2 H, 137 Cs, Ca +2content, electrical conductivity, and insoluble microparticle content), providing a record of environmentalvariations of about 80 years. Elemental concentrations for 46 chemical species (from Li to U) in 744 iceand snow samples along the 50m ice-core section were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma-MassSpectrometry, providing a complex database with sub-annual-to-annual resolution.Lithium-rich salt lakes (salars) act as important local aerosol sources in the region. The average Liand Al concentrations are 0.312 and 252 ng g -1 , respectively. The measured Li/Al weight ratio is about 3times above the ratio for the mean world soil composition, evidencing the contribution of regional sourcesto the ice-core glaciochemistry. Analyses of austral summer and winter elemental concentrations showdifferent trends for the profiles of several elements, thus indicating changes in atmospheric chemistry.After 1960-1970 the concentration of P during summer and Zn during winter show a growing trend,which may be due to increasing biomass burning activity in Amazon Basin.

50,000 year record of vegetation and climate change in Noel Kempff MercadoNational Park, Bolivian Amazon.Francis E. Mayle 1 , Rachel Burbridge 1 , Timothy J. Killeen 2,31 Department of Geography, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE17RH, UK. E-mail: fem1@leicester.ac.uk (address for correspondence)2 Center for Applied Biodiversity Science, Conservation International, 2501 M Street,NW, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20037, USA. E-mail: t.killeen@conservation.org3 Museo de Historia Natural ‘Noel Kempff Mercado’, Avenida Irala 565, Casilla 2489,Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Santa Cruz, Bolivia.Noel Kempff Mercado National Park is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, ca. 15,000km 2 , located in NE Bolivia on the Precambrian Shield, adjacent to the Brazilian statesof Mato Grosso and Rondônia. This is an ideal study area because it occupies theclimatically-sensitive ecotone between humid evergreen rainforests to the north, semideciduousdry forests to the south, and upland cerrado savannas to the east. Theclimate is highly seasonal, with mean annual precipitation of ca. 1500 mm.The study sites are Laguna Chaplin (14 0 28’S, 61 0 04’W) and Laguna BellaVista (13 0 37’S, 61 0 33’W), 200-250 m above sea level, which are surrounded byhumid evergreen forest. They are large (4-6 km diameter), flat-bottomed, shallowlakes (2.0-2.5 m water depth), formed by subsidence along fault-lines of theunderlying Shield.Analysis of fossil pollen and charcoal from 3 metre cores from these 2 sites,located 100 km apart, reveals a pattern of regional vegetation change over the last50,000 years. Chronological control was provided by a suite of AMS 14 C dates. Amix of deciduous dry forest and savannas covered the park between 50,000 and40,000 yr BP, while stable carbon isotope values show that more open savannaspredominated between 40,000 and 18,000 yr BP. We suggest that this expansion ofC4 grasses at the last glacial maximum (LGM) was driven by a combination of lowatmospheric CO 2 concentrations and a slight reduction in precipitation. Galleryforests contained Podocarpus trees, providing further evidence that LGMtemperatures were significantly lower than today.Savannas continued to dominate throughout most of the Holocene, withrainforests restricted to riparian zones. Humid evergreen rainforests only expanded todominate the area between 3,000 and 2,000 yr BP, due to increased precipitation inSW Amazonia, an inference supported by comparison with ice-core (Thompson et al.,1998) and lake-level records from the Bolivian Andes (Baker et al., 2001), as well assoil carbon isotope data from more central parts of the Basin (de Freitas et al., 2001).This Late Holocene increase in precipitation in southern Amazonia can be attributedto more intense insolation in the austral summer, in turn explicable by orbital forcingaccording to Milankovitch Theory.

Pleistocene Amazonia: forest cover, lake level and orbital variation.Mark B. BushText Temporarily Unavailable

NEW EVIDENCE OF QUATERNARY LANDSCAPE CHANGES IN AMAZONIA BASED ONEXTINCT MAMMALS.Peter Mann de TOLEDO; Dilce de Fátima ROSSETTI and Heloísa Maria MORAES-SANTOSMuseu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Caixa Postal 399, 66040-170, Belém, Pará, Brazil.Deciphering the origin of the Amazonian biodiversity has been a challenge to the scientificcommunity with special interest in the natural history, conservation of communities andecosystems, and the role of paleoindians in the shaping of the present landscape. Animportant aspect of this multi-disciplinary field is the understanding of the main historicalfactors characterized by the combination of physical and biological phenomena, whichacted upon the shaping of the biome as we see today. In order to reconstruct the origin andthe historical events of the main ecological processes that took place to form the rainforest,an analysis and organization of a series of multi-disciplinary data related to geology andclimate, and a reasonable control of the fossil history is needed. Data focusing on pollen,geomorphology and soil isotopes have been used as main sources to provide informationabout Pleistocene paleoenvironmental changes in Amazonia with precise dating control.However, these records are still scarce and spotty, providing only a broad picture of whathappened during the major ecological shifts between glacial and inter-glacial periods. Themegafauna is a reliable element to detect landscape changes through time. New findings ofexceptionally well preserved individuals of the giant ground sloth Eremotherium laurillardiadded to a mastodon Haplomastodon waringi are recorded in an area near the town ofItaituba (PA), located in Central Amazonia. C 14 dating indicates an age of 13,340 B.P. forthese fossils. The presence of this megafauna confirms the assumption that, at this time, thearea was dominated by open environments, instead of the modern, closed rainforest as seentoday.

CHARCOAL DEPOSITION FROM TROPICAL VEGETATION IN BRAZIL: ACOMPARISON IN DIFFERENT REGIONS AND TIME SCALE1 Cordeiro, R.C., 3,1 Turcq, B., 1,3 Sifeddine, A., 1 Albuquerque, A.L.S., 2,1 Simões-Filho, F.F.L.(1) PROFIX/CNPq/ Departamento de Geoquímica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro S.João Batista, Niterói, R.J., Brazil.rcampello@yahoo.com, tel/fax: 55216207025(2) Institute de Recherche pour le development(3) Instituto de Radioproteção e Dosimetria. Conselho de Energia NuclearFires records were obtained through the charcoal particles flux analyses in lacustrine sediments (daPata Lake, São Gabriel da Cachoeira (AM); N4 Lake, Carajás, PA; Dom Helvécio Lake, ParqueEstadual do Vale do Rio Doce, MG; and Caracaranã Lake, RR), resevoir sediment (Alta Floresta,MT), and an anual cicle of atmospheric deposition (Porto Velho, RO). The deposition of charcoals inthe sediments results from local or regional burns, caused by dry climates, associated or not toanthropogenic action. The highest charcoal fluxes values were obtained in the period of intenseland use change in Alta Floresta and in sediments that represent the medium Holocene in Serra SulCarajás region. The lowest values were found Lagoa da Pata in São Gabriel da Cachoeira, apronounced humid region in Amazon and in Porto Velho region, atmospheric deposition in a humidseason. Paleofires The deposition of charcoals in the sediments results from local or regional burns,caused by dry climates, associated or not to anthropogenic action. Thus, the charcoal analysescould have also a great importance in evaluating the impact of dry climates and human in differenttropical ecosystems. Determination of fire frequencies and dimensions in key areas of SouthAmerica, is a first step to understand the global carbon transference between terrestrial andatmospheric systems.

River water as a medium for transport in AmazoniaPRIMARY AUTHOR ORGANIZATION ABSTRACT_TITLEAnthony Aufdenkampe University of SouthCarolinaOral Organic and inorganic carbon dynamicswithin waters of the Amazon Basin: Stableand radio-isotope constraints on sources ofoutgassed carbonChristopher NeillDaniel MarkewitzJohn MelackMaarten J. WaterlooTrent BiggsAlvaro RamonBibiana BilbaoCarlos MéndezMarine BiologicalLaboratoryUniversity ofGeorgiaUniversity ofCalifornia, SantaBarbaraVrije UniversiteitAmsterdamUniversity ofCalifornia, SantaBarbaraUniversidadeEstadual do NorteFluminenseUniversidad SimónBolívarUniversidad SimónBolívarOralOralOralOralOralPosterPosterPosterLand use change alters thebiogeochemistry and downstreammovement of nitrogen in small drainagebasinsControl of stream water cations by surfacesoil processes and land use effects on theexchange of nutrients between terrestrialand aquatic ecosystems in the EasternAmazoniaLinking seasonal inundation withecological, hydrological andbiogeochemical processes in the AmazonbasinWater balance and carbon leaching of arainforest catchment in Central Amazonia.Scaling up from pastures to watersheds:The spatial and temporal structure ofhuman impacts on stream nutrientsTransport of Particulate Carbon andNitrogen in the Paraíba do Sul River, Riode Janeiro, Brazil.Fire behavior in savannas of Parupa, NorthGran Sabana, VenezuelaDynamic of Gran Sabana forest-savannagradient, revealed by isotopic compositionof soil organic matter.Claudio Barbosa INPE Poster Remote sensing for sampling stationselection in the study of water circulationfrom river system to and Amazonfloodplain lakes: a methodologicalproposal.Eleneide SottaLuciana ValenteUniversidade deGoettingenLL.M. PaceUniversity - WhitPlains, NY - USAPosterPosterSOIL RESPIRATION IN THETOPOGRAPHY IN CAXIUANÃRAINFOREST, AMAZÔNIA, BRAZIL.The coming global freshwater scarcity: aproject for the exportation of water from theAmazon BasinLuiz Fernando Charbel CENA-USP Poster Influences of land use in aquaticmetabolism of streams-Fazenda NovaVida-RO.

Marcelo BernardesUniversidade deSao PauloMarcelo Cassiolato CENA / ESALQ /USPPosterPosterOrganic matter composition of rivers of theJi-Paraná basin (southwest Amazon basin)as a function of land use changes.CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOILSOLUTION AND WATER RUNOFF INPASTURE AND FOREST SYSTEMS INRONDÔNIANei Leite CENA-USP Poster Natural and athropogenic influences on thebiogeochemistry of a meso-scale (75,000km2) river undergoing deforestation inSouthwest Amazon (Ji-Paraná river,Rondônia).Pascal KosuthInstitut deRecherche pour leDéveloppementPosterWater surface and river bottom longitudinalprofiles and characteristics along Amazonriver mainstream in BrazilPatricia Moreira-Turcq IRD Poster Carbon Accumulation in Amazon VárzeasPiccolo Marisa dePosterCassiaRosana CastilloCentro de EnergiaNuclear naAgricultura (CENA)- USPUniversidad SimónBolívarPosterCHANGES TO INORGANIC NITROGENIN SOIL AND SOIL SOLUTIONFOLLOWING FOREST CLEARING FORPASTURE IN RONDÔNIARelation between photosintesys and leafmorphoanatomy of 4 species in C4-C3savannah-fernsland gradient, GranSabana, Canaima National Park,Venezuela.

Organic and inorganic carbon dynamics within waters of the AmazonBasin: Stable and radio-isotope constraints on sources ofoutgassed carbonAnthony Aufdenkampe , School of Oceanography, University of Washington, SeattleWA 98195-5351, USA. anthonya@u.washington.eduMayorga, E., School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USAMasiello, C. A., Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence LivermoreNational Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USAQuay, P. D., School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, USAHedges, J. I., School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, USARichey, J. E., School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, USAKrusche, A. V., Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA), Universidade de SaoPaulo, BrazilLlerena, C. A., Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional Agraria LaMolina, Lima, PeruForsberg, B. R., Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia (INPA), Manaus, BrazilQuintanilla, J., Instituto de Investigaciones Quimicas, Universidad Mayor de San Andres,La Paz, BoliviaParallel Session: River water as a medium for transport in AmazoniaABSTRACT:Recently, Richey et al. (2002, Nature Vol. 416, p.617) demonstrated that outgassingof carbon dioxide from river and wetland waters of the central is a significant fluxrelative to terrestrial carbon sequestration. An outstanding issue raised by this study isthat the source of this outgassed carbon remains largely unconstrained. Stable and radioisotopescompositions of river-borne carbon offers one approach to constraining sources.As part of the CAMREX project studying the riverine biogeochemistry of the Amazonbasin, we have recently surveyed 14 C and 13 C isotopic compositions of four principalfractions – dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), fineparticulate organic carbon (FPOC) and coarse particulate organic carbon (CPOC). The~30 sites surveyed for these four coexisting fractions cover a wide range of environments– from both Andean and lowland headwaters to the mainstem Amazon – at several stagesof the hydrograph. These preliminary data yield a number of important insights topotential sources. Perhaps most striking are downstream trends of decreasing ages forcarbon in all fractions, indicating that river-borne carbon is remineralized and replaced ontime scales that are short with respect to transit down the river system.

Land use change alters the biogeochemistry and downstream movement of nitrogen insmall drainage basinsChristopher Neill 1 , Linda A. Deegan 1 , Alex V. Krusche 2 , Suzanne M. Thomas 1 , M. Victoria R.Ballester 2 , and Reynaldo L. Victoria 21. The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USAcneill@mbl.edu2. Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Avenida Centenário, 303, Caixa Postal 96, CEP13416000, Piracicaba, SP, BrazilLand use change can influence nitrogen transformation and movement by alteringbiogeochemical transformations at key places in the landscape. Terra firme forests cycle highamounts of N and lose NO 3 - to soil solution. Forest clearing briefly increases NO 3 - losses butpasture establishment quickly reduces N cycling and NO 3 - movement to soil solution. In forests,stream riparian zones receive high amounts of NO 3 - from the uplands and appear to be veryefficient at removing NO 3 - by denitrification. In pastures, stream riparian zones also have highpotential for denitrification but appear to receive little NO 3 - from adjacent uplands. Soluteinjection experiments in forest streams show that spiraling distances for NH 4 + are approximately200 m, while spiraling distances for NO 3 - are very long (>10 km). This indicates that once NO 3-reaches or is produced by nitrification in small forest stream channels, it travels downstreamrelatively unprocessed. Low demand for inorganic N in forest streams was confirmed by lowrates of incorporation of added 15 NH 4 + in algal and bacterial surface films. Shorter spiralingdistances of NH 4 + and NO 3 - in pasture streams determined from solute injections indicate a lowertendency for direct downstream transport. Forest conversion to pasture appears to alter themovement of inorganic N downstream in watersheds by 1) decreasing NO 3 - moving to riparianzones and 2) increasing uptake demand for NH 4 + and NO 3 - and thus retention of N in smallstream channels. These changes have the potential to alter control of stream primary productionand decrease movement of inorganic N to larger rivers.

Control of stream water cations by surface soil processes and land use effectson the exchange of nutrients between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in theEastern AmazoniaDaniel MarkewitzThe University of GeorgiaRicardo de O. FigueiredoInstituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da AmazôniaEric A. DavidsonThe Woods Hole Research CenterAlex V. Krusche, Reynaldo L. Victoria, Jorge M. Moraes, and Azeneth E. SchulerCentro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura – USPThomas DunneUniversity of Califorina, Santa BarbaraAddress of corresponding author:Daniel B. Warnell School of Forest ResourcesThe University of GeorgiaAthens, GA 30605 - USAEmail: DMARKE@smokey.forestry.uga.eduWhile land use change is known to affect cycling of carbon and plant nutrients interrestrial ecosystems, the effect on small streams draining altered landscapes is less wellknown. We present results from a 10,000-hectare watershed on highly weathered soil inthe Eastern Amazon where a positive correlation between stream water solute concentrationand discharge was observed. Base flow stream water had low concentrations of Ca +2 , Mg +2 ,and K + , because the primary minerals had already been extensively weathered in theseHaplustox. During the wet season, however, these same cations were leached from surfacecharged exchange sites in upper soil horizons and were transported to the stream withbiogenically derived bicarbonate. This near surface process, as opposed to deep soilmineral weathering, was entirely responsible for the generation of streamwater alkalinity.This observed pattern in stream chemistry is contrary to the seasonal patterns widelyrecognized in temperate ecosystems with less strongly weathered soils. Both forest andpasture surface soils of this tropical landscape contain exchangeable cations and bothproduce large amounts of CO 2 and HCO 3 - during the wet season. Enrichment of the cattlepasture soils with cations from forest clearing and burning twenty years previously may befurther enhancing wet season leaching of cations. To elucidate more fully this exchange ofnutrients from terrestrial to aquatic systems, we are measuring and modeling the flowpathsof soil water and nutrients along forest and pasture hillslopes of this watershed.

Linking seasonal inundation with ecological, hydrological and biogeochemical processes in the Amazon basinJohn M. MelackUniversity of California, Santa BarbaraInstitute for Computational Earth System Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USAmelack@lifesci.ucsb.eduSeasonally inundated areas cover large areas of the Amazon basin and are important components of theecology, hydrology and biogeochemistry of the basin because they modify riverine discharges and chemicalcomposition and are significant sources of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere and fish to humans. Recentadvances in active and passive microwave remote sensing are providing regional information on temporalchanges in inundation and aquatic vegetation. Multiple aspects of LBA require are incorporating thisinformation. For example, combination of remotely estimates of inundation with extensive measurements ofdissolved carbon dioxide for the central Amazon indicates that evasion to the atmosphere of carbon dioxide isabout ten times the fluvial export of organic carbon by the Amazon River. The organic carbon fueling theevasion appears to be largely derived from riparian and floodplain vegetation, illustrating the importance ofterrestrial-aquatic-atmospheric exchanges. Further, the evasion of carbon dioxide and methane from Amazonwetlands appears to balance much of the uptake of carbon dioxide by terrestrial vegetation. Amazon fisheriesare important to the income and nutrition for many people living in the region, and fish yields have strongstatistical relations with maximum or minimum flooded areas.

Project:Title:Authors:LBA-CARBONSINKWater balance and carbon leaching of a rainforest catchment in Central Amazonia.M.J. Waterloo 1 , A.D. Nobre 2 , W.W.P. Jans 3 , A. Cuartas Pineda 2 , D.P. Drucker 4 , J.M.Heijmenberg 1 , M.G. Hodnett 5 , W. Gomes Neto 2 , A. Nascimento 2 , J. Tomasella 6 .1 Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HVAmsterdam The Netherlands2 INPA, Av. André Araújo 2936, Petrópolis, 69083-000, Manaus, AM, Brasil3 Alterra Droevendaalsesteeg 3, Building 101, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands4 Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz – USP, Av. Pádua Dias, 11 / 151 – Agronomia, Piracicaba- SP - C.E.P.: 13418-900, Brasil5 Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK6 CPTEC-INPE, Rodovia Presidente Dutra km 40, Cachoeira Paulista – SP, Brasil.AbstractSince 1999, CO 2 flux measurements have been made in the Cuieiras Reserve near Manaus. Recently, theresearch has been extended to include and hydrological studies. One of the aims of these studies is to assessthe losses of carbon released from the forest by decomposition and transported out of the area as dissolvedor particulate matter in surface and ground water. Due to delays in instrumentation a single year of data willbe available at the end of the Carbonsink-LBA project in 2002. To simulate losses over longer periods, theTOPOG model (http://www.clw.csiro.au/topog) will be used to simulate discharge and carbon leaching.TOPOG is a terrain analysis-based hydrological model, which can be used to describe the topographicattributes of three-dimensional landscapes and simulate the hydrologic behaviour of catchments, and howthis is affected by changes in land cover. The model uses micrometeorological, soil and vegetation data asinput and will be calibrated on measured discharge and groundwater levels. Relations between dischargeand concentrations of total organic carbon (TOC) and particulate carbon will then be used to obtainestimates of carbon leaching from 1999 onwards, when the micrometeorological measurements started. Theposter shows field data and preliminary model results such as a digital terrain model, aspect and slope mapsand a preliminary map showing the distribution of the groundwater level in the catchment. In addition, anestimate of the total rainfall, discharge and associated outflow of carbon over a six-month period will bepresented.

Scaling up from pastures to watersheds: The spatial and temporal structure ofhuman impacts on stream nutrients.Biggs, T.W. 1 , Dunne, T. 2 , Roberts, D.A. 1 , Karen Holems 1 , and Martinelli, L.A. 31. Department of Geography, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 931062. Donald Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University ofCalifornia, Santa Barbara, CA 931063. Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo.In past LBA conferences, we reported that land uses besides deforestation, such asurbanization and agricultural intensification, may have significant impacts on streamnutrients compared with conversion of primary forest to pasture. In this presentation, weput our observations of land use and stream chemistry in the spatial and temporal contextof frontier development using a time series of satellite images, census data, and a digitalelevation model to delineate watersheds. With these data, we define the probabilitydistributions of total deforestation extent and of the rates of conversion of primary forestto other land uses for approximately 30,000 watersheds varying in size from 2.5 to100,000 km 2 . The maximum annual and three-year deforestation rates decline rapidlywith watershed size, suggesting that deforestation is a gradual process for watershedslarger than 100 km 2 , and that the relatively short-lived “pulses” of stream nutrientsassociated with vegetation conversion in smaller watersheds are not likely to be observedin watersheds larger than 100 km 2 . Simultaneously, the probability that any givenwatershed contains an urban population increases with watershed size, suggesting a shiftin the relative importance of non-urban and urban sources of nutrient contamination withwatershed size.Contrary to results of studies in small watersheds (< 1km), streams draining nonurbanizedwatersheds (10-1000 km 2 ) with high rates of primary forest conversion topasture do not exhibit the greatest impacts on stream chemistry. Rather, the largestincreases in chloride and nutrient concentrations occur in watersheds with little or nocurrent conversion of primary rainforest to pasture, but that have average clearing agesgreater than 10 years. This pattern, and the high stream chloride signal in watershedswith longer occupation times, suggests that vegetation conversion is not the primaryagent driving anthropogenic impacts on stream nutrients. Other processes, possibly theestablishment and intensification of cattle production, is likely responsible for the impactsin non-urbanized watersheds.Additional stream sampling of larger watersheds (1,000-30,000 km 2 ) shows that thelargest impacts on stream nitrogen occur in watersheds of intermediate drainage areas(700-3000 km 2 ), though a land use signal is still detectable in streams draining areas aslarge as 30,000 km 2 . The watersheds with high stream nutrient impacts contain urbanpopulations, suggesting that urban sources may dominate human impacts on streamnutrients for watersheds larger than ~1000-5000 km 2 .

