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LEGIONELLA - World Health Organization

LEGIONELLA - World Health Organization

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2.2.2 Effect of other microorganisms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31<br />

2.2.3 Environmental factors and virulence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33<br />

2.3 Biofilms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33<br />

2.3.1 Biofilm composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33<br />

2.3.2 Biofilm formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33<br />

2.3.3 Effect of biofilms on bacteria growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35<br />

2.3.4 Risk factors for biofilm growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36<br />

2.4 Sources of Legionella infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37<br />

2.4.1 Disease spread via aerosols and inhalation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37<br />

2.4.2 Disease spread via soil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38<br />

Chapter 3 Approaches to risk management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39<br />

3.1 Environmental exposure and disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40<br />

3.1.1 Cooling tower outbreaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40<br />

3.2 <strong>Health</strong>-based targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42<br />

3.3 Water safety plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43<br />

3.3.1 System assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .45<br />

3.3.2 Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .46<br />

3.3.3 Management and communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54<br />

3.4 Surveillance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56<br />

Chapter 4 Potable water and in-building distribution systems . . . .57<br />

4.1 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57<br />

4.2 Water safety plan overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58<br />

4.3 System assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60<br />

4.3.1 Document and describe the system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61<br />

4.3.2 Assess hazards and prioritize risks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61<br />

4.4 Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64<br />

4.4.1 Identify control measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64<br />

4.4.2 Monitor control measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67<br />

4.5 Management and communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67<br />

4.5.1 Prepare management procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .67<br />

4.5.2 Establish documentation and communication procedures . . .68<br />

v <strong>LEGIONELLA</strong> AND THE PREVENTION OF LEGIONELLOSIS

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