nqX/ktU inkFkZ fufeZrh
Final MCED Training Compedium 2012 new
Final MCED Training Compedium 2012 new
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<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>egkjk’Vª i‛kq o eRL; foKku fo|kihB] ukxiwjys[kiqfLrdk<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>¼fn-3@4@12 rs 23@4@12½<strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky;] mnxhj ¼ykrwj½laiknd eaMGMkW- ,l- ih- pkaxkMsMkW- fOg- Mh- dsGsizk- iz.kkyh fudeizk- lfork fdukdsizk- ,l-,l- pksiMsizk- ,e-,- ns”kew[kizk- ,u- vkj- iokjizk- ek/koh fV- Oghizk-ih- vkj- cpaVhJh- ch-vkj- NikusJherh- lwfurk eqfnjkt<strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky; mnxhj ¼ykrwj½
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong><strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>vuqdzekfudkv-dz- fo’k;kpk rif‛ky iku dz-1- <strong>nqX</strong>/k O;olk;kps egRo 92- <strong>nqX</strong>/kO;olk;kP;k vkfFkZd izxrhlkBh egRokP;k ckch 133- nq/k o Hkkjrh; <strong>nqX</strong>/k <strong>inkFkZ</strong> 164- nq/kkph ikSf’Vdrk o xq.k/keZ 215- LoPN nq/k mRiknu % dkGkph xjt 266- Ekkuad.k (Standardization) 317- ?kjxqrh Lrjkoj nq/k vf/kd dkG fVdoh.;klkBh % fofo/k i/nrh 348- nq/k vkVowu dsysy <strong>inkFkZ</strong> % FkksMD;kr ekfgrh 399 ns'kh yks.kh & rqi fuehZrh 4310- iuhj fuehZrh ra=Kku 4811- ng;k iklwu vU; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong> 5012- dqYQh] vkbZLdhe <strong>fufeZrh</strong> fo‛k;h FkksMD;kr 5313- nw/k lk[kGowu mRiknhr dsysys nwX/k <strong>inkFkZ</strong>% <strong>fufeZrh</strong> ra=Kku 5614- nw/k izfdz;k dasznzkoj dsY;ktk.kk&;k fofo/k nw/k pkp.;k 5915- d`=he nq/kkph ok< % leL;k 6316- nq/k EkybZfojghr djko;kps ;a=kph gkrkG.kh 6717- veqy nq/k mRiknd lgdkjh laLFkkaph f=Lrjh; dk;Zi/nrh 6818- lgdkjh rRRokoj nq/k ladyu dj.;kps fu;kstu o egRo 7119- nq/kkrhy HkslG vksG[k.;kph i/nrh 7620- nq/k o <strong>nqX</strong>/k inkFkkZph ekuds@ijhHkk’kk 79<strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky; mnxhj ¼ykrwj½
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>21- Xkkscj xWl l;a=kph vksG[k 8322- ik.kh rkio.;klkBh % lkSjmtkZ 8723- fdQk;‛khj nq/k mRiknu 9024- ik‛pkR; <strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> % pht 9225- ngh <strong>fufeZrh</strong> ra=Kku 9426- xzkeh.k jkstxkj <strong>fufeZrh</strong> 9827- FkksMD;kr lax.kd---------- 103<strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky; mnxhj ¼ykrwj½
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong><strong>nqX</strong>/k O;olk;kps egRoMkW-fot; dsGs] izk- iz.kkyh fude] MkW- ,l- ih- pkaxkMs vkf.k izk-ih-th-oklfud<strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky;]mnxhjl/;kph ifjfLFkrh cf?kryh rj ‚ksrh gh laiq.kZr% fulxkZoj voyacqu vkgs- Eg.kwu ‚ksrh‛kh iqjd vls tksM/kansdsY;kf‛kok; ‛ksrd&;kauk i;kZ; mjysyk ukgh-‚ksrh‛kh iqjd vls tksM/kans cjspls vkgsr- R;kr dqDdqVikyu o<strong>nqX</strong>/ksRiknu gs O;olk; dehrdeh tkxsr dj.;klkj[ks T;kl pkaxY;kizdkjph cktkjisB miyC/k vlysys vkgs- l/;kHkkjr gk <strong>nqX</strong>/k mRiknukr ifgY;k Øaekdkoj vkgs- Hkkjrkrhy xk;h o Eg‛khaph la[;k gh vuqØaes 85 n‛ky{k o 98n‛ky{k ,o
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>xkokrhy loZ tukojkaps ,dkp osGh tarfuewZyu ] ,dkp osGh ckg; dhVd fu;a=.k vkf.k ,dkp osGh ylhdj.kdsY;kl ifj.kke [kwip mRre feGrksnaSufnuO;oLFkkiu %mRre vkuqokaf‛kdrk vl.kk&;k tukojkaiklwu R;kP;k {kerswlkj iqjsiwj nw/k mRiknu ?;k;ps vlY;kl R;kpsnSuafnu O;oLFkkiu mRre dj.ks vko‛;d vkgs- vU;Fkk mRre vkuwoaf‛kdrk vlwu ns[khy R;kP;k {kersuwlkj nw/kmRiknu gks.kkj ukgh- mRre O;oLFkkiukph tskM u fnY;kl nw/k mriknukr tkLrhr tkLr ?kV ;sm ‚kdrs- tukojkaP;knSufnu O;oLFkkiukr osGkps ikyu rarksrar djkos- /kkjk dk
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong><strong>nqX</strong>/kO;olk;kP;k vkfFkZd izxrhlkBh egRokP;k ckchMkW- ,l- ih- pkaxkMs vkf.k Jh- ch-Mh- esJke<strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky;] o:M ¼iqln½dks.kR;kgh O;olk;kph izfr’Bk R;krqu izkIr gks.kkÚ;k uQ;koj voyacqu vlrs- Eg.kqup O;olk;kr vf/kdvFkZ izkIrhlkBh vFkZ‛kkL=kph vksG[k vkf.k egRo y{kkr ?ks.ks xjtsps vkgs- vFkZ‛kkL= gs mRiUukP;k u;krksV;kojvk/kkjhr vlrs- O;olk;kps eqY;ekiu djrkuk tek[kpkZph ekaM.kh d:u rkGscan dsyk tkrks vkf.k ;krwu fu’iUugks.kk&;k ifj.kkekoj R;k /ka|kps ;‛k Bjfoys tkrs- O;olk;kps ;‛k gs O;oLFkkiukoj voyacwu vlrs- O;oLFkkiu gkO;olk;kpk vkf.k O;olk;kpk vk/kkjHkwr ik;k vkgs- O;olk;krhy ;‛kkps ewY;ekiu gs cktkjisBsrhy izr] izfr’Bkvkf.k fodkl ;koj dsys tkrs- ex rks O;olk; dks.krkgh vlks vkf.k dks.kR;kgh O;olk;h rRokoj vlks] R;klkBh R;kO;olk;kps ‚kkL=‛kq/n Kku vkf.k R;ke/;s dke dj.kkjs dkexkj dq‛ky vlys ikfgtsr] gh fdeku ekQd vis{kk] gspra= o ‛kkL= <strong>nqX</strong>/kO;olk;kps vkgs- R;klkBh dkgh rRos ikGyh ikfgtsr] dkgh fu;e ikGys ikfgtsr- xsY;k ngk&ia/kjko’kkZaP;k dkGkpk vH;kl dsY;kl BGd xks’Vh y{kkr ;srkr dh fulxkZpk lerksy kyh vkgs- i.k nq/kkps vkf.k nq/kkiklwu mRiknhr gks.kk&;k inkFkkZaP;kfdaerhr ek= R;kP;k leizek.kkr ok< >kysyh ukgh- Dofpr fBdk.kh 15&20 VDds i;Zar ok< fnlrs- Eg.kwu<strong>nqX</strong>/kO;olk; tkx:di.ks dsyk ikfgts- R;klkBh dkgh iF;s ikG.ks vko‛;d vkgs-1½ <strong>nqX</strong>/kO;olk;kps fdeku Kku vl.ks vko‛;d vkgs-2½ <strong>nqX</strong>/kO;olk;] Ik‛kqikyu] oSj.k fodkl] nq/k vkf.k <strong>nqX</strong>/k <strong>inkFkZ</strong> ;klkj[;k fo’k;kojhy vuqHkoh rK yksdka‛kh ppkZ]lkfgR;kps okpu] euu] fparu dsys ikfgts-3½ lq:okrhyk gk /kank lq: djrkuk tksM/kank Eg.kqu djkok-4½ eksB;k izek.kkr djk;pk vlY;kl R;kpk vuqHko vl.ks t:j vkgs-5½ <strong>nqX</strong>/kO;olk; lq: djrkuk 2&3 tukojkaiklwu lq: djkok- O;olk;kr vuqHko o uQk ok
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>9½ pkaxY;k dkyoMh r;kj djrkuk cgqxq.kh xk;haph fuoM djk-10½ uohu dkyoMh fuekZ.k djrkuk tkrhoar fl/n oGwps jsr okijk@d`=he jsru i/nrh vaeykr vk.kkoh-11½ dkyoMh ;ksX; otukP;k >kY;kuarjp Hkjok-12½ dkyoMhP;k otu ok
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>34½ nq/k nksgukuarj fulxZr% fru rkl pkaxys jkgq ‚kdrs Eg.kqup ;k rhu rklkr nq/kkph foYgsokV yko.ks xjtspsvkgs-35½ nq/kkr dks.kR;kgh inkFkkZph HkslG dj.ks dk;|kus xqUgk vkgs] nq/kkr HkslG dj.ks VkGk-36½ fodzh i‛pkr f‛kYyd nq/kkpk Qk;ns‛khj fouh;ksx d:u uqdlku VkGk-37½ l.kokj] izlax] xzkgdkaph ekx.kh] y{kkr ?ksmu ikjaikfjd <strong>nqX</strong>/k<strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong> djk-38½ <strong>nqX</strong>/kra=Kku fo’k; rKka‛kh ppkZ d:u <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>e/khy ckjdkos tk.kqu ?ks.;kpk iz;Ru djk ts.ks d:u mPpnTkkZps <strong>inkFkZ</strong> fufeZr gksrhy-39½ <strong>nqX</strong>/k<strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong> njE;ku izkIr <strong>nqX</strong>/kmi<strong>inkFkZ</strong> tls rkd] csjh gs pk mi;ksx d:u u;kr ok< djk- <strong>nqX</strong>/kmi<strong>inkFkZ</strong>mi;ksxkr u vk.krk rlsp Qsdqu fnY;kus okrkoj.k nq’khr gksrs-40½ izfrfyVj <strong>nqX</strong>/kinkFkkZpk mrkjk dlk ok
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>nq/k o Hkkjrh; <strong>nqX</strong>/k <strong>inkFkZ</strong>izk-ih-ch fude izk fot; dsGs MkW- ,l- ih- pkaxkMs<strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky;] mnxhjvkiyk Hkkjr ns‛k gk d`’khiz/kku ns‛k vkgs- l/;kph ifjfLFkrh cf?kryh rj ‚ksrh gh laiq.kZr% fulxkZojvoyacqu vkgs- Eg.kwu ‚ksrh‛kh iqjd vls tksM/kans dsY;kf‛kok; ‛ksrd&;kauk i;kZ; mjysyk ukgh- ‚ksrh‛kh iqjd vlstksM/kans cjspls vkgsr- R;kr dqDdqVikyu o <strong>nqX</strong>/kskRiknu gs O;olk; dehrdeh tkxsr dj.;klkj[ks T;klpkaxY;kizdkjph cktkjisB miyC/k vkgs- l/;k Hkkjr gk <strong>nqX</strong>/k mRiknukr ifgY;k Øaekdkoj vkgs- Hkkjrkrhy xk;h oEg’khaph la[;k gh vuqØaes 85 n‛ky{k o 98 n‛ky{k ,o
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>izek.kkoj voyacwu vlrs- nw/k gs dks.kR;kgh izk.;kps vlys rjh R;krhy ?kVd gs lkj[ksp vlrkr] QDr ?kVdkapsizek.k deh vf/kd vlrs- nq/kkr izkeq[;kus ik.kh] flX/k<strong>inkFkZ</strong>] <strong>nqX</strong>/k‛kdZjk] izfFkus] [kfut nzO;] ftoulRos o jklk;fud<strong>inkFkZ</strong> gs ?kVd vlrkr- lk/kkj.ki.ks 100 xzWe nq/kkiklwu 66 dWyjh Toyu‛kDrh ‚kjhjkl feGrsfujfujkG;kizk.;kaP;k nw/kkrhy ?kVdkaph VDdsokjhv-dz- ?kVdxk; EgSl ‚ksGh esa
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>vkdkjkr vlwu ;kps fof‛k’V xq# o deh vlY;keqGs dkgh dkG nq/k fLFkj BsoY;kl nw/kkps i`’BHkkxkoj va‛kr%fLuX/k<strong>inkFkZ</strong> tek gksrkr- ;k inkFkkZP;k vfLrRokeqGs nq/kkl xqGxqGhr i.kk ;srks- ekuokP;k ‚kjhjkr lk/kkj.ki.ks 15 VDdsfLuX/k <strong>inkFkZ</strong> vlrkrizfFkusfujksxh O;Drhus ‚kjhjkr ljkljh 15 VDds izfFkus vlrkr- tx.;klkBh ekuokl izFkhukaph vR;arvko‛;drk vkgs- ekuokps ‚kjhjkr izFkhukapk mi;ksx Luk;q o ekl is‛khph ok< dj.ks o izlaxh R;kph f>t Hk#udk