Transport of Particulate Carbon and Nitrogen in the Paraíba do Sul River, Rio deJaneiro, Brazil.Alvaro R. C. Ovalle 1 ; Ricardo de O. Figueiredo 2 and Carlos E. de Rezende 31 Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Av. Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dosGoytacazes, RJ, 28015-620, Brazil; 2 Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia,Av. Nazaré, 669, Belém, PA, 66035-170, Brazil;ramon@uenf.br; rofig@amazon.com.br; crezende@uenf.brThe study of ecosystems at meso-scale watersheds (>1,000 km 2 ) is a useful tool toevaluate changes at regional scale. However, this type of research has not been donefrequently in tropical regions. Therefore, there are few opportunities to compare thedifferences among tropical ecosystems. This paper is an attempt to make availableresults about the impacts of land use change at regional scale in the Atlantic Forest. Thisstudy attempts to identify the sources and processes associated with the particulatecarbon and nitrogen transport in the basin outlet of Paraíba do Sul River (54,000 km 2 ),in the State of Rio de Janeiro. Suspended particulate matter (SPM) were collected every15 days from Jan/97 to Jan/98 (n=26), analyzed for elemental (C and N) and carbonisotopic ( 13 C) composition, and fractionated into fine (FSPM < 63µm) and coarse(CSPM > 63µm) categories. Variations for measured parameters were as follows –Discharge (Q): 402/2351; Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM): 10/153; PC c : 0,92/22,2;PC f : 2,21/5,69; PC t :1,84/6,45; PN c : 0,06/1,45; PN f : 0,18/0,80; PN t : 0,17/0,84 (Q in m 3 /s;SPM in mg.L -1 ; C and N in %); 13 C c : -24,26/-19,80‰; 13 C f : -22,94/-20,40‰; 13 C t :-22,91/-20,62‰. Suspended particulate carbon and nitrogen concentrations presentedthe same temporal pattern for all granulometric fractions, and an inverse correlationwith SPM and Q. The same pattern was observed for 13 C, but not for (C:N) a ratio, whichpresented lower values during low discharge. Our results suggest that during low flowsthe phytoplankton biomass contribute more to SPM than do the upland eroded soils.Comparing isotopic signatures of potential sources it was detected that wetland soils, inaddition to material from sugar cane production, play an important role in C and Nconcentrations of the SPM transported through the river outlet. However, the insularlands beside the upstream dams function as biogeochemistry barriers to the delivery ofelements to the ocean.Financial Support: CNPq and Faperj

Fire behavior in savannas of Parupa, North Gran Sabana, VenezuelaBibiana Bilbao 1 , Carlos Méndez, Alejandra Leal & Maria Dolores Delgado. 4Departamento de Estudios Ambientales, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Apartado 89000,Caracas, Venezuela.1. bbilbao@usb.ve, 2. carlosmendez@etheron.net 3. 4. mdelgado@cesma.usb.veThe objective of this study was to estimate the fuel properties and meteorological variablescontribution in fire behavior in savannas of Parupa, North Gran Sabana, Venezuela. Firebehavior were studied in experimental burns done in fifteen 0.5 ha plots under differenttreatments: at the beginning, middle and the end of dry season in year 2000, 2001 and 2002with 3, 4 and 5 years of fire exclusion, respectively. Before and after burning, a total ofnine samplings per plot were carried out to estimate frequency, density and cover of plantspecies, humidity content and fuel accumulation. Meteorological variables were recordedduring the experimental burns, and air and flame temperature, fire propagation speed;combustion efficiency, and characteristic of ashes were also determined. Dailymeteorological variations had a major effect on fire behavior than seasonal variations in thedry period. Meteorological variables, as wind speed and % relative humidity, had a majorcontribution on fire behavior than those of fuel material (800-1200 g m -2 ). However, a lowfuel accumulation in plots burned in year 2000, did not allow a new burning for twoconsecutive years. The combustion efficiencies were lower respect to those reached inOrinoco Llanos (Central Plains), in part due to a high fuel humidity (22 to 54%), irregulardistribution of vegetation and specially to the presence of big superficial rhizomes thatmaintain live tissues during the dry season.

Dynamic of Gran Sabana forest-savanna gradient, revealed by isotopic composition of soilorganic matter.MENDEZ, C.L.* and B.BILBAOLaboratorio de Ecología Vegetal. Departamento de Estudios Ambientales. UniversidadSimón Bolívar. Baruta, Estado Miranda, Venezuela. Apartado Postal 89000.carlosmendez@etheron.net; bbilbao@usb.veAbstract:The great expansion of savannas in Gran Sabana (Canaima National Park, 3 million ha) hasbeen associated to a high fire occurrence and to the Holocene dry climatic phases. Soilorganic matter (SOM), δ 13 C, light fraction of SOM (LF), soil nitrogen, δ 15 N, and plantspecies dominance were studied in three forest-ecotone-savanna gradients (I;II;III) todetermine the replacement of forests by savannas and soil C and N dynamic. Soil sampleswere taken in different soil depths (0-200 cm) along transects (140 m) from forest tosavannas. The SOM, LF and soil nitrogen were higher in forests with respect to savannas.δ 13 C of SOM showed superior values in soil surface under savanna vegetation (dominatedby grasses with C 4 photosynthetic mechanism), while the δ 13 C of the soil at 2m depth weresimilar under forest (dominated by tress with C 3 photosynthetic mechanism) and savannas.At intermediate depth, maximum value of δ 15 N coincided with δ 13 C changes in soil,correlated with vegetation change in the past. These results suggest that the nitrogen cyclewas affected during this vegetation change in both ecosystems, being the capacity of Nfixation the most affected component. The biggest differences among plants and soil C/Nwere found in the savanna ecosystem; hence, we suggest fire as a FL removal agent.Differences among light carbon were a sensitive indicator in the vegetation substitution.Furthermore, the presence of "helechal" or dense fern community, in the ecotone area,appears to play an important role in the successional dynamics in the gradient.

Remote sensing for sampling station selection in the study of watercirculation from river system to and Amazon floodplain lakes: amethodological proposal.Claudio Barbosa 1 , Evlyn Novo 1 , Maycira Costa 11 – Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas EspaciaisSão José dos Campos, CP 515, SPClaudio@dpi.inpe.br, evlyn@ltid.inpe.br, maycira@ltid.inpe.brAlthough remote sensing is a suitable tool for monitoring vast remote areas suchas the Amazon floodplain, the accurate extraction of information must rely on groundvalidation sampling, through burdensome and expensive field campaigns.This paper proposes a methodology for planning and optimizing the acquisitionof water quality parameters during field campaigns aiming the study of water circulationbetween Amazon River and Amazon floodplains lakes and wetlands. The objective of theapproach is to settle an optimized geographic position data set spatially representative ofwater quality parameters revealing water circulation patterns.The first step in the study was to build a georeferenced image database consistingof seven dates of Landsat-TM/ETM+ images selected according to Amazon River waterlevel. Each image date was then submitted to the following processing: 1) atmosphericcorrection 2) region growing segmentation, 3) unsupervised segmented-basedclassification.Each resulting class for each date was then characterized by the statisticalattributes estimated from bands TM1, TM2 and TM3 of Landsat Thematic Mapper,which are the bands sensitive to water optical properties. Changes in the spatial dynamicof each class from images acquired at different water level were then mapped and thenumber of sampling stations and the geographic position of each station were definedanalyzing the results of the previous step.

Submitted to: II_ISC_LBA – 2 ND INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE OF LARGESCALE BIOSPHERE ATMOSPHERE EXPERIMENT IN AMAZÔNIA (LBA),MANAUS, AM, 07-10 JULY, 2002.SOIL RESPIRATION IN THE TOPOGRAPHY IN CAXIUANÃ RAINFOREST,AMAZÔNIA, BRAZIL.Eleneide Doff SOTTA 1 ; Edzo VELDKAMP 1 ; Beatriz QUANZ 2 ; Brenda ROCHA 2 ; M. L. P. RUIVO 2 .1 IBW/University of Goettingen, GermanyContact; e-mail: esotta@bigfoot.com2 MPEG/CCTE, Belém, PA, Brazil.ABSTRACTSoil respiration from plateau and slopes may be different from the respiration of valleysdue to different soil moisture and temperature conditions at different topographic positions.Movement of water in the soil may also influences in the respiration because it can transportorganic material and nutrients from plateau and slopes to valleys.Our objective is to quantify the influence of topography on the landscape estimate of soilrespiration in this rainforest in Caxiuana (East Amazon). We measure soil respiration, soil watercontent and soil temperature along replicated toposequences at the following four positions:plateau, high slope, low slope and valley.Our preliminary data show that the respiration during the wet season is lower in thevalleys, ranging from 1.98 ± 0.08 to 3.32 ± 0.01 µmol CO 2 . m -2 .s -1 . Soil respiration increasesalong the slope with the highest values at the high slope position (2.84 ± 0.04 to 4.17 ± 0.15 µmolCO 2 . m -2 .s -1 , n=3) and plateau (2.82 ± 0.07 to 3.70 ± 0.24 µmol CO 2 . m -2 .s -1 , n=3). We plan tocontinue our measurements to include dry season conditions.

The coming global freshwater scarcity: a project for the exportation ofwater from the Amazon BasinLuciana ValenteLL.M. Pace University - Whit Plains, NY - USAI. IntroductionII. The Water Wars – the Middle Eastern situationIII. Increasing the freshwater supplyIII.1. Building dams and reservoirsIII.2. Transferring surface waterIII.3. Tapping groundwaterIII.4. Converting salt water into freshwater – desalinizationIII.5. Cloud seeding and towing icebergsIV. Watershed ManagementIV.1. WatershedIV.2. BrazilIV.2.a) Water Resources Legal FrameIV.2.b) Watershed Management in BrazilIV.3. The Amazon BasinIV.3.b) The Amazon River Basin Watershed ManagementV. Improving water use efficiency – the Blue Revolution of water conservationV.1. Using irrigation water efficientlyV.2. Using homes, businesses and industries’water efficientlyV.3. Other mechanisms for watershed managementV.3.a) The price of waterV.3.b) PrivatizationV.3.c) Watershed tradingVI. The quality of drinking waterVI.1. Purifying waterVI.2. Recycling waterVII. A project for the exportation of water from the Amazon BasinVIII. ConclusionIX. Bibliography

Influence of land use in aquatic metabolism of streams- Fazenda Nova Vida- RO.*Charbel, L. F. 1 ; Martinelli, L.A. 11 Centro de Energia Nuclear em Agricultura (CENA)- USP, Piracicaba-SP. Brasil* Travessa Guilherme de Almeida, 37- Vila Monteiro- cep 13416-617 Piracicaba –SP. Brasilcharbel@cena.usp.brAbstractLand use change in Brazilian Amazonia from forest to pasture has concentrated inthe south and east boundaries of the basin, in the States of Pará, Maranhão , Mato Grossoand Rondônia. In this study we compared two small catchments with differentdistribution of forest and pasture, located at the State of Rondônia, relating themetabolism of organic matter in their streams. The water samples were collected in tensites, throughout the streams, from which physical and chemical parameters weremeasured. The distribution of forest and pasture was determinated using satellite images.The results of the analysis in the streams has showen higher concentrations of totaldissolved inorganic carbon and free CO 2 in the pasture stream (710 e 485 µM,respectively) compared to the forest stream (504 e 188 µM, respectively). Theconcentration of dissolved oxygen in pasture stream was lower (0,5 mg/l) compared tothe value found in the forest streams (6,4 mg/l). A high correlation was observed betweenthe increase of the percentage of pasture in the catchment with the dissolved organiccarbon concentration (n=10; R=0,78) and with the respiration rates (n=9; R=0,69). Thedata showed a change in the aquatic metabolism between the studied systems, suggestingthat the organic matter, in the pasture stream is being oxidized close to anaerobicconditions.

Organic matter composition of rivers of the Ji-Paraná basin (southwest Amazonbasin) as a function of land use changes.Bernardes, M. C. 1∗ ; R. L. Victoria 1 ; L. A. Martinelli 1 ; A. V. Krusche 1 ; M. Moreira 1 ; J.P. H. B. Ometto 1 ; M. V. R. Ballester 1 ; A. Aufdenkamp 2 ; J. E. Richey 2 ; J. I. Hedges 21 Laboratório de Ecologia Isotópica, Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura,Universidade de São Paulo.2 School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Box 355351, Seattle, WA, USA.Abstract. We investigated the forms and composition of dissolved and particulateorganic matter (OM) in rivers of the Ji-Paraná basin (64.300 km 2 ), Rondonia, whichhas a drainage basin verging the Amazon lowlands, and has been deforested to theextent of approximately 40% in the last three decades, most related to pastureimplementation. The results obtained in this study were compared with otherAmazonian rivers that have their headwaters in the Andean region. We determined aseries of chemical (C,N), biochemical (lignin) and isotopic tracers (δ 13 C and δ 15 N) inthree size classes of organic matter within five sites along Ji-Paraná River and eightmore sites in six tributaries. For Ji-Parana mainstem the land use changes have not yetchanged the compositional characteristics of riverine OM. The coarse fraction (CSS >63 µm) is least degraded and derives primarily from fresh C3 leaves. The fine fraction(FSS > 0.1 µm) is mainly associated with the mineral soil phase, but its ultimatesource appears also to be leaves from forests. This fraction has similar high nitrogencontent as others Amazonian rivers. The ultrafiltered dissolved organic matter(UDOM > 1,000 M.W.) appears to have the same source as the coarse fraction, butthe lignin analysis ([Ad/Al] V ratio) determined as the most degraded of the threefractions, and also with the highest δ 13 C values. However, in smaller catchments withintensive deforestation, the C4 signal has already been detected in the UDOMfraction, with percentage up to 35% and 24% in the Rolim de Moura and Jarutributaries.Key words: organic matter, land-use, Amazon rivers, deforestation, C4 plants,pasture, isotopes and lignin.∗ Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Caixa Postal 96, CEP 13400-970,Brazil, Fax: 55-19-4349210, e-mail: bernardes@cena.usp.br

CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF SOIL SOLUTION AND WATER RUNOFF INPASTURE RESTORATION AND FOREST SYSTEMS IN RONDÔNIAMarcelo Elias Cassiolato 1 ; Carlos Clemente Cerri 2 ; Marisa de Cássia Piccolo 3 ;Eric Roose 4 ; Christopher Neill 51 Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”(ESALQ-USP), Av. Pádua Dias, s/n, CaixaPostal 09, Cep:13418.000, CPG Solos e Nutrição de Plantas Piracicaba, SP, Brasil, Tel: 01934294171, E-mail: mecassiolato@uol.com.br; 2 Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura(CENA-USP), Av. Centenário 303, cep:13416.000, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil, Tel: 19 34294750,Fax:19 34294610, E-mail: cerri@cena.usp.br; 3 CENA-USP, E-mail: mpiccolo@cena.usp.br4 Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD), Montpellier, FR, E-mail:roose@mpl.ird.fr; 5 The Ecosystems Center, Woods Hole, MA, EUA, E-mail: cneill@mbl.edu;Soil solution and water in overland flow (runoff) were collected during four months(from January to April, 2002) in the rainy season, from five different soil managementtreatments in experimental plots located at Nova Vida Farm, in Central Rondônia todetermine chemical composition of solutions and to quantify losses in drainage andrunoff. The soil management treatments tested different methods for restoration of adegraded pasture and consisted of: (i) control, (ii) plowing + fertilization and planting ofBrachiaria brizantha, (iii) planting of rice under no-tillage + fertilization, (iv) plantingof soybean under no-tillage + fertilization. Samples of soil solution and overland flowfrom pasture treatments were also compared to the solutions collected from a naturalforest, close to the experimental area. Soil solutions were sampled with both tensionlysimeters and free tension lysimeters, and water in overland flow with runoffcollectors of 4 m 2 . Throughtfall and rainfall were also collected. Solutions wereanalyzed for electrical conductivity and pH. The pH and the electric conductivity variedwith the amount of rain and quantity of solution collected. The pH in soil solution in theforest was more acidic than the pasture control and pasture plowing treatments. Inrunoff, pH decreased in the order of the plowing, control and forest. Electricconductivity was highest in the forest, lower in the plowed pasture and lowest in thecontrol pasture. Solution will also be analysed for the concentration of dissolvedinorganic carbon (DIC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), cations, anions, metals, traceelements, total dissolved nitrogen, total dissolved phosphorus, δ 13 C in DIC and δ 13 C inDOC. The solutions will be collected through the beginning of the next rainy season.

Natural and athropogenic influences on the biogeochemistry of a meso-scale (75,000 km 2 )river undergoing deforestation in Southwest Amazon (Ji-Paraná river, Rondônia).Nei Kavaguichi Leite 1 , Alex Vladimir Krusche 1 , Maria Victoria Ballester 1 , Marcelo Bernardes 1 ,Reynaldo Victoria 2 , Beatriz Machado Gomes 3 , Anthony Aufdenkampe 2 , Jeffrey Richey 2 .1 Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura - USP. Laboratório de Ecologia Isotópica. CaixaPostal 96. CEP 13400-970. Piracicaba - Sνo Paulo - Brazil.2 School of Oceanography - University of Washington. Seattle - WA - USA.3 Universidade Federal de Rondônia - Campus de Ji-Paraná. Ji-Paraná - Rondônia - BrazilAbstractThe rivers of the Ji-Paraná basin were sampled at seven different occasions, corresponding tovarious stages of the hydrograph. A total of 14 sampling stations were distributed along 7 majortributaries and the Ji-Paraná river mainstem. Spatially, the chemistry of tributary waters showedstatistically significant differences (p

Water surface and river bottom longitudinal profiles and characteristicsalong Amazon river mainstream in BrazilPascal Kosuth (IRD), Maximiliano Strasser (UFRJ), Ilce de Oliveira Campos (USP),Julien Nicod (IMFT), Alfredo Ribeiro Netto (UnB), Marcio Sousa da Silva (IEPA),Eurides de Oliveira (ANA)Pascal Kosuth, IRD, CP 70911 Lago Sul, CEP 711619-970 Brasilia DF Brazilkosuth.ird@apis.com.brLongitudinal profiles of Solimões, Madeira and Amazon rivers (from Tabatinga and PortoVelho downwards to Obidos and Macapa) are presented, analyzing time variable watersurface profiles, permanent mean bottom depth profiles, maximum depth profiles and riverbottom structures (dunes) characteristics.Altimetry along Amazon River mainstream has been determined, in Brazil, throughimplementation and comparison of three techniques : geometric leveling, GPS positioning andradar altimetry (TOPEX / POSEIDON). Altitudes of more than 30 hydrometric stations withreference to mean sea level (or geoïd) have been determined, allowing to translate water leveltime series to a homogeneous referential. Rivers bathymetry has been obtained throughmeasurement of transversal profiles using ADCP and/or echobathymeter coupled with GPS.Bathymetric profiles have been measured every 25km along Solimões river, every 30 kmalong Madeira river and every 10 km along Amazon river downwards to Obidos.Characterization of river bottom structures has been realized along 40 different reaches usingechobathymeters.Amazon river water profile mean slope between Manaus and Macapa varies from 5mm/km(low flow) to 15 mm/km (high flow), depending on hydrological cycle phase.Solimões river slope is almost constant in relation with time but varies from 20 mm/kmdownstream (Manacapuru) to 40 mm/km upstream (Tabatinga). Madeira river slope is 60mm/km upstream (Porto Velho) and varies from 0.6 mm/km to 10mm/km along itsdownstream reach submitted to Amazon River backwater influence. Longitudinal bathymetricprofiles enlighten differences between rivers and significant spatial variations along a givenriver, related to the morphological dynamics of the river bed. Average observed dune lengthwas about 160 m with maximum 400 m, while observed dune heights, when existing, rangedfrom 2 m to 12 m, flow depth varying from 10 to 90 m.Results contribute to a better understanding of the river valley morphological evolution and ofsediment deposition trends and processes along the main river. They are of prime interest formathematical modeling of flow hydrodynamics and sediment transport dynamics.

Carbon Accumulation in Amazon VárzeasMoreira-Turcq, P. 1* , Turcq, B. 1 , Seyler, P. 2 , Jouanneau, J.M. 3 and Guyot, J.L. 21I.R.D. - Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, 32 avenue Henri Varagnat, 93143Bondy cedex, France.2 IRD - UMR LMTG, Université Paul Sabatier,39 allées Jules Guesde 31000 – Toulouse,France3UMR-CNRS 5805EPOC, DGO, Université de Bordeaux I, av. des Facultes, 33405 Talencecedex, France.* Corresponding author: Patricia.Turcq@bondy.ird.frFloodplains of large rivers or “Várzeas” (Amazon river floodplains) are dynamic andcomplex wetland systems which periodically oscillate between terrestrial and aquatic phases.Sediments are constantly exchanged between river channels and floodplains. The rates atwhich sediment is transferred to and from “várzeas”, and the residence time of “várzea”storage, are few known. They affect mineral erosion, transport and sedimentation fluxes in theriver-várzea system and have a special importance for the carbon cycle.Amazon “várzeas” are an important source of organic carbon to Amazon river.Organic production in Amazon “várzea” systems represent about 8.4 10 6 ton C yr -1 (Junk,1997), which are composed by : macrophytes (c.a. 5 10 6 ton C y -1 ), tree and grasses (c.a. 2.410 6 ton C y -1 ) and plankton (c.a. 1 10 6 ton C y -1 ). A significant portion of this carbon isexported by “várzeas” to atmosphere such as methane and CO 2 . A great part of the plankton(Richey, 1982) and the bulk of carbon (Junk, 1997) are probably degraded or is burned in situ.But the major part of the carbon produced by Amazon “várzea” seems to remain in situ andcan be subsequently exported to the river. Today there are very few data of organicsedimentation and carbon exportation by várzea lakes. The aim of this study is to evaluate thesedimentation and carbon accumulation rates in Amazon várzea systems and its importance inthe Amazon total carbon budget.Sediment traps and cores were used to better understand seasonal variation of organicand mineral matter and the recent organic carbon sedimentation in the Amazon “várzeas”.One core was sampled in the “Várzea do Lago Grande de Curuai” during low water stage(October 2000). Accumulation rates were obtained by 210 Pb radioisotope geochronology.Subsamples were analysed for granulometry, mineralogy, and organic matter determination.We have observed a high seasonal and spatial variation in the sediment and carbonsettling. Located phytoplankton blooms can be responsible for a significant carbon settling inthe traps. The highest fluxes of settling particles were observed during the falling water periodand varied between 300 and 2000 g m -2 day -1 and the lowest were found during the risingwater period and varied between 4 and 60 g m -2 day -1 . The greatest flux of organic carbon andnitrogen were observed in the same period. These flux ranged between 5 and 50 g C m -2 day -1and 0.34 and 6 g N m -2 day -1 during the falling water stage and between 0.041 and 4 g C m -2day -1 and 0.009 and 0.209 g N m -2 day -1 during the rising water stage. A part of this material isdegraded in the water column and another part is incorporated in the sediment. Sedimentationrates, ranged between 1.0 and 1.3 cm yr -1 . These high sedimentation rates associated with arelatively high organic carbon content in sediments show a very high capacity of Amazonvárzeas to accumulate organic carbon.

CHANGES TO INORGANIC NITROGEN IN SOIL AND SOIL SOLUTIONFOLLOWING FOREST CLEARING FOR PASTURE IN RONDÔNIAMarisa de Cássia Piccolo 1 ;Christopher Neill 2 & Carlos Clemente Cerri 11 Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura (CENA-USP), Av. Centenário 303,cep:13416.000, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil, Tel: 19 34294750, Fax:19 34294610, E-mail:mpiccolo@cena.usp.br2The Ecosystems Center, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA, E-mail: cneill@mbl.eduExtractable soil nitrogen and rates of net nitrogen mineralization and net nitrificationin tropical soils are indicators of soil fertility and the ability of these soils to retain Nfollowing disturbances such as forest cutting and burning. We examined changes tosoil and soil solution inorganic N concentrations, net N mineralization and netnitrification rates following forest clearing for pasture on Paleudults soils at NovaVida (10 o 30 S, 62 o 30 W) in Rondônia. We measured extractable NH 4 + and NO 3-concentrations in soils and NH 4 and NO 3 concentrations in soil solution in forest andin a 3 ha plot that was cut, burned and planted to pasture. Soil solution samples werecollected by tension lysimeters at 30 and 100 cm depth. Soil NH 4 + -N and NO 3 - -Npools in the cut forest increased compared with the reference forest during first 6months after cutting. Unlike NH 4 + -N and NO 3--N concentrations, rates of net Nmineralization and net nitrification did not change greatly during the cutting andburning of pasture installation. Soil solution NH 4 + concentrations in forest werehigher during the first 6 months after burning. In contrast, soil solution NO 3-poolswere higher during the first 8 months after burning compared with forest.

