Prof Chun C Lin ( currently Univ Wisc Madison)

Prof. Chun C. Lin( currently, Univ. Wisc. Madison)

Rice UniversityLovett Hall

Physics officeRice UniversityLovett Hall

Provost’s s office (Lovett Hall)Physics officeRice UniversityLovett Hall

Washington D.C.Rice UniversityLovett Hall

The Executive BranchOf the U.S. GovernmentTwo different jobswith R&D agenciesU.S. PresidentOffice ofManagementand BudgetScience AdvisorOffice of Science andTechnology PolicyScience AdvisorNSTCMajor DepartmentsOther boards,councils, etc.Homeland SecurityAgricultureHealth andHuman ServicesNIHInterior Transportation Defense EnergyUSGSDARPA, ONR,AFOSRNNSAIndependent AgenciesCommerceNOAANISTNationalAeronauticand SpaceAdministrationEnvironmentalProtectionAgencySmithsonianInstitutionNuclearRegulatoryCommissionOtheragenciesNSF-36

“Neal, how much do we need for nanotechnology?”

President Clinton goes to Cal Tech to describe his NationalNanotechnology Initiative – and try out a new material!

JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICYAT RICE UNIVERSITYScience and TechnologyPolicy Program(coordinated by Dr. Kirstin Matthews)•Energy and Environment (w/ Amy Jaffe)•Health and Medicine (w/ TMC inst’s)•Space (w/ George Abbey)•Nuclear Issues/ Non-Proliferation•Education and Women in Science•The Future of U.S. Science•Role of Civic Scientists

The Civic Scientist Era

A vision - over two hundred years ago!Benjamin FranklinAmerican“civic scientist”1706-1790

A vision - one hundred years ago!Quite sure that Einstein did not use the term“nanotechnology”, but he gave us some early sense ofhow small atoms and molecules are!

A vision - sixty years ago!World War II scienceand engineeringU.S. Army RadarNuclear energy - “Atom Bomb”Stagg FieldProximity fuseU.S. Navy TDCanalog computerPenicillin &Sulfa drugsBallistic missileGerman V-2Hiroshima6 August 1945 8:15 AM

Post-WWII ScienceVannevar Bush and theGovernment-UniversityPartnershipVannevar Bush's "Science: The Endless Frontier""The Government should accept new responsibilities forpromoting the flow of new scientific knowledge andthe development of scientific talent in our youth. Theseresponsibilities are the proper concern of the Government,for they vitally affect our health, our jobs and ournational security."NSF established in 1950Vannevar Bush (1945)

Post-WWII ScienceVannevar Bush and theGovernment-UniversityPartnershipThus, Vannevar began Bush's a new "Science: compact The between Endless “science” Frontier" andthe public – faculty and students do the research* and"The Government should accept new responsibilities forthe public pays for it (NIH, NSF, etc) with tax dollars.promoting the flow of new scientific knowledge andThere the development was an assumption of scientific talent that K-12 in our science youth. These and matheducation would provide the underpinnings.responsibilities are the proper concern of the Government,for they vitally affect our health, our jobs and our*understood national security." to mean research of value to society !NSF established in 1950Vannevar Bush (1945)

A “Golden Age” of Federal R&D FundingSputnikA “Golden Age”– from Sputnik to 9/11?ApolloStar Wars9/11IraqNon-defenseDefensePresidentsFDRHSTFY58RMNDDE JFK LBJ JRFRWR WJCFY01JC GHWB GWB

But what kind of “Golden Age” for science?– from space to medicine – leaving costly gaps.SputnikA “Golden Age”– from Sputnik to 9/11?9/11

From Research to Information TechnologyEarly discoveries and inventionsFederal government and Industry (BellLabs, Texas Instruments, others)Transistor, 1947Maser , 1953-54Integrated Circuit, 1958 Laser, 1958-1960

From Research to Information TechnologyThe semiconductor industry and legendary “Moore’s s Law”Nanotechnology?Gordon MooreSource: Intel’s Silicon Showcase,http://www.intel.com/research/silicon/mooreslaw.htm

From Research to Information TechnologyThe “iPod”

Challenges to the NationChallenges to the Nation(A Few Examples Among Many)•Health– affordable healthcare, personal safety•Economy– workforce – innovation & competitiveness•Energy– secure supply of carbon-free energy & fuels•Environment– clean air & water – climate change “M&A”•Security– terrorism, nuclear proliferation•Education– poor incentives for teachers and students•Physical Infrastructure – roads, bridges, rail & air systems•National Image – in need of repair•Science and Technology – research funding, regulations

Challenges to the NationTom Friedman’s s Flat WorldTen forces are leveling the playing fieldfor commerce – most have to do withtechnology and innovation.from The World is Flat by Tom Friedman (Farrar, Strauss & Giroux, NY, 2005)

Challenges to the NationTom Friedman’s s Flat WorldTen forces are leveling the playing fieldfor commerce – most have to do withtechnology and innovation.And Three “Dirty Little Secrets” about the U.S.• Secret #1 The Numbers Gap• Secret #2 The Ambition Gap• Secret #3 The Education Gapfrom The World is Flat by Tom Friedman (Farrar, Strauss & Giroux, NY, 2005)