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>ftoulRo ßvÞ‚kjhjkph Ropk] MksGs o dkarh lrst jk[k.;klkBh enr djrs- f‛kok; n`’Vh fujksxh jk[kwu jkrka/kRok iklwucpko gksrks- ‚olu uyhdk] yky xzaFkh] eq=ihaM o xHkkZ‛k; ;k vo;okaps dk;Z lqjGhr pky.;kl enr djrsftoulRoßMÞnw/kke/;s ;k ftoulRokps izek.k brj ftoulRok is{kk vYi vlrs- ;keqGsp vko‛;d vlsy rsOgk nq/kkojizdk‛k fdz;k d#u ;k ftoulRokps nq/kkrhy izek.k okkY;kuarjr;kj gks.kkÚ;k iwjd ?kVdkapk ‚kjhjkr r}rp fujfujkG;k dzh;k iw.kZ dj.;klkBh mi;ksx gksrksvkgkjkrhyfujfujkG;k inkFkkZaP;k rqyusr nq/kkrwu Hkjiwj vé ?kVd ‚kjhjkl iqjfoyh tkrkr- nw/k gs Js’Bvé vkgs- gs [kkyhy ckcheqGs Li’Vp gksrs-1- vHkZd voLFksr nq/kkl i;kZ; ukgh-2- loZ o;kP;k ekuoklkBh cgwrsd nq/k gs laiw.kZ vé vkgs-3- ‚kjhjkr pVdu lekfo’V gks.kkÚ;k mPp eqY;k/khr izFkhukapk iqjoBk nq/kk}kjs gksrks-4- fof'k’V xq.k/keZ o dks’kkoj.k dk;Z vlysys fLuX/kka‛k nq/kkr vlrkr-5- ckY; voLFksr ipulaLFksph dkGth ?ks.kkÚ;k dcksZnkapk iqjoBk nq/kk}kjs gksrks-<strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky; mnxhj ¼ykrwj½
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>6- Hkjiwj vé nzO;kapk ¼110½ lkBk nq/kkr vlrks-7- nq/k ekuokP;k jDr is‛kh l‛kDr d#u nkrkps jksx deh dj.;kl enr djrs- ;k f‛kok; nq/kkr ddZ jksxfojks/kh rRos vlrkr-8- lsoukiwohZ rkifoY;k f‛kok; vU; dks.krhgh izfdz;k djkoh ykxr ukgh o nw/kkr ok;k tk.;klkj[kk dks.krkghHkkx ulrks-Hkkjrh; <strong>nqX</strong>/k <strong>inkFkZ</strong>Hkkjrh; <strong>nqX</strong>/k <strong>inkFkZ</strong> Eg.kts la;qDr ¼caxyk ns‛k o ikdhLrkulg½ Hkkjrkr ijijkaxr i)rhus nw/kk iklwu r;kjdj.;kr ;s.kkjs <strong>inkFkZ</strong> ns‛kkr mRiknhr gks.kkÚ;k ,dw.k nw/kkiSdh toGikl 50 VDds nw/k Hkkjrh; cukoVhps <strong>nqX</strong>/k <strong>inkFkZ</strong>r;kj dj.;klkBh okijys tkrs- Hkkjrh; <strong>nqX</strong>/k <strong>inkFkZ</strong> r;kj dj.;kl lksis vlwu R;kapk izfdz;k [kpZgh deh vlrksfof‛k’VvFkok tkLr fdaerhph midj.ks ykxr ukghr] euq’;cG deh ykxrs] Hkko pkaxyk feGrks o R;keqGs Qk;nkghtkLr gksrks- Hkkjrh; <strong>nqX</strong>/k <strong>inkFkZ</strong> ‚kkL=h; i)rhus cuokos Eg.kwu rka=hd ekfgrh FkksMD;kr uewn dsyh vkgs ts.ks d#u‚ksrdjh cka/kokauk ;kpk Qk;nk ?ksrk ;sbZy<strong>nqX</strong>/kinkFkkZps oxhZdj.knq/k vkVowu dsysy <strong>inkFkZ</strong> & nq/kkyk m’.krk nsÅu ck’i Hkoukps lkg;kus R;krhy ik.kh deh dsys tkrs ;k rRokoj gs<strong>inkFkZ</strong> r;kj dj.;kr ;srkr- mnk& [kok] cklwanh] jcMh] [khj bR;knhnw/klk[kGowu dsysy <strong>inkFkZ</strong> & nw/k vkEykP;k lkg;kus lk[kGowu R;krhy ik.;kpk va‛k deh dj.;kr ;srks- mnk-Nék] iuhj] jlxqYyk] jleykbZ] lans‛k] b-nw/k vkacowu dsysy <strong>inkFkZ</strong> & nw/k fof‛k’V lq{e ftok.kwaP;k lkg;kus vkacfo.;kr ;srs- mnk-ngh]pDdk]Jh[kaM b-nw/k XkksBowu dsysy <strong>inkFkZ</strong> & nq/kkrhy ?ku ?kVdkps izek.k ok
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>nq/k o <strong>nqX</strong>/k inkFkkZph ekuds@ijhHkk’kkMkW- ,l- ih- pkaxkMs vkf.k Jh- ch- Mh- esJke<strong>nqX</strong>/kra=Kku foHkkx<strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky;] o:M ¼iqln½ ft- ;orekGnw/k%&nqHkR;k tukojkaP;k lMkrwu iw.kZi.ks dk
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>izek.khr nw/k%&xk;hps vFkok Eg‛khps nw/k vFkok feJ nw/k T;kaps ?k`rka‛k izek.k 4-5 VDds o fLuX/ksrj ?kVd 8-5 VDdsbrds izek.khr dsys vkgsr o ts r;kj dj.;kdjhrk ?k`rka‛k dkgh izek.kkr dk dlksVh udkjkFkhZ nk[kors rs nw/kiw.k%?kVhrnw/k%&nw/kkps fLuX/k o fLuX/ksrj ?kVd o ik.kh ;kaps ,dtho ¼gkseksftuk;>s‛ku½ d:u ts ik‛pjhd`r dsys vkgs oQkWLQsVs> dlksVhr udkjkFkhZ mrjrs vls nw/k-Vks.M nw/k%&xk;hps ok Eg‛khps nw/k] nw/kkph HkqdVh o ik.kh vFkok fLuX/krk fojghr nw/k ;kaps feJ.k vFkok T;k nw/kkrwu dkghizek.kkr fLuX/krk dk dlksVhr udkjkFkhZ mrj.kkjs nw/k v‛kk nw/kkr tj nw/k HkqdVh okijyh vlsy rj r;kj >kysY;k nw/kkojdlykgh Fkj tek gksrk dkek u;s- ;krhy fLuX/krk 3 VDd;kis{kk deh ulkoh o fLuX/ksrj ?kVd 8-5 VDd;kis{kkdeh ulkos-Mcy Vks.M nw/k%&ojhy ojhyizek.ksp Qjd QDr fLuX/k ?kVdkr- fLuX/k ?kVd fdekUk 1-5 VDds vlkos o fLuX/ksrj ?kVd 9VDdsis{kk deh vlw u;sxk;h@Eg‛khP;knq/kkr fLuX/k o fLuX/ksrj ?kVd ;kaP;kr O;k[;k ;k n`’Vhus jkT;kjkT;krwu rQkor vkgsvklke]fcgkj] paMhx
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>1½ dzhe 2½ eybZ 3½ ngh 4½ foHkDrhd`r nq/kkps ngh 5½ NUUkk 6½ foHkDrhd`r nw/kkph HkqdVh 7½ foHkDrhd`r nw/kkpkNUuk 8½ fpt 9½ izkslsLk fpt 10½ vkbfLdze 11½ feYd vkbZlsl 12½ vkVho nq/k 13½ xksM vkVho nw/k 14½ vkVhofoHkDrhd`r nw/k 15½ nq/k HkqdVh 16½ xksM vkVho foHkDrhd`r nw/k 17½ va‛kr% foHkDrhd`r nw/kkph HkqdVh 18½ VscycVj] eLdk 19½ ns‛kh yks.kh 20½ ckyvkgkjeybZ&gk <strong>inkFkZ</strong> Eg.kts xk;h] Eg‛khps nw/k vFkok nksUgh ,d= d:u rkiowu R;koj tek >kysyk <strong>inkFkZ</strong> o ;kaphfLuX/krk 25 VDdsis{kk deh ulrsngh%&ik‛pjhd`r vFkok mdGysY;k nw/kkyk uSlfxZd vFkok d`=he] fu:inzoh] ftok.kawps fojt.k ykowu dsysyk <strong>inkFkZ</strong>-T;k nw/kkiklwu gs ngh dsys vlsy R;k nw/kk brdsp ng;ke/;s fLuX/k o fLuX/ksRrj ?kVd jkgrhy- T;kosGh foHkDrhd`rnw/kkiklwu dsysY;k ng;kbrds ok R;k,soth vU; nw/kkiklwu ngh dsys vlsy o rlk mYys[k dsyk ulsy rj rs Eg‛khP;knq/kkps ngh ekuys tkrs-NUuk ¼iuhj½ %&Eg‛khps fdaok xk;hps nw/k lk;fVªd vkEykps lkgk¸;kus lk[kGoqu R;kpk izkIr dsysyk pksFkk- ;kr 70 VDdsis{kktkLr vknzZrk vlw u;s o 50 VDdsis{kk deh fLuX/kk‛k dksjM;k fLFkrhr ulkok- foHkDrhd`r nw/kkiklwu dsysY;kNU;ke/;s gsp izek.k 70 VDds o 13 VDds vlrs-[kok%&gk <strong>inkFkZ</strong> xk;hps@Eg‛khps@‛ksGhps fdaok esa
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>rwi %&eybZ vFkok yks.kh d
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>veqy nq/k mRiknd lgdkjh laLFkkaph f=Lrjh; dk;Zi/nrhMkW-fot; dsGs] izk-vuar /kks=s] izk-xtkuu ukjuojs] izk- iz.kkyh fude<strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky;] mnxhjHkkjrkps okf’kZd <strong>nqX</strong>/k mRiknu 112-2 n‛ky{k Vu ,o
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>1 xzke nq/k lgdkjh la?k %&izR;sd xkokr iq.kZr% lgdkj rRokoj pkyr vlysyk xzke lgdkjh la?k vlrks- xkokrhy <strong>nqX</strong>/kksRiknd R;kpslHkkln vlrkr- lHkkln gks.;klkBhs ‛ksrhph vV ukgh- i.k ?kjh <strong>nqX</strong>/kksRiknu Ogk;yk gos- izR;sd xkokr nq/k lgdkjhla?kkps fdeku ,d nq/k ladyu dsanz vlrs- njjkst ldkGh vkf.k la/;kdkGh ladyu dsanzkoj nq/k fLodkjY;k tkrsfLodkj.;kvk/khnq/kkph rikl.kh dsyh tkrs- fLodkj.;k;ksX; vlysys nq/kp fLodkjys tkrs o rikl.khuarj pkaxys nq/kotu dkV;ktoG vk.k.;kr ;srs- R;krqu lk/kkj.kr% 5 feyh fyVjpk uequk dksy baftu fdaok brj i;kZ;hlk/kus miyC/k vlrkr- v‛kkizdkjs ladyhr >kysys nq/k njjkst ldkGh vkf.k la/;kdkGh VWadjus ftYgk nq/k la?kkP;kizfdz;k dsanzkdMs ikBfoys tkrs-2 ftYgk nq/k la?k %&izR;sd ftYgk feGqu ,d ftYgk nq/k la?k vlrks veqyO;oLFkse/;s vls ,dq.k 14 ftYgk la?k xqtjkre/;svkgsr- ftYgk la?kkps ‛kklu gs yksd lnL; fuokZphr lapkyd eaMG ikgrs- ;k lapkyd eaMGkpk lfpo gk R;kftYgk la?kkP;k nq/k izdzh;k dsanzkpk O;oLFkkidh; lapkyd vlrks- R;kP;k vf/kiR;k[kkyh vlysys rka=hd vkf.kvrka=hd deZpkjh ;kaP;k lgk¸;kus ladyhr nq/kkoj izdzh;k fdaok R;kiklqu fofo/k <strong>nqX</strong>/k inkFkkZaph fuehZrh dsyh tkrs-14 ftYgk nq/k la?k feGqu veqyps ,dq.k 40 <strong>nqX</strong>/kky;s l|k xqtjkr vkf.k brj jkT;kae/;s dk;Zjr vkgsr- ljkljh<strong>nqX</strong>/kky;kph nSfud nq/k gkrkG.kh {kerk 10 yk[kkP;k vklikl vkgs- dkghaph {kerk rj 20 yk[kkis{kkgh tkLr vkgs-QDr veqyOnkjk nj fnolkyk ,dq.k 1 djksM fyVjis{kk tkLr nq/k izdzh;k gksrs- <strong>nqX</strong>/kky;kr dke dj.kkÚ;k rka=hdfdaok vrka=hd deZpkjh ;kauk veqyps lnL;Ro vfuok;Z ukghlnjnq/k O;olk;kr gks.kkjk uQk loZ <strong>nqX</strong>/kksRikndkauk R;kauh iqjfoysY;k nq/kkP;k izek.kke/;s cksulP;k Lo#ikrforjhr dj.;kr ;srks- ;kO;frjhDr ftYgk lgdkjh la?kkekQZr <strong>nqX</strong>/kksRikndkauk eksQr i‛kq oS|dh; lsok] i‛kq[kk|]vkjksX; ;kstuk vkf.k lkekftd dk;kZr vkfFkZd enr v‛kk izdkjps vusd midze jkcfoY;k tkrkr-3 xqtjkr lgdkjh <strong>nqX</strong>/k forj.k la?k %&1946 lkyh lq# >kysY;k /koy dzkarheqGs xqtjkrus 10&15 o’kkZrp ;‛kkpk mPpkad xkByk- njE;ku fuehZr>kYksY;k ftYgk nq/k la?kke/;s pqjl gksow ykxyh- <strong>nqX</strong>/kksiukP;k ekxkZojhy izxrh vkys[k lrr p
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>vkilkrhy pqjl laifo.;klkBh 1974 e/;s xqtjkr lgdkjh nq/k forj.k la?kkph LFkkiuk dj.;kr vkyh- ;k la?kkpseq[; dk;Z loZ ftYg;kr izfdz;sr gks.kkjs nq/k vkf.k <strong>nqX</strong>/k <strong>inkFkZ</strong> ;kaps forj.k o foiuu dj.ks vkgs- l|k gh laLFkkveqy O;oLFksrhy loksZPp foHkkx Eg.kwu vksG[kyh tkrs- xqtjkre/khy ,dq.k 14 ftYgs lgdkjh <strong>nqX</strong>/k la?k ;kpslHkkln vlqu R;kauh mRikfnr dsysY;k iq.kZ <strong>nqX</strong>/k inkFkkZps foi.ku ;kp laLFksekQZr gksrs- ikmp e/;s fodys tk.kkjs iq.kZnq/k gs ^veqy* ;k ukokus fodys tkrs] rlsp r;kj gks.kkjs loZ <strong>nqX</strong>/k <strong>inkFkZ</strong> lq/nk ^veqy* ukokusp fod.ks vfuok;Zvkgs- veqy ftYgk la?kkus mRikfnr dsysys <strong>nqX</strong>/k <strong>inkFkZ</strong> ^veqy* O;rhfjDr R;k ftYg;krp fodY;k tkow ‚kdrkrforj.kla?kkps loZ dkedkt vkuan ;sFkhy eq[; dk;kZy;kekQZr ikgys tkrs- R;kaps ,dq.k xqtjkr vkf.k brj jkT;kr750 deZpkÚ;kaps tkGs vkgs o R;kr mRiknu] xq.k fu;a=.k vkf.k foi.ku vls fru foHkkx vkgsr-;k loZckchewGs xqtjkr lgdkjh <strong>nqX</strong>/k forj.k la?k fodzh e/khy ok< fg vR;ar vk‛p;Zpfdr dj.kkjh vkgs-1994 &95 e/;s xqtjkr lgdkjh <strong>nqX</strong>/k forj.k la?kkph ok’khZd myk