Relation between photosintesys and leaf morphoanatomy of 4 species in C4-C3 savannahfernslandgradient, Gran Sabana, Canaima National Park, Venezuela.R. Castillo & B. Bilbao.Laboratorio de Ecología Vegetal. Departamento de Estudios Ambientales. Universidad SimónBolívar. Baruta, Estado Miranda, Venezuela. Apartado Postal 89000.rcastillo@usb.ve, bbilbao@usb.veKeywords: photosintesys, morphoanatomy, C3-C4 gradient, Venezuela.In a physiological C3-C4 gradient, dominat herbaceous species in the savannah are mainly of theC4 tipe, while in the fernsland C3 species are dominant. Photosynthetic rates and other relatedvariables were studied in a vegetation gradient savannah-fernsland in Gran Sabana, CanaimaNational Park, Venezuela, in order to associate them to some foliar morphoanatomicalcharacteristics, to understand the natural distribution of these species. In the savannah Echinolaenainflexa (Poir.) Chase (Poaceae) y Lagenocarpus rigidus (Kunth) Nees (Cyperaceae) showedphotosynthetic rates of 18.10 y 14.17 µmol CO 2 m -2 s -1 , respectively, while fernsland species,Pteridium arachnoideum Maxón (Dennstaedtiaceae) (12.90 µmol CO 2 m -2 s -1 ) and Dicranopterisflexuosa (Schrader) Underw. (Gleicheniaceae) (12.14 µmol CO 2 m -2 s -1 ) showed lesser values, therebeing statistically significant differences between E. inflexa and the remaining species. Uponcomparison of specific leaf area (SLA), a clear difference was observed between savannah andfernsland species, whem photosynthesis was expressed in grams and correlated with SLA,differences were evident between functional groups distributed on the gradient: grass > sedge >ferns. Hypostomatic leaves in ferns and amphistomatic levasin savannah plants, with variating instomatic density between E. inflexa and L. rigidus, were among the anatomical differences found.Differences in proportion and distribution of leaf tissues were also found. The behaviour observedin C3 species may be explaines by these plants efficient utilisation of available resuorces, and theircapacity for adaptation to microclimatic and edaphic contions of the region

Scenarios of land use change: what are the human drivers?PRIMARY AUTHOR ORGANIZATION ABSTRACT_TITLEEmilio Moran Indiana University Oral DEFORESTATION TRAJECTORIESIN A FRONTIER REGION OF THEBRAZILIAN AMAZONMateus Batistella EMBRAPA Oral HUMAN DIMENSIONS AND METRICSOF LANDSCAPE CHANGE INRONDÔNIA, BRAZILIAN AMAZONPhilip Fearnside INPA Oral Deforestation control in Mato Grosso: anew model for slowing the loss ofamazonian forest.Sergio Margulis Banco Mundial Oral WHO ARE THE AGENTS OFDEFORESTATION IN THE AMAZON,AND WHY DO THEY DEFOREST?William LauranceSmithsonian TropicalResearch InstituteOralPREDICTORS OF DEFORESTATIONIN THE BRAZILIAN AMAZONAna Luisa Albernaz BDFFP/INPA Poster CAUSAL MODELING OF AMAZONIANDEFORESTATIONBritaldo Soares-Filho WHRC Poster Simulating land cover change along theCuiaba-Santarem highway underscenarios of high and low governanceCarlos GomesDept. ofGeography/University ofFloridaPosterDeforestation Patterns and HouseholdDeterminants of Land Use Choices byRubber Tapper in Amazonia: The Caseof the Chico Mendes Reserve in Acre,BrazilDiogenes Alves INPE/DPI Poster ASSESSING THE EVOLUTION OFLAND USE IN BRAZILIAN AMAZONIADouglas White CIAT Poster Riverine Agriculture of the PeruvianAmazon: Productive but Unprofitable?Douglas White CIAT Poster Introducing New AgriculturalTechnologies for the Amazon Frontier:Environmental-Economic Impacts orTradeoffs?Eduardo Venticinque INPA/BDFFP Poster Spatial diffusion of deforestation in theBrazilian Legal AmazonElsa MendozaJohn BrowderFederal University ofAcreVirginia PolytechnicInstitute and StateUniversityPosterPosterForest susceptibility to fire during a oneyear El Niño period (1998-99); a casestudy Western AmazonLand Use Patterns in the BrazilianAmazon: Comparative Farm-LevelEvidence from Rondonia.Jose Augusto Rocha CNPq/UFAC Poster Committed carbon emissions fromdeforestation in three municipalities ofAcre State, Brazil: a first approximationfor public policy decision-making.

Laura Tillmann Viana University of Brasilia -UnBPosterStructure of Microbial Communities inNative Areas and a Pasture in BrazilianSavannas (Cerrado) of Central BrazilMarcelo MoreiraProjeto DinâmicaBiológica deFragmentos FlorestaisPosterChanges in land use in the city ofManaus and adjacent areas of the Br174 highwayMark CochraneMichigan StateUniversityPosterPriority Areas for Establishing NationalForests in the Brazilian AmazonRenata MarconatoCentro de EnergiaNuclear na Agricultura -CENA-USPPosterLand Occupation and Use in the Ji-Paraná River Basin (Rondônia, Brazil).Social-Economics-Agricultural Survey

DEFORESTATION TRAJECTORIES IN A FRONTIER REGION OFTHE BRAZILIAN AMAZONMoran, E. F., S. McCracken, and B. Boucek.Indiana UniversityDeforestation in the Brazilian Amazon has not been random. It has followed the roads ofnational development, which have attracted settlers and economic activities. Even alongthese roads, deforestation follows highly differentiated trajectories as a function oftopographic position, soil quality endowments, and spatial factors such as distance tolocal towns and connectivity to national and international commodity markets. This paperpresents results of research from one region of the Brazilian Amazon, in the LowerXingu, in an efforts to elucidate the spatial and temporal dynamics of deforestationtrajectories as mediated by the demographic characteristics of immigrating households,and the natural endowments of the location. Unlike much of the literature currentlyavailable, the analysis presents not only a landscape analysis of deforestation, but also aproperty-level analysis that allows examination of household determinants of land useand deforestation. The trajectories of deforestation are based on time-series analyses ofTM images overlaid on the property grid in a GIS for the 3,718 properties present in thestudy area. The demographic analysis is based on a survey of 402 farm households withinthe study area. The paper makes projections for deforestation into 2020 for the entirestudy region based upon the trajectories examined. We project that by 2020 only 24 to 32percent of the original forest cover will remain standing under the most optimistic ofscenarios.

HUMAN DIMENSIONS AND METRICS OF LANDSCAPE CHANGE INRONDÔNIA, BRAZILIAN AMAZONMateus Batistella*, Emilio F. Moran, and Eduardo S. Brondizio*Embrapa Satellite MonitoringAv. Dr. Júlio Soares de Arruda, 80313088-300 Campinas, SPE-mail: mb@cnpm.embrapa.brDeforestation and colonization processes within the Brazilian Amazon haveattracted substantial attention since the early 1970s. The phenomenon has beenassociated with issues related to global change, alteration of biogeochemical cycles,land-use/land-cover (LULC) dynamics, and biodiversity losses. This paper focuses onan area of approximately 3,000 km 2 within the State of Rondônia in western Amazon.Two adjacent settlements of similar age, biophysical features, and assets amongcolonists were compared to assess the role of their different architectural andinstitutional designs in landscape change. Vale do Anari was planned following anorthogonal road network system. Machadinho d’Oeste was designed with attention totopography in laying out the grid of farm properties and included communal reserveswith right-of-use to local rubber tappers. Field research was undertaken in conjunctionwith the use of multi-temporal remotely sensed data (1988-1998), GIS integration, andlandscape ecology methods. The results indicate that the communal reserves play animportant role in maintaining lower levels of fragmentation in Machadinho, where 66%of forest cover remained in 1998 (after 15 years of colonization), in comparison withjust 51% in Anari. Without the reserves, forest cover in Machadinho is also 51%. Also,pasture conversion is more significant in the fishbone scheme of Anari. Analyses oflandscape structure confirmed that Machadinho is less fragmented, more complex, andmore interspersed. The combination of privately based decisions for the properties and

community-based decisions for the reserves clearly indicates that this architectural andinstitutional design can produce positive social and environmental outcomes.

ABSTRACTDEFORESTATION CONTROL IN MATO GROSSO: A NEW MODEL FOR SLOWINGTHE LOSS OF AMAZONIAN FOREST. Philip M. Fearnside, Coordenação de Pesquisasem Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), C.P. 478, CEP 69011-970 Manaus, Amazonas. e-mail pmfearn@inpa.gov.brControlling deforestation in Brazil’s Amazon region has long been illusive despiterepeated efforts of government authorities to slow the process. Now, a licensing andenforcement program in the state of Mato Grosso appears to be having a significant effect.Clearing rates of Amazonian forest and of the “transition” between forest and cerrado(central Brazilian savanna) have declined since the program began in 1999, whiledeforestation in the rest of Brazil’s nine-state “Legal Amazon” region has continued toincrease. However, due to exhaustion of uncleared land without steep slopes or otherimpediments to agriculture in some parts of Mato Grosso, the clearing rate in this state wasalready declining since before the program began. The decline of clearing rates in forestand transition areas steepened after the program began, especially in the transition areawhere enforcement has been concentrated. Examination of trends at the county (município)level help separate the effects of frontier aging and repression. In new frontiers, clearingrates were increasing before the enforcement program, but decline sharply after 1999.Clearing rates decline more sharply where enforcement is concentrated. Disturbingevidence of clearing in some indigenous reserves indicates the urgency of developingmechanisms to reward environmental services as an alternative form of development. Theassumption that deforestation in Amazonia is uncontrollable is at the root of Brazil’straditional resistance to international monetary flows to reward avoided deforestation, asthrough the Kyoto Protocol. The recent events in Mato Grosso indicate that thisassumption is flawed, and that deforestation can be controlled.

ABSTRACTWHO ARE THE AGENTS OF DEFORESTATION IN THE AMAZON, AND WHY DOTHEY DEFOREST? Sergio Margulis, Banco Mundial, Ed. Corporate Financial Center - Sala603, Brasilia-DF 70712-900. e-mail: Smargulis@worldbank.orgSeveral institutions have been studying the causes and dynamics of deforestation inthe Amazon. Since the start of this study in July 2000, the World Bank has discussed withthe Amazon Coordination Secretariat of the Ministry of the Environment – SCA/MMA –the possibility of doing a joint undertaking given the interest shown by both institutions. Inaddition to the World Bank and SCA/MMA, the AMA Project of PPG7 (Support toProgram Monitoring and Appraisal) also identified the need to undertake a study that wouldreview the causes and dynamics of deforestation in the Amazon as part of its study andevaluation component, and decided this could be done in partnership.With the support from SCA/MMA and from IMAZON, we identified key regionsand agents to undertake a rapid resource assessment (RRA). Due to time and resourceconstraints, the RRA was carried out during the 7-18 May 2001 period in the States ofMato Grosso and Pará. It did not allow for inferring extensively on the deforestationprocess in the Amazon; on the other hand, it allowed for far more than just reviewing andreorienting hypotheses and theses related to these processes, including those related tocattle ranching economics, to land use conversion processes (from forest to ranching), tothe roles of loggers’ and that (secondary) of agriculture, as well as the intensification offarming and ranching, in addition to the extent of land speculation.

1PREDICTORS OF DEFORESTATION IN THE BRAZILIAN AMAZONWilliam F. Laurance 1,2 , Ana K. M. Albernaz 2 , Götz Schroth 2 , Philip M. Fearnside 2 ,Scott Bergen 2 , Eduardo M. Venticinque 2 , Carlos Da Costa 21 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Apartado 2072, Balboa, Republic of Panamá(laurancew@tivoli.si.edu); 2 Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, InstitutoNacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, AM 69011-970, BrazilWe assessed the effects of biophysical and anthropogenic predictors on deforestation inBrazilian Amazonia. Using a GIS, spatial data coverages were developed for deforestationand for three types of potential predictors: (1) human-demographic factors (rural-populationdensity, urban-population size); (2) factors that affect physical accessibility to forests(linear distances to the nearest paved highway, unpaved road, and navigable river), and (3)factors that may affect land-use suitability for human occupation and agriculture (annualrainfall, dry-season severity, soil fertility, soil waterlogging, soil depth). To reduce theeffects of spatial autocorrelation among variables, the basin was subdivided into >1900quadrats of 50 X 50 km, and a random subset of 120 quadrats was selected that wasstratified on deforestation intensity. An ordination analysis was then used to identify keyorthogonal gradients among the ten original predictor variables.The ordination revealed two major environmental gradients in the study area. Axis1 discriminated among areas with relatively dense human populations and highways, andareas with sparse populations and no highways; whereas axis 2 described a gradientbetween wet sites having low dry-season severity, many navigable rivers, and few roads,and those with opposite values. A multiple regression analysis revealed that both factorswere highly significant predictors, collectively explaining nearly 60% the total variation indeforestation intensity. Simple correlations of the original variables were highlyconcordant with the multiple regression model and suggested that highway density andrural-population size were the most important correlates of deforestation.These trends suggest that deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon is being largelydetermined by three proximate factors: human population density, highways, and dryseasonseverity, all of which increase deforestation. Our findings suggest that currentpolicy initiatives designed to increase immigration and dramatically expand highway andinfrastructure networks in the Brazilian Amazon are likely to have important impacts ondeforestation activity. Deforestation will be greatest in relatively seasonal, southeasterlyareas of the basin, which are most accessible to major population centers and where largescalecattle ranching and slash-and-burn farming are most easily implemented.

CAUSAL MODELING OF AMAZONIAN DEFORESTATIONAna Luisa Albernaz 1 , Eduardo M. Venticinque 1 , William F. Laurance 1,2 , GoetzSchroth 1 , Philip M. Fearnside 31. Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, INPA/SI, Manaus, AM 2. Smithsonian TropicalInstitution, Panamá, 3. Coordenação de Pesquisas em Ecologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas daAmazôniaMost models on deforestation in the Brazilian Legal Amazon have emphasizedthe importance of road building in promoting deforestation over the region. A morerecent model has shown that there are other factors related to deforestation, such as ruraland urban population density and duration of dry season. To contribute to knowledge ofthe deforestation process in Brazilian Legal Amazon, we developed a causal modelbased on structured equations (path analysis), in order to understand direct and indirecteffects of these factors, and the magnitude of their impact. We first created an a prioricausal model, on which the variables road distance, annual rainfall, duration of dryseason, river distance, and rural and urban populations were considered as having adirect effect on deforestation. Indirect effects tested were the influence of road distance,river distance, soil fertility, and urban populations on rural populations; and the effectsof road distance and rural populations on urban populations. The magnitude of theseeffects was assessed using standardized coefficients of the regressions. The importanceof these factors was tested at two spatial scales, using quadrats of 50 x 50 km and 20 x20 km in the Brazilian Amazon.Road distance had the highest impact on deforestation, followed by ruralpopulation density. The most important indirect effects were those of road distance onurban and rural populations. Most other effects had significant but weaker impacts ondeforestation. Soil fertility and annual rainfall had non-significant effects. Results weresimilar when the model was applied to both 50 x 50 km and 20 X 20 km quadrats,indicating that our conclusion is not sensitive to the spatial scale of the analysis. Theseresults confirm that roads have important direct and indirect impacts on deforestation,and the main indirect effect is that through rural populations.

Simulating land cover change along the 1,000-km Cuiaba-Santarem highway underscenarios of high and low governance.a Soares-Filho, B., b Alencar, A., b,c Nepstad, D., a Coutinho, G., b Carmen, M.,Rivero, S., c Solórzano, L., a Voll, E.An important challenge to conservation is to simulate the influence of potential policyinterventions on the processes that are impoverishing native ecosystems. We present asimulation model that is responsive to policy intervention scenarios for the BR-163corridor in central Amazonia. This corridor links the cities of Cuiabá, in center Brazil,and Santarém, on the shore of the Amazon River, crossing large tracts of undisturbedforest in Pará state. To evaluate the ecological impacts of this road paving, a simulationmodel was developed for a corridor of 410 km x 1080 km along the BR-163 road,divided into four frontier types. The model assesses the consequences of road paving,within two alternative scenarios: A "business as usual" and a "Governance" scenario. Themodel projects the trends, and analyzes the effects of a series of variables on the land useand land cover changes in light of the alternative scenarios. The "alternative scenariomodel" is coupled to DINAMICA - a landscape dynamics simulator--including a cellularautomata and a road constructor model by the exchange of dynamic transition rates andthe distribution of land use and land cover classes. The model can be thought of as a tool,designed to accommodate a large number of hypotheses on Amazonian landscapeevolution, thus its overall structure can be used as a guide to develop new simulationmodels of key Amazon areas. Furthermore, the set of maps provided by the model pointsout the crucial role of governance in preserving the Amazon.a Universidade Federal de Minas Geraisb Instituto de Pesquisa Ambietal da Amazôniac Woods Hole Research Center* Corresponding author. P.O. Box 296, Woods Hole, MA 02543, U.S.A.dnepstad@whrc.orgEmails:britaldo@csr.ufmg.brane@amazon.com.brdnepstad@whrc.orglsolorzano@whrc.org

Deforestation Patterns and Household Determinants of Land Use Choices by RubberTapper in Amazonia: The Case of the Chico Mendes Reserve in Acre, BrazilCarlos V. Gomes 1 , Hiromi S. Sassagawa 2 , I. Foster Brown 2,3 , and Stephen Perz 41 Ph.D. Student. Dept. of Geography, University of Florida, email: valerio@ufl.edu; 2SETEM/Federal University of Acre, email: hiromi@mdnet.com.br; 3 Woods HoleResearch Center and Federal Fluminense University, email: fbrown@whrc.org; 4 Dept. ofSociology, University of Florida, email: sperz@soc.ufl.eduThe Chico Mendes Extractive Reserve (CMER), with nearly one million hectares, hasexperienced different levels of land use change as a response to local and regionaleconomic forces and prevailing social stresses. This study provides both a reserve and ahousehold level approach of measuring land-use changes. General patterns ofdeforestation are analyzed at the reserve level, and household characteristics affectingland use choices are analyzed at the household level. At the reserve level, TM-Landsat-5data from 1986, 1992, and 1998 were utilized to quantify deforestation rates. At thehousehold level, in-depth interviews were carried out with 66 households. Reserve levelfindings show that the CMER has experienced accelerating small-scale deforestation. Theoverall deforestation level in the CMER was 0.7% in 1986, 1.5% in 1996, and 2.9% in1998. The deforestation process does not occur uniformly across the reserve. Eightseringais (rubber tapper estates), which represent about 12% of the reserve territory,presented the highest deforestation rates and are closer to reach the legal limit fordeforestation of 10%, as determined by the Utilization Plan of the reserve. Householdlevel findings shows that the age of the household heads and the locations of theseringais have a strong association with rubber and Brazil nut production, which suggestthat older household heads tend to engage in forest activities. The availability of sons ofhousehold heads exerts a strong effect on pasture and cattle raising activities, whichsuggests that non-forest activities tend to be carried out by the young residents. Themigrant status accentuates agricultural activities, implying that non-migrant householdstend to engage in forest activities. Understanding which factors are driving these changeswill hopefully contribute to the strengthening of sustainable land-use managementstrategies in the CMER and in other extractive communities in Amazonia

ASSESSING THE EVOLUTION OF LAND USE IN BRAZILIAN AMAZONIADiógenes S. Alves, Maria Isabel S. Escada, Morris Scherer-Warren, José C. da Silveira Jr.Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)Av. dos Astronautas 1758, São José dos Campos SP CEP 12201-010 BRAZILdalves@dpi.inpe.brHuman occupation in Brazilian Amazônia has been accompanied by persistent changes in Amazonian landscapes,ecosystems, and in demographic and socioeconomic conditions of people settling in the newly established frontiers.In this paper, we use 1985 and 1996 Census data to investigate how cattle ranching, annual and permanent cropshave evolved in Amazônia. Our goal is to review some of the available data and discuss some characteristics ofagriculture and cattle ranching that may have different impacts on land degradation and on sustainable land use.Census data show important regional differences in the relative importance of cattle and crops, frequently associatedwith Federal Government colonization programs but also depending on the evolution of the agrarian structure indifferent regions. Pastures do constitute the prevailing land use, at the same time as the total number of headsfrequently increased faster then the total area of pasture. The relative area of crops decreased in some areas ofagrarian reform and family agriculture colonization, while pastures increased their relative importance in suchregions. At the same time, grain production and productivity have significantly increased in few areas whereconnections to the nation-wide grain networks were set up. In general, the data suggest a scenario of land useintensification in regions of more important settlement and agricultural production, where deforestation has alsobeen concentrated. The analysis suggests that systematic research should be carried out on the carrying capacity ofdifferent regions and on the relationships between land use intensification, land degradation and sustainable landuse.

Riverine Agriculture of the Peruvian Amazon: Productive butUnprofitable?Douglas White a* , Ricardo Labarta a,b , Efraín Leguía a , Wagner Guzmán c , Javier Soto d , HéctorCampos e and Jhon Avilés daCentro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical- CIATbMichigan State UniversitycInternational Centre for Research on Agroforestry- ICRAFdMinisterio de Agricultura (Peru)e Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria- INIA (Peru)* corresponding author address:CIATA.P. 558, Pucallpa, Peruemail: d.white@cgiar.orgAbstractIn the Peruvian Amazon, many scientists and politicians recommend that agricultural activity beconcentrated in the rich alluvial soils of the riverine regions. Supposedly, this developmentpolicy would enable more intensive production, thereby improving the well-being of farmerswhile reducing pressure upon forest cover. However, soil fertility does not guarantee theeconomic feasibility of an agricultural system. This paper examines the relationships betweenproduction and marketing conditions of the riverine areas. An agro-economic mathematicalmodel takes into account available smallholder farmer labor, land, and capital resources tosimulate two distinct riverine farm types, those of: 1) permanent dwellers, and 2) temporalfarmers. The Ucayali River, near the fast-growing city of Pucallpa, serves as the case study site.Returns to labor, a measure that is crucial in examining smallholder agriculture, varies greatlyaccording to crop type and its location. Research results reveal that for temporary farmers, thelow mudflats enable higher returns to labor, approximately 1.5 times the standard wage foragricultural labor. Sandy beaches and riverbanks permit returns nearly equal to the standardlaborer wage. For the permanent dwellers, who plant a wider variety of crops in differentlocations, returns to labor are about 1.2 times the standard wage. Not only are these economicreturns modest, but also both types of riverine farmers are beset by fluctuating market prices anduncertain rises in river levels that can destroy entire plantings and harvests. In order ensureeconomic viability riverine development policies must address these shortcomings.

Introducing New Agricultural Technologies for the Amazon Frontier:Environmental-Economic Impacts or Tradeoffs?Douglas White a* , Ricardo Labarta a,b , Wagner Guzmán c , Efraín Leguía a , Héctor Campos d andJavier Soto eaCentro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical- CIATbMichigan State UniversitycInternational Centre for Research on Agroforestry- ICRAFdInstituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria- INIA (Peru)e Ministerio de Agricultura (Peru)* corresponding author address:CIATA.P. 558, Pucallpa, Peruemail: d.white@cgiar.orgAbstractThe introduction of new agricultural technologies into Amazon frontier regions can affect bothhousehold economic security and rates of forest conversion to agricultural use. This paperexamines both farm management decisions and market conditions of the forest margins context.Although smallholder farmers attempt to increase their involvement in market-orientedagriculture, minimal government support compels them to ensure household food and incomewith subsistence crop production. Three features of the smallholder swidden agriculture system(labor and land inputs, and markets) are not homogeneous and require careful consideration inorder to examine the effects of introducing of new agricultural technologies. Theoretical andempirical analyses focus on: a) seasonal labor inputs (competitiveness with respect to traditionalagriculture production), b) the quality of land inputs (requiring fertile recently-converted forestor fallow lands), and c) the designation of product output (for market trade or household use).The Pucallpa region in the Peruvian Amazon serves as a case study site. Results from agroeconomicmathematical modeling reveal that greater earnings at the farm-level come about notonly through productivity increases but also by changing the seasonal characteristics of theircultivation. Altering traditional technologies (e.g. rice, maize, cassava) that lead to seasonal laborshortages, simultaneously permits greater and more diverse harvests, and thus should become aresearch priority. Environmental impacts depend upon whether new agricultural technologiesrequire more weed-free plots from recently-converted forest or can withstand less-fertile fallowland. Policy implications regarding the role of traditional technology development anddissemination are discussed.