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>d`=he nq/kkph ok< % leL;kizk fot; dsGs] izk-ih-ch fude] izk- fuGdaB iokj] MkW- ,l- ih- pkaxkMs<strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky;]mnxhjnq/k mRiknukr Hkkjr nss‚kkpk ifgyk dzekad vlqu rks txkrhy 16 VDds is{kk vf/kd nq/k mRiknu djrkslu2009&2010 e/;s Hkkjrkps mRiknu gs 112-2 y{k Vu ;so
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>nq/k gs deh izek.kkr felGwu ikBfoY;kl ] R;k nq/kkrhy HkslG gh vfLrRokr vlysY;k jklk;fud i/nrhus ‘kks/kY;ktkow ‚kdr ukghnq/kkrhyok
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>R;klkBh jklk;fud iz;ksx‚kkGsphp enr vfuok;Z vlrs- vankthr d`=he nq/kkph fdaer izrh fyVj fg :- 8 rs :-10 vlrs o uSlxhZd Eg‚khP;k nq/kkph fdaer cktkjkr :-40@& rj xk;hP;k nq/kkph fdaer gh :-30@& izrhfyVjvkgsuSlxhZdo d`=he nq/kkrhy HkSrhd Qjdxq.k/kZe uSlxhZd nq/k d`=he nq/kpo FkksMh’kh XkksM o LkokZauk vkoM.kkjh dMqokl lq[knk;d Qsl;qDr lkcuklkj[kp H 6-8 10-11 vYdks;qDrjpukvkasBkaoj ?kklY;kl R;kykfpdVi.kk fnlqu ;srkslkc.kklkj[kkfpdVi.kk fnlqu ;srukghnq/k rkifoY;kuarj R;kps ifjek.k jax ika
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>d`=he nq/kkps ekuoh fuokj.k gks.kkjs nq‛kifj.kke1- ;qjh;k%&& àwn;klkBh /kksdknk;d& vksVhiksV vkf.k eq=fiaM yk lq/nk /kksdknk;d& dWalj gks.;kpk laHko vlrks2- /kq.;kpk lksMk %&& Sodium gs fo‛kkjh vlq ‘kdrs& gzwn;jksx gksm ‘kdrks3- d`=he nq/k gs lokZr /kksdknk;d vlrs%&& xHkZorh efgyk& vls O;Drh T;kauk gzwn;fodkj o eq=fiaM lanHkkZr vktkj vl.kkjs-<strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky; mnxhj ¼ykrwj½
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>ns'kh yks.kh & rqi fuehZrhMkW- ,l- ih- pkaxkMs vkf.k izk- lfork fdukds<strong>nqX</strong>/kra=Kku foHkkx<strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky;] mnxhjyks.kh] uouhr] eLdk] e[[ku bR;knh ukoakuh izpyhr vlwu lk/kkj.k i.ks njo’khZ Hkkjrkr 2]00]000 Vuyks.kh mRiknhr gksrs- yks.;kyk njjkstP;k tsoukr [kk.;kis{kk rqi fuehZrh dj.;klkBh tkLr dsyk tkrks- dk;|kphiqrZrk dj.;kph n`’Bhus yks.;kr dehrdeh 80 VDds ?k`rka‛k vlus vko‛;d vkgs- Eg‛khP;k nq/kkiklqu dk
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>yks.kh izkIr gksrsp ijarw osGgh deh ykxrks o mrkjk pkaxyk feGrks- ?kqlG.kh djrkauk lqjokrhl lqbZP;k Vksdk,o
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>eybZ dkkys Eg.kts m’.krk ns.ks can djrkro ik=krhy <strong>inkFkZ</strong> 15 rs 30 feuhVkdjhrk fLFkj Bsorkr ;k voLFksr ik=krhy nzokps rhu Fkjkr :ikarj gksrs- lokZr[kkyh rkd R;koj ?k`rka‛k o lokZr oj ng;kpk o rkdkpk va‛k vlysyk Fkj vlrks- ;k rkiek.kkoj fLFkjfeJ.kkrqu HkkM;kps cqMk‛kh vlysY;k rksVhrwu rkdkpk Fkj vyxr ckgsj dk
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>lqxa/k%& rwikl fof‛k’V [kaex] ,d mPp dksVhpk lqxa/k vlrks o po xqGpV vlrs- ns‛kh i/nrhus dsysY;k rwiklpkaxyk lqxa/k ;srks rj u fojtfoysY;k eybZl ljG rkiowu rwi r;kj dsY;kl R;kl deh lqxa/k ;srks- [ksM;kr canewBhoj rwi ?kklwu dlksVh@pkp.kh ?ks.;kph izFkk vkgs- ;kckch vuqHkokus pkaxY;k letrkrnk.ksnkji.kk%& eksBs lkj[ks vkdkjP;k d.khnkj rwikph vkoM xzkgdkuk vkgs- eyb ljG rkiowu rwi r;kj dsysvlsy rj R;kl nk.ksnkj i.kk ulrks- R;kp izek.ks rwi ,dne FkaM dsY;kl R;kl nk.ksnkj i.kk ;sr ukgh- ;kdjhrkrwi r;kj >kY;koj ean xrhus FkaM dj.ks EkgRRokps vkgs- eybZ@yks.kh i/nrhus mRiknhr rqikl e/;e nks.knkj i.kk;srksrwikphlkBo.kwd%& nq/kkrhy fLuX/k <strong>inkFkZ</strong> izdk‛k] gok] /kkrq ;kaph la;qxkus Qkjp yodj [kjkc gksrkr- rwi Eg.kts99 VDds fLuX/k <strong>inkFkZ</strong>- rwikpk lqjokrhpk lqoklhd lqqxa/k o nk.ksnkji.kk fVdowu Bso.ks fodzh fdaok xzkgkdkpsvkoMhP;k n`’Vhus egRRokps vkgs- ijarw tj rwi r;kj djrkauk o pkaxys ngh] eybZ fdaok yks.kh okijys ulsy rjrqikr esupVi.kk] [koVi.kk fdaok [kjkc okl ;s.ks bR;knh nks‛k vk
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>rqikps MCks] Hkj.;k fdaok iWd can fi‛kO;k ;ke/;s rwi lkBforkauk >kd.k o rwi ;kaP;ke/;s tkLr gokjkghY;kl gosrhy izk.k ok;qps l;qxkaus rwikr foj.;kph izfdz;k okkd.k vlYksY;k ik=kpk mi;ksx djkok- rwi vrhFkaM o xje rkiek.kkoj lkBfo.;kis{kkrs e/;e deh ¼21 ls-½ rkiek.kkoj lkBfoY;kl vf/kd fVdrs- xje rkiek.kkr rwikr fojdrk ok
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>nq/kkph ikSf’Vdrk o xq.k/keZ1 izk-ih-ch fude - 2 izk-Hkq"k.k esJke] 2 izk-ih-th-oklfud 1 izk fot; dsGs1 <strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky;] mnxhj 2 <strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky;] o:M ¼iqln½nq/kkps xq.k/keZ % nq/kkr fujfujkGs ?kVd fujfujkG;k HkkSfrd voLFksr R;krhy ik.;kr felGysys vlrkr- ik.kh gknq/kkrhy izeq[k ?kVd vlwu] ‚kdZjk vkf.k d thoulRos] {kkj vkf.k dkgh va‛kh vY;qehu izFkhu gs ik.;kr iq.kZfoj?kGysys vlrkr- dslhu o brj izFkhus ckjhd d.kkaP;k :ikr ik.;kr rjaxr vlrkr- nq/k rkts dk
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>dslksusV vkf.k QkWLQsVl g;ko:u izdk‛kkps ijkorZu >kY;keqGs fnlrks- nw/kkpk fioGk jax dWjksVhu ;k nzO;keqGsvlrks- dWjksVhu loZ fgjO;k pk&;kr vlrs- dWjksVhu fLuX/kka‛kkr foj?kGrs- Eg.kwu lk; fioGh fnlrs- dWjksVhuP;knw/kkrhy izek.kkoj R;kP;k fioG;k jaxkph voyacwu vlrs- tlhZ xkbZP;k nw/kkpk jax fioGk vlrks- +_rqekukuqlkjfgjO;k pk&;kph miyC/krk deh vf/kd vlY;keqGs xk;hP;k nq/kkP;k fioG;k jaxkr Qjd vks‛ku Eg.kts 145 va‛k QW rkiekukoj 30 fe- rkiowu jksxtarw u’V dj.;kP;k fdz;sr nw/kkllq:okrhl vkEyrk vf/kd izek.kkr vlsy rj nw/k rkiforkauk ?kV~V gksbZy Eg.kts daMsUlM feYd r;kj dj.;kdfjrklq/nk nw/kkr vkEyrk deh vlyh ikfgts- nw/kkrhy dslhu gs izFkhu deh rkiekukoj ?kV~V gksr ukgh- ijarw nw/kkrlq:okrhl ftrdh vkEyrk vf/kd frrds dsflu deh rkiekukoj ?kV~V gksbZy o nw/k uklrs- nw/kkoj m’.krsps ;s.kkjsbrj ifj.kke gkssrs- nw/k mdGsi;Zar rkifoys rj R;kyk fof‛k’V v‛kk f‛ktfo.;kpk okl ;srks- gs dslhu o ‚kdZjsoj;s.kk&;k m’.krsP;k ifj.kkekeqGs vlw ‚kdrs- ;kf‛kok; nw/kkr lYQkbZMl o lYQksMzhd gs <strong>inkFkZ</strong> r;kj vlY;keqGsghvlk okl ;ssrks- nw/k ean rkifoys rj nkVi.kk deh gksrks- i.k mdGys rj nkVi.kk ok
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>fXylsjkWy] dckZEyok;w vkf.k ik.kh ;kr :ikarj gksbZy- ‚kdZjsps yWDVhd vkEy] vWlsVhd vkEy] C;qVhjhd vkEy]vkEy o vYdksgksye/;s :ikarj gksbZy pht ¼ iuhjlkj[kk <strong>inkFkZ</strong>½ r;kj djrkauk jsuhu fodj felGwu izFkhus ?kV~Vgksrkr o nw/k ?kV~V gksrs- nw/kkrhy yk;ist fodjkeqGs fLuX/kka‛kkps foHkktu gksowu nw/kkl lMdk okl ;srks o dMoVpo ykxrsnq/kkojvkEykpk ifj.kke % xk; @ EgS‛kP;k rkT;k nw/kkph izkd`frd vkEyrk 0-11 rs 0-14 ,okY;keqGs yWDVhd vkEy fuekZ.k gksrs- ;kP;keqGsp nw/kkr fdz;kRed vFkok fodlhrvkEyrk fuekZ.k gksrs- ;kizdkjs nq/kkph vkEyrk yk izHkkohr dj.kkjs vU; dkj.k vkgsr- tls dh] nw/kkph Bso.;kphfLFkrh o osG] fLuX/krsoj ?ku?kVdkps izek.k] nw/k lkBowu BsoY;kps rkieku b- vlrkr- nw/kkr vkEy felGY;klnw/k ?kV~V gksrs- cWCkdkWd i/nrhus nw/kkrhy fLuX/kka‛kkps izek.k ekstrkauk nw/kkr vkEy felGys dh] rs ?kV~V >kysysfnlrs- nw/kkr thok.kwaeqGs yWDVhd vkEy r;kj gksowu nw/kkps ngh r;kj gksrs ;k fdz;sr nw/k ?kV~V gksrs- nw/kkrhy dslhugs izFkhu vkEykeqGs lkBors o R;kpk pksFkk r;kj gksrks- vkEy rhoz vlsy rj izfFkus iw.kZ u’V gksrhynw/kkpsih- ,p- % ¼gk;Mªkstu vk;uZ dkWUlVªs‛ku ½ lkekU;r% rkT;k o ‚kq/n nq/kkps ih- ,p- 6-6 vlrs- nw/kkrthok.kwaph la[;k nw/kkph lkBfo.;kph osG] rkieku vknh dkj.k nw/kkP;k fi- ,p- yk izHkkfor djrkr- ih- ,p- psrkRi;Z dks.kR;kgh rjy inkFkkZr gk;Mªkstu vk;UlP;k ¼lkUnzrk½ izek.kk‛kh fuxMhr vlrs- dks.kR;k nzO;kr 0 lsa- 6-99 VDds vkEyrk] 7 VDds oj vkEyrk o {kkjkph ‚kqU;rk rlsp 7-1 rs 10 VDdsph fHkUurk nw/kps {kkjh;¼vYdkykbZu½ gks.;kps dkj.k vlrs- nw/kkP;k la?kVukr R;kP;k ih- ,p- ps eqY;kps egRo vko‛;d vlrs fd thok.kwlkekU; rkiekukoj rlsp ;kaP;klkBh 6-6 P;k lkekU; ih- ,p- oj vf/kdre fdz;k‛khy gksowu nw/kkrhy ‚kdZjkpsfo?kVu d:u R;kr yWDVhd vkEy fuekZ.k djrkr dh R;keqGs nw/k vkacV gks.;kl vkjaHk gksrs- tso
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>vo;okP;k ¼?kVdkP;k½ n`’Vhus %nw/kkrhy vo;o cnyY;keqGs la?kVukr fHkUurk %v-dza- xq.k fpd lkekU; nw/k1 fLuX/kka‛k 5-1 3-52 fLuX/ksRrj ?kVd 20-77 8-50 rs 9-003 izfFkus %v½ vY;qfeu %c½ Xyksowyhu %10-571333-313-31d½ dslhu %1-54 vk;uZ ¼yksg½ lkekU;is{kk cjsp vf/kd lkekU;5 thoulRos6 [kfuts 0-01 0-847 ‚kdZjk 2-19 4-96fpdkps egRo %1½ fpd yWDVksVho vlrs- ‚ksoVh uotkr cNMsyk fpd IkktY;keqGs R;kyk ¼nq/k½ gksr ukgh- fpd lsou dsY;keqGscNM;kauk lgtjhrhus ckgsj fu?krks ‚ksoVh lkaxk;ps >kys rj uotkr cNM;klkBh fpd gs vkS’k/khP;k lkj[ks vlrs-2½ fpde/;s Xyksdwghu izFkhukps izek.k vf/kd vlrs- rs jDrkr ,UmhckWMht fuekZ.k djrkr ts dh cNM;kykvktkjkiklwu jksx izfrca/kd {kerk iznku djrkr-3½ fpde/;s ftoulRos , ps izek.k vf/kd vlY;k dkj.kkeqGs uotkr cNM;kyk ukbZV CykbZUMusl jksxkiklwuokporks- lkscrp ftoulRos lkekU; jksxkaiklwu cNM;kaph lqj{kk djrs-4½ fpde/;s thoulRos ch dkWEiysDl ps izek.k vf/kd vlY;k dkj.kkeqGs cNM;kpk fodkl rlsp ok< nksUghrlgk;~;d vlrs-5½ fpde/;s yksg ¼vk;uZ½ rlsp Xykscwyhu izFkhu vf/kd ek=sr vlY;kdkj.kkeqGs cNM;kP;k jDrke/;s gkseksXykschudeh gksow nsr ukgh o cNM;kph ok< pkaxY;k fjrhus gksrs- fpde/;s ,d= feGwu iks’kdrRos lkekU; nq/kkis{kk vf/kdizek.kkr vlY;kdkj.kkeqGs cNM;kph ok< rlsp fodkl vf/kd rhoz xrhus gks.;kl lgk;d gksrs- R;kewGs uotkrcNMs] cNMh b- fpdps lsou dj.ks vko‛;d vlrs- uotkr cNMs] cNMhlkBh fpdph mi;qDrrk ve`rkP;k lkj[khvlrs-<strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky; mnxhj ¼ykrwj½