Spatial diffusion of deforestation in the Brazilian Legal AmazonEduardo M. Venticinque 1 , Ana Luisa Albernaz 1 , William F. Laurance 1,2 , GoetzSchroth 1 , Philip M. Fearnside 31. Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, INPA/SI, Manaus, AM 2.Smithsonian Tropical Institution, Panamá, 3. Coordenação de Pesquisas emEcologia, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da AmazôniaMost recent models of deforestation in the Brazilian Legal Amazon concern thefactors affecting this process, and are useful for understanding driving causes ofdeforestation and how to plan development with the lowest possible impact.Another way to look at deforestation is to understand its spatial distribution overthe region, assessing the probability of deforestation based on the percentage offorest in the neighborhood. The spatial pattern of deforestation was obtainedthrough semivariograms and correlograms including the entire Brazilian LegalAmazon.Analyses were done at two different scales, using quadrats of 50 x 50 km (totalcoverage, N=1932), and a random sample of 5000 quadrats of 20 x 20 km (fromthe approximately 12000). To assess if the effect of distance is isotropic (i.e., hasthe same intensity) in all directions, we applied the semivariograms to differentdirections: 0 o , 45 o , 90 o and -45 o . Each model was adjusted using nugget, sill, andrange, and the results for these directions were compared. Correlograms wereapplied to obtain the magnitude of spatial dependence of the deforestation process.The semivariograms indicated that deforestation is an anysotropic phenomenon,being more pronounced in the N-S and E-W directions. All variograms wereadjusted using the exponential model, and the sill was similar for all directions, butshapes of the curves revealed different patterns. Variograms in the N-S and E-Wdirections had the most accentuated increment in variation for the first fiveintervals, for both scales. Correlograms detected a strong spacial dependence, withcoefficients ranging from 0.8 to 0.5 for the first five classes. At the 50-km scale,correlograms showed a continuous trend falling as a function of distance, but atthe 20km scale, the falling trend stabilized around a coefficient of 0.3. Thus, resultsindicate strong spatial dependence in the deforestation process, and this should beconsidered in further analysis and models.

Forest susceptibility to fire during a one year El Niño period (1998-99); a case study Western Amazon1,2 Mendoza, E. R. H.; 1,3 Nepstad, D.; 2,3 Brown, I.F.; 3 Solorzano, L.1 Institute of Environmental Research of Amazonia - IPAM;2 Federal University of Acre/Zoobotanical Park UFAC/PZ; 3 Woods Hole Research Center-WHRCUniversidade Federal do Acre-PZ, BR-364 Km 4 Campus Universitário CEP:69900-000 RioBranco – Acre, Brasil;e-mail:elsa_mendoza@uol.com.brAbstractHistorically, forest fires in pre-Colombian Amazonia occurred at intervals of 400 to 700years, and were apparently associated with severe droughts. Forest fires are becomingmore common today through the interacting influences of drought, forest thinningthrough logging, and fires that escape from pasture and agricultural plots. The objectiveof this study was to determine the contribution of several meteorological, fuel, and foreststructural variables to the flammability of a primary forest in southeastern Amazonia(Catuaba Experimental Ranch, Acre State). Two hundred experimental fires wereconducted along 2000 m of transect, accompanied by measurements of air temperatureand humidity, litter height, litter moisture content, leaf area index, canopy openness, andplant-available soil water. Fires were ignited in both a tall, open forest (floresta aberta)and bamboo-dominated forest (floresta de bambu). The area burned by experimental fires(between 1 and 4 minutes following ignition) was correlated most closely with relativesoil humidity, potential available water, and LAI (r 2 = 0.54). Models created from thefield data showed that the probability of fires igniting reached a threshold at relative airhumidity

Land Use Patterns in the Brazilian Amazon: Comparative Farm-Level Evidence from RondoniaJohn O. Browder, Marcos A. Pedlowski, Percy M. SummersVirginia Polytechnic Institute and State UniversitySince the 1970s the Brazilian Amazon has received nearly one million migrantfarm households from other regions of the country, many of whom were attracted togovernment sponsored frontier settlement programs that offered free tropical forest land.As a result, pressures on tropical forests have intensified along several settlementcorridors throughout the region. Despite their importance as agents of landscape change,surprisingly little is known about the land use practices of these farmers. This paperbriefly reviews the research literature on smallholder land use patterns in Amazonia. Therecent history of one important agricultural land settlement program in the westernBrazilian Amazon state of Rondônia, is described. Based on 240 household surveysconducted in three separate settlement locations in the state, this paper highlights keydifferences in land use patterns among the rural population. Typologies of farmingsystems are presented based on cluster analysis of land use data and ANOVA tests. Thefindings indicate considerable complexity and heterogeneity in smallholder farmingsystems. Spatial variations in farming system types may be due to geographic differencesin soil regimes, the social histories of specific communities, and site-specific exogenousvariables.

Committed carbon emissions from deforestation in three municipalities of AcreState, Brazil: a first approximation for public policy decision-making.Jose Augusto Rocha 1 , I. Foster Brown 2 , Marcos Silveira 3 , Hiromi Sassagawa 4 , andDiogo Selhorst 5 . augusto.setem@globo.com.1 CNPq/LBA Fellow, Zoobotanical Park, Federal University of Acre, Rio Branco, AC2 Woods Hole Research Center, Woods Hole, MA USA, and Federal FluminenseUniversity, Niteroi, RJ Brazil3 Department of Natural Sciences and Zoobotanical Park, Federal University of Acre4 Ministry of Agriculture, Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil5 Bioma Foundation and Federal University of AcreCarbon emissions produced from deforestation provide an easily quantified link toglobal processes and to economic incentives based on avoided carbon emissions. InBrazilian Amazonia, a municipality-based approach has the potential to more effectivelymonitor deforestation, analyze socio-economic drivers of deforestation, and implementappropriate public policies. Three municipalities in eastern Acre State provide a range ofpercent area deforested in 1999: Assis Brasil (6%), Brasileia (25%), and Epitaciolândia(46%). We classified Landsat TM imagery that provided the following estimates ofdeforested area for 1986 and 1999, respectively: Assis Brasil (6,300, 17,400 ha),Brasileia (64,000, 110,000 ha), and Epitaciolândia (42,900, 75,900 ha). Sassagawa andBrown (2000) found differences on the order of 20% between official estimates ofdeforested areas in Acre. Using this value as an explicit estimate of uncertainty, the meanrate of deforestation for this period and the relative uncertainty are: Assis Brasil (850ha/yr ± 43%), Brasileia (3,600 ha/yr ± 75%), and Epitaciolândia (2,500 ha/yr ± 70%).As a first approximation, the committed carbon emissions (CEEs) are the rate ofdeforestation multiplied by the carbon content of forests, 130 Mg C/ha (range: 90 to 200Mg C/ha). Regrowth and carbon content of subsequent vegetation are not taken intoaccount. Resulting CEEs (with range in Mg C/yr) are: Assis Brasil – 110,000 Mg C/yr(39,000 to 240,000), Brasileia – 480,000 Mg C/yr (70,000 to1,150,000), andEpitaciolandia 340,000 Mg C/yr (62,000 to 880,000). To make these numbers morerelevant for public policy, these figures were divided by the latest municipal populationestimates to produce per capita emission estimates: Assis Brasil - 32 Mg C/yr/person (11to 69), Brasileia - 28 Mg C/yr/person (4 to 73), and Epitaciolandia - 30 Mg C/yr/person(5 to 80). All these values, even the lowest bounds, are several times higher than theglobal average of 1 Mg C/yr/person. As such, they serve as an indicator of how farcarbon emissions will need to be reduced to attain sustainable development insouthwestern Amazonia.

Structure of Microbial Communities in Native Areas and in a Pasture inBrazilian Savannas (Cerrado) of Central BrazilViana, L.T. 1 ; Molina, M. 2 ; Pinto, A.S. 3 ; Bustamante, M.C. 4 ; Kisselle, W.K. 5 ; Zepp, R.G. 61,3,4 Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF2,5,6US Environmental Protection Agency, Georgia, USA1 SQN412 Bl.N Apt. 305 CEP: 70867-140 Brasília-DF (mailing adress)1lviana@unb.br; 2 molina.marirosa@epa.gov; 3 aspinto@unb.br; 4 mercedes@unb.br;5 kisselle.keith@epa.gov; 6 zepp.richard@epa.govThe Brazilian savannas (Cerrado) covers an area of 2 million Km 2 and represents the secondmajor biome in Brazil. It presents a dry season from April to September and a rainy seasonfrom October to March and different vegetation covers that varies in woody species density.The region has suffered drastic changes in land use with conversion of native areas toagriculture and burning practices are common during the dry season. The microorganismshave an important role in nutrient cycling and ecosystem functioning and the effects of landusechanges on microbial community structure and function are not well understood. As partof an effort to understand the effect of vegetation changes and fire regimes on the nutrientdynamics and trace gas emissions, the structure and dynamic of soil microbial communitieswere studied using phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis. Soil samples (0-5 cm) werecollected from June/00 to June/01 in two native vegetation types (cerrado sensu stricto ecampo sujo) subjected to different fire regimes (2 plots protected from fire since 1992 and 2plots submitted to prescribed fires) and in a 20 year-old active pasture (Brachiaria brizantha).Principal component analysis (PCA) separated microbial communities by vegetation type(native vs. pasture) and seasonality (wet vs. dry), explaining 45,8% and 25,6%, respectively,of the total PLFA variability. Differences between burned and unburned sites were observedalthough it was less significant than vegetation cover and seasonality effects. Gram-negativebacteria (16:1ω7c, 16:1ω5, 18:1ω7c) were in higher concentrations in the pasture than innative areas, which showed more abundance of lipids from eukaryotic microorganisms andGram-positive bacteria. Most of the variability, during the dry season, were explained by 16:0(general prokaryotic lipid) and cy19:0 (Gram-negative lipid) and, during the wet season, byGram-positive bacteria lipids (i16:0, br18:0, 15:0). Total PLFA varied from 7,1 to 41,0 µg/gdry weight of soil with higher values observed during the wet season.

Changes in land use in the city of Manaus and adjacent areas of the Br 174 highwayMoreira, M. P., Venticinque, E.M., Albernaz, A.L.Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais – Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas daAmazônia / INPAEndereço: PDBFF/InpaAv. André Araújo, 1753 – Aleixo – Manaus/AMCaixa postal 478 - CEP:69011-970e-mail: pinguela@inpa.gov.brHistorically, changes in land use patterns in Brazilian Legal Amazon have been stimulatedby Government interventions through public policies such as road building, colonizationprojects and economic subsidies to industrial activities. In Central Amazon, mainly in areasaround Manaus, the occupation process was initiated with the rubber exploitation cycle, andwas later accelerated by the creation of the Free Commercial zone and implementation ofthe industrial district, accompanied by an agricultural program. These incentives havegenerated a intense demographic flux to this region. The present study aims to evaluate thedynamics of the deforestation and land use changes in the area around Manaus and alongthe nearby part of the BR-174, by using Landsat TM5 images from 1986, 1992 and 1997.The study area included 6825 Km 2 , in a rectangular shape of 105 x 65 km. Mapping of landuse and natural vegetation cover was made using supervised classification by maximumlikelihood classifier in the IDRISI 32 software. After classifying, the area of each class wascalculated for each of the following: mature forest; second growth, and urban/deforestedareas, and “other” (e.g. water, open natural vegetation areas) for the three images. Forestedareas have been reduced 3.3% in 1992 and 1.8% in 1997. Second growth areas increasedfrom 1986 to 1992 (7%), and was slightly reduced in 1997 (less than 1%). Urban areasincreased 66% from 1986 to 1992, and 9% from 1992 to 1997. These results make it clearthe strong impacts of economic subsidies to the region during the 1980s, and a diminutionin the rhythm of deforestation and urbanization from 1992 to 1997. Despite thedevelopment model based on these subsidies be considered one of the reasons of low forestlosses in the State of Amazonas, our results show that at a more local scale, aroundManaus, they have had a drastic impact, mainly through promoting the urbanizationprocess.

Priority Areas for Establishing National Forests in theBrazilian AmazonMark A. Cochrane 1,2 , Adalberto Veríssimo 1 , Carlos Souza Jr. 1 and Rodney Salomão 11 Instituto do Homem e Meio Ambiente da Amazônia (IMAZON), 2 Michigan StateUniversity, Basic Science and Remote Sensing Initiative (MSU/BSRSI)Brazil will benefit if it gains control of its vast Amazonian timber resources.Without immediate planning, the fate of much of the Amazon will be decided bypredatory and largely unregulated timber interests. Logging in the Amazon is a transientprocess of natural resource mining (Uhl et al. 1997). Older logging frontiers are beingexhausted of timber resources and will face severe wood shortages within 5 years(Veríssimo and Amaral 1998). The Brazilian Government can avoid continued repetitionof this process in frontier areas by establishing a network of National and State Forests(Flonas – Florestas Nacionais) to stabilize the timber industry and simultaneously protectlarge tracts of forest. Flonas currently comprise less than 2% of the Brazilian Amazon(83,000 km 2 ). If all of these forests were used for sustainable logging, they wouldprovide less than 10% of the demand for Amazonian timber. To sustainably supply thepresent and near-future demand for timber, approximately 700,000 km 2 of the Amazonforest needs to be brought into well managed production. Brazil’s National ForestProgram, launched in 2000, is designed to create at least 400,000 km 2 of new Flonas.Objective decision tools are needed to site these new national forests. We report here amethod for optimally locating the needed Flonas that incorporates information onexisting protected areas, current vegetation cover, areas of human occupation, and timberstocks. The method combines these information in a spatial database that allows formodeling of the economic potential of the region’s various forests as a function of theiraccessibility and timber values while constraining model solutions for existing areas ofprotection or human occupation. Our results indicate that 1.15 million km 2 of forests(23% of the Brazilian Amazon) could be established as Flonas in a manner that willpromote sustainable forest management while acting as buffer zones for fully protectedareas (Parks and Reserves).

Título: Land Occupation and Use in the Ji-Paraná River Basin (Rondônia,Brazil). Social-Economics-Agricultural SurveyAutores: Renata Marconato;Reynaldo L. Victoria;Maria Victoria R. Ballester;Dalcio CaronAfiliação Institucional: Centro de Energia Nuclear na AgriculturaLaboratório de GeoprecessamentoEndereço: Divisão de Funcionamento de Ecossistemas TropicaisCentro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura / USPCaixa Postal 9613400-970 Piracicaba – SPrmarcona@carpa.ciagri.usp.brThe present project consists in generating a georeferenced database withagricultural, social and economical information for the Ji-Parana river basin (RO).This area is severely affected by deforestation due to agriculture occupation whichburns the native vegetation to substitute the native vegetation for pasture. This activityis collides with the results proposed by the Rondônia Land Aptitude Map, damagingthe environment without reducing the social-economics differences in the region. AGeographic Information System will be used to make the spatial analysis of the dataobtained from the federal government official agencies (IBGE and IBMA), thuscreating a digital georeferenced database with information regarding economics,social aspects, land use and deforestation. This will allow to relate the data and studythe results of it’s interdependence with human, environmental and economical factors.As a result, a zoning map of the region will be created based on similar characteristicsthat could be used to guide a more sensible region development, contemplating thenatural and human resources that it provides. Preliminary results indicate that thegrowing cattle ranging in the basin have little or no mechanization and soilconservation practices thus resulting in a low productivity, typical of an extensivecattle raising practice, requiring large areas, promoting pasture growth anddeforestation.

Trace gas evolution with landuse gradientsPRIMARY AUTHOR ORGANIZATIONABSTRACT_TITLEDiana Garcia-Montiel MBL Oral Effect of labile carbon additions onN2O emissions from forest soils inthe southwestern Brazilian AmazonLaurens GanzeveldRobert YokelsonMax-Planck Institutefor ChemistryUniversity ofMontanaOralOralImpact of land cover and land usechanges on surface trace gasexchanges.The Emissions From Savanna Fires,Domestic Biofuel Use, and ResidualSmoldering Combustion, and theEffects of Aging and Cloud-Processing on Smoke DuringSAFARI 2000Caio Cesar Passianoto CENA-USP Poster Soil trace gas emissions influencedby pasture reformation systems inRondônia, BrazilChristopher NeillFrancoise IshidaJadson DiasMarine BiologicalLaboratoryIPAM - Instituto dePesquisa Ambientalda AmazoniaUniversidade Federaldo Para - Campus deSantaremPosterPosterPosterControl of N2O and N2 Emissionsfrom Amazonian Pastures UnderIntensified Use: Availability ofNitrogen, Carbon and the Effects ofSoil TillageEmissions of CO2, CH4, N2O, andNO in a chronosequence ofsecondary forests in easternAmazoniaSoil-Atmosphere Flux of NitrousOxide and Methane Measured OverTwo Years on Sand and Clay Soils inUndisturbed Forest at the FLONATapajos, BrazilKeith Kisselle US EPA Poster NOx and CO emissions from soil andsurface litter in a Brazilian savannaLuciana GattiIPEN - Instituto de PosterPesquisas Energeticase NuclearesWhat we learned about trace gases inthe Amazon BasinPatrick CrillUniversity of NewHampshirePosterMethane dynamics in undisturbedforest at the FLONA Tapajos, BrazilPaul Steudler MBL Poster ANNUAL PATTERNS OF SOILCO2 EMISSIONS FROMBRAZILIAN FORESTS ANDPASTURES

Effect of labile carbon additions on N 2 O emissions from forest soils inthe southwestern Brazilian AmazonD.C. Garcia-Montiel 1 , J.M. Melillo 1 , P.A. Steudler 1 , C. Neill 1 , C.C. Cerri 2 , B. Feigl 2and M. Piccolo 21 The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543,USA.2 Centro de Energia nuclear na Agricultura, Avenida Centenário 303, CEP13416000, Piracicaba, SP, Brasil.dgarcia@mbl.edu jmelillo@mbl.edu steudler@mbl.edu cneill@mbl.educerri@cena.usp.br eduardo@cena.usp.br mpiccolo@cena.usp.brThe availability of labile organic carbon for microbial metabolic processes couldbe an important factor regulating N 2 O emissions from tropical soils. Weinvestigated how an increase in labile C affects N 2 O and CO 2 emissions fromforest soils in the southwestern Brazilian Amazon State of Rondônia.Experimental manipulations included the addition of NO - 3 or glucose to field plotsin the forest and of NH + 4 , NO - 3 and/or glucose to laboratory incubations of soils.The addition of labile carbon dramatically increased the emissions N 2 O and CO 2from the forest soils. These results indicate a strong C limitation of forest N 2 Oproduction. In this study and related field observations, we have observed apositive linear correlation between the emissions of N 2 O and CO 2 from forestsoils in Rondônia. We have used this relationship together with our processbasedbiogeochemistry model, the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM), to predictN 2 O emissions for the Amazon Basin. For the period 1980-1995, we estimateannual basin-wide N 2 O-N emissions of between 0.74 and 0.83 Tg.

Impact of land cover and land use changes on surface trace gas exchanges.Laurens GanzeveldMax-Planck Institute for ChemistryJoh.-Joachim-Becher-Weg 27, P.O. Box 3060, 55020 Mainz, GermanyE-mail: ganzeveld@mpch-mainz.mpg.deSurface trace gases exchanges are controlled to a large extent by land cover and landuse. Dry deposition as well as biogenic emissions depend on turbulent exchange and thebiogeo-physical and -chemical properties of the surface. Moreover, interactions between drydeposition and biogenic emissions within the vegetation canopy depend on land coverproperties through modification of the turbulent exchange and (photo)-chemicaltransformations within the canopy. Hence it is expected that changes in land cover and landuse, e.g., deforestation, will alter surface trace gas exchanges and consequently atmosphericchemistry.The complexity of surface trace gas exchange processes requires the use of explicit,mechanistic models to assess potential impacts of land cover and land use changes. Thechemistry-GCM ECHAM contains such an explicit representation of dry deposition, biogenicemissions, canopy interactions and meteorology. To indicate the complexity of the impact ofland cover and land use changes on surface trace gas exchanges, through changes in thePlanetary Boundary Layer- and micrometeorology, we will present some results of adeforestation scenario for the Amazon region, using a Single Column Model version ofECHAM.

The Emissions From Savanna Fires, Domestic Biofuel Use, and ResidualSmoldering Combustion, and the Effects of Aging and Cloud-Processing on SmokeDuring SAFARI 2000R.J. Yokelson, I.T. Bertschi, and T.J. Christian.Department of Chemistry, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812 USAbyok@selway.umt.eduP.V. HobbsUniversity of Washington, Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Seattle WAD.E. Ward and W.M. HaoU. S. Department of Agriculture Forest Service, Fire Sciences Laboratory, Missoula, MTAbstract. We carried out 2 campaigns in southern African during 2000. An airborneFTIR (AFTIR) measured the trace gases emitted by savanna fires and characterizedregional haze. A ground-based open-path FTIR measured trace gases emitted from theproduction and use of biofuels and smoldering combustion in wooded savannas. FTIRquantifies the stable and reactive trace gases present above several ppb. We measuredvertical profiles above instrumented ground sites and below TERRA/ER 2 . The mainspecies emitted by savanna fires were (in order of abundance) H 2 O, CO 2 , CO, CH 4 , NO 2 ,NO, C 2 H 4 , CH 3 COOH, HCHO, CH 3 OH, HCN, NH 3 , HCOOH, and C 2 H 2 . These are thefirst quantitative measurements of 6 of the 15 major compounds emitted by these fires(which also featured extensive fuel characterization). The oxygenated organic compounds(OVOC) dominate the initial emissions and have large effects on tropospheric chemistry.The emission factor (EF) for HCN, a tracer for savanna fires, was ~ 20 times the valuemeasured for Australian savanna fires. ∆O 3 /∆CO and ∆CH 3 COOH/∆CO increased to 9%in < 1 hr downwind from fires making them larger than ∆CH 4 /∆CO. Cloud processing ofsmoke removed CH 3 OH, NH 3 , acetic acid, SO 2 , and NO 2 , but increased HCHO and NO.Intense multiphase chemistry likely occurs in smoke-impacted clouds. Domestic biomassfuels (biofuels) are the second largest type of global biomass burning. We made the first,tropical, in-situ measurements of a broad suite of trace gases emitted by domestic woodand charcoal fires and a charcoal kiln. The 18 major trace gases were quantifiedincluding: CO 2 , CO, NO x , CH 4 , NMHC, OVOC, and NH 3 . OVOC accounted for 70-80%of the organic emissions. In Zambia, biofuels contribute larger annual emissions of CH 4 ,CH 3 OH, C 2 H 2 , acetic acid, HCHO, and NH 3 than savanna fires by factors of 5.1, 3.9, 2.7,2.4, 2.2, and 2.0, respectively. Residual smoldering combustion (RSC) is biomasscombustion that produces emissions that are not lofted by strong fire-induced convection.RSC is a globally significant trace gas source. We measured the first EF for RSC in ourlaboratory and a wooded savanna in Zambia. The major trace gases include CO 2 , CO,CH 4 , C 2 H 6 , C 2 H 4 , C 2 H 2 , C 3 H 6 , HCHO, CH 3 OH, acetic acid, formic acid, glycolaldehyde,phenol, furan, NH 3 , and HCN. The wooded savanna fire EFCH 4 increased by a factor of2.5 when the 10% of fuel consumption by RSC was factored in. More measurements offuel consumption and EF for RSC would improve estimates of biomass burningemissions.

Soil trace gas emissions influenced by pasture reformation systems in Rondônia,BrazilCaio Cesar Passianoto (1) , Toby Ahrens (2) , Brigitte Josefine Feigl (1) , Paul Steudler (2)(1) Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, CENA / USP, Caixa Postal 96, CEP13400-970, Piracicaba-SP ccpassia@cena.usp.br(2) The Ecosystem Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts02543, U.S.A.Conversion of forest to pasture has been a major activity in the state of Rondônia, Brazilsince the 1970s. After decades of use, pasture productivity has declined. A number ofmanagement options exist to reform these lands including conventional tillage,fertilization, herbicide application, intermediate crop rotation, and planting of legumes.What are the consequences of these reformation practices for trace gas emissions? Asubset of these reformation practices has been studied in a large-scale field experiment(>3 ha) in an area of degraded pasture at Fazenda Nova Vida, Rondônia. The experimentinvolved five treatments: 1) control; 2) tilled; 3) herbicide; intermediate planting of no-till4) rice and 5) soybean. Here we report soil emissions of CO 2 , N 2 O, and NO from the firstthree months of control, conventional till, and no-till rice treatments. The tilled, herbicide,and rice treatments received 40, 40, and 12 kg N ha -1 , respectively. Tillage increased inCO 2 emissions by 35% over first 40 days, while herbicide application in the no-tilltreatment decreased CO 2 emissions by 20% over the first 30 days. Followingestablishment of the pasture grasses in the tillage and rice treatment, CO 2 emissions weresimilar to control plots. Tillage increased N 2 O emissions 17-fold, but highest emissionrates (357 ug m -2 hr -1 ) were measured after fertilizer application. A similar response wasmeasured after fertilizer application in the rice treatment. Tillage and fertilizer applicationresulted in increased NO emissions. Field measurements will continue to betterunderstand the longer term legacy of different reformation practices on soil gas emissionrates.

Control of N 2 O and N 2 Emissions from Amazonian Pastures Under Intensified Use:Availability of Nitrogen, Carbon and the Effects of Soil TillageChristopher Neill 1 , Paul A. Steudler 1 , and Marisa C. Piccolo 21. The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USAcneill@mbl.edu2. Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, Avenida Centenário, 303, Caixa Postal 96,CEP 13416000, Piracicaba, SP, BrazilGrowing intensification of existing pastures in the Amazon has the potential toincrease emissions of nitrogen gases from soil. We tested the effects of soil moisture andnitrogen and carbon availability on the production of N 2 O and the distribution of N 2 O andN 2 production in laboratory incubations. We also compared non-tilled and recently-tilledpasture soils to determine how tillage alters nitrogen and carbon availability as controlsof gaseous N production. Non-tilled soils at low soil moisture and soils brought tosaturation with deionized water or deionized water plus carbon produced little N 2 O. Incontrast, non-tilled soil amended with both deionized water and nitrate produced highamounts of both N 2 O and N 2 from denitrification at soil water filled pore space above80%. Ammonia additions to saturated soil stimulated N 2 O production after a short lag,indicating that nitrate to support denitrification was quickly produced by nitrification.These results indicated that the combination of absence of anaerobic conditions andnitrate strongly limited N 2 O production from non-tilled pasture soils, but that thepresence of available carbon did not. Tilling led to higher N 2 O production and this effectwas caused by both higher N and higher C availability in tilled soils. Currently, the soilsof non-tilled, unfertilized Amazonian pastures produce relatively low amounts of N 2 O.These soils appear poised to produce large amounts of N 2 O under tillage coupled withfertilization if the elevated concentrations of N from fertilizer application are presentduring periods when soil moisture exceeds 70 to 80% water filled pore space.

Emissions of CO 2 , CH 4 , N 2 O, and NO in a chronosequence of secondary forests ineastern AmazoniaFrançoiseYoko Ishida 1 , Renata Tuma Sabá 2 , Eric A. Davidson 3 , Cláudio J. Reis deCarvalho 4 , Ricardo de O. Figueiredo 1 , Maria Tereza Primo dos Santos 1 , Karina de FátimaRodrigues Pantoja 2 , and Georgia Silva Freire 21 Instituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da Amazônia2 Bolsista DTI, CNPQ/LBA3 The Woods Hole Research Center4EMBRAPA Amazônia OrientalAddress of corresponding author:FrançoiseYoko IshidaInstituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da AmazôniaAv. Nazaré, n. 669Belém-PA 66035-170 BrasilTelephone: (91) 277-2515; (91) 241-5495 (FAX)Email: yoko@cpatu.embrapa.brMost studies of the effects of land use change on soil emissions of trace gases havefocussed on forest-to-pasture or forest-to-cropland conversions. Here we examine soilfluxes from secondary forests regrowing after abandonment of traditional slash-and-burnagriculture. A chronosequence of secondary forests (3, 6, 10, 20, 40, and 70 years) wasidentified on highly weathered, acid, nutrient-poor soils in eastern Pará. An abandoned,intensively cultivated pepper field and a remnant mature forest were also studied. Threechamber flux measurements were made in each of 4 plots for each age class, 3 times inthe wet season and 3 times in the dry season. As expected, CO 2 and N 2 O emissions werehighest during the wet season and soil consumption of atmospheric CH 4 was highestduring the dry season. Consistent with other studies of deforested land, the abandonedpepper field had lower emissions of CO 2 and N 2 O than the mature forest and was a netsource of CH 4 . Low fluxes were also observed in secondary forests, but wet seasonemissions of CO 2 , N 2 O, and NO and uptake of CH 4 increased with increasing forest age.Litter layer N concentration also increased with forest age, indicating that N graduallybecomes less limiting during forest succession, thus permitting somewhat larger N gaslosses in older forests. After 70 years of secondary succession, however, N 2 O emissionswere still only half those of the mature forest. These results show that deforestation haslong-lasting effects on trace gas emissions and that recovery of N cycling processes mayrequire many decades or centuries.

Soil-Atmosphere Flux of Nitrous Oxide and Methane Measured Over Two Years onSand and Clay Soils in Undisturbed Forest at the FLONA Tapajos, BrazilJadson Dias 1 , Eraclito Sousa 1 , Hudson Silva 2 , Michael Keller 2 , Patrick M. Crill 2 ;Raimundo Cosme de Oliveira Junior 3.1Fundação Floresta Tropical, Santarem, Para, Brazil,2University of New Hampshire3 EMBRAPA Amazonia Oriental, Santarem, Para, BrazilEmail addresses: hj@tap.com.br, eraclito@tap.com.br, hsilva@kaos.sr.unh.edu,michael.keller@unh.edu, patrick.crill@unh.edu, cosme@cpatu.embrapa.brNitrous oxide (N 2 O) and methane (CH 4 ) are important greenhouse gases.Tropical forest soils account for the largest natural source of N 2 O. Most upland tropicalforest soils studied so far consume CH 4 . We measured soil-atmosphere flux of N 2 O andCH 4 using static chambers during 30 minute long emplacements. Four samples wereremoved at equal time intervals in nylon syringes and transported to our laboratory inSantarem for analysis within about 24 hours of collection. We analyzed N 2 O and CH 4using gas electron capture and flame ionization gas chromatography. To determineconcentrations, integrated sample peak areas were compared to peak areas forcommercially prepared standards that had been calibrated against the LBA-ECOstandards. We calculated fluxes by linear regression of 3-4 concentration-time pairs.Our sampling points were randomly selected at intervals of 2-4 weeks at matureundisturbed forest sites near the km 83 IBAMA base in the Tapajos National Forest(FLONA Tapajos). Approximately 8 chamber measurements were made during eachsampling period on both sandy Ultisols and clayey Oxisols. Soil and air temperature andsoil moisture were measured at the same time as gas fluxes.N 2 O emissions from clay greatly exceeded the emissions from sand. During 2years of measurement, N 2 O emissions from clay soils averaged 7 ng-N cm -2 h -1 whileemissions from sand soils averaged only 2 ng-N cm -2 h -1 . Sand soils generally consumedmore CH 4 than clay soils -1 mg-CH4 m -2 d -1 vs.0 mg-CH4 m -2 d -1 ). Seasonal variationof both N 2 O and CH 4 fluxes appeared to be controlled primarily by soil moisture. ForN 2 O, wet season (January-June) emissions greatly exceeded dry season (July –December) emissions. In the case of CH 4 , fluxes were near zero or positive during thewet season but notably negative (indicating consumption of methane in the soil) duringthe dry season.

NO x and CO emissions from soil and surface litter in a Brazilian savannaKEITH KISSELLE 1 , RICHARD ZEPP 1 , ROGER BURKE 1 , ALEXANDRE PINTO 2 ,MERCEDES BUSTAMANTE 2 .U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, 960 COLLEGE STATIONROAD, ATHENS, GEORGIA 30605 USA 1DEPTO. DE ECOLOGIA UNIVERSIDADE DE BRASILIA, CEP 70919-970,BRASILÍA, DF, BRASIL 2e-mail addresses: kisselle.keith@epa.gov, zepp.Richard@epa.gov,Burke.roger@epa.gov, aspinto@unb.br, mercedes@unb.brABSTRACT- Land clearing and burning in the tropics often results in increased solarirradiation of soil and surface organic matter. This increased light exposure and surfaceheating may impact the emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO),trace gases that play an important role in tropospheric chemistry. Our objective in thisstudy was to quantify the effect of light on these trace gas emissions at sites located in theCerrado (savanna) in central Brazil. Two native vegetation types (cerrado sensu strictoand campo sujo) with or without recent burning, and a pasture site were studied. Gasmeasurements were made in the field using either clear, or covered (opaque), Pyrexchambers sealed on the soil surface. Laboratory studies of surface litter allowed COemission measurements of leaf litter from several species while controlling the lightwavelength and intensity and the temperature. Field NOx flux measurements using clearchambers were higher than when using opaque chambers (approximately 4-7 timeshigher in burned sites; 2 times higher in the unburned native grassland and pasture).Immediately after burning, CO emissions from soils and charred surface organic matterincreased in the cerrado, where 30 days after the fire, daytime CO emissions were over10-fold higher than those from the unburned cerrado (812.8 x 10 9 molecules cm -2 s -1 vs.76.8 x 10 9 molecules cm -2 s -1 ). The increase in CO production occurred both in light anddark chambers, suggesting that the fire created thermally-reactive precursors.KEYWORDS- Trace gases, Ultraviolet Radiation

Abstract submitted for presentation at the2 nd International LBA Scientific Conference, Manaus, Brazil, July 7-10, 2002What we learned about trace gases in the Amazon BasinGatti, Luciana V., Cordova, A. M.; Yamazaki, A., Trostdorf, C.R., Pretto, A.IPEN – Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratory, Travessa R, 400, CEP 05508-900,Sao Paulo, Brazil; e-mail: lvgatti@net.ipen.brArtaxo, P., Instituto de Física, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil; e-mail: artaxo@if.usp.brSilva Dias, M. A. F, Departamento de Ciencias Atmosféricas, IAG-USP, SP, Brazil.Several intensive sampling campaigns were performed in 1999, 2000 and 2001, indifferent regions such as Rondonia, Manaus and Santarém as part of the LBA experiment..The wet season experiments extended from February to May and the dry season experimentsmeasured atmospheric composition associated with biomass burning emissions. The O 3concentrations were measured in parallel with CO, NOx, VOC, aerosol mass, organic carbon,light scattering and absorption. Several meteorological parameters such as solar radiation,PAR, temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction were also monitored.After measurements in six different campaigns, five during the wet season and one inthe dry season, it is possible to observe that the site that suffers smaller human activitiesimpacts is the Floresta Nacional do Tapajós, Para and Balbina, AM (150 km north ofManaus). The first characteristic signal of natural conditions is the small difference betweenday and night concentrations for ozone. It was also observed at the Floresta Nacional doTapajós, very frequent nocturnal peaks of high ozone concentration, that has as origin themedium troposphere.In the wet season in Amazonia, the ozone concentration in the nighttime averages 3ppb and at the peak of the radiation during daytime, it averages 15 ppb. In the dry season, theozone average concentration in the nighttime was 12 ppb and in the daytime (14:00 - 15:00LT), the average concentration was a very high 50 ppb. Similarly to O 3 , the NOxconcentrations differ significantly between wet and dry seasons, due to biomass burningemissions. The average concentration for the wet season for NO was 0.23 ppb and NO 2 was0.69 ppb, while for the dry season NO averaged at 0.04 ppb and NO 2 at 2.73 ppb. Typicallevels of CO in the Amazon basin in the wet season were 150 ppb, with maximum values ofaround 500 ppb. In the dry season, peaks of 2,000 ppb in the daytime and 8,000 ppb at thenighttime were observed, associated with high black carbon and aerosol loadings. Thebiomass burning signal is very strong in Rondônia and moderate in Santarem.(Research project financed by FAPESP, CNPq and NASA).

Methane dynamics in undisturbed forest at the FLONA Tapajos, BrazilPatrick M. Crill 1 , Michael Keller 1,2 , Hudson Silva 1 , Jadson Dias 3 , Peter Czepiel 1 , AndyMosedale 1 , Raimundo Cosme de Oliveira Junior 41 University of New Hampshire, Complex Systems Research Center, Morse Hall,Durham, N.H., USA 03824-3525; (603)862-0297; Fax (603) 862-01882 USDA Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry, Rio Piedras, PuertoRico3Fundacao Floresta Tropical, Santarem, Para, Brazil4EMBRAPA Amazonia Oriental, Santarem, Para, BrazilE-mail addresses: patrick.crill@unh.edu, michael.keller@unh.edu,hsilva@kaos.sr.unh.edu, hj@tap.com.br, peter.czepiel@unh.edu, eraclito@tap.com.br,cosme@cpatu.embrapa.brOur conventional understanding of methane (CH 4 ) exchange between the atmosphere andupland forest soils leads us to expect that these well drained soils will consumeatmospheric CH 4 . However our measurements using automated gas chromatographs andautomated chambers in the undisturbed site at km67 in the FLONA Tapajos in Paraindicate that this may not be the case. Profile measurements show CH4 regularlyaccumulates in the subcanopy atmosphere at night. This accumulation is on the order of200-500 ppbv between daily minima and maxima at 4 levels between 0.2 and 10 mduring a period in the late wet season (days 78-150 of 2001). Later in the season afterday 175 very high mixing ratios of CH 4 (>5 ppmv) were often observed and dielaccumulation still occurred. Our initial analysis based on similarity with CO 2 dynamicsindicated that the source strength of CH 4 had to be on the order of 5 mg CH 4 m -2 d -1 .Direct emissions of CH 4 were observed over a period from day 150 to day 201, 2001 inall 18 dark automated chambers that are operational. Average fluxes for individualchambers during this period ranged from 0.8 to 6.9 mg CH 4 m -2 d -1 . This is in roughagreement with our previous analysis. Even though these measurements are confined toclayey Oxisols, they represent a hitherto unrecognized but significant source of CH 4 tothe atmosphere.

ANNUAL PATTERNS OF SOIL CO 2 EMISSIONS FROM BRAZILIAN FORESTSAND PASTURESPaul A. Steudler* 1 , Brigitte J. Feigl 2 , Diana C. Garcia-Montiel 1 , Jerry M. Melillo 1 ,Christopher Neill 1 , Marisa C. Piccolo 2 & Carlos C. Cerri 21 The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, Massachusetts,02543, U.S.A.2 Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, CENA/USP, CP 96, 13416-000 Piracicaba,SP, Brasil.steudler@mbl.edueduardo@cena.usp.brdgarcia@mbl.edujmelillo@mbl.educneill@mbl.edumpiccolo@cena.usp.brcerri@cena.usp.brSoil carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) effluxes and soil physical and chemical properties weremeasured intensively over a 19-month period in two sequences that consisted of forestand pastures ranging in age from four to 41 years old in Rondônia in the southwesternregion of the Amazon Basin. Furthermore, we created a new pasture directly from forestand measured the emission of CO 2 and other properties over 27 months. Maximum soilrespiration rates were measured during the wet season in both forests and pastures. Plantphenology, such as the timing of maximum root biomass and the asynchrony of aboveandbelow-ground litter inputs and subsequent decomposition, may play an important rolein determining the seasonally of the observed respiration rates. Average annual CO 2release from the forests was 1,347 g C/m 2 . Annual releases from the pastures rangedfrom 1,090 to 2,365 g C/m 2 and increased with pasture age for the first six years afterestablishment, but then remained nearly constant at about 1,750 g C/m 2 for the next twodecades. Soil moisture was a strong predictor of seasonal CO 2 emissions from all sites

ut soil temperature was not. Absence of a relationship between soil respiration and soiltemperature in moist tropical forests and over the annual temperature cycle in pastures,has important implications for global carbon cycle analyses. Soil respiration rates insome of these analyses are described as a function of either air or soil temperature. Ourstudy suggests that this characterization is not valid in moist tropical forests and pastures.

Trace gases and VOCs in Amazonia- from canopy process to the large scalePRIMARY AUTHOR ORGANIZATION ABSTRACT_TITLEAlex Guenther NCAR Oral Influence of Amazônia Land-use Change OnReactive Carbon Fluxes and the ChemicalComposition of the TroposphereJames GreenbergNational Center forAtmospheric ResearchOralBiogenic volatile organic compound emissionsfrom disturbed and undisturbed AmazonianlandscapesPaolo Stefani Universita della Tuscia Oral ISOPRENOID FLUXES ANDPHOTOSYNTHETIZED CARBON MESUREDOVER THE TROPICAL RAINFOREST NEARMANAUS DURING DRY SEASON 2001Peter Harley NCAR Oral Variations in Isoprene Emission Capacity amongNeotropical Forest SitesUwe KuhnAbel SilvaAna Maria CordovaMax Planck Institute forChemistryInstituto Nacional dePesquisas EspaciaisIPEN/University of SaoPauloOralConcentration profiles of volatile organiccompounds over Amazonia: Aircraftmeasurements during LBA CLAIRE 2001Poster COMPARISON OF AEROSOL OPTICALTHICKNESS IN THE UV-B BAND IN BIOMASSBURNING AND SEASHORE REGIONS INBRAZILPoster Ozone continuous measurements in the AmazonCláudia Boian Aires INPE Poster An experiment to estimate CO concentrations frombiomass burning and comparison with aircraftmeasurementsFrancis Wagner SilvaCorreiaLuciana GattiStefanie RottenbergerInstituto Nacional dePesquisas Espaciais - LMOIPEN - Instituto dePesquisas Energeticas eNuclearesMax Planck Institute forChemistryPoster The meteorological conditions during the LBACLAIRE - 2001 MissionPoster Continuous Measurements of Fluxes of BiogenicVOCs in the Amazon BasinPoster THE INFLUENCE OF FLOODING ON THEEXCHANGE OF OXYGENATED VOLATILEORGANIC COMPOUNDS BETWEENAMAZONIAN FLOODPLAIN TREE SPECIES ANDTHE ATMOSPHERESteven Wofsy Harvard University Poster Variations in carbon monoxide concentrations at aCentral Amazonian site.

Influence of Amazônia Land-use Change On Reactive Carbon Fluxes andthe Chemical Composition of the TroposphereAlex Guenther 1 , Paulo Artaxo 2 , Luciana Gatti 3 , Jim Greenberg 1 , Peter Harley 1 , ElisabethHolland 1 , James Sulzman 1 , Xuexi Tie 1 , Oscar Vega 3 , Christine Wiedinmyer 11 Atmospheric Chemistry Division, NCAR, 1850 Table Mesa Drive, Boulder CO, USA, guenther@ucar.edu2 Instituto de Fisica, U. São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil3 IPEN, Divisao de Quimica Ambiental, Sao Paulo, SP, BrazilLand-use and landcover change are expected to perturb the exchange of gases andaerosols between Amazônian landscapes and the atmosphere. The biosphere-atmosphereexchange of reactive carbon compounds, RCCs (e.g., isoprene, acetone, a-pinene, CO,carbonaceous aerosols) is particularly important because of their role in the processescontrolling oxidant, CO, aerosol, and organic acid evolution, as well as their contribution toglobal carbon cycles and budgets. Regional air quality policy decisions, which have largeenvironmental and socio-economic impacts, also rely on accurate RCC emission anddeposition estimates. The LBA research program has greatly expanded the Amazôniandatabase of leaf-scale (enclosure measurements), canopy-scale (eddy flux measurements), andregional-scale (vertical profiling measurements) biogenic VOC observations. We haveintegrated the LBA flux measurements into an emission modelling scheme that has a 1kmresolution and accounts for Amazonian vegetation distributions and land-use. The emissionspredicted by this model were input to both a global 3-D model (MOZART) with moderatelydetailed chemistry and a box model with very detailed chemistry (NCAR Master Mechanism)and used to investigate the impact of land-use change on the chemical composition of theatmosphere. Land-use change induced perturbations in both emission and deposition of RCCwere considered in these model simulations. LBA observations of volatile organic compoundand aerosol fluxes (from above canopy towers) and boundary layer concentrations (fromtethered balloon and aircraft sampling platforms) were used to evaluate the performance of themodels. Scenarios considered include conversion of forest to 1) pasture, 2) small family farms,and 3) large commercial plantations. The implications of other Amazonian emissions (e.g.biomass burning, the Manaus plume) were also considered. The model simulations indicate thatAmazônia land-use change will significantly perturb regional atmospheric chemistry includingoxidants, reactive nitrogen and carbon trace gases and aerosols. This presentation will describethe advances in biogenic emission and deposition modelling procedures and the predictedimpacts on atmospheric trace gas and aerosol distributions. The implications for regional airquality and climate will also be discussed.

Biogenic volatile organic compound emissions from disturbed and undisturbedAmazonian landscapesJ.P. Greenberg (greenber@ucar.edu), A. Guenther, P. HarleyNational Center for Atmospheric Research, P.O. Box 3000, Boulder, Colorado, USA80307J. Tota, G. FischIAE/CTA, Sao Jose dos Campos, Sao Paulo, BrazilL. Gatti, O. VegaIPEN-MQA, Sao Paulo, BrazilThe atmospheric concentrations of biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC)emissions (isoprene, monoterpenes, plant-wound emissions, and others) were studied inAmazonian landscapes using a tethered balloon air-sampling platform. Atmosphericsoundings from approximately 100 to 1200 meters were made throughout the daylighthours (6 am to 6 pm) in 5 campaigns (Balbina, Amazonas, March 1998 and July 2001(primary and secondary forest); Abracos, Rondonia (cattle pasture), February 1999;Rebiu Jaru, Rondonia (primary forest), February 1999; and FLONA Tapajos, Para(primary and secondary forest), February 2000. The atmospheric concentrations describedistinct BVOC emission scenarios, which reflect the differing species compositions in thevaried floristic areas. Atmospheric concentrations are associated with the observedmeteorological conditions (including PAR, temperature, cloud cover, boundary layerstructure, etc.) and atmospheric chemical constituents (NOx, CO, O 3 , etc.) to describe theconnection between emissions and atmospheric concentrations of the BVOCs. Theconcentration information allows for the estimation of diurnal emission of non-CO 2BVOC, as well as the effects of these emissions on the chemistry of the atmosphere.Daily BVOC emission fluxes from these campaigns are compared with leaf-scale(enclosure measurements) and canopy-scale (eddy flux measurements) of BVOCs made inthese areas and are also compared with the net ecosystem exchange of carbon as CO 2measured in the same or similar landscapes.