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>i'kq @ tukoj ikydkalkBh lw>ko @ fopkj %1½ uotkr cNM;kauk fpd ikt.ks vR;ar vko‛;d vlrs- R;kps mi;ksx @ Qk;ns ojhy Hkkxkr uewn lkafxrysysvkgsr- d/kh d/kh xk;hpk cNMk ok cNMh lkekU; izek.kkis{kk vf/kd izek.kkr fpd ?ksrY;keqGs R;kauk nLr ykx.;kph‚kD;rk vlrs- v‛kk fLFkrhr R;kauk ,dk fnolklkBh fpd iktk;ps can d:u n;kos- fpdP;k LFkkukoj R;kyk ik.khvf/kd ek=sr iktk;yk gos-2½ nq/kkP;k mRiknukr LoPNrsyk vf/kd egRo vkys vkgs- LoPN nw/kkph lkBfo.;kph {kerk vf/kd vlrs- LoPNnw/kkph mRre xq.koRrseqGs nw/kkyk vf/kd ewY; @ fdaer feGrs- LoPN nw/k yksdkaP;k vkjksX;klkBh lqjf{krgks.;klkscrp R;kps nwX/k <strong>inkFkZ</strong>lq/nk pkaxY;k xq.koRrsps curkr- R;keqGs ;k mRiknukps gh cktkjkrwu pkaxys ewY; izkIrdsys tkow ‚kdrs- ‚ksoVh lkaxk;ps rkRi;Z gsp dh] Ik‛kqikydkauh o nq/k mRikndkauh LoPN nq/kkP;k mRiknukoj fo‛ks’k y{kfnys ikfgts-3½ tj izloP;k uarj dks.kR;kgh dkj.kkeqGs tkrd tukoj esY;keqGs cNMs fdaok cNMhyk nql&;k tukojkpk fpdiktk;yk gos- tj fpd miyC/k ulsy rj rkRdkG i'kq fpdhRld lkscr fopkj foe‛kZ d:u fpdps izfrdkjdphO;oLFkk lqfuf‛pr dsY;k ikfgts-<strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky; mnxhj ¼ykrwj½
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>nq/k EkybZfojghr djko;kps ;a=kph gkrkG.khJh- iz'kkar oklfud] izk-ih-ch fude<strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky;]nq/kkrhy vf/kdps fLuX/kka‛k dkkyk vkgs- gs ;a= fo|qr pfyr vFkok gkrkus pkyfork;s.kkjs rlsp 60 rs 600 fyVj izfrrkl ;k {kersps myiC/k vkgsr- ojhy ;a= okij.;kl@gkrkG.;kl tjh lksisvlys rjh rs okijrkauk ;ksX; dkGth o ns[kHkky ?ksrY;kl ;a=kph dk;Z{kerk ok
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>lgdkjh rRRokoj nq/k ladyu dj.;kps fu;kstu o egRo2 izk-Hkq"k.k esJke] 2 izk-ih-th-oklfud] 1 izk-ih-ch fude] 1 izk fot; dsGs1 <strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky;]mnxhj( ykrwj 2 <strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky;] o:M ¼iqln½dks.kR;kgh m|ksxkph lQyrk gs R;kP;k dPP;k ekykP;k ;ksX; njkP;k miyC/krsoj voyacwu vlrs nq/kkP;km|ksxkpk dPpk eky nq/k vkgs- ts dh vkiY;k ns'kkr 90 VDds xzkeh.k {ks=krwu miyC/k gksrs vU; m|ksxkP;k dPP;kekykP;k rwyusr <strong>nqX</strong>/k m|ksxkP;k dPP;k ekykP;k izd`rhr cjsp varj vkgs- nq/k gk ,d dPpk <strong>inkFkZ</strong> vkgs- nq/kxkbZ&Eg'khaP;k Lrukrwu fu?kkY;kuarj tj 5 rs 6 rklke/;s R;kyk xje d#u FkaM u dsY;kl rs uklrs vf/kd vkacV>kY;koj nq/k QkVwu tkrs R;kewGs rs nq/k m|ksxkP;k dkeh iMr ukgh rs fujFkZd ok;k tkrsdPP;k nq/kkpk mi;ksx % nq/k m|ksxke/;s dPPkk eky vlysY;k nq/k#ih inkFkkZe/;s QWV o ,l,u,Q gs nksu ?kVdvlrkr- g;k nksUgh ?kVdkaP;k vk/kkjkoj miHkksDR;kuka Hkkjrkr nq/kkph fodzh d#u miyC/k dsY;k tkrs- g;kp?kVdkaiklwu <strong>nqX</strong>/k inkFkkZaph <strong>fufeZrh</strong> dsyh tkrs- mnk- yks.kh] rwi] iuhj] fLuX/kkFkZ fojghr ikoMj fLuX/kkFkZ vk/kkjhrikoMj] vkbZLdzhe] la?kfur nq/k] ekok] b- <strong>inkFkZ</strong> cufoys tkrkr ;k loZ inkFkkZaph xq.koRrk g;k nksu ?kVdkaojpvoyacwu vlrs tj nq/kkphp xq.koRrk [kjkc vlsy rj R;kiklwu cufo.kk&;k <strong>nqX</strong>/k inkFkkZaph xq.koRrk lq/nk [kjkcjkgrs- R;keqGs [kjkc xq.koRrk vlysY;k inkFkkZauk ekdsZVe/;s Hkko tkLr feGr ukgh- R;keqGs O;olk;kr vis{khr ykHkfeGr ukgh<strong>nqX</strong>/kmRiknukr eksleh vlarwyu % vkiY;k ns'kkr nq/k mRiknukr ,d eksBk nks"k vkgs- nq/kkps mRiknu xk; fdokEg'khiklwu dsys tkrs- xkbZP;k rwyuse/;s Eg'khP;k nq/kkps mRiknu eksleh vkgs- ns'kkP;k laiw.kZ Eg'khP;k la[;sP;k60&70 VDds Eg'kh tqyS rs fMlsacj e/;s cNMs nsrkr vkf.k vkiyk 7 rs 10 nq/k nksg.;kpk dkG laiw.kZ >kY;kuarjtqyS rs vkWxLV e/;s nq/k ns.;kps can djrkrdPP;kekykph miyC/krk % dks.kR;kgh m|ksxkph lQyrk gs R;kP;k dPP;k ekykP;k ;ksX; njkP;k miyC/krsoj ovko';drsuqlkj osGksosGh o"kZHkj miyC/krsoj fuf'pr gksrs ghp vko';drk nq/k m|ksxkph i.k vkgs nq/k m|ksxkr 'kq/nlaiw.kZ o"kZHkj leku ek=sr dPP;k inkFkkZP;k #ikr mRre xq.koRrsps nq/k feG.;kph vko';drk vlrs- ijarq ;k nq/km|ksxkyk xehZP;k efgU;kr i;kZIr ek=sr mRre xq.koRrsps nq/k miyC/k gksr ukgh- xjehP;k +_`rwwe/;s nq/kkps dehmRiknu ?ks.;keqGs rlsp nq/kkph ekx.kh miHkksDR;kae/;s vf/kd vlY;keqGs nq/kkps nj vf/kd vlrkr- 'ksoVh m|ksxpkyfo.;klkBh dsoG nksup ekxZ jkgrkr- ,d rj xjehP;k okrkoj.kkr nq/kkpk m|ksx can dj.ks ok ok
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>ek=sr mRre xq.koRrsps o dPP;k nq/kkph ekx.kh ikgrk xk;haps iztuu] iks"k.k] izca/k] b- P;k {ks=kr lq/kkj.ksphvko';drk vkgsnq/kkP;kmRiknukr deh % fo'okrhy ns'kkP;k rwyusr Hkkjrkr xk; o Eg'khaph la[;k vf/kd vkgs- ns'kkP;k iw.kZ nq/kmRiknukP;k n`"Vhus Hkkjrkps LFkku izFke vkgs iajrw ;k ighY;k LFkkukyk dkgh fo'ks"k egRo ukgh 100 djksM turkvlysY;k ns'kkr 750 yk[k Vu izfr o"kZ nq/k mRiknukrwu izR;sd O;Drhyk nq/kkph miyC/krk ek= 200 xzWe vkgs-Hkkjrh; LokLFk ifj"knsP;k uqlkj vkeP;k ns'kkP;k miHkksDR;kauk izR;sd O;Drh nq/kkph nSfud vko';drk 250 xzWevkgs- miHkksDR;kaph ekx.kh o nq/kkph deh miyC/krk vlY;keqGs nq/kkpk mi;ksx izFke nq/k miHkksDR;kadMwu dsyk tkrksg;k izdkjs mjysys nq/kp nq/k m|ksxkP;k okV;koj ;srsfodzh;ksX; nq/kkps eksteki.k % uO;k nq/k m|ksxkP;k LFkkiusr tkxk rlsp fo|qr mtsZph miyC/krsP;k lkscr izLrkohrvkS|ksxhd {ks=kr nq/kkP;k miyC/krsyk vf/kd egRo fnys tkrs- gk m|ksx dj.;klkBh fdrh izek.kkr nq/k miyC/k gksbZyR;klkBh lrZdrk o fu;ksthr izdkjs fodzh ;ksX; nq/kkph miyC/krk letkowu ?ks.;kph vko';drk vlrs- 'ksoVh nq/kkP;k,d=hdj.kklkBh [kkyhy xks"Vh letkowu ?ks.;kph vko';drk vkgs-1- {ks=kr nq/kkph laiw.kZ mRiknu ek=k rlsp nq/kkGw i'kwaph ,dw.k nq/k mRiknu {kerk-2- {ks=kr ,dq.k ikolkph _rwokj fHkUurk3- vkf/kp LFkkihr [kktxh o lgdkjh <strong>nqX</strong>/k m|ksxke/;s nq/kkph ekx.kh rlsp orZeku miyC/krk-4- izLrkohr nq/k {ks=kr nq/kkps izpyhr ewY;5- {ks=kr ijaijkxr nq/k <strong>inkFkZ</strong> tls rwi] [kok] iuhj bR;knh -mRiknu {kerk rlsp R;kaph o"kkZP;k foHkhUuefgU;kae/;s fodzhph njsvkS|ksfxd {ks=kph fuoM % ojhy ckchao#u gs Li"V gksrs dh nq/k m|ksxkP;k LFkkiuslkBh nq/k {ks=kph fuoM dj.ks gs,d tVhy dk;Z vkgs- nq/k {ks=kP;k fuoMhe/;s ;ksX; rh [kcjnkjh o dPP;k ekykph miyC/krsph 'kgkfu'kk tj dsyhugh rj m|ksxkps Hkfo"; vfu'phr jkgrs- mnkgj.k tj ?ksrys rj vewy Msvjh P;k lQyrsps v/;;u dsys rjvewyP;k nq/k {ks=kr R;kph o"kZ 1946 e/;s /k nq/kkph miyC/krk LFkkfud ekx.khis{kk vf/kd gksrh- [ksM;k ftYg;krwu¼xqtjkr½ LFkkiusP;k [kktxh {ks=kP;k ek/;ekrwu eqacbZ egkuxjkyk nq/k ikBfoY;k tkbZ- ;ko#u gs Li"V gksrs dh veqyMsvjhP;k LFkkiusP;k ifgys [ksMk ftYg;ke/;s nq/kkps mRiknu rlsp fodzh;ksX; nq/kkph miyC/krk vf/kd izek.kkr gksrhns'kkP;kloZp egkuxjkae/;s o uxjkae/;s yksdla[;k o nq/kkph ekx.kh vf/kd rhozxrhus ok
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>iM.;kP;k fLFkrhr vkgsr- dsoG g;k eksB;k laLFkkp R;kaP;k {ks=kr mPp njkus nq/k fodr ?ksowu vf/kd ykHk feGorvkgsr v'kk fLFkrhr dks.kR;kgh uO;k m|ksxkP;k LFkkiuspk gsrw Eg.kts ;ksX; R;k vkS|ksfxd {ks=kph fuoM gk gks;-nq/k {ks=kps losZ{k.k % uO;k nq/k m|ksxkP;k LFkkiuslkBh gs vko';d vkgs dh T;k {ks=kr nq/k m|ksx LFkkihr djko;kpsvkgs R;kps fo/khor {ks= losZ{k.k d#u vU; dkj.kkalkscr nq/kkP;k mRiknukph rlsp fodzh;ksX; nq/kkP;k miyC/krspsfo/khor fujh{k.k dj.ks vko';d vkgs- ;k losZ{k.kkP;k izfdz;sr [kkyhy egRokP;k xks"Vhaoj vf/kd y{k ns.;kphvko';drk okVrs-1- vU; {ks=kP;k rqyusr izLrkohr nq/k {ks=ke/;s nq/k mRiknu rlsp fodzh;ksX; nq/kkph miyC/krk2- nq/k 'kkGk rlsp nq/k vof'kru dsanz tkLrhr tkLr 70 fdyks feVjP;k nqj ulkos3- laca/khr {ks=kr jksM Mkacjh o eksBs vlkos-4- laca/khr {ks=ke/;s jsYos dzkWlhaxph la[;k dehrdeh vlkoh5- laca/khr {ks=kP;k vkr jksMoj unh o ukyk ;sr vlsyrj R;koj iqykph lewphr O;oLFkk vl.ksvko';d vkgs-6- laca/khr {ks=ke/khy nq/k mRikndkaOnkjs uxj rlsp dlC;kae/;s ljG nq/k fodzh u dsY;k xsys ikfgts-7- laca/khr {ks=krhy nq/kkP;k O;olk;ke/;s vl.kkjs gksVsy b- rs ;k Li/kkZ {ks=kP;k ckgsj vlysys vf/kd;ksX;8- laca/khr nq/k {ks=ke/;s lgdkjh @[kktxh o dks.krhgh eksBh Msvjh ok nq/k vof'kru dsanz LFkkihr rlspdk;Z'khy fLFkrhr ulkos-9- laca/khr {ks=ke/;s [kO;kP;k HkVV;k rlsp iuhjps mRiknd dsanz vf/kd la[;sr ulkosr-10- laca/khr nq/k {ks=kr pkaxY;k izrhps nq/kk# i'kq vf/kd la[;sr vlkosr11- laca/khr {ks=kr fgjok pkjk vf/kd ek=sr miyC/k vlkok12- laca/khr {ks=krhy i'kqikyd izxrh'khy fopkj/kkjsps vlkosrfu;ksthrO;oLFkseqGs Qk;ns % fu;ksthr dkj.kkaeqGs nq/k ,d=hdj.kkph O;oLFkk lapkyhr dj.;klkBh nq/k m|ksxkyk[kkyhy xks"Vhr ykHkizkIr gksow 'kdrks-1- nq/k 'kkGk rlsp nq/k vof'kru dsanzkyk o"kZHkj i;kZIr izek.kkr ;ksX; njkoj nq/k feGw 'kdrs-2- Li/kkZ ulY;keqGs nq/k vf/kd izek.kkr izkIr gksow 'kdrs-3- izrhyhVj nq/k ,d=hdj.kklkBh ykx.kkjh fdaer deh gksow 'kdrs-4- nq/k 'kkGsyk pkaxY;k xq.koRrsps nq/k izkIr >kY;keqGs O;olk;kr vf/kd Qk;nk feGw 'kdrks-5- <strong>nqX</strong>/k 'kkGsrhy ;a=kpk tkLrhr tkLr {kersus mi;ksx dsY;keqGs mRiknukoj ykx.kkjk [kpZ deh gksow'kdrks-6- <strong>nqX</strong>/k O;olk;klaca/kh laiw.kZ dk;Zdzekps lax.kdhdj.k dsY;keqGs nq/k ladyukP;k O;oLFksoj izHkkoh fu;a=.kBsoY;k tkow 'kdrs-<strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky; mnxhj ¼ykrwj½