ISOPRENOID FLUXES AND PHOTOSYNTHETIZED CARBON MESURED OVER THETROPICAL RAINFOREST NEAR MANAUS DURING DRY SEASON 2001P. Stefani 1 , A.C. de Araujo 2 , A. D. Nobre 2 , P. Ciccioli 3 , E. Brancaleoni 3 , M. Frattoni 3 , U.Kuhn 4 , J. Kesselmeier 4 , C. Corradi 1 , R. Valentini 11-Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Ambiente Forestale e delle sue Risorse, Università della Tuscia, Via C. de Lellis,CAP 01100 Viterbo ITALY (e-mail: pstefani@unitus.it)2-Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, C.P. 478 Manaus, Amazonas, Brasil 69011-9703-Istituto sull’Inquinamento Atmosferico del CNR area delle ricerche di Roma Via Salaria km 29.300 CP10CAP 00016 Monterotondo Scalo Italy4-Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Biogeochemistry Dept.,P.O. Box 3060, D55020 Mainz GERMANYAlthough small when compared to the GPP, the amount of carbon released in the atmosphere by terrestrial by terrestrialvegetation exceeds by an order of magnitude the one produced by man-made activities. Although the largest portion ofthis emission is concentrated in tropical regions, only recently systematic investigations have been undertaken in thisportion of the earth surface. Among them, particularly interesting are the data that have been collected in Brazil duringthe previous LBA- EUSTACH experiments, where an integrated approach was followed to quantify reduced carbonemission from terrestrial vegetation and to assess its possible conversion of emitted VOC into secondary products(gases and aerosols). During these experiments, first attempts were also made to quantify the fluxes of biogenic VOCby REA. These preliminary data have been recently complemented with those collected in the LBA-CLAIRE 2001 andLBA-CARBONSINK field studies performed in the tropical rain forest near Manaus. As a part of these projects, VOCfluxes were measured during the dry season (July 2001) using a REA system installed in the K34 tower located insidethe ZF2 reserve managed by INPA: More than two weeks of data were collected. For some of them diel trends werefollowed. Data confirmed the preliminary observations made during the wet season. Isoprene was the dominantcomponent even though the emission of monoterpenes was not negligible (30-40% of reduced carbon emission).The relationship between carbon emitted as VOC and carbon fixed from photosynthetic activity will be presented anddiscussed.

Variations in Isoprene Emission Capacity among Neotropical Forest SitesPeter Harley 1 , Pérola Vasconcellos 2 , Lee Vierling 4 , Alex Guenther 1 , Jim Greenberg 1 ,3 Carlos Cleomir de S. Pinheiro, Lee Klinger1 Atmospheric Chemistry Division, NCAR, 1850 Table Mesa Drive, Boulder CO, USA, harley@ucar.edu2 IPEN, Departamento de Química e Meio Ambiente, São Paulo, SP, Brazil3 INPA –Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, Brazil4 South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD, USAIsoprene (C 5 H 8 ) is a hydrocarbon produced and emitted by leaves of many tree species, andis the most important volatile organic compound in most rural atmospheres. It is animportant participant in tropospheric chemistry, and carbon losses in the form of isopreneare a small but significant component of the carbon budget in some forest ecosystems.Isoprene emission capacity of sun leaves, defined as the emission rate of isoprene measuredat 30 o C under photosynthetically active radiation of 1000 µmol m -2 s -1 , varies acrossspecies by three orders of magnitude. Approximately 2/3 of those tree species examinedappear to emit very little isoprene (

Concentration profiles of volatile organic compounds over Amazonia: Aircraftmeasurements during LBA CLAIRE 2001U. Kuhn 1 , T. Dindorf 1 , G. Schebeske 1 , A. Thielmann 1 , L. Ganzeveld 1 , G. Roberts 1 , J.Sciare 1 , M. Welling 1 , P. Ciccioli 2 , E. Brancaleoni 2 , M. Frattoni 2 , J. Lloyd 3 , O. Kolle 3 , P.Stefanie 4 , R. Valentini 4 , G. Fisch 5 , T. Germano 6 , L. Vanni Gatti 6 , M.A. Silva Dias 7 , P.Artaxo 8 , A. D. Nobre 9 , F. Meixner 1 , M.O. Andreae 1 , J. Kesselmeier 1(1) Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Biogeochemistry Dept., Mainz, Germany(2) Instituto sull' Inquinamento Atmosferico del C.N.R., Monterotondo Scalo, Italy(3) Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany(4) Dipartimento di Scienze dell’Ambiente Forestale e delle sue Risorse, Università della Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy(5) Centro Tecnico Aerospacial IAE-CTA-ACA, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil(6) Institute Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares (IPEN), Cidade Universitaria, Sao Paulo, Brazil(7) Dept. Ciencias Atmosfericas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil(8) Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil(9) Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, BrazilThe focus of LBA-CALIRE 2001 was to improve our knowledge required to determine thenet exchange of trace gases and aerosols between the atmosphere and the Amazon region, tounderstand the regulating processes and how they are influenced by anthropogenic activities.We present measurements on the vertical distribution of volatile organic compounds (VOC),carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, aerosol concentrations, and meteorological conditions abovea primary rain forest site, that will be used to develop an integrated and quantitativeunderstanding of the interactions of biogenic source fluxes, atmospheric transport and verticalexchange, and photochemical processing over the tropical forest. A specific objective withinthese studies was the impact of the Manaus plume on the chemical processing within theboundary layer. High product/precursors ratios were observed at fixed altitudes showing thatthe Manaus plume get stratified in a rather complex fashion.

COMPARISON OF AEROSOL OPTICAL THICKNESS IN THE UV-B BANDIN BIOMASS BURNING AND SEASHORE REGIONS IN BRAZILA.A. Silva 1 , V.W.J.H. Kirchhoff 21 Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Minas Gerais2 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas EspaciaisAv. dos Astronautas 1758, CP 515, 12201-970, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazilkir@dge.inpe.brABSTRACTThe Aerosol optical thickness (AOT) in the UV-B band (280-320 nm) has been measuredin the atmosphere at two different sites in Brazil. One of the sites, Campo Grande (19.2 o S,54.3 o W), is an agriculture and pasture site in the savanna of Central Brazil whichexperiences large biomass burning activities in the dry season, becoming highly polluted.The other site is Natal (5.8 o S, 35.2 o W), located next to the seashore of the Atlantic Oceanwith a characteristic clean atmospheric environment in the Brazilian Northeast region. Sitesare about 2500 km (1554 miles) apart. Field campaigns were conducted in the July-Augustperiod during the 1999 winter (dry season). The AOT is retrieved from ozone, sulfurdioxide, and Rayleigh optical thicknesses out of the measured atmospheric opticalthickness which is obtained using the Langley method applied to 5 UV-B wavelengths ofdirect sun measurements of a Brewer spectrophotometer. This instrument obtains ozoneand sulfur dioxide columns which are used to calculate corresponding optical thicknesses.The AOT average values for the campaign in Campo Grande are 0.57 ± 0.52 in the morningand 0.90 ± 1.04 in the afternoon at 306.3 nm, while for Natal they are 0.04 ± 0.02 in themorning and 0.07 ± 0.05 in the afternoon at the same wavelength. The majority of the AOTresults show increasing values with wavelength.

Abstract submitted for presentation at the2 nd International LBA Scientific Conference, Manaus, Brazil, July 7-10, 2002Ozone continuous measurements in the AmazonA. M. Cordova 1,2 , L.V. Gatti 1 , A. Yamazaki 1 , P. Artaxo 3 , D. Fitzjarrald 4, W. Munger 51 Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN), Travessa R, 400, Cidade Universitária,São Paulo, Brazil, CEP: 05508-900 e-mail: amcleal@net.ipen.br2Instituto de Astronomia, Geofísica e Ciências Atmosféricas, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil3 Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil4 University of New York at Albany, United States5 Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard University, United StatesContinuous Ozone (O 3 ) measurement is being performed in Santarém, State ofPará, Brazil as part of the LBA (Large Scale Biosphere Atmosphere Experimentin Amazonia) experiment. The measurements started in December 2001 at theFLONA-Tapajós Primary Forest LBA Tower Site (2º 51.42’S , 54º 57.54’W). O 3concentration is measured 65 meters above the ground, and 20 meters aboveforest canopy every 15 minutes. Meteorological parameters, such as total solarradiation, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), temperature, relativehumidity, wind speed and direction and cloud base height are also monitored.This study started during the end of the biomass burning season, in December2001. At this period, the average O 3 concentration at daytime was around 27ppb, whereas the nighttime average was around 15 ppb. Observed maximumconcentration was about 45 ppb during daytime. The wet season started inJanuary, and a significant reduction in the ozone concentration was observed.The average O 3 concentration during daytime was 13 ppb and nighttime averagewas 11 ppb.Nocturnal episodes of high ozone concentrations were observed frequentlyduring the wet season. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is O 3transport from upper levels of the troposphere by convective downdrafts duringnocturnal storms.Research project financed by FAPESP

AN EXPERIMENT TO ESTIMATE CO CONCENTRATIONS FROM BIOMASSBURNING AND COMPARISON WITH AIRCRAFT MEASUREMENTSC.B.Aires 1 , V.W.J.H. Kirchhoff 1 , and S.C.Wofsy 21 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, INPEAv. dos Astronautas 1758, CP 515, 12201-970, São José dos Campos, SP, Brazilkir@dge.inpe.br2 Harvard University, Abbott Lawrence Rotch Professor of Atmospheric and EnvironmentalChemistryPierce Hall, Room 110D, 29 Oxford St., Cambridge, MA 02138ABSTRACTFire pixels detected by satellite are a useful tool to study biomass burning. We have usedthis information to feed a simple model, which calculates the regional carbon monoxide(CO) mixing ratio resulting from a given distribution of fire pixels. The model assumes thatthe observed concentration is the result of a background concentration, a regionalcomponent, and a transport term. A field experiment was designed to check the model.Several flights were made aboard an instrumented Bandeirante aircraft in the biomassburningregion of central Brazil to measure atmospheric CO in several specific situations.The fixed Maxaranguape, RN, observation station near Natal is used to obtain backgroundconcentrations of trace gases, including CO. In regions where the transport term is small,the model calculates CO concentrations that compare well with the measurements. Oneexception occurs in regions of strong horizontal transport, when the transport term reachesvalues of the order of the regional component. In the atmospheric well mixed source region,CO concentrations are of the order of 300-400 parts per billion by volume, ppbv, whereasthe background values are of the order of 80 ppbv.1

The meteorological conditions during the LBA CLAIRE - 2001 MissionFrancis Wagner Silva Correia (CPTEC – INPE)francisw@cptec.inpe.brCentro de Previsão de Tempo e Estudos Climáticos – CPTECRodovia Presidente Dutra, Km 40. Cachoeira Paulista – SP. 12.630-000Gilberto FischCentro Tecnico Aeroespacial (CTA/IAE-ACA)gfisch@iae.cta.brAntônio Donato Nobre (INPA)Ricardo L. G. Dallarosa (INPA)dalla@inpa.gov.brThe Claire mission was held in Manaus area in July 2001. This mission had the objectives to collectatmospheric chemistry data in order to characterize the convective processes in Amazonia. Thiswork deals with the meteorological condition during this experiment. The solar radiation showpulses of low and high values associated with the presence of mesoscale systems. The Bowen rationwas tipically around 0.30. On days July 8, 16, 22-23 e 28-29 the solar radiation were low, with highrate of precipitation: 16.8, 14.2, 13.8, 34.2mm respectively. The CAPE (Convective AvailablePotential Energy) was typically around 1600 J.kg -1 , with the exception for the rainy days. The liquidwater content was around 4.5 g.cm -2 for the whole experiment. During the period from July 3 – 13the windflow was from east at 1000hPa. On days July 15 – 18, a squall line crossed Manauschanged the wind direction to the North. The wind at 500hPa is from east for the whole Amazonia.The squall line conditions will be full described.

Abstract submitted for presentation at the2 nd International LBA Scientific Conference, Manaus, Brazil, July 7-10, 2002Continuous Measurements of Fluxes of Biogenic VOCsin the Amazon BasinL.V. Gatti 1 , C. R. Trostdorf 1 , A. M. Cordova 1 , A. Yamazaki 1 , C.A.B.Aquino 2 , N.Bonelli 2 , W. C. Martins 3 , A. Guenther 41 Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares (IPEN), Travessa R, 400, Cidade Universitária,São Paulo, Brazil, CEP: 05508-900 e-mail: lvgatti@net.ipen.br2 ULBRA Instituto Luterano de Ensino Superior de Ji-Parana, Brazil3 Universidade Federal do Para, Santarem, Brazil4 NCAR – Atmospheric Chemistry Division, Boulder, CO, USAIt is well recognized that the tropical forests are an important global sourceof VOC (volatile organic compounds), as well as a number of other atmospherictrace gases. The high biodiversity in tropical rainforests complicates theextrapolation of biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions from leaflevelmeasurements to landscape and regional or global scales. In Amazonia, asignificant fraction of the carbon emitted from the biosphere to the atmosphere isemitted in the form of VOCs, and the knowledge of these fluxes is important toour understanding of the tropical and global atmospheric chemistry and carboncycling.As part of the LBA (The Large Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment inAmazonian) experiment, continuous VOCs gradient measurements are beingperformed in four sites in Amazonia. The first two sites are located at theNational Forest of Tapajós, Pará State, Santarém, Km 67 of BR 163, one at aprimary forest. The preliminary average flux results is about 4 mg m-2 h-1(average concentration ~ 5 ppb) and another at a forest were selective logging istaking place, Km 83 of BR 163, were the preliminary average flux of about 2 mgm-2 h-1 (average concentration ~ 3.5 ppb). The measurements were made at 65and 55 m heights simultaneity in an LBA Tower (20 and 10 meters above forestcanopy, respectively). The other two sites are located in the Rondonia state, at aprimary forest and also at a pasture site. The forest site is the Biological Reserveof Jaru, Primary forest, with the gradient measurements taking place at 65 and55 m above the ground (30 and 20 m above forest canopy, respectively, average~7 ppb). In the pasture site (grass vegetation), the gradient measurements aretaking place at 8 and 3 m above the ground (~1.7 ppb). The gradientconcentration measurements are being used to calculate VOC fluxes. Theexpected seasonality of VOC fluxes and emissions are being captured. Thepreliminary results indicates that the forest respond with less isoprene fluxes inperturbed forest.Financing by MCT, CNPq and FAPESP

THE INFLUENCE OF FLOODING ON THE EXCHANGE OF OXYGENATED VOLATILE ORGANICCOMPOUNDS BETWEEN AMAZONIAN FLOODPLAIN TREE SPECIES AND THE ATMOSPHERES. Rottenberger (1), U. Kuhn (1), A. Wolf (1), G. Schebeske (1),O. de Simone (2),W. Schmidt (2), E. Müller (3), M.T.F. Piedade (4), J. Kesselmeier (1)(1) Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Biogeochemistry Dept., Mainz, Germany(2) University Oldenburg, FB Biology, Germany(3) Max Planck Institute for Limnology, Tropical Ecology Dept., Plön, Germany(4) Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, Brasilrottenbe@mpch-mainz.mpg.de / Fax: +49-6131-305428Plants are known to emit considerable quantities of volatile organic compounds (VOC) to theatmosphere. Among biogenically emitted VOC the oxygenated hydrocarbons acetaldehyde andethanol play an important role in atmospheric chemistry. They participate in regulating theoxidative capacity of the atmosphere, are involved in the production of peroxyacetylnitrates(PAN) and are precursors for short-chain acids contributing to the acidity of the atmosphere.Biogenic emissions of acetaldehyde and ethanol are known to occur when plants are subjected tostress conditions (air pollution, freezing) and to hypoxic conditions of the root system induced byflooding. The Central Amazon floodplain is one of the largest flooding areas in the world andplants are subjected to waterlogging for periods over several month. Hence, it is a potential largesource for acetaldehyde and ethanol. In a greenhouse experiment we simulated the floodingsituation and monitored the acetaldehyde and ethanol exchange of tropical trees representative ofCentral Amazonian floodplain forests over a 6-day flooding period by an enclosure method.Large differences in emission rates, diurnal pattern and temporal behavior were observedbetween species depending on the duration of flooding. Our results indicate that different leafemission response patterns are linked to specific differences in adaptive physiological andmorphological strategies of the roots to overcome hypoxic conditions induced by waterlogging.

Variations in carbon monoxide concentrations at a Central Amazonian site.J. William Munger 1 , Daniel M. Matross 1 , Bruce C. Daube 1 , V. W. J. H. Kirchhoff 2 , PauloArtaxo 3 , Luciana Vanni Gatti 4 , Steven C. Wofsy 1 .1 Harvard University, Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences20 Oxford St.Cambridge, MA 02138 USA2 INPE3 Instituto de Fisica, USP4IPENCarbon Monoxide (CO) plays a major role in controlling the global levels of OH in theatmosphere, and is a tracer of combustion sources. CO measurements are being made ata forested site near Santarem, Para, Brazil (km67 tower site) in order to determinebackground CO levels in the clean continental tropical atmosphere, to identify factorsthat control CO levels, and to serve as a tracer for emissions from local and distantbiomass burning. A CO measurement system consisting of a Thermo EnvironmentalInstruments model 48CTL analyzer, cold-trap at 2.5C to eliminate variations in watervapor interference, zeroing catalyst, and automated calibration with 100 and 500 nmolmol -1 standards was installed in April, 2001. Sample is drawn from an inlet above theforest canopy.CO concentrations were less than 100 nmol mol -1 on average, with no significant dielvariation during the rainy season, April to June. The wet season data indicate a lowregional background CO concentration and suggest that the local forest is neither asignificant source nor sink for CO. In mid July, after local rain ended, there was a modestincrease in CO concentration that was not accompanied by a large increase variance. Thisincrease we attribute to increased transport from distant CO sources or to increasedproduction by photochemistry of biogenic hydrocarbons contributing to regionalenhancement in CO. In late August, the variability of CO concentrations begins toincrease dramatically. Individual half-hour concentrations exceed 1000 nmol mol -1 . ByNovember, the frequency and magnitude of high CO events has increased. Maximumconcentrations up to 5000 nmol mol -1 are observed and the minimum concentrations haveincreased to about 200 nmol mol -1 . The high CO levels and large variability are due tonearby fires. The diel variation during the late dry season when local fires are presentshows a strong enhancement during the night as smoke is trapped in the nocturnalboundary layer. CO concentrations drop sharply after January 1, 2002 when heavy rainsput an end to local burning.CO during the burning season will be used as a tracer to quantify the contribution by firesto CO 2 variability and to determine emission factors for aerosol components.

Vegetation Dynamics in a Changing EcosystemPRIMARYAUTHORORGANIZATION TYPE ABSTRACT_TITLEDaniel Zarin University of Florida oral Moisture stress constrains carbon flux rates in an EasternAmazonian regrowth forestGeorge Hurtt University of New Hampshire oral Effects of Land-Use and Environmental Variability on theCarbon Balance of the Amazon BasinJonathan FoleyUniversity of Wisconsin-MadisonoralThe El Niño / Southern Oscillation and the Climate,Ecosystems and Rivers of AmazoniaMarc Simard Jet Propulsion Laboratory oral Interannual variability of Soil moisture and VegetationBiomass In Amazonian CerradoWilliam Laurance Smithsonian Tropical ResearchInstituteArlemNascimento deOliveiraInstituto Nacional de Pesquisasda AmazôniaoralposterBIOMASS DYNAMICS OF AMAZONIAN FORESTFRAGMENTSCOMPOSIÇÃO E DIVERSIDADE FLORÍSTICA DE UMAFLORESTA OMBRÓFILA DENSA DE TERRA FIRME NAAMAZÔNIA CENTRAL, AMAZONAS, BRASILArlete Almeida Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi poster Classifying Successional Forests Using Landsat SpectralProperties and Ecological Characteristics to EvaluateRecent Trends in Land Cover and Carbon Loss inEastern AmazoniaBruce Nelson INPA poster Bamboo-dominated forests of the southwest AmazonEduardo Miranda Universidade Federal de MatoGrossoposterLight Response Curves of three plants in different stratain an ecoton tropical forest – SavannaE Shevliakova Princeton University poster Analysis of Causes and Mechanisms of Interannual CO2-flux Variability in South American Tropics.EduardoVenticinqueINPA/BDFFP poster THE MESOSCALE EDGE EFFECT IN CENTRALAMAZONIAN FORESTSFlorian Wittmann Max-Planck-Institute forLimnology/INPAposterTree species distribution and community structure ofCentral Amazon varzea forests by remote-sensingtechniquesIêda Leão doAmaralINPA poster FLORÍSTICA DE UM SUB-BOSQUE DE FLORESTAOMBRÓFILA DENSA DE TERRA FIRME NA AMAZÔNIACENTRAL, AMAZONAS, BRASILJoanna Tucker University of Florida poster Stem Recruitment and Mortality in an Eastern AmazonianSecondary ForestJose Maria DaCostaUniversidade Federal de Vicosa posterCO2 AND ENERGY FLUXES IN AN AMAZONIANMANGROVE ECOSYSTEMLaerte Ferreira EMBRAPA poster The Potential of Combined SAR Data and Optical VI´s forVegetation Mapping in the Brazilian CerradoLuciana M.MonacoIPAM poster Mapeando a inflamabilidade florestal na FlorestaNacional do TapajósMaristela Farias INPA poster Eco-physiology of three species in the Central AmazonfloodplainMark Cochrane Michigan State University poster Forest Fragmentation, Biomass Collapse and CarbonFlux in the Brazilian AmazonNadine Dessay IRD poster Detecting deforested areas from NDVI series inAmazonia 1982-1999

Petra Schmidt ZEF/EMBRAPA poster Experiments with legume mulch applications and itseffects on macrofauna and decomposition in a highlydegraded plantation in central AmazoniaTed Feldpausch Cornell University poster Secondary forest recovery on degraded pastures inCentral Amazonia: carbon, nutrients, and light-captureViviana HornaMax Planck Institute forBiogeochemistryposterTranspiration before and after Burning in Different“Cerrado” Vegetation Types of the Brazilian SavannaWilliam Salas Applied Geosolutions poster VALIDATING, SCALING AND PARAMETERIZING AFOREST REGROWTH MODEL FOR THE AMAZONREGION USING AIRCRAFT AND SPACEBORNESENSORS AND GIS

Moisture stress constrains carbon flux rates in an Eastern Amazonian regrowth forestD.J. Zarin 1 , S.S. Mulkey 2 , S.S. Vasconcelos 3 , L.B. Fortini 4 , C.J.R. Carvalho 5 , F.A.Oliveira 61 School of Forest Resources and Conservation, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110760,Gainesville, FL 32611-0760 USA, zarin@ufl.edu; 2 University of Florida,mulkey@botany.ufl.edu; 3 Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias do Pará,steel@amazon.com.br; 4 University of Florida, lucasfortini@usa.net; 5 EMBRAPA-CPATU, carvalho@cpatu.embrapa.br; 6 Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias do Pará,fassis@amazon.com.brRates of carbon uptake and accumulation in forests are strongly influenced by climate. InAmazonian regrowth forests, more attention has been focused on land-use impacts oncarbon accumulation than on climatic constraints, although a recent synthesis indicatesthat most of the intersite differences in aboveground carbon accumulation in those forestsare related to differences in the length of the dry season and soil texture. To test theeffects of altered dry-season moisture availability on carbon flux rates in an EasternAmazonian regrowth forest, we initiated an irrigation experiment in a 15-year-old standnear Castanhal, Pará. During the first year of treatment, we added 5 mm day -1 to four 400m 2 plots from August through December; all measurements were made in 100 m 2 sampleareas nested in the center of the treatment plots. Compared to control plots in the samestand, preliminary results of the irrigation experiment included significantly higher soilCO 2 efflux during especially droughty periods and significantly higher maximumphotosynthetic capacity (A max ) throughout the dry season in Miconia ciliata (Rich.) DC, acommon understory species. Leaf water potentials were significantly higher for both M.ciliata and Vismia guianensis (Aubl.) Choisy, a common overstory species. V.guianensis A max values did not differ significantly between treatment and control plots,but instantaneous water-use efficiency (A max /G s ) was lower under irrigation. Thesepreliminary results suggest that above- and below-ground carbon fluxes in this EasternAmazonian regrowth forest are constrained by moisture stress during the dry season.

Effects of Land-Use and Environmental Variability on the Carbon Balance of theAmazon BasinHurtt G (1,2), Pacala S (3), Shevliakova E (3), Braswell B (1), Boles S (1), Cardoso M(1), Fearon M (1), Frolking S (1), Hagen S (1), Moorcroft P (4), Moore B (1), Nobre C(5), Palace M (1), Xiao X (1).(1) Institute for the Study of Earth Oceans and Space, University of New Hampshire,Durham, NH 03824 USA(2) email: george.hurtt@unh.edu(3) Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton,NJ 08544-1003.(4) Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University,Cambridge, MA 02138 USA(5) Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais - São Jose dos Campos, SP 12201 BrazilTo better understand the effects of land use and environmental variability on the carbonbalance of the Amazon basin, we are developing an integrated combination of newremote sensing products, data syntheses, and ecosystem models. The new remote sensingproducts are based on MODIS/MISR and supplemented with Landsat and IKONOS andprovide much needed spatio-temporal information on basin wide land-cover and land-usecharacteristics. New data syntheses combine this information with additional remotesensing products, census statistics, and other information on land-use change to produceessential land-use history products needed for models. Data on climate variability acrossthe basin are also being studied and formatted for model input. Collectively, thisinformation is being fed into new state-of-the-art biosphere models based on theEcosystem Demography (ED) model. These models are being developed to serve asquantitative synthesis tools capable of helping to disentangle the mechanisms behindobserved variability in the regional carbon balance, and for helping to evaluate the likelyconsequences of alternative scenarios of future development and environmental change inthe region. In this presentation, results from this synthesis activity will be presentedfocusing on key advances in modeling and remote sensing that facilitate the estimation ofthe large-scale consequences of fine-scale heterogeneity. Fine-scale heterogeneity isshown to have important consequences for large-scale ecosystem dynamics includingcarbon sequestration.

The El Niño / Southern Oscillation and theClimate, Ecosystems and Rivers of AmazoniaJonathan A. Foley (1) , Aurélie Botta (1) , Michael T. Coe (1) , and Marcos Heil Costa (2)(1) Center for Sustainability and the Global Environment (SAGE)Institute for Environmental StudiesUniversity of WisconsinMadison, Wisconsin 53706 USA(2) Department of Agricultural and Environmental EngineeringFederal University of ViçosaViçosa, MG, 36571-000, BrazilThe El Niño / Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phenomenon is one of the dominant drivers ofenvironmental variability in the tropics. In this study, we examine the connections between ENSOand the climate, ecosystem carbon balance, surface water balance, and river hydrology of theAmazon and Tocantins river basins in South America.First we examine the climatic variability associated with ENSO. We analyze long-term historicalclimate records to document the “average” climatic signature of the El Niño and La Niña phasesof the ENSO cycle. Generally speaking, the “average El Niño” is drier and warmer than normal inAmazonia, while the “average La Niña” is wetter and cooler. While temperature changes aremostly uniform through the whole year and are spatially homogeneous, precipitation changes arestronger during the wet season (January-February-March) and are concentrated in the northernand southeastern portions of the basin.Next we use a land surface / ecosystem model (IBIS), coupled to a hydrological routing algorithm(HYDRA), to examine how ENSO affects land surface water and carbon fluxes, as well aschanges in river discharge and flooding. The model results suggest several responses to ENSO:• During the average El Niño, there is an anomalous source of CO 2 from terrestrialecosystems, mainly due to a decreased net primary production (NPP) in the north of thebasin. There is also a decrease in river discharge along many of the rivers in the basin,especially in the southeast, which causes a decrease in flooded area along the mainstem of the Amazon.• During the average La Niña, there is an anomalous sink of CO 2 into terrestrialecosystems, largely due to an increase in NPP in the northern portion of the basin. Inaddition, there is a large increase in river discharge in the Amazon basin, especially fromthe northern and western tributaries. There is a corresponding increase in flooded area,largely in the northern rivers.These results illustrate that changes in water and carbon balance associated with ENSO havecomplex, spatially heterogeneous features across the basin. This underscores need forcomprehensive analyses – using long-term observational data and model simulations – ofregional environmental systems and their response to climatic variability.

Interannual variability of Soil moisture and Vegetation BiomassIn Amazonian CerradoM. Simard and S. SaatchiMS 300-319Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadena, CA 91109Tel: (818) 354-6972Fax: (818) 393-5184E-mail: marc.simard@jpl.nasa.govThe Cerrado is the second most important biome in South America, which covers nearly 1.8Mkm2 in Brazil and is a significant factor in the regional carbon cycle. According to most recentestimates, the total area and the rate of the clearing (mainly due to fire) in Cerrado region ishigher than the central Amazonian rainforest. On a larger scale, Cerrado is also a dynamicsystem because of its seasonal changes in moisture and vegetation biomass and its sensitivity toclimate variability and change. In this paper, we use a time series of coarse spatial resolutionremote sensing data to examine the interannual variability of vegetation biomass and soilmoisture over the Amazonian Cerrado. Space-borne scatterometer (ERS and Quickscat), andAVHRR NDVI (GAC) data over past 10 years (1992-2001) are used in a synergistic approach toseparate the moisture and vegetation signal in the time series analysis. Scatterometer data isfrom an active microwave sensor with relatively coarse spatial resolution (25 km to 50 km) andhigh temporal resolution (daily). In its enhanced resolution mode, with 5 km resolution and 5-10day composites, the data is compatible with the AVHRR NDVI global composites of 8 kmresolution and 10-15 day composites. These two data sets are used to build a continuous timeseries data set for the past decade. By combining these data sets with existing precipitation data,and utilizing the sensitivity of each data set to biomass and moisture we decoupled the twoeffects. It is shown that, the scatterometer data is a useful instrument to monitor the rain eventsand moisture variability in Cerrado region. As the temporal dynamics of vegetation biomass inthis region is strongly linked with seasonal water availability, the results of this analysis canprovide the necessary long-term observation of carbon and water cycle within the Amazonianand LBA context.

BIOMASS DYNAMICS OF AMAZONIAN FOREST FRAGMENTSWilliam F. LauranceSmithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama; and Biological Dynamics ofForest Fragments Project, National Institute for Amazonian Research, Manaus,Brazil (laurancew@tivoli.si.edu)Habitat fragmentation affects aboveground biomass in Amazonian forests, withpotentially important implications for carbon storage and greenhouse gasemissions. I describe the dynamics of aboveground-biomass by combining longterm(>20 years) data on mortality, growth, and recruitment of large (>10 cmdiameter) trees with detailed measurements of nearly all other live and deadplant material in fragmented and continuous Amazonian forests.The key process altering biomass dynamics in fragmented forests is thechronically elevated mortality of large trees, which apparent results frommicroclimatic changes and increased wind turbulence near forest edges. This inturn accelerates the production of necromass (dead material) and leads tosignificantly increased wood debris and litter on the forest floor. Near forestedges, frequent canopy disturbance increases the amount of light in theunderstorey, resulting in accelerated tree recruitment, significantly higherbiomass of small trees, and higher liana densities. Surprisingly, the estimatedannual turnover of necromass increases significantly near forest edges,suggesting that decomposition is occurring more rapidly in fragmented thancontinuous forests.These results reveal that habitat fragmentation fundamentally alters thedistribution and dynamics of aboveground biomass in Amazonian forests. Therate of carbon cycling probably increases sharply, both because long-livedcanopy and emergent trees decline in favor of shorter-lived successional treesand lianas, and because necromass production and turnover both appear toincrease. Carbon storage in live vegetation also declines because smallsuccessional trees and lianas (which typically have low wood density) storesubstantially less carbon than do large, old-growth trees. Finally, the decline andrapid decay of live biomass in forest fragments probably leads to substantialatmospheric carbon emissions, above and beyond that resulting fromdeforestation per se.

COMPOSIÇÃO E DIVERSIDADE FLORÍSTICA DE UMA FLORESTA OMBRÓFILA DENSA DETERRA FIRME NA AMAZÔNIA CENTRAL, AMAZONAS, BRASILARLEM N. OLIVEIRA 1,* , IÊDA L. AMARAL 2 , ANTONIO D. NOBRE 2 , LUCIANA B. COUTO 1 ,ROSANA M. SATO 1 , JOSÉ L. SANTOS 1 and JOSÉ RAMOS 11 Coordenação de Pesquisas em Botânica do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (CPBO/INPA). Av.Alameda Cosme Ferreira, 1756, Manaus - AM, 69.083-000, Brazil; 2 Laboratório de Geo Info Sistemas(GISLAB), INPA; * Autor para correspondência (e-mail: arlem@inpa.gov.br)A imensa riqueza em espécies vegetais e a fragilidade dos ecossistemas amazônicos, exigem maioresinformações quanto a composição florística e a sua distribuição nesses ambientes florestais. Objetivandocaracterizar a composição e a diversidade florística de uma floresta de platô da região, inventariou-se osindivíduos arbóreos, palmeiras e cipós, com diâmetro á altura do peito igual ou superior a 10 cm, presentesem um hectare de floresta primária de terra-firme da Amazônia. Foram levantados 670 indivíduos,distribuídos em 48 famílias, 133 gêneros e 245 espécies. Fabaceae, Sapotaceae e Lecythidaceae, constituemas três famílias com maior riqueza específica, Índice de Valor de Importância e Familiar; a famíliaLecythidaceae se destacou, ainda, quanto ao número de indivíduos e diversidade específica. Eschweileramicrantha foi a espécie de maior importância ecológica do ambiente florestal. Os índices de diversidade eEquitabilidade de Shannon indicam que a floresta é bem diversificada, com distribuição uniforme dasespécies dentro da população. A baixa dissimilaridade florística entre as parcelas avaliadas, permite inferirque existe um forte gradiente ambiental ao longo da unidade amostral avaliada.Financiamento: CNPq/PPD - G7 (ECOCARBON/LBA)

Classifying Successional Forests Using Landsat Spectral Properties and EcologicalCharacteristics to Evaluate Recent Trends in Land Cover and Carbon Loss inEastern AmazoniaArlete Silva de Almeida, Ima Célia G Vieira,Museu Paraense Emílio GoeldiEric A. Davidson, Thomas A. Stone,The Woods Hole Research CenterCláudio J. Reis de Carvalho,EMBRAPA Amazônia OrientalJosé Benito GuerreroInstituto de Pesquisa Ambiental da AmazôniaCorresponding Author:Arlete Silva de AlmeidaDepartamento de BotânicaMuseu Paraense Emílio GoeldiBelém, PA 66.040-179 BrasilEmail: arlete@museu-goeldi.brSecondary forests are becoming increasingly important as temporary reservoirs of geneticdiversity, stocks of carbon and nutrients, and moderators of hydrologic cycles in theAmazon Basin as agricultural lands are abandoned and often later re-cleared foragriculture. We studied a municipality in northeastern Pará where numerous cycles ofslash and burn agriculture have occurred during more than a century of settlement. Treespecies were identified and heights and diameters were measured in chronosequences ofsecondary forests (3, 6, 10, 20, 40, 70 years) and in remnant mature forests. Land coverclasses of young, intermediate, and advanced successional forests were identified using1999 Landsat 7 TM imagery. Similar groupings were derived independently fromanalyses of species composition and from distributions of tree heights and diameters.Young forests have nearly uniform heights, whereas multiple height classes were presentin the advanced successional forests, and their shadows affect spectral properties.Biomass accumulated more slowly in this chronosequence than has been reportedelsewhere, which explains why these 70-year-old forests are still distinguishable frommature forests using spectral properties. Supervised classification of the imagery showedabout 50% forest cover. Comparing Landsat images from 1995 and 1999, pastures andbare soil increased during the intervening 4 years at the expense of both secondary andmature forest areas, resulting in a net loss of > 10 11 g of carbon from the abovegroundbiomass of this 477-km 2 municipality. Although initial widespread deforestationoccurred several decades ago, continued clearing of mostly secondary forests is causing anet carbon loss averaging at least 0.7 Mg C ha -1 yr -1 .

Bamboo-dominated forests of the southwest AmazonNelson(1), B.W.; Oliveira(1), A.C.A.; Silveira(2), M.; Smith(1), M.; Vidalenc(1), D.;França(1), M.B.; Miranda(3), I. & Kalliola(4), R.Studies of bamboo-dominated terra firme forests covering ~180,000 km 2 of thesouthwest Amazon, conducted since 1996, have resulted in five completed theses byBrazilian students that address several LBA themes: spectral pattern of Amazonforests, biomass modeling, mapping of erodable soils, and the possible role of groundfire in expansion/maintenance of a natural plant community. Guadua weberbaueriand close congeners -- all of which are basally erect and distally climbing by use ofspines -- dominate the forest canopy but are hollow and only 4.3-7.1 cm diameter(DBH) when mature. On the terra firme, G. weberbaueri appears to be associatedwith 2:1 clay in concentrations high enough to impede percolation in the rainy season,leading to mechanical erosion of soil and seasonally high suspended sediment loads instreams even under primary forest cover. When bamboo is mature, the forest canopyhas higher near infrared reflectance and higher normalized difference vegetationindex, using Landsat TM images, than bamboo-free forests. Within patches of 10 2 –10 4 km 2 , G. weberbaueri synchronously reproduces and dies 25-30 years aftergerminating, then slowly reestablishes itself from the single massive seed crop.During the first 10 years the canopy appears spectrally similar to bamboo-free forest.After experimental cutting and burning of all bamboo stems and all trees under 10 cmDBH, G. weberbaueri showed more rapid height and biomass recovery than all otherresprouting pre-existing species taken together and by three years post-burn hadexceeded the density of bamboo stems in an unburned forest. Though ground firethus favors G. weberbaueri over other species, such fires are rare in southwestAmazon forests and appear unnecessary for bamboo establishment and dominance.The main agent of forest disturbance is the bamboo itself, using its short-lived culmsas expendable weapons to shade and topple trees. As a consequence, the bamboodominatedforest has lower basal area of large trees, 30-50% less total biomass,apparently higher tree turnover, more fast-growing trees, lower average wood density,lower tree diversity per unit area, and much lower numbers of palms, compared withforest on similar soil not yet colonized by bamboo.Affiliations at time of research:1. INPA-National Institute for Amazon Research – Ecology Course; Manaus, AM2. University of Brasília – Ecology Course; Federal University of Acre3. CTA – Centro dos Trabalhadores da Amazônia; Rio Branco, AC4. University of Turku, Finland

Light Response Curves of three plants in different strata in an ecoton tropical forest –SavannaEduardo Jacusiel Miranda 1 (aquaviva@terra.com.br), Clóvis Lasta Fritzen, José HolandaCampelo Jr. 1 ,José de Souza Nogueira 1 , Nicolau Priante Filho 1Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - Depto. de Física - Grupo de Física e MeioAmbiente - Av. Fernando Correa da Costa s/n, 78060-900 -Cuiabá -MT Brasil.George Louis Vourlitis (georgev@csusm.edu) Biological Sciences Program- CaliforniaState University- San Marcos, CA 92096-0001, USAMeasurements of CO 2 and water vapor flux using eddy covariance are being made from a40m tower located in a transitional tropical forest near Sinop Mato Grosso. Ascomplementary information to this study, the photosynthetic light response curves ofthree trees located near the tower were measured at different heights in the forest canopywith the objective of understanding seasonal and spatial (height in the forest canopy)trends in the photosynthetic light response. The measurements were in a canopy emergenttree (30 m tall) identified as Catanudo and in two other sub-canopy (14 m tall) treeslocally identified as Canela and Laranjeira (positive identification of all species is currentunder investigation). Measurements were made in the wet season (January), transitionwet-dry (April), dry season (June and August), and in the dry-wet transition (September)of 2001. For Catanudo, measurements were made at two different heights of 26m (at thetop of the canopy) and 18m, while measurements on the other trees were made at 10mabove ground. In the wet season the Catanudo exhibited a photosynthesis rate at lightsaturation (P max ) of 9.4 µmol m -2 s -1 while Laranjeira and Canela had a P max of 10.0 and5.5 µmol m -2 s -1 , respectively. In the dry season (June) the values of P max were of 7.1,11.0 and 7.4 µmol m -2 s -1 respectively for the Catanudo, Laranjeira and Canela, so whileCatanudo experienced a decline in P max from the wet to the dry season, Canela andLaranjeira had increases in P max . The leaves of Catanudo at different heights (26 and18m) presented different physiological behavior. The leaves at 26m had larger rates ofP max compared to sub-canopy leaves regardless of season, however, sub-canopy leavesshowed much less seasonal variability in the photosynthetic light response than canopyleaves. These data suggest that species responses to seasonal variations in rainfall arevariable. In addition, although leaves at the top of the canopy have larger rates of P max ,the small seasonal variation in sub-canopy leaves may be important for CO 2 uptakeduring the dry season.

Causes and Mechanisms of Interannual CO2-flux Variability in South American Tropics.Shevlaikoava E(1), Hurtt GC(2), Pacala SW(1), Fearon M(2), Malyshev S(1), Moore B(2), Nobre C(3)(1) Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton,NJ 08544-1003.(2) Institute for the Study of Earth Oceans and Space, University of New Hampshire,Durham, NH 03824 USA.(3) CPTECInterannual variability in Amazonian terrestrial ecosystems functioning during the pasttwo decades is examined in order to estimate the range of variations in biogenic sourcesand sinks of CO 2 as well as the changes in the biophysical conditions affecting regionalclimate. The primary tools used in this analysis are the Ecosystem Demography (ED)family of models. These models simulate both the fast (hours) and long (centuries)timescales of carbon and water fluxes and ecosystem dynamics and provide importantbiophysical parameters for climate studies of the region. Run off-line, the models can bedriven by climate data from the ECMWF and NCEP reanalysis products. In thispresentation, we begin by exploring sensitivities of tropical ecosystem photosyntheticproduction and respiration to variation in temperature, precipitation, atmospherichumidity, available radiation and wind conditions in the 80s and 90s. The interannualvariability in carbon fluxes due to these effects will be compared to other availableestimates. Future studies with these models are being designed to sequentially addadditional effects needed such as land use change and fire that are needed forcomprehensive carbon flux estimates.

THE MESOSCALE EDGE EFFECT IN CENTRAL AMAZONIAN FORESTSEduardo M. Venticinque 1 , Marcelo P. Moreira 1 , Carlos E. Da Costa 1 , AnaLuisa Albernaz 1 , William F. Laurance 1,21.Projeto Dinâmica Biológica de Fragmentos Florestais, INPA/SI,Manaus, AM 2. Smithsonian Tropical RESEARCH INSTITUTE, Panamá.Documented effects of forest fragmentation and edge formation include biomass loss andincreasing of tree mortality. There are some direct causes, such as wind, and other indirectcauses, such as competition with invader plants that quickly colonize these areas. Weinvestigated edge effects on canopy-gap formation, using high-resolution videography images(resolution=1.8 m) obtained in 1999. The Study area is located approximately 70 km North ofManaus, at the INPA/PDBFF reserves. This area encompasses approximately 1000 km2, beingan E-W rectangle of 20 X 50 km. Forty transects of 200 x 100 meters were sampled in the area,distributed among five classes of distance from forest edge (0-100, 100-200, 200-300, 300-400and 400-500). Location of these transects were at random, but seven of them had to be modifieddue to problems with the image quality (distortions, clouds, and/or shadows). The highresolutionvideography image was classified into two classes, gaps or intact canopy, by themethod of minimum distances, using IDRISI 32. Trees with intermediary sizes and mediumlevels of shadowing were classified as intact canopy. The mean proportion of gap area was23.9% for plots 0-100m from the edge and 15.7% for those 400-500m from the edge. Thelargest value of proportion of gaps area (36.6%) occurred in the 100-200m class and the smallest(3.4%) occurred in the 400-500m class. This range show the magnitude of variation in thesampled plots. The relationship between intact canopy cover and distance to edge was negative(r 2 =0.197, t = -3.051, P=0.004). Based on the visual inspection of the image, the classificationapplied to the videography seems to be satisfactory . In spite of that, due to relief problems anddistortions in mosaicing images, which can led to mistaken results, these results should beanalyzed carefully.

TREE SPECIES DISTRIBUTION AND COMMUNITY STRUCTUREOF CENTRAL AMAZON VÁRZEA FORESTS BYREMOTE SENSING TECHNIQUESWITTMANN, F. 1 , JUNK, W. J. 1 & PIEDADE, M. T. F. 21 Max-Planck-Institute for Limnology, P.O. Box 16524306 Plön, Germanye-mail: florian@inpa.gov.br, wjj@mpil-ploen.mpg.de2 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, P.O. Box 457Av. André Araújo 2936, 69083-000 Manaus/AM, Brazile-mail: maitepp@internext.com.brThe large-scale estimation of forests biomass and primary production depends on a reliableclassification of diferent forest types. In Amazonian white-water floodplains (várzea), thedistribution of tree species is determined by their tolerance to flood stress. This leads to acharacteristic zonation of tree species along the flood gradient. Frequent disturbance bysedimentation, erosion and human impact result in a complex pattern of forest formationsof different successional stages. The formations are characterized by typical patterns ofspecies composition, and their architecture results in different light reflectance patterns,which can be detected by Landsat TM image data. Ground checking comprised a detailedforest inventory of 5 ha in várzea forests of the Mamirauá Reserve (Tefé) and Ilha daMarchantaria (Manaus). Digital Elevation Models (DEM) for all sites were generated. Theresults indicate that, at the average flood-level of 3 m, species diversity and architecture ofthe forests changes, thus justifying the classification into the categories of low várzea andhigh várzea. In a first step to scale up field-research data to a regional scale, the study siteswere observed by aerial photography. Tree heights, crown sizes, gap frequencies and theprojected crown-area coverage provide information, which confirms a remotely sensedclassification into four different forest types. The structure of low várzea depends on thesuccessional stage, and species diversity increases with increasing age of the formations. Inthe high várzea, species diversity is higher than in all low-várzea formations. The morecomplex architecture of the high-várzea results in a more diffuse behavior pattern in pixeldistribution, when classified by TM image data.