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>7- okLrfod dk;Z vkjaHk dj.;kP;k iwohZ QhYM rlsp Msvjh LVkQph fu;qDrh o izf'k{k.kkph O;oLFkkvxzhe#ikr dsyh tkow 'kdrsnq/k,d=hdj.kkps fu;kstu %1- nq/kkps ;ksX; fjrhus eksteki o xq.koRrk ijh{k.kkph O;oLFkk dj.ks] nq/k laxzg dsanzkoj vko';d oLrwaphO;oLFkk dj.ks-2- nq/kkyk ;ksX; nj fu/kkZjhr dj.ks rlsp BjfoY;kizek.ks nq/kkP;k xq.koRrsP;k vk/kkjkoj nq/k lferhuka oxoGhyk ;ksX; nj fu'phr dj.ks-3- vkacV rlsp QkVysY;k nq/kkph [kjsnh dj.;kP;k njkyk fu/kkZjhr dj.ks4- nq/k lferhP;k gsrwus nq/kkP;k njkps Hkqxrku dj.;kph furh fu'phr dj.ks5- nq/k lgdkjhrk rlsp [kktxh {ks=kr nq/k ladyu dsanzkP;k LFkkiusP;k n`"Vhus vko';d nq/k l;a= rlspifj{k.k l;a=] jlk;us] nq/kkph dWu] xjcj lsaVªhQ;wxy QWV ijh{k.k l;a= ] feYdksVsLVj] ys[ku lkfgR;] bR;knh oLrw miyC/k vlkO;kr-6- lferhps lfpo rlsp [kktxh {ks=krhy nq/k ladyu dsanzkoj deh'ku ,taVkph fu;qDrh o R;kaP;kLFkGkoj nq/k laxzg rlsp nq/k ijh{k.kke/;s izf'k{k.k ns.;kph O;oLFkk bR;knhalkBh miyC/k d#u ns.ks-7- lferhP;k nq/k O;olk;kyk vkjaHk dj.;kP;k gsrwus ;ksX; R;k izek.kkr jDde miyC/k vlkoh-8- lferhr nq/k laxzg dsanzkph LFkkiuk dj.;klkBh HkkM;kP;k nq/k d{kkph O;oLFkk vl.ks vko';d vkgs-9- lferhOnkjs laxzgh nq/kkyk eq[; ekxZkus 'ksoVP;k Vksdkoj iksgkspfo.;kP;k n`"Vhus gsMyksMjph O;oLFkkdj.ks10- {ks=h; turk rlsp mRiknd lnL;kaph tkx`drk ok
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>17- nq/k la?k rlsp <strong>nqX</strong>/k 'kkGsrwu nq/k eqY;kP;k O;ogkjklkBh <strong>nqX</strong>/k O;olk;kr lax.kdhdj.kkph LFkkiuk rlspR;kP;k lapkyuklkBh vkWijsVjph fu;qDrh o O;ogkjhd izf'k{k.k dj.;kph vko';drk vkgs-18- lferh rlsp nq/k laxzg dsanzkP;k dk;ZO;oLFksP;k fujh{k.kklkBh lgdkjh nq/k la?kkr deZpk&;kph fu;qDrho ;ksX; rs izf'k{k.k ns.ks vko';d vkgs-19- {ks= losZ{k.kkeqGs izkIr ekfgrhP;k vk/kkjkoj o"kkZP;k foHkhUu _rwr i'kquka jksx iljysY;k ekfgrhP;kvk/kkjkoj i'kq fVdkdj.kkph vxksnjp O;oLFkk d#u Bsokoh-<strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky; mnxhj ¼ykrwj½
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>LoPN nq/k mRiknu% dkGkph xjtMkW-fot; dsGs] izk- iz.kkyh fude] izk- Vh- Ogh- ek?koh] izk-xtkuu ukjuojs<strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky;]mnxhjl/;k Hkkjr gk <strong>nqX</strong>/k mRiknukr ifgY;k Øaekdkoj vkgs- Hkkjrkrhy xk;h o Eg‚khaph la{;k gh vuqØae 85n‛ky{k o 98 n‛ky{k ,o
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong><strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky; mnxhj ¼ykrwj½
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>LoPN nq/k mRiknu gs [kkyhy ckchoj izkeq[;kus voyacwu vlrs-1½ nqHkrh tukojs%&nq/k ns.kkjh xk; vFkok EgSl rh loZ izFke fujksxh vlkoh- R;kauk dqBY;kgh izdkjpk lalxZtu; jksx >kysykulkok- ;k jksxke/;s eq[;Ros d#u {k;] fo’keToj] o djklspk nkg ;kapk lekos‛k gksrks- ;k jksxkaps thok.kw gs nq/kkP;kek/;ekrwu izlkj ikorkr R;klkBh fu;feri.ks tukojkaph i'kqoS|dkdMwu rikl.kh d#u ?;koh- jksxh tukojkaps nq/koki# u;s- nq/k pkaxys mdGwu FkaM d#u uotkr okljkl iktkos- vls dsY;kus nq/kkrwu izlkj gks.kk&;k lalxZtu;jksxkoj vkGk clrks o R;kapk izlkj Fkkaco.;kl enr gksrs-2½ tukojkps xksBs o ihjlj%&Tkukojkaps xksBs usgeh LoPN Bsokosr- nq/k dk
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>5½ nq/kkph HkkaMh%&nq/k dk
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>vaxBk i/nr %vaxBk i/nr iw.kZgkr i/nrh lkj[khp vlwu ;ke/;s egRokpk ?kVd Eg.ktsp vaxBk okdMk d:u vkpGkojnkcyk tkrks- R;keqGs vkpGkoj nkc iMwu nw/k fu?krs- ygku tukoj T;kph dkl ygku vkgs- R;kP;koj gh i/nrokijrkr- vaxBk okdMk d:u vkpGkoj nkcY;kewGs lMkoj t[kek gks.;kph ‚kD;rk vlrs- nw/k dk
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>iuhj fuehZrh ra=KkuMkW- eksgEen jftmn~nhu] MkW-fot; dsGs] izk] iz.kkyh fude] izk- lfork fdukds<strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky;]mnxhjnq/k o <strong>nqX</strong>/k inkFkkZps egRo gs vki.kkl lokZauk Qkj tqU;k dkGkiklwu Eg.kts oSfnd dkGkiklwu ekfgrh vkgs<strong>nqX</strong>/k<strong>inkFkZ</strong> cufo.ks gh ,d izdkjph dyk vkgs- iwohZ loZ izkjps <strong>nqX</strong>/k ínkFkZ cufoys tk;ps i.k ra=Kku fodflr>kY;kuarj rsp <strong>inkFkZ</strong> gs ‚kkL=ksDr i/nrhus o eksB;k izek.kkr cufo.;kl lu 1940 ps uarj lq#okr .kyhvkacfoysys<strong>nqX</strong>/k <strong>inkFkZ</strong>] ukloysys <strong>nqX</strong>/k <strong>inkFkZ</strong> fo?kVu dsysys <strong>inkFkZ</strong> o vkVoysys <strong>nqX</strong>/k <strong>inkFkZ</strong> nq/k lk[kGowu r;kjdsysY;k <strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong>akph vls oxhZdj.,k dj.;kr vkgs- lnjhy <strong>nqX</strong>/k <strong>inkFkZ</strong> cufo.;kph ‚kkL=ksDr i/nrh o rscuforsosGh okij.;kr vkysys <strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; oxkkZO;frfjDr /kVd oki#u ikSf’Vd] fVdkow o tkLr uQk ns.kkjs <strong>inkFkZ</strong>cufoys tkrkr- nq/k gs tlsAP;k rls nzo Lo#ikr fodY;kis{kk rsp tj eqY;o/khZr <strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>d#ufodys xsY;kl R;kiklwu nq/k mRiknukl tkLrhpk Qk;nk gksrks- nq/kkph lkBo.k {kerk ok
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>iuhj r;kj dj.;kph i)r vfr'k; lksih vkgs- R;klkBh uoufou ;a=s cktkjkr miyC/k vkgsr- ijarqi'kqikyd ;k egkxM;k ;a=kf'kok; lq)k ?kjP;k ?kjh iuhj r;kj d: 'kdrks- iuhj lkBh Eg'khps nq/k mRre vlrsdkj.kR;kr fLuX/kka'kkps izek.k xk;hP;k nq/kkP;k rqyusus vf/kd vlrsykdMhisVh r;kj dj.ks ¼iuhj nkc isVhs½ %;klkBh i'kqikydkus loZlk/kkj.ki.ks 45 lsaeh ykac] 25 lsaeh :an vkf.k 25 lsaeh map ;k vkdkjkph ykdMhisVh r;kj djkoh- ;k isVh lkBh okijysY;k ykdMh QGhyk pkjgh cktqus ckfjd ckfjd fNnzs vlkohr- iuhj r;kjdjrkauk nq/kkrhy ik.kh ¼Ogs½ fu?k.;klkBh gh fNnzs vko';d vlrkriuhjr;kj dj.;kph i)r%,dk LoPN ikrsY;ke/;s LoPN] fuHksZG vkf.k rkts 5 rs 8 fyVj fo'ks’kr% Eg'khps nq/k ?;kos- gs nq/k 82 va'klsfYl;l rkiekukoj 5 rs 8 feuhV rkiokos- R;kuarj nq/kkps rkieku 70 va'k lsfYl;l i;Zar deh djkos- vkf.k;k rkiekukoj nq/kkr 1 fdaok 2 VDds rhozrk vlysys lk;Vªhd vkEy ckjhd /kkjsus lksMkos- lk;Vªhd vkEyk,sothfyackpk lq)k mi;ksx djrk ;srks- lk;Vªhd vkEykeqGs nq/k yxsp QkVsy- v'kk QkVysY;k fdaok uklysY;k nq/kkrwuckgsj ;s.kkjs fgjoV fuGlj ik.kh tsOgk fnlw ykxsy] R;k{k.kh lk;Vªhd vkEy Vkd.ks can djkos- uarj nqlÚ;k ,dkLoPN ikrsY;kP;k rksaMkoj rye fdaok e[keyhpk dkiM cka/kkok- R;koj ifgY;k ikrsY;krhy nq/k vksrkos- dkiMkojNUuk ¼ik.kh oxGrk mjysys ?ku<strong>inkFkZ</strong>½ tek gksbZyosxGkdsysyk NUuk yxsp ykdMh isVhr ¼iuhj nkc isVhs½ dkiMklghr Bsokok- R;kuarj ykdMh isVh ojgGwgGw 25 rs 30 fdyksxzWe otu 15 rs 20 feuhVs Bsokohr- R;kuarj r;kj >kysys iuhj ckgsj dk
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>Ekkuad.k (Standardization)MkW-fot; dsGs] izk] iz.kkyh fude] MkW ,l-ih pkaxkMs<strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky;]mnxhjEkkuad.k (Standardization)vUu HkslG izfrca/kd dk;n;kuqlkj] vusd izdkjps nq/k cufoys tkrs- R;ke.;s osxosxG;k QWVuqlkj¼fLuX/kka‛k½ o fLuX/kksRrj ?kVd uqlkj osxosxG;k izdkjps nq/kkps oxhZdj.k dj.;kr vkys vkgs-Ekkuad.k % Ekkuad.k dj.ks Eg.kts nq/kkrhy fLuX/kka‛k o fLuX/kksRrj ?kVd Bjkfod izek.kkr vk.k.ks gks;-Hkkjrke/;s ew[;r% ikp izdkjps nq/kke/;s oxhZdj.k dj.;kr vkys vkgs- gs oxhZdj.k nq/kkrhy fLuX/kka‛k ofLuX/kksRrj ?kVd ;koj voyacwu vkgs- nq/kkrhy Ekkuad.k djrs osGsl nq/kkrhy fLuX/kka‛k o fLuX/kksRrj ?kVd Bjkfodizek.kkr vk.kwu R;ke/;s ok
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>500 fyVj 6-0 VDds fLuaX/kka‛k vlysys laiw.kZ nw/k r;kj dj.;klkBh vki.k fivlZu pkSdksu i/nrhpk okij d:;k-40 2-53-5 34-036-5Eg.kwu 500 fyVjps fdyske/;s :ikarj d:;k +¾500× 1-030 ¼xkbZP;k nw/kkph ?kurk ½¾ 515 fdyks6-0500 fyVj 6-0 VDds fLuaX/kka‛k vlysys laiw.kZ nw/k r;kj dj.;klkBh 40 VDdsph eykbZ ¼dz½ fdrh ykxsy \2-5 ¾ d36-5 515d ¾ 515 × 2-536-5¾ 1287-536-5¾ 35-30 fdyksEg.kwu 500 fyVj 6-0 VDds fLuaX/kka‛k vlysys laiw.kZ nw/k r;kj dj.;klkBh 40 VDdsph 35-30 fdyks eykbZ ¼dz½ykxsyo3-5 VDdsps xkbZps nw/k-----------------¾ 515 & 35-30¾ 479-70 fdyks xkbZps nw/k ykxsy-Eg.kwu 515 fdyks ¼500 yhVj ½ 6-0 VDds fLuaX/kka‛k vlysys laiw.kZ nw/k r;kj dj.;klkBh 35-30 fdyks eykbZ o479-70 fdyks xkbZps nw/k ykxsy-<strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky; mnxhj ¼ykrwj½