FLORÍSTICA DE UM SUB-BOSQUE DE FLORESTA OMBRÓFILA DENSA DE TERRA FIRMENA AMAZÔNIA CENTRAL, AMAZONAS, BRASILIÊDA L. AMARAL 1,* , ARLEM N. OLIVEIRA 2 , ANTONIO D. NOBRE 3 ; Coordenação de Pesquisas emBotânica do Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (CPBO/INPA). Av. Alameda Cosme Ferreira,1756, Manaus - AM, 69.083-000, Brazil; 2 Laboratório de Geo Info Sistemas (GISLAB), INPA; * Autor paracorrespondência (e-mail: iamaral@inpa.gov.br)Com o objetivo de estudar a composição florística do sub-bosque de uma floresta densa de terra firme daAmazônia, inventariou-se 0,05 hectare de floresta situada entre as coordenadas 60º12'40" W e 2º35'45" S. Aavaliação foi feita a partir de vinte de 5 x 5 m; as plantas foram divididas em quatro classes de tamanho:Plântula (H < 0,5 m), Muda 1 (0,5 m < H < 1,5 m), Muda 2 (1,5 m < H < 3,0 m) e Estabelecida (H > 3,0 m eCAP < 0,3 m). Foram observados 4113 indivíduos, distribuídos em 64 famílias e 196 gêneros. As famíliasbotânicas que detiveram o maior número de gêneros foram Caesalpiniaceae (10), Fabaceae (9), Moraceae eRubiaceae (8), Mimosaceae e Arecaceae (7), Annonaceae e Lauraceae (6), Euphorbiaceae, Sapotaceae eApocynaceae (5). Quanto ao número de indivíduos, as famílias Chrysobalanaceae, Mimosaceae eAnnonaceae, são as mais expressivas com 201, 191 e 168, respectivamente. Por outro lado, Apocynaceaeapresentou o menor valor numérico dentre as onze famílias com maior número de gêneros, com apenas onzeindivíduos. No que se refere às classes de tamanho, os dados evidenciaram maior representatividade da classePlântula com 2539 indivíduos, correspondendo a 61,7% do total de plantas. As famílias mais expressivasdessa classe foram Chrysobalanaceae (170), Mimosaceae (146) e Marantaceae (113), enquanto isso, aEstabelecida manifestou o menor percentual observado com apenas 4,4%. Os demais valores, 26,5 e 7,4%,foram distribuídos entre as classes de tamanho Muda 1 e 2, respectivamente.Financiamento: CNPq/PPD - G7 (ECOCARBON/LBA)

STEM RECRUITMENT AND MORTALITY IN AN EASTERN AMAZONIANSECONDARY FORESTJ. M. Tucker 1 , R. de F.R. Pantoja 2 , D. J. Zarin 3 , I. Miranda 41 Projeto MANFLORA, School of Forest Resources & Conservation, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110760,Gainesville, FL, USA 32611, E-mail: jmtucker@ufl.edu; 2 Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias do Pará, E-mail:robertapantoja@zipmail.com.br; 3 UF, E-mail: zarin@ufl.edu; 4 FCAP, E-mail: izildinhamiranda@uol.com.brWe examined stem recruitment and mortality (DBH > 1 cm) in twelve 100-m 2 plotsestablished in a 12-year-old secondary forest in Castanhal, Pará, Brazil. From November1999 to June 2001, mean stem density declined from 213 to 189 stems plot -1 (P < 0.001,one-way repeated measures ANOVA); 352 stems present in the first inventory died,corresponding to 14 percent mortality, while 64 stems were added, corresponding to 3percent recruitment. The rate of mortality reported here is significantly higher than theannual mortality rates usually reported for old-growth tropical rainforest (1-2 percent).Lacistema pubescens (Lacistemataceae), Myrcia sylvatica (Myrtaceae) and Vismiaguianensis (Clusiaceae) accounted for 61, 18 and 6 percent of all dead stems, anddisplayed net mortality of 19, 10, and 16 percent, respectively. These three speciesrepresent 70 percent of all stems in the stand (tree species richness = 64) and commonlycolonize abandoned agricultural land in the region. Most recruits were less-commonspecies already present in the sample plots. In a nearby 4-year-old stand, the densities ofL. pubescens and M. sylvatica stems (DBH > 1 cm) were lower, while the density of V.guianensis was higher than in the 12-year-old stand. Relative abundance values for L.pubescens and V. guianensis in regeneration surveys (DBH < 1 cm) were 1.0 and 0.5percent, respectively, suggesting that the decline of these shade-tolerant species is likelyto continue. Relative abundance of M. sylvatica in the regeneration surveys was greaterthan 50 percent, suggesting that this shade-tolerant species will likely persist in the subcanopy.Keywords: secondary forest, succession, mortality, recruitment, forest dynamics.

CO 2 AND ENERGY FLUXES IN AN AMAZONIAN MANGROVE ECOSYSTEMJ.M.N. da Costa 1 , A.C.L. da Costa 2 , J.C.P. Cohen 2 , Y. Malhi 3 , P. Meir 3 , J.Grace 3 , V.M.S.Andrade 2 , R.B.C. Silva 2 , R. F. da Costa 4 , P.J.O.P. de Souza 2 , M.H. Costa 1 , M.L. Ruivo 4and S. Almeida 41) Federal University of Vicosa, Agricultural and Environmental EngineeringDepartment, 36571-000 Vicosa, MG, Brazil. jmncosta@ufv.br2) Federal University of Para, Department of Meteorology3) University of Edinburgh, Institute of Ecology and Resource Management4) Para Museum Emilio GoeldiQuantification of fluxes of carbon dioxide, water vapor and sensible heat, measured on 15selected days, on January 2001, at a mangrove site, near Braganca-PA (1 o 3' S; 46 o 45' W),using the eddy covariance technique are presented. Relevant meteorological variables werealso measured. The dominant mangrove species at Braganca are Avicennia germinans andRhizophora racemosa. The mean midday CO 2 flux at the mangrove site reached a peak of –12.9 µmol.m -2 .s -1 , and the nocturnal CO 2 flux averaged about 4.0 µmol.m -2 .s -1 . At night,wind speed was in average 2.3 m.s -1 , with most of friction velocities values between 0.4and 0.6 m.s -1 . The magnitudes of CO 2 fluxes at the mangrove site were considerably lowerthan the CO 2 fluxes measured at an Amazonian forest site at the Ferreira Penna ScientificStation (ECFPn), in Caxiuana-PA (1° 42’ 30’’ S; 51° 31’ 45’’ W), for the same period. Themean CO 2 fluxes at the forest site reached a peak of about – 20 µmol.m -2 .s -1 , around noon,and the average nocturnal CO 2 flux was about 7 µmol.m -2 .s -1 . The dependence of thedaytime mangrove CO 2 flux on the incident solar radiation was very well established. Thedaily magnitude variations of CO 2 , water vapor and energy fluxes were also examinedbased on the pertinent meteorological variables.

The Potential of Combined SAR Data and Optical VI´s for Vegetation Mapping inthe Brazilian CerradoLaerte G. Ferreira 1 , Edson E. Sano 2 and Alfredo R. Huete 31Instituto de Estudos Socio-Ambientais (IESA/UFG), Campus Samambaia – Cx.Postal 131, CEP: 74001-970, Goiania-GO Brazil E-mail: laerte@iesa.ufg.br2 Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria, BR-020 Km 18 Cx. Postal08223, CEP: 73301-970 Planaltina, DF Brazil3 Department of Soil, Water, and Environmental Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ85721The Brazilian Cerrado covers more than 208 million hectares in the central part of thecountry and presents a well-defined seasonality. Approximately 40% of the Cerradohave been already converted. In order to evaluate the potential of optical and syntheticaperture radar data to map and monitor Cerrado’s vegetative cover, we acquired dry andwet seasons Landsat/TM and JERS-1 SAR data over the Brasilia National Park, a30.000 ha, preserved area located in northern Brasilia. The georeferenced SAR and TMimages were overlaid with the vector format, vegetation map of the Park to facilitate theextraction of representative SAR and optical digital numbers in each Cerrado unit(savanna grassland; shrub savanna; savanna grassland or shrub savanna with“termiters”; wooded savanna; savanna woodland; and gallery forest). The TM digitalcounts were transformed in top-of-canopy, nadir reflectance values by using the 6Sradioactive transfer model. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) andEnhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) were derived from the reflectance data. SAR digitalcounts were transformed in backscattering coefficients. Scatter plots betweennormalized SAR and TM data as well as statistical analyses (discriminant analysis andANOVA) showed overall better performance of radar data to map Cerrado’sphysiognomies, in comparison to the VIs. However, the performance improvedsignificantly when we combined the two types of data. The discrimination capability of69% obtained by the radar data, regardless of season, increased up to 85% when wecombined SAR and optical data.

Título:Mapeando a inflamabilidade florestal na Floresta Nacional do TapajósAutores:Luciana Magalhães MonacoPaulo R. Souza MoutinhoEmail: monaco@tap.com.br; moutinho@amazom.com.brAproximadamente 55 milhões de hectares de floresta já foram desmatados na Amazôniabrasileira. Como fogo é a principal ferramenta na substituição da floresta em pastos eroçados e usado sem prevenção, tem promovido grandes incêndios florestais. A queima dafloresta pode emitir mais carbono para a atmosfera do que o desflorestamento durante anosde seca severa, mas muito pouco é conhecido sob quais condições o fogo se propaga nafloresta. Estes incêndios, geralmente mais intensos e freqüentes durante anos de “El Niño”ocorrem principalmente em florestas de exploração madeireira, mas também em primárias.Nós simulamos os efeitos da seca severa na floresta através da redução experimental doÍndice de Área Foliar (IAF) em 20 %, similar ao que ocorre durante a seca quando há perdade folhas. Para verificar quais fatores interagem determinando a velocidade e a áreaqueimada, um incêndio de média escala foi realizado na parcela experimental, de 50 x 50m, em novembro de 2001 na FLONA Tapajós, Santarém, Pará.. Vários parâmetros microclimáticos(temperatura e umidade relativa do ar) e de estrutura do material combustível(profundidade,umidade, quantidade da serrapilheira) foram medidos mensalmente erelacionados a abertura do dossel. As linhas onde o fogo se propagou tiveram uma distânciamáxima queimada de aproximadamente 70 centímetros.O principal resultado mostra que o efeito da redução geral de IAF na parcela é maior doque o efeito em cada ponto, capaz de provocar redução na umidade do material combustíveltornando a floresta susceptível a queima, em anos de seca severa.

Eco-physiology of the tree species at different communities in a flooding gradient from CentralAmazon whitewater floodplains.FARIAS, Maristela Lima 1 & PIEDADE, Maria Teresa Fernadez 11 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia- INPA/CPBAThe distribution of representative key species from different communities through flooding gradients inwhitewater floodplains, is determined by different levels of tolerance showed by for each species tophysiological factors, and is correlated with the intensity and duration of the annual flooding cycle. One ofthe aims is to evaluate the implications of the river synchrony with the spatial distribution and dispersion ofthree tree species from low floodplain. This study started on September 2000 and will be finished in June2002. The fieldworks were carried out at Marchantaria Island, about 20 km from Manaus, Central Amazon.Were studied three species of low várzea trees (n=5) such as: Himatanthus sucuuba (Apocynaceae), Heveaspruceana (Euphorbiaceae) and Calophyllum brasiliense (Guttiferae) and, the following parameters wereanalyzed: a) diametric growth (increment of medium basal), phenology (individual observations),chlorophyll content (at 650 and 665 nm wave length) and Mariaux windows (dendromethric bands,annually). For the phenology the following procedures were taken: vegetative (to new, mature and oldleaves) and reproductive phenophases (green and dehiscence fruits). For chlorophyll contents five leavesfrom three different ages (five discs). The results showed that: a) H. sucuuba do not showed differences inits diametric growth between flooded and nonflooded phases, while H. spruceana e C. brasiliense showedthe highest growing during the no flooded period; b) For the phenological aspects, H. sucuuba has tworeproductive events per year (aquatic and terrestrial phase). For H. spruceana synchronize the fruitsdehiscence with high level of inundation and C. brasiliense maximized these events in the drought phase. c)For the chlorophyll contents, H. sucuuba, H. spruceana e C. brasiliense produces their chlorophyll contentsregularly during all year. The metabolic processes of the plants are accelerated during terrestrial phase, toturn over the energy spent by anaerobic conditions during flooded period.

Forest Fragmentation, Biomass Collapse and Carbon Flux in the Brazilian AmazonM.A. Cochrane, W.H. Chomentowksi, and D. L. Skole* Basic Science and Remote Sensing Initiative, Department of Geography, MichiganState University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA………………………………………………………………………………………………Tropical forest edges are subject to the phenomenon of biomass collapse. This processreduces standing biomass amounts indefinitely and is an unaccounted for source ofatmospheric carbon. Indirect effects of forest fragmentation in the Amazon may morethan double the overall area of forest impacted by outright deforestation alone. It is wellknown that tropical deforestation is an important contributor to increases in atmosphericcarbon. There is an emerging concern that forest fragmentation is also an importantsource of carbon to the atmosphere through the process of biomass collapse in forestedges. Recent evidence from field studies in the Brazilian Amazon show a persistentdecline in forest biomass along forest edges adjacent to land deforested for pasture andother uses. Biomass collapse results from an increase in tree mortality and decrease inrecruitment rates as a result of increased exposure to wind, violent microclimaticepisodes, soil loss, reduced soil productivity, and encroachment by plants, animals, andhumans. These studies report a dramatic, and apparently stable, loss of aboveground livebiomass of 8 - 14% (average of 10.6%) within 100 meters of the forest edge during thefirst 7-10 years after fragmentation, with a rapid initial loss occurring in the first 4 years.Concern over carbon loss from biomass collapse in forest edges arises from the fact thatfluxes of this kind are not currently being considered in carbon models. The currentbiotic net global flux from biomass collapse in tropical forests has been estimated topotentially be as high as 149 million Mg C/yr. We conducted a multitemporal analysis ofthe Brazilian Amazon for 1992 and 1999 using 430 Landsat TM/ETM images to assessthe extent and persistence of biomass-collapse-affected forests. Throughout the basin,edge forests were rapidly eroded. Our results show that the total unaccounted for carbonflux was no more than 39 x 10 6 Mg C as of 1999. The annual flux rate of between 1.2-1.3x 10 6 Mg C yr -1 is less than 1% of the annual flux from deforestation.

Detecting deforested areas from NDVI series in Amazonia 1982-1999N. Dessay, H. Laurent, L. Machado, J. Ronchail, Y. ShimabukuroCTA /IAE/ ACACentro Técnico Aeroespacial /Instituto de Aeronáutica e Espaço/ Divisão de CiênciasAtmosféricas CEP 12228-904, São José dos Campos, SP, Brasil.andInstitut de Recherche pour le développement/Laboratoire d'Etude des Transferts enHydrologie et Environnement, Grenoble, Francendessay@iae.cta.br, hlaurent@iae.cta.br, machado@iae.cta.br,josyane@aneel.gov.br, yosio@ltid.inpe.brThe aim of this work is to localize forest areas that evolved toward a deforestation or areforestation using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). We shall pay specialattention to 9 areas chosen among the LBA study areas. When the forest undergoes atransformation such as deforestation, the NDVI presents a very sharp minimum during the dryseason, that we shall use in this work. Firstly, we use the areas that have remained steadyduring 18 years as a reference to calibrate the NDVI dataset over this period. Secondly, theregions of rain forest are geographically distinct because the dry season is not the same fromone region to the other. To take this into account, we define homogeneous areas using theIBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística) vegetation classification, theprecipitation series that are provided by the Agência Nacional de Energia Eléctrica (ANEEL)and the Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET) and the high level cloud cover availablefrom the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP). Then we define referencedry season NDVI by averaging the NDVI minimum in different areas that are known as nothaving suffered deforestation. Afterwards, we compare the date and amplitude of the NDVIminimum for 9 LBA target areas with that of the nearest reference area. We observe in somecases large differences that permit to analyze the deforestation or the reforestation. Thisapproach gives both a spatial and a temporal vision of the evolution of the forest.

Experiments with legume mulch applications and its effects onmacrofauna and decomposition in a highly degraded plantation incentral AmazoniaPetra Schmidt (1) , Hubert Höfer (2) and Terezinha Garcia (3)(1) Zentrum für Entwicklungsforschung Bonn: petra.schmidt@smnk.deWalter-Flex-Str. 3, D-53113 Bonn, Germany(2) Staatliches Museum für Naturkunde Karlsruhe: hubert.hoefer@smnk.deErbprinzenstr. 13, D-76311 Karlsruhe, Germany(3) EMBRAPA Amazônia Ocidental Manaus: tgarcia@cpaa.embrapa.brKm 29, 69011-970 Manaus-AM, BrazilExpecting, that the increased input of plant residues in combination with differentfertilizer input will increase the abundance and biomass of the soil macrofauna and inconsequence will further lead to an increase of soil organic matter by a more stabledecomposition process.Therefore two field experiments were initiated in 2001. The experimental plots wereset up in a completely randomised block design in a degraded area of an abandonedCocos nucifera and Theobroma grandiflorum plantation. A mulch treatment with threelevels and a fertilizer treatment with two levels are combined in a factorial design with2 replicates in each block.In the first experiment grass and woody part of legume is used as low quality littermaterial (nutrient poor). With the aim to raise the substrate quality, e.g.decomposability, leaves of Flemingia macrophylla were introduced in theexperimental plots, while a mixture of both, grass and legume leaves, were taken asa medium quality.In the second experiment the influence of three different quantities of mulch materialis tested, using branches including leaves of the legume Tephrosia candida. Thetreatments in both experiments will be repeated every 4-6 months.During the two years of experimental period the nutrient content of theautochthonous and added litter as well as of soil samples will be analysed.Decomposition rates will be studied with litterbags, installed in each treatment plotand retrieved every 3 months. Soil macrofauna will be sampled at the end of theexperiment using large soil cores extracted by Berlese. Soil samples will also giveinformation on litter and root biomass as well as on soil organic matter content. Themicroclimate will be measured continuously by temperature and humidity loggers.A Multivariate analysis of all measured variables will be used to get few integratingvariable of soil fertility, which will than be used in a Two-Way-MANOVA to test theeffect of the treatments on soil fertility.

Secondary forest recovery on degraded pastures in Central Amazonia: carbon,nutrients, and light-captureTed R. Feldpausch 1,3 , Erick C.M. Fernandes 1 , Susan J. Riha 2 , Marco A. Rondon 11 Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA2 Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853USA3 Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, 612 Bradfield Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca,NY, 14853, USA; trf2@cornell.eduLarge areas of the Amazon Basin have been cleared for pasture. Depending on regionand management, the pastures may degenerate be abandoned to invading secondaryvegetation. We examined post-pasture forest recovery in ten secondary forests (SF)ranging in age from 0 to 14 years since abandonment to determine the dynamics ofnutrient and C accumulation and forest structure in redeveloping SF. Within the SFchronosequence, we measured aboveground biomass and nutrient storage, soil C andnutrients, leaf area index (LAI), and canopy cover by dominant genera and growth-form.After 12 to 14 years of recovery, the colonizing secondary vegetation rapidly sequesteredC, rebuilt total nutrient capital, and returned some, but not all components of foreststructure. Compared to primary forests values, LAI was about 50%, canopy cover wassimilar, and the rapid Vismia-dominated aboveground biomass accrual was 25 to 50% inthe oldest forests. Carbon accumulation rates were comparable or higher than ratesreported from other studies. Although the vegetation is Ca demanding, the low Ca soilsadequately replenished immobilized Ca. There was a net loss of soil P over time, whichcan be attributed to relocation of P from soil to growing vegetation. Slow leaf areaaccumulation relative to forests recovering from other land-use, demonstrates differencesin canopy development, which could negatively influence soil water uptake,evapotranspiration, and primary productivity. Although aboveground C gains were rapid,the soil pool represents the greatest potential for long-term C gains; however, soil nutrientdeficits may limit future productivity.

Transpiration before and after Burning in Different “Cerrado” Vegetation Typesof the Brazilian SavannaViviana Horna , Jonathan J. LloydMax Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Carl Zeiss Promenade 10, 07701 JenaGermanyviviana.horna@bgc-jena.mpg.deThe savanna vegetation in Brazil, also known as Cerrado, has been estimated to cover 1.8mil km 2 . This large ecosystem is dominated by fire and composed by a successional seriesthat varies in species composition and tree density. In this study, the effects of fire on therates of xylem flux density will be compared by measuring the flow of xylem water intrees before and after fire occurrence at two cerrado vegetation types: campo sujo (treeand/or shrub savanna) and cerrado (wooded savanna). The study is being conducted at theReserve of the Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics located 34 Km south of thecity of Brasilia. Nine trees of the most common tree species are monitored at each site.Sensors to measure xylem flux density and stem temperature were installed at all sitesduring mid April. One Campo sujo site and one Cerrado site will be burned during midJune 2002, following a bi-annual plan for prescribed fires managed by the University ofBrasilia. Xylem sensors will be removed just before the fire and reinstalled after the firein the two areas to be burned, while measurements will continue uninterrupted in twocontrolled areas.At the moment, the first results from the early dried season before fire are beingprocessed and these will be compared to the data to be collected in late June for the postfireperiod. It is expected that fire will reduce considerably the values of xylem fluxdensity. The data from this study will help to determine the degree of adaptation ofCerrado tree species to fire, measured by the level and speed of recovery of the xylemflux rates after the fire.

Title: VALIDATING, SCALING AND PARAMETERIZING A FOREST REGROWTHMODEL FOR THE AMAZON REGION USING AIRCRAFT AND SPACEBORNESENSORS AND GISWilliam Salas 1 , Diogenes Alves 2 , Dan Zarin 3 , Mark Ducey 4 , and Jiaguo Qi 5AbstractDeveloping an ability to predict forest regrowth potential has considerable implicationsfor our understanding of carbon dynamics in a future characterized by increasedconversion of old-growth Amazonian forests and the subsequent abandonment of manyareas originally cleared for agricultural activities. We will present a four-step,incremental approach directed toward the spatially explicit modeling and mapping offorest regrowth potential for the Amazon region. Each of the four steps will make asignificant contribution to current understanding of the response of ecosystems todisturbance at the regional scale. A central focus of our approach is the development ofremote sensing approaches for quantifying vegetation recovery and changes in biomassfollowing disturbance, determination of the optimal scale for these approaches, andtesting of disturbance-specific parameters that may influence rates of forest regrowth inAmazonia. An outline of our four incremental steps is provided:1. production of preliminary forest regrowth potential maps for the region using anempirical model of biomass accumulation in global secondary forests.2. definition of a set of normalized spectral indices of forest regrowth optimized forthe Amazon region.3. testing of the reliability of the preliminary maps (Step 1 product) and the remotesensing indices of regrowth structure (Step 2 products).4. refinement of the global model to enhance its regional applicability by includingknown disturbance-specific parameters shown to explain a significant amount ofvariance between measured and modeled regrowth biomass and structure.Our poster will provide details on this project and preliminary results of our multitemporalLandsat analysis.1 Applied Geosolutions, 10 Newmarket Road, Durham, NH, 03824, USA, emailwsalas@agsemail.com, ph; 603-868-2369.2 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciail, Av dos Astronautas 1758CEP 12227-010, Sao José dos Campos, SP, Brazil Ph: 55-12-345-6492, Email:dalves@dpi.inpe.br3 University of Florida, P.O. Box 110760, Gainesville, FL 32611 USATel: 352 846 0859; Email: zarin@ufl.edu4 Department of Natural Resources, James Hall, University of New HampshireDurham, NH 03824 USA, Ph: (603) 862-4429, Email: mjducey@cisunix.unh.edu5 BSRSI/Department of Geography, Michigan State Univeristy218 Manly Miles Bldg, 1405 S. Harrison Rd., East Lansing, MI 48823 USAPh: (517)353-8736, Email: qi@msu.edu