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>mRrj cjkscj vlY;kph [kk=h [kkyhy izek.ks djrk ;sbZyv½515 fdyks 6-0 VDds fLuaX/kka‛k vlysys laiw.kZ nw/k r;kj dj.;klkBhs fLu/kka‛k fdrh ;sbZy¾ 515 × 6-0100¾ 30-90 fdyks flXa/kk‛k ykxsy-Eg.kwu 515 fdyks 6-0 VDds fLuaX/kka‛k vlysys laiw.kZ nw/k r;kj dj.;klkBh 30-90 fdyks flXa/kk‛k ykxsyvki.kdsysY;k izek.khdj.kkuwlkj] 515 fdyks ¼500 yhVj ½ 6-0 VDds fLuaX/kka‛k vlysys laiw.kZ nw/k r;kjdj.;klkBh 35-30 fdyks 40 VDd;kaph eykbZ o 479-70 fdyks xkbZps nw/k ykxrsc½ 35-30fdyks 40 VDds eykbZe/;s fdrh fdyks flX/kka‛k feGsy -¾ 35-30 × 40100¾ 14-12 fdyks flXa/kk‛k ykxsy-Eg.kwu 35-30fdyks 40 VDds eykbZe/;s 14-12 fdyks flX/kka‛k feGsy -d½ 479-70 fdyks xkbZP;k nw/kkiklwu fdrh fdyks flX/kka‛k feGsy-¾ 479-70 × 3-5100¾ 16-78 fdyks flXa/kk‛k ykxsy-Eg.kwu 479-70 fdyks xkbZP;k nw/kkiklwu 16-78 fdyks flX/kka‛k feGsy-[kk=h dsY;kizek.ks v¾c$d515 fdyks 6-0 VDds fLuaX/kka‛k vlysys laiw.kZ nw/k r;kj dj.;klkBh 30-90 fdyks flXa/kk‛k ykxsy ¾ 35-30fdyks40 VDds eykbZe/;s 14-12 fdyks flX/kka‛k feGsy $ 479-70 fdyks xkbZP;k nw/kkiklwu 16-78 fdyks flX/kka‛kfeGsy-<strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky; mnxhj ¼ykrwj½
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>nw/k izfdz;k dasznzkoj dsY;ktk.kk&;k fofo/k nw/k pkp.;kizk] iz.kkyh fude] MkW-fot; dsGs] izk- lfork fdukds] izk- fuGdaB iokj<strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky;]mnxhjladyu] izfdz;k vkf.k fodzh g;k <strong>nqX</strong>/k O;olk;krhy rhu egRokP;k ik;&;k vkgsr- R;kiSdh ladyu ifgyhvkf.k lokZr egRokph ik;jh vkgs- Hkkjrke/;s lk/kkj.kr% izrh fnol nksu osGk nq/k dk
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>2½ po %& nq/kkr vl.kk&;k ‚kdZjseqGs ¼yWDVkst½ nq/kkyk uSlfxZdfjR;k FkksMhlh xksMlj po vlrs- tj nq/kkps rkiekuokkY;kus nq/k vkacV gksrs- rlsp poheqGs vkiY;kyk nql&;k ckg; inkFkkZphHkslG vksG[krk ;srs-3½ dpjk %& nq/k nksgu djrkauk] ?kjh lkBforkauk] HkkaM;kOnkjs fdaok okgrqdhnjE;ku vusd izdkjpk dkMh@ dpjkiM.;kph ‚kD;rk vlrs rs lq/nk g;ke/;s riklY;k tkrs-4½ nq/kkph rkiek.k ifj{kk % nq/k izfdz;k dsanzkr cjspnk nqj varjkoj vlysY;k nq/k f’krx`gkrwu ;sr vlrs- v’kk nq/kkpsrkieku nq/k izfdz;k dsanzkr nq/k vkY;kuarj fdrh vkgs] gs c?k.ks vko’;d vkgs- nq/kkps rkieku ok
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong> uarj ;qjsVP;k lgk;kus FksackFksackus 0-1 ukWeZy lksMh;e gk;MªkWDlkbZMps nzko.k Vkdkos- R;kl fQDdV xqykchjax ;sbZy rs fjMhax [kkyhy xq.klq=kr VkdY;kuarj nq/kkph vkEyrk dGrs- vkEyrk Vddsokjh = feyh lksMh;e gk;MªkWDlkbZM x 0-1 x 9nq/kkph ek=k7½ dykWV vkWu ckW;yhax ¼ijh{kkuGhr nq/k mdGowu rs QkVrs dh ukgh rikl.kh½ %nq/k mdGsi;Zar rkifoY;kl R;kP;k i`‛Bhkkxkoj ikrG Fkj tek gksrks- vf/kd mdGfoys rj R;kpk jaxykylj gksrks gs ‘kdZjk o izfFkus ;kaP;koj >kysY;k ijh.kkekeqGs gksrs- nq/kkph vkEyrk tj FkksMh vf/kdvlsy rj mdGforkauk rs QkVrs- ;k pkp.khdjhrk ,dk ijh{kkuGhr lk/kkj.k 5 feyh ,okysys C;qVªksehVj xcZj lsfUVª;qte/;s 5 feuhVklkBh fQjokos- uarj C;qVªksehVj Ldsyoj nq/kkrhy fLuX/kka’kkph VDdsokjh ekstkoh9½ ,e- ch- vk- Vh- %&,e- ch- vk- Eg.kts feFkhyhu Cyq fjMD‛ku VkbZe gk gks;- nq/k gs lq{ethokalkBh ,d mRre [kk| vkgsnq/kgs lq{etho ‛kkL=h; nq’V;k fi.;klkBh fdaok izfdz;slkBh ;ksX; vkgs fdaok ukgh gs Bjfo.;klkBh gh pkp.kh dsyh<strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky; mnxhj ¼ykrwj½
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>tkrs- ;k pkp.khlkBh feFkkyhu Cyq ukokps] fuGlj jaxkps nzko.k okijys tkrs- gs nzko.k nq/kkr VkdY;kuarj nq/kkpkjax fuGlj gksrks- nq/kke/;s tj tklr izek.kkr lq{etho vlrhy rj gs ftok.kq gk jax yodj ukghlk djrkr-R;keqGs g;k nq/kkps jaxfgr gks.;kps izek.k o osG gs lq{ethokP;k la[;soj voyacwu vlrkrpkp.kh%& ,dk ifj{kkuGhr ¼futZrqd½ 10 feyh nq/k ?;k- R;ke/;s 1 feyh ,echvkj ps nzko.k Vkdk- Rks nzko.k ;ksX;fjR;k felGwu gh ifj{kkuGh 37 $ 10C ;k rkiekukoj Bsokos- izR;sd v/;kZ rklkauh ifj{kkuGhps fufj{k.k djkos- uG;k jaxkps ukghlk ¼laiw.kZ½ gks.;kpk osG uksan djkok- ,echvkjVhP;k osg o nq/kkph izr ;kcnny ,d uequk [kkyh fnysyk vkgsfuGljjax ukghlknq/kkph izrgks.;klkBh ykx.kkjk osG5 rkl o vf/kd loksZRd`’V4 rkl mRre2&3 pkaxysfnMrkl&2 rkl[kjkc<strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky; mnxhj ¼ykrwj½
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>?kjxqrh Lrjkoj nq/k vf/kd dkG fVdoh.;klkBh% fofo/k i/nrh1izk] iz.kkyh fude] 2izk-ih-th-oklfud] 1MkW-fot; dsGs] MkW ,l-ih pkaxkMs1<strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky;] mnxhj- 2<strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky;] o:M ¼iqln½nq/k gs ekuoh ‚kfjjklkBh uSlfxZdfjR;k miyC/k vlysys iw.kZ vUu vkgs- R;kewGsp 19 O;k ‚krdkP;k e/;klnq/k O;olk; dkSVwafcd ikrGho:u dkj[kkuk Lrjkoj ikspyk- ik‛pkR; ns‛kkra vkSn;ksxhd dkzarh ikj ?kMyh- R;kewGs gsloZiFke ijns‛kkr lw: >kys- nq/k FkaM d:u fVdo.;kps ra= 1880 rs 1890 ;klwekjkl fodflr >kys 1888 P;klwekjkl fLoR>jyWaM e/;s fudksykWl xcZj rj 1890 e/;s vesfjdsrhy fLVOgu cWcdkWdus nw/kkrhy fLuaX/kk‛k ekstU;kphi/nr ‚kks/kyh] R;kewGs fodzhl vktsT;k nw/kkph izr Bjo.ks ‚kD; >kysys vkgs- 1895 e/;s nq/kkps ik‛pjhdj.k i/nrywbZl ik‛pjus ‚kks/kwu dkkys lu 1914 P;k njE;ku f‛krVkD;kaP;k VWadjpk okij d:u nw/kkph us&vk.k dj.ks ‚kD;>kys- ‚kgjkrhy olkgrhr nq/kkyk ekx.kh okikV;kus ok< gksow ykxyh- R;kewGs ikjaikjhd nw/k O;olk;kps Lo:icywu vkSn;ksfxd O;kikjh Lo:i ;k O;olk;kus/kkj.k dsys- vkiY;k ns‛kkr fczfV‛kkauh ;k O;kolk;kph ewgwrZ es< Bsryh ek++= [k&;k vFkkZus Lokra=ksRRkj dkGkr vkiY;k‚kklukus ;k O;olk;kyk tkuho iwoZd xrh fnyh<strong>nqX</strong>/kO;olk;kphlqjokr gh xzkeh.k Hkkxkr >kyh vlwu eq[; cktkjisB gh ‚kgjkdMsp vlY;keqGs nq/kkphfVdo.k {kerk ok
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>?kjxwrh Lojkoj nw/k tkLr dkG fVdsy ;klkBh ew[kr % [kkyhyizek.ks nksu i/nrhpk mi;ksx dsyk tkm “kdrks-1½ nw/k FkaM dj.ks2½ nw/k rkifousnw/k FkaM Bso.;kps dkj.k dk; \1 ½ FkaM BsoY;kus nw/k ukl.;kps izek.k deh gksrs2½ nw/kkrhy ftok.kw aph ok< gksr ukgh-nw/k rkifo.;kps o izfd;k dj.;kps dkj.k dk; \1½ nq/kkph fVdo.k {kerk ok
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>lkBforkuk o okgrwd djrkuk nw/kkyk [kjkc dj.kkjs ?kVd1½ jlk;us2½ thok.kw3½ [kjkc gkrkG.kh15 rs 40 va”k ls- rkieku nw/kklkBh ;ksX; ukgh ;krkiek.kkoj ,u>kbeph fdz;kf”kyrk okikV;kus gksrs-nw/k FkaM dj.;kP;k fofo/k i/nrh1½ nw/kkyk mUgkr Bsow u;s lkoyhr Bsokos-2½ [ksGR;k gosP;k fBdk.kh nw/k Bsokos-3½nw/k FkaM dj.;kdjhrk FkaM ik.;kpk okij djkok-4½ nw/k FkaM dj.;kdfjrk cQkZpk okij djkok-Lkoyhr fdaok va/kk&;k [kksyhr [ksGR;kgosr rwEgh nw/k Bsow “kdrk-nw/kkP;k dWu rwEgh fofgjhr Bsow “kdrk fofgjhps ik.kh tjfi.;kdfjrk okijr vlky rj dWu ewGs ik.kh v”kw/n gks.kkjukgh ;kph dkGth ?;k<strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky; mnxhj ¼ykrwj½
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>nw/kkP;k dWups >kd.k can djk vFkok dkiMkus >kdwu ?;k ts.ksd:.k fofgjhrhy ik.kh dWu e/khy nw/kkr felG.kkjtj rweP;kdMs ewcyd ik.kh vlsy rjnw/kkP;k dWu okgrs ik.kh vlysY;k VkdhrBsok- ik.;kP;k rkiekukis{kk 3 rs 5 va”klas- us nw/kkps rkieku vf/kd vlsytjrweP;kdMs cQZ miyC/k vlsy rj nw/kkykMilko CWatero C7 310 613 916 12FkaM dj.;kdjrk mi;ksx djkok -gok ckgsj iM.;kdjrk dWups >kd.k FkksMs m?kMas Bsok-ik.kh dWu e/;s tk.kkj ukgh ;kph dkGth ?;k/kwG o fdM;kaiklwu lkSj{k.kkdfjrk Vkfdyk >kd.kkus >kdwu ?;ktj 10 ls- is{kkdeh rkiekukps FkaM ik.kh miyC/k vlY;klrwEgh Rks lPNhnz fjax Onkjs dWuP;k ckg; Hkkxkoj lksMw“kdrk-tj rweP;kdMs 400 rs500 yh-@fnol nw/k miyC/k gksr vlsyrj fotsoj pky.kk^&;k midj.kkpk mi;ksx djk -<strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky; mnxhj ¼ykrwj½
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>deh nq/k tkLr nwj okgrwd djko;kps vlY;kl cQkZP;kik;Y;k oki: “kdky-ik;yh cQkZP;k rwdM;kauh Hk:u nw/kkP;k dWu e/;s Bsok-Okij.;kiwohZ o okijkuarj ik;yh LoPN djk -lkBo.;kiwohZ nw/k rkifoY;kl cgwrka”k thok.kwpk fouk”kgksowu nw/k tkLr dkG fVdsy-nw/k rkifoY;kuarj yodjkr yodj 10 ls- is{kkdeh rkiek.kki;Zar FkaM djkos-<strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky; mnxhj ¼ykrwj½
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>nw/k lk[kGowu mRiknhr dsysys nwX/k <strong>inkFkZ</strong>% <strong>fufeZrh</strong> ra=Kku1izk] iz.kkyh fude] 2izk-ih-th-oklfud] 1MkW-fot; dsGs] 1izk- lfork fdukds1<strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky;]mnxhj 2<strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky;] o:M ¼iqln½nw/k uSlxhZd i.ks ukl.ks fdaok nw/k vkEykP;k lkg;kus lk[kGfo.ks vFkok R;kyk uklous ;kr Qjd vkgs-uSlfxZdjhR;k uklysY;k nw/kkr thok.kwaph la[;k e;kZnhr ulwu [kk.;klkBh v;ksX; vlrs- ftok.kw nw/kkrhy ‚kdZjspkmi;ksx d#u yWDVhd vkEy r;kj djrkr o ;k vkEykps izek.k tkLr >kys Eg.kts nw/k uklrs o nw/kkr BjkfodvkEy Vkdwu lk[kGfoysY;k fdz;sr ftok.kawph la[;k e;kZfnr vlrs- nksUgh fdz;ssr ik.;kr nzkO; vl.kkjs ?kVdfeG.kkÚ;k PkksF;k iklwu xGs gksrkr-Nék&gk ,d ?ku <strong>inkFkZ</strong> vlwu xje nw/kkr vkEy nzko.k Vkdw.k feG.kkÚ;k PkksF;kl Nék vls Eg.krkr- rj pksFkkjghr ik.;kl Nék&ik.kh vls lacks/krkr- nw/k uklfo.;klkBh lk;Vhd vkEy] yWDVhd vkEy fdaok Nék ik.kh ;kpkmi;ksx djrk ;srks- fyacwoxhZ; caxkyh feBkbZ r;kj dj.;klkBh gksrks- xk;hP;k nw/kkiklwu dsysY;k NUU;kph ?kVdVDdsokjh vknzZrk 53-4] /k`rka‛k 24-8] izFkhus 7-4] <strong>nqX</strong>/k‛kdZjk 2-1 rj {kkj 2-1 izek.ks vlrs rj Eg‛khP;knw/kkiklwu fuehZrh dsysY;k NUU;kph ?kVd VDdsokjh vknzZrk ?ku?kVd Nék ik.;klkscr ok;k tkmu mrkjk deh feGrks-R;kewGs NUuk cuorkuk xkbps nq/kkpk mi;ksx djkok-NUuk cuorkuk xkbZps nw/kkyk 85 va‛k ls- i;Zr xje djkos o R;kr nq/kkP;k 1-5 VDds lk;V~~hd vkEyik.;kr felGwu Vkdkos- NUuk ik.kh o pksFkk eyey P;k diM;kus xkGwu djkos- dkiMke/;s vlysyk pksFkkdkiMkldV osxG;k HkkaM;kr vlysY;k FkaM¼7 rs 10 va‛k ½ ik.;kr /kwowu dk
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>Nék gk <strong>inkFkZ</strong> uSlxhZd ifjfLFkrhr 2 rs 4 fnol pkaxyk jkgw ‚kdrks o f‛krisVhr cVj isije/;s xqaMkGwuBsoY;kl 12 fnoli;Zar pkaxyk jkgw ‚kdrks- fo|kihBkr Nékoj >kysY;k la‛kks/kukojhy fu’d’khZ izek.ks xk;hP;knw/kkiklwu cufoysY;k NUU;kis{kk pkaxyk vlrks- xk;hP;k nw/kkr 4-5 VDds fLuX/k <strong>inkFkZ</strong> vlrkauk 2 VDds frozrspsfyacwoxhZ; lk;Vªhd vkEy VkdY;kl NUU;kps mRiUu ok
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>gs ikg.;klkBh ,d lksih i)r vkgs- ,d Xykl FkaM ik.kh ?ksÅu R;kr jlxqYyk ik.;kr cqMY;kl pkaxyk f‛ktykvls letkos- jlxqYyk r;kj gksr vlrkauk ‚ksoVP;k voLFksr ik=kps >kd.k m?kMkos- ;keqGs ik=krhy ikd ,d rkjhgksbZy- xksGs 40 VDds lk[kjsP;k LoPN ikdkr ewj.;klkBh BsokosgyokbZjlxqYys r;kj djrkauk eksB;k d
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>nq/k vkVowu dsysy <strong>inkFkZ</strong> % FkksMD;kr ekfgrhizk] iz.kkyh fude] MkW ,l-ih pkaxkMs] MkW-fot; dsGs<strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky;]mnxhj[kok&[kO;kph fuehZrh xk;hP;k]Eg‛khP;k fdaok nksgksP;k felG nw/kkl 65 rs 70 VDD;ki;Zar vkVowu dsyh tkÅ‚kdrs- dk;|kph iwrZrk dj.;kP;k n`’Vhus [kO;kr dehr deh 20 VDds /k`rka‛k vl.ks vko‛;d vkgs- Hkkjrh;izek.kd laLFksus Bjowu fnY;k izek.ks [kO;krhy vknzZrk ¼out vk/kkjhr½ 28 VDds o /k`rka‛k [kok dksjMk vlrkauk¼out vk/kkjhr½ 26 VDds ;k izek.kkr vlkok ykxrks- loZ lk/kkj.ki.ks Eg‛khP;k nw/kk iklwu dsysY;k [kO;kph ?kVdVDdsokjh vknzZrk 19-2] /k`rka‛k 37-1] izFkhus 17-8] <strong>nqX</strong>/k‛kdZjk 22-1]{kkj 3-6 rj xk;hP;k nw/kkiklwu fuehZr[kO;kph VDdsokjh vknzZrk 25-6] /k`rka‛k 25-7] izFkhus 19-2] <strong>nqX</strong>/k‛kdZjk 25-5] {kkj 3-8 ;k izek.ks vlrs-[kok r;kj dj.;kph i)rlk/kj.ki.ks 10 fdyks {kersP;k d
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>[kok cuforkauk nw/k lqjokrhl e/;exrhus o ‚ksoVh tkLr xrhus ¼90 rs 100 o 150 rs 160 Qsjs izfrfefuVkl½ gyfo.ks vko‛;d vlrs tj nw/k deh xrhus gyfoys rj ¼30 rs 40 Qsjs izfr fefuVkl½ rj [kO;kl#pdj o [keax Lokn ;sr ukgh o vlk [kok nk.ksnkjgh ulrks- d
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>dkgh va‛kh rkanqGkpk vdZ nw/kkr mrjsy- feJ.k
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>vk
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>ng;k iklwu vU; inkFZk <strong>fufeZrh</strong>izk] iz.kkyh fude] MkW ,l-ih pkaxkMs] MkW-fot; dsGs]z izk-iz‛kkar cpaVh vkf.k izk-fV- fOg- ek?koh<strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky;]mnxhjtxkP;k ikBhoj nw/k vkacowu dsysy inkFkkZps vkgkjkr fo‛ks’k egRp vkgs- Hkkjrh; mi[kaMkr ngh] yLlh] rkdvFkok Nkl] feLrh ngh b- fd.o.kd`r <strong>nqX</strong>/k<strong>inkFkZ</strong> izfl/n vkgsr- iks’k.kkO;frfjDr fe.o.kd`r <strong>nqX</strong>/k<strong>inkFkZ</strong> ukf‛koarnq/kkph fVdkÅ {kerk okikV;kus ok
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>i;Zar nGysyh lk[kj ?kkykoh o feJ.k QsVwu ?;kos- feJ.k QsVr vlrkauk R;kr vko‛;drsuqlkj jax]ds‛kj ofoyk;ph iqM ?kky.;kph izFkk vkgs- Jh[kaM r;kj >kY;koj R;kl FkaM dj.;klkBh 4&6 lsa- rkiekukoj lkBo.kwddjkohxkbZps@Eg‛khps nq/k ¼6 VDds QWV½nq/k rkio.ks ¼720 ls@10 fefuV½FkaM dj.ks ¼40&450 ls½nq/kkr fojtu ?kky.ks ¼nq/kkP;k 1 VDds izek.ks½ngh tefo.ks ¼5&1 rkl½ngh dkiMkr cka/kwu Vkax.ks ¼15&16 rkl½pDdkikrsY;kr pDdk ijrfo.ksR;kl lk[kj ¼80 VDds½] lqdkesok] dyj] foyk;ph iqM ?kky.ksfeJ.k ,dtho dj.ksJh[kaMfo|kihBkr Jh[kaMkoj >kysY; la‛kks/kuko#u vls vk
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>;kO;frfjDr Nkl vFkok rkdkr lk[kj] ehB] yl.k d
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>nq/kkrhy HkslG vksG[k.;kph i/nrhizk] iz.kkyh fude] MkW ,l-ih pkaxkMs] MkW-fot; dsGs]z<strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky;]mnxhjtukojkaP;k nw/kkrhy jklk;fud ?kVd laca/khr tukojkaP;k fLFkhrhuwlkj osxosxGs vlrkr- vkiY;k vkgkjkrizkew[;kus xk; o Eg‛khps nw/k okijys tkrs- Hkkjr ljdkjpk vUUk HkslG izfrca/kd vf/kfu;e1976 uwlkj nw/kklkBhosxosxGh ekuds BjoU;kr vkyh vkgsr- gh ekuds jkT; o nwHkrh tukojs fugk; cnyrh vlrkr- gh ekuds QDregkjk’VklkBh vkgsr- ¼ rDrk 1 e/;s nw/kk lac/kh Bjoysyh ekuds ikgkohr½tsOgk xkk; o Eg‛khps nw/k vlk mYys[k dsyk tkrks] v‛kkosGh tukojkaP;k dklsrwu feG.kkjs nw/k vis{khrvkgs] R;kr dks.krkgh d`=he cny ulkok- iw
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>‚kkGspkp vk/kkj ?;kok ykxrks- ;k pkp.;k dj.;klkBh Lora= ;a=.kk vkgs- gh ;a=.kk xfreku dj.ks vko‛;d vkgs-HkslGhps ra= lrr cnyr vlY;kus R;k vuw:i pkp.;k fodlhr dj.ks gk ,deso mik; vkgs-1-Lkk[kj10 feyh nq/k + 1 feyh froz gk;MªksDyksfjd vkEy conc.HCl)]+ 0-1 xzWe fjlkWjflukWy ikoMj + ifj{kkuGhr ?ks.ks o pkaxys gyowu uGh xje ik.;kr 5 feuhV Bso.ksfu’d’kZ &fQDdV xqykch jax vkY;kl nq/kkr lk[kj vkgs vls letrs-2- lksMk5 feyh nq/kkr + 5 feyh vYdksgksy + 2&3 Fksac ,d VDdk jks>Wfyd vkEy vYdksgksdye/;s r;kj dsysysnzko.kfu’d’kZ& fQDdV Ykkylj xqykch jax vkY;kl nq/kkr lksMk vkgs vls letrs-3- ;qfj;k5 feyh nq/kkr + 5 feyh iWjkMk;feFkkbZy veWuks csUtyfMgkbZM ps nzko.k + pkaxys felG.ksfu’d’kZ &xMn fioGk jax vkY;kl nq/kkr ;qfj;kph HkslG vls letrs-4- LVkpZ3 feyh nq/kkr + mdGwu FkaM dj.ks + 2&3 1% vk;ksMhups nzko.k Vkdwu pkaxys felG.ksfu’d’kZ &fuGk jax vkY;kl nq/kkr LVkpZ eSnk vkgs vls letrs-5- LVkpZ3 feyh nq/kkr + mdGwu FkaM dj.ks + 2&3 1% vk;ksMhups nzko.k Vkdwu pkaxys felG.ksfu’d’kZ& fuGk jax vkY;kl nq/kkr LVkpZ eSnk vkgs vls letrs-6- feB1 feyh nq/kkr + 5 feyh 0-8 VDds flYoj uk;VªsV 2&3 1% iksVWwf‛k;e Mk;dzksesV + pkaxys felG.ksfu’d’kZ &fioGk jax vkY;kl nq/kkr feB vkgs vls letkos-7- Xyqdkst3 feyh nq/kkr + 3 feyh ckjQksZbZps feJ.k + 3 feuhV pkaxys mdG.ks + uGk[kkyh FkaM dj.ks ,d feyhQkWLQksekWWfyCMhd vkEy Vkdw.k pkaxys felG.ksfu’d’kZ &fuGk jax vkY;kl nq/kkr Xyqdkst vkgs vls letrs-8- fLde feYd ikoMj10 feyh nq/k ifj{kkuGhr ?ksowu 15 feuhV lsaVªh;qt dj.ks + uGhrhy [kkyps feJ.k ?ksowu 2-5 feyh frozuk;Vªhd vkEy felGkos + 2-5 feyh veksfu;k nzko.k felGkosfu’d’kZ &xMn fioGk jax vkY;kl nq/kkr ikoMj vkgs vls letrs-<strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky; mnxhj ¼ykrwj½
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong><strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky; mnxhj ¼ykrwj½
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>dqYQh] vkbZLdhe <strong>fufeZrh</strong> fo‛k;h FkksMD;kr ------MkW ,l-ih- pkaxkMs] izk- ,l- ,e fdukds] izk- ,l- ,l- pksiMs<strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky;]mnxhjvkbZLdzhe gk ik‛pkR; eqG vlysyk <strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> vlwu R;kph mRiRrh lu 1700 P;k lqekjkl ;qjksi[kaMkr nq/k] cQZ] QGkapk jl]e/k bR;knhpk mi;ksx d:u xksBfoysY;k inkFkkZph <strong>fufeZrh</strong> gksr gksrh- iqkys vkf.k rsFksp R;kph <strong>fufeZrh</strong> o brj ckcrhr lq/kkj.kk gksmu 1851 iklwu loZizFke vkSn;ksxhdLrjkoj vkbZLdzheps mRiknu lw: >kys- iquk;>]lq/kkjhr nq/k xksBfo.;kps ;a= bR;knh ckcrhr ufou ‚kks/k ykxys vkf.k vkbZLdzheP;k mRiknukr vk.k[kh lq/kkj.kk gksoqulu 1920 ps njE;ku vkbZLdzhe ps vUu ?kVd vkf.k R;kaps vkgkjkrhy egRo] vkjksX;kph tk.k ik‛pkr ns‛kkryksdkauk gksÅu vkbZLdzhe vf/kd yksdfiz; >kys- Hkkjr] ikfdLrku] vkQxkf.kLFkku ns‛kkr dqYQh] eykbZ dk cQZbR;knh lkj[ks nw/k xksBowu mRikfnr >kysys <strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> yksdfiz; vlwu mUgkG;kps fnolkr R;kaph ekx.kh eksB;kizek.kkoj vlrs vkf.k ;k inkFkkZph fodzh gkrxkM;k] migkjx`gs] bR;knh n~okjs gksrs- R;kpizek.ks vkbZLdzhe ikWVpkmi;ksx d:u ?kjxqrh] ygku Lrjkoj fdaok ikVWfouk lq/nk dkgh izek.kkr vkbZLdzhe fuehZrh dsyh tkrs- ?kjh r;kjd#u ufou <strong>inkFkZ</strong> Eg.kwu [kk.;kdjhrk dsysY;k vkbZLdzheP;k izfd;se/;s ?kVdkaph ca/kus ulrkr- [kk.kk&;kaph vkoMghp eq[; dlksVh vlrs] vkf.k dkagh vMp.kh vlrkr] tls nw/k vkVowu mi;ksxkr vk.kkos fd u vkVfork rlspokijkos] ikWVe/;s Vkd.;kiwohZ nw/k FkaM vlkos fd] xje R;kr QGs felGkoh dh ukgh] lk[kjsps] lqxa/kh nzO;kaps izek.kfdrh Bsokos ;kckcr ppkZ djko;kph >kY;kl vuqHko gkp [kjk lqpdkad fdaok ekxZn‛kZd Bjsy vls okVrs- cktkjkrfofo/k ekU; dai.;k ekQZr fodzh dsys tk.kkjs vkbZLdzhe ek= ,dk fof‛k’V pohps vlrs- R;krhy ?kVdkaps izek.kkldk;n;kph ca/kus vlwu R;koj ,d fuf‛pr izfdz;k gks.ks dk;n;kus ca/kudkjd vlrs tls 10 VDds fLUkX/kka‛k vkf.k0-5 VDds LVWfcyk;>j vl.ks xjtsps vkgs ijarw tsOgk vkbZLdzhe e/;s QGs QGkapk jl]lqdkesok fdaok pkWdysV b-lkj[;k inkFkkZapk okij dsyk vlY;kl fLUkX/kka‛kkph ek=k 8 VDds vl.ks ca/kudkjd vkgs- R;kpizek.ks vkbZLdzhe e/;sLVkpZ Vkdysys vlY;kl rs 5 VDD;ki;Zar vlkos vkf.k R;klaca/khpk ri‛khy os’Bukoj vl.ks xjtsps vkgs- ?kjxqrhvkbZLdzhe vkf.k cktkjkr feG.kkjs fofo/k dai.;kaps vkbZLØhe ;kr eksBh rQkor vkgs- rh <strong>fufeZrh</strong> njE;ku mi;ksxkrvk.kys tk.kkjs fofo/k ?kVdkaph] R;koj dsyh tk.kkjh izfØ;k] izfØ;sdjhrk mi;ksxkr vk.kys tk.kkjs ;a=kps] ?kjxqrh<strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky; mnxhj ¼ykrwj½
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>Lrjkojhy vkbZLØhe mRikfnr >kY;koj fouk foyac lsou djrkr vU;Fkk rs forGowu tkrs rj cktkjkr feG.kkjsvkbZLØhe <strong>fufeZrh</strong>uarj xzkgdkaps gkrkr iMsi;Zar dkgh efgus lq/nk ykxrkr- vkbZLØepk vkdkj uje xqGxqGhr]forG.;kph {kerk] ?kurk] vkEyrk] b- xq.k/keZ ,dk fof‛k’B ikrGhi;Zar vl.ks vR;ar xjtsps vlrs vkf.k Eg.kwupvkbZLØhe <strong>fufeZrh</strong> e/;s mi;ksxkr vk.kko;kps fofo/k /kVd tls nq/k] lk[kj] eybZ fojfgr nq/k HkqdVh] fFkjds] eykbZlagr nq/k QGs] lqxa/k oxSjs mRre ntkZps fdacgquk rkts vlY;kl vf/kd pkaxys- loZlk/kkj.ki.ks vkbZLØheps oxZokjhuqlkj /kVdkaps izek.k vkf.k izr Bjfo.;kr ;sowu rh vkS|ksfxd Lrjkoj mi;ksxkr vk.krkr- j½] lk[kj] jax] lqxa/k ;klkj[ks ts <strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> ukghr vls /kVd ;srkr;kiSdh ifgY;k izdkjkr ;s.kkjs <strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; ?kVd gs lokZauk ifjphr vkgsr rj nwl&;k <strong>inkFkZ</strong> izdkjkr ;s.kkjs ?kVd fofo/kizdkjkr cktkjkr miyC/k vkgsr tls izkf.<strong>ktU</strong>; vkf.k ouLirhtU; fFkjds izk.khtU; fFkjds izk.khtU; fFkjdkrftysVhu] rj vxkj&vxkj] xokj xksan] vythusV] dkjcksdX>h ehFkkby lsY;qykst b- dks.krsgh ,d fFkjd vko‛;drs loZ xq.k/keZ vkbZfLØe ;k inkFkkZl izkIr d#u nsr ukgh vkf.k Eg.kqup cgqrs osGsl fg fFkjds la;qDri.ks ¼nksufdaok vf/kd fFkjdkaps feJ.k½ e/;s okijrkr rksp izdkj vkbZLØhe xksMok izkIr d#u ns.kk&;k lk[kjsP;k ckcrhrvkgs- ;k O;frfjDr f‛kr vaMh@vaM;kph ikoMj] fofo/k izdkjph QGs@QGkapk jl] lqdkesok bR;kfnlkj[ks ?kVdokijrkr- vkbZLdzhee/;s dka scMhps vaMh dPP;k Lo:ikr okij.ks /kksD;kps vlrs rh f‛kr ¼Qzks>u½ fdaok ikoMj¼HkqdVh½ Lo:ikr okij.ksp fgrkokn vlrs-vkbZLdzhelkBh ?kVdkaph fuoM >kY;kuarj R;kauk felGwu R;kiklwu feJ.k r;kj dj.ks gh FkksMhdkS‛kY;kph ckc vkgs- miyC/k ?kVd vkiys vkbZLdzhepk izdkj@ntkZ y{kkr Bsowu feJ.k dj.ks ;ksX; vkS|ksfxdLrjkoj ra=K vlrkr rs ?kVdkaph VDdsokjh lq=kapk mi;ksx d#u Bjforkr- ijarq g;k loZ ckch xkzeh.k Lrjkojfdrir ‚kD; gksow ‛kdrkr gs miyC/k lk/ku lkeqxzh o#u lkaxrk ;sbZy- ?kjxqrh vkbZLdhe djrakuk rkts] LoPN]Eg‛khps fdaok xk;khP;k nq/kkph fuoM d#u R;kyk pkaxys xje d#u ?;kos] nq/k xje gksr vlrkauk R;kl lkj[ks
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>feJ.kkps ik‛pjhdj.k dj.ks vko‛;d vkgs- ;klkBh feJ.k ygku HkkaM;kr Bsowu rs HkkaMs ik.kh vlYksY;k eksB;kHkkaM;kr Bsowu eksB;k HkkaM;kl m’.krk ns.ks lq# djkos- lk/kkj.ki.ks 68 rs 70 va‛k ls- rkiekukoj feJ.k vk/kkZrkl Bsokos- uarj feJ.kkl [kksyhps rkiekuki;Zar FkaM d#u R;kl ,ftax ¼eqjor Bso.ks½ ;k izfdz;sdjhr fQzt¼f‛krisVh½ e/;s ftYksfVu gs LVfcyk;tj okijys vlY;kl pkj rkl fdaok brj LVfcyk;tj okijys vlY;kl R;klkscr fnysY;k lqpukuqlkj Bsokos- ijarw vktdky cktkjkr miyC/k fFkjdkaps izdkjkuqlkj R;kl v/kkZ rs ikmu rklfQzte/;s vf/kd FkaM gks.;klkBh Bso.ks vko‛;d vkgs- ;k izfdz;sl ,ftax vls Eg.krkrvkbZLdzhefeJ.k FkaM ¼4 rs 5 va‛k ls-½ >kY;koj R;kl fo|qr pyhr fdaok ykdMh vkbZLdzheikWVps@HkkaM;kr Vkdwu ikWVps >kd.k ykowu] feJ.k BsoysY;k HkkaM;kHkskorh cQZ o tkMs feB ¼4%1½ pkj Hkkx cQZrqdMs vkf.k 1 Hkkx feB ;kizek.ks Vkdkos- ykdzMh vkbZLdzhe ikWVyk vlYksY;k ¼HkkaM;kl tksMysYU;k½ gWUMypk mi;ksxd#u HkkaM;kl fQjor Bsokos- fo|qr pyhr vkbZLdzhe ikWV miyC/k vlY;kl feJ.k
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>i‛kqlsok fgp [kjh lsok ikGk xkbZ dk
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>v½ ?kjxqrh i)r &nw/knghyks.khrwinw/k fojtwu R;kps ngh djk;ps] ngh ?kwlGw.k yks.kh d
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>?k`rka‛k fojghr ?ku inkFkkZps izek.k deh gksrs ;k i)rhus feGkysyh eyb rwi r;kj dj.;kP;k HkkaM;kr ?ksowurkifo.;kr ;srs cjspnk eyb e/ks vkEyrk vku.;kdjhrk fojtu ?kkywu vkacfo.;kr ;srs- ;keqGs rqikl mRre lqokl;srks- ;ki)rhus r;kj >kysys rwi nkusnkj vlrs-M½ rwi cufo.;kph vk/kqfud fdaok iqoZ fuoG.kh i)r &nw/keybyks.khrkieku 80 0 ls- 15 rs 30 fe- fLFkj voLFkkfru Fkj rkd] /k`rka‛k] nghrkdkpk Fkj ckgsj dkkdu can dj.;kl ;srs- uarj R;kl m’.krkns.ks lq# djrkr ik=krhy yks.;kps rkieku 80 0 ls- >kys Eg.kts m’.krk ns.ks can djrkr o ik=krhr <strong>inkFkZ</strong> 15 rs30 feuhVk djhrk fLFkj Bsorkr ;k voLFksr ik=krhy nzokps fru Fkjkr #ikarj gksrs- lokZr [kkyh rkd R;koj /k`rka‛ko lokZr oj ng;kpk ok rkdkpk fadafpr va‛k vlrks- ;k rkiekukoj rksVhrwu rkdkpk Fkj ckgsj dk
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>2- fojtuekrhP;k fdaok /kkrwP;k HkkaM;kpk okij] nw/kuSlfxZdfjR;k uklw ns.ks fdaok fojt.kklkBhvfrfjDr vkEy ng;kpk okij dj.ksfojt.;kphosG fdaok fojt.;kpk dkGvfuf‛pr vl.ks-fof‛k’V izdkjps fojtu okij.ks]_ewekukuwlkj R;kr cny dj.ks-fof‛k’V vkEyrsi;Zaaaaaaarps fojtous-3- ngh?kwlG.;kiwohZ tkLr dkG R;kp fLFkrhrBso.ks-24 rklkps oj lkBwu ns.ks-4- ?kwlG.ksekrhP;k fdaok fudYgbZP;k HkkaM;kr ?kwlGwujoh fdaok okijysY;k vU; lk/kuke/kwu loZfLuX/kka‛k u fu?k.ks- ?kwlG.;klkBh ?kkrysY;kdkseV ik.;kps rkieku fdaok yks.;kps d.kLoPN FkaM ik.;kus u /kw.ks-;a=pfyr cVj puZ oxSjsP;k okijkeqGsvf/kdkf/kd fLuX/k <strong>inkFkZ</strong> osxGs gksrkr-5- yks.khrwi djhi;Zar ekrhP;k fdaok fudybZP;kHkkaM;kr lkBowu rkdkr fdaok vkacVik.;kr lkBoY;kewGs vkRyrk ok
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>rwikph izr%rwikps HkkSrhd xw.k/keZ ok izr tls jax] Lokn] josnkji.kk gs rwi r;kj dj.;kP;k i)rhoj voyacwuvlrkrv½jax% xk;hP;k nq/kkiklwu ns‛kh i)rhus cufoysY;k rwikpk jax xnZ ihoGk rj Eg‛khP;k nq/kkiklwu ika
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong> vkEyrk &eqGkr tkLr vkEyrk vl.kkÚ;k ngh eyb fdaok yks.;kiklwu rwi r;kj dsys vlsy rj eqG inkFkkZphvkEyrk rwikr mrjrs o rwi yodj [kjkc gksrs- [ksM;kr vkB rs ngk fnol i;Zar nw/k fdaok ngh lkBowu Bso.;kr;srs v‛;k ng;k iklwu r;kj dsysY;k rwikl vkEyrk tkLr vlrs o rs deh fVdrs- rwikrhy xkGkps izek.k &rwikrhy xkG] [kjoM fdaok csjh fLuX/kka‛krsj <strong>inkFkZ</strong> vlwu rwi xkGwu gk <strong>inkFkZ</strong> rwikiklwu osxGk dj.;kr;srks ijarw dkgh d.k rwik‛kh ,d#i gksÅu rwikrp jkgrkr- rwi xkGr vlrkauk gs d.k rwikr fLFkj fdaok vLFkhjvoLFksr fnlrkr- ;k d.kkps izek.k rwikr [kwi vkY;kl rwi yodj [kjkc gksrs- /kkrw vLrhRo &nw/k] ngh] eyb fdaok rwi bR;knh <strong>inkFkZ</strong> T;k HkkaM;kr vki.k gkrkGrks- v‛;k HkkaM;kps la;qxkus /kkrwapsvo‛ks’k rwikr mrjrkr o R;kph izr [kjkc gks.;kl dkj.khHkwr Bjrkr- ;keqGsp yks[kaMh d
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>;keqGs rwikpk fVdkow i.kk okkysys vFkok [koV rwi iqUgk ‚kq) d#u okijrk ;srs ijarq gh i)r nq¸;e ntkZaph vkgs- ;k djhrktwU;k rwikr FkksMs rkd felGwu R;kyk iwUgk d< fny;kewGs [krV okl FkksM;k izek.kkr deh gksrks o rkdkewGsyks.;kpk Lokn iwUgjk fuekZ.k gksrks- niZokl ?kkyo.;klkBh gGnhph dhaok foM;kph ikus oSxsjs okijrkr-<strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky; mnxhj ¼ykrwj½
<strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky;] mnxhj ft-ykrwj<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong> izf‛k{k.km|kstdrk fodkl vfHk;ku&tkyuk ¼2011&12½izf‛k{k.kkFkhZ ;knhizf‛k{k.k dkyko/kh % 03@04@2012 rs 23@04@2012,dw.k izf‛k{k.kkFkhZa la[;k % 37v-dz izf‛k{k.kkFkhZaps ukao1
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>16 uoy jkefdlu vklkjke]eq-iG‛kh iks- 9545096437vk’Vh rk-ijrqj17 gkds vklkjke jkefdlu]ok?kkGh iks- 9923850778okcqyrkjk rk-ijrwj18 HksaMkGdj nRrk nknkjko] eq-ukanzk iksvkack9158252677rk-ijrwj19 Ekqteqys flrkjke lairjko]eq-ukanzk iks- 9637377890rk-i0jrwj vkck20 gkMs jes‛k nkeks/kj]eq-nq/kiwjh iks-nfgiqjk 9673673579rk-vacM21 Vkijs foÜoaHkj fMxkacj]eq-nq/kiwjh iksnfgiwjk9673032790rk-vacM22 ok?kekjs ckcklkgsc dp#]eq-,dysgjk 9049744863iks-¼[kk½ fgojk rk-vacM23 xOgk.ks ijesÜoj y{e.k]eq-#bZ ikslq[kkiqjh9527542003rk-vacM24 Hkjiqj lqfuy rqG‛khjke]eq-#bZ ikslq[kkiqjhrk-vacM ft-tkyuk9049737487904902212825 vkksy vklkjke l[kkjke eq-jkerhFkZ 9421654365iks-ikaxjh ¼cw½ rk- eaBk33 fgokGs olar ukukHkkÅ] eq-jkerhFkZ iksikaxjh9422454811¼cw½ rk- eaBk34 [ko izfni dkjHkkjh]eq-iks- nsoxkao 9049378168[kous rk- eaBk35 eksjs xtkuu f‛kokthjko]jk-jkueGk 9158734474<strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky; mnxhj ¼ykrwj½
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong>rk-eaBk ft-tkyuk iks-gsyl36 okjs ‚kjn fttkHkkÅ] jk-jkueGk rkeaBk]ft-tkyukiks-gsyl37 dksYgs dY;k.k ikjkthjko]eq-iksxq#fiaijhrk-?kulkoaxh97630692999763288963<strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky; mnxhj ¼ykrwj½
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong><strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky; mnxhj ¼ykrwj½
<strong>nqX</strong>/<strong>ktU</strong>; <strong>inkFkZ</strong> <strong>fufeZrh</strong><strong>nqX</strong>/k ra=Kku egkfo|ky; mnxhj ¼ykrwj½
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