Challenges to the NationTom Friedman’s s Flat WorldTen forces are leveling the playing fieldfor commerce – most have to do withtechnology and innovation.And Three “Dirty Little Secrets” about the U.S.• Secret #1 The Numbers GapAll made much more challenging with the currenteconomic crisis • Secret across the #2 globe The Ambition ! Gap• Secret #3 The Education Gapfrom The World is Flat by Tom Friedman (Farrar, Strauss & Giroux, NY, 2005)

Challenges to ScienceNeal’s s Flat WorldPre-Obama Forces have been “leveling the playing field”between scientific knowledge and opinion.• Money for science - too little & out of balance• People in science - too few & not representative• Understanding of science - too little• Ideology - too much• Politics - too intrusive• Public confidence in science – how fragile is it ?

Challenges to Science PolicyChallenges to Science Policy(A Few Pre-Obama Examples Among Many)•Health– cuts to NIH budget, restricted stem cell research•Energy– inadequate R&D on new energy technologies•Environment– science ignored, no policy on GHG emissions•Security– proliferation of nuclear weapons•Education– poor science/math teaching, attack on evolution•Workforce– lack technical skills – SE careers not glitzy•Integrity of Science – manipulations, misbehavior, ignorance•Space– NASA in crisis: shuttle; space station; science•Research– cuts on many fronts, and out of balance•Interagency cooperation – chronic and systemic problem•International Cooperation – U.S. an unreliable partner ?

Challenges to Science Policy(A Few Pre-Obama Examples Among Many)•Health– cuts to NIH budget, restricted stem cell research•Energy– inadequate R&D on new energy technologies•Environment– science ignored, no policy on GHG emissionsSeveral policy issues were the focus of•Security– proliferation of nuclear weaponsa highly influential study and report•Education– poor science/math of the National Academies, teaching, attack called on evolution•Workforce– lack “Rising technical Above skills the – Gathering SE careers Storm” not glitzy•Integrity of Science – manipulations, misbehavior, ignorance•Space– NASA in crisis: shuttle; space station; science•Research– cuts on many fronts, and out of balance•Interagency cooperation – chronic and systemic problem•International Cooperation – U.S. an unreliable partner ?

The National Academies spoke out about a“Gathering Storm” for the U.S.“Flat World” mapped onto U.S. Science and Technology– Congress asked the National Academies for adviceNorm Augustine (Panel Chair)“Rising Above the Gathering Storm”National Academies NRC Report 2006Norm Augustine“Is America Falling Off the Flat Earth?”National Academies Press 2007

The National Academies spoke out about a“Gathering Storm” for the U.S.“Flat World” mapped onto U.S. Science and Technology– Congress asked the National Academies for adviceCongress was ready to increase research budgets bylarge amounts – when a fight between Congress andPresident Bush over bottom line numbers wiped outthe increases for science in FY2008 !Norm Augustine (Panel Chair)“Rising Above the Gathering Storm”National Academies NRC Report 2006Norm Augustine“Is America Falling Off the Flat Earth?”National Academies Press 2007

FY08 Science BudgetsSlide -Rosina Bierbaum

“America has new leadership”President Obama has made it clear that science is vitalto America’s future and he will give it strong support.

Also cometh the recession - panic !(Nation needs stimulus spending!)

FY09 Science BudgetsWhat a difference a year makes…Slide -Rosina Bierbaum

FY09 “Stimulus Funding”Sen. Arlen Specter (R-PA), cancer survivorAppropriations Committee, LHHSE Subcommittee

R&D in the Economic Recovery BillFY09 Increases over FY08(dollars in millions)Programs FY08 FY09 Add‐on Add‐on (%)DOE(science)DOE (EE&R)4036123816002500+40%+102%NSF 6055 3000 +50%NASA 17179 1000 +6%NIH 29607 10400 +35%

R&D in the Economic Recovery BillFY09 Increases about over future FY08years?(dollars in millions)Stay tuned !Programs FY08 FY09 Add‐on Add‐on (%)DOE(science)DOE (EE&R)But this stimulus add-onis one-time money, so what4036123816002500+40%+102%NSF 6055 3000 +50%NASA 17179 1000 +6%NIH 29607 10400 +35%

Future budgets up, then down?FY2009 Stimulus?

Research is a small part of Federal spending– and it is likely to get squeezed !Total Federal Spending (except Iraq)$ 2.9 trillion in FY08XXXXX$80 billion (FY08)R&D$ 60 billion (FY08)X = non-discretionaryResearch$ 58 billion (FY08)

Challenges to ScienceNeal’s s Flat WorldLikely responses from the Obama Administration toPre-Obama Forces have been “leveling the playing field”between scientific knowledge and opinion.• Money for science – will request $, but Congress?• People in science – will request $, but Congress?• Understanding of science – will push K-12 Kreform• Ideology – will focus on evidence not myth• Politics – will clean up Exec. Branch – Congress?• Public confidence in science – will restore

Challenges to Science PolicyChallenges to Science Policy(Likely responses from the Obama Administration)•Health– NIH budget up, less restricted stem cell research•Energy– Large increases in R&D on new energy technologies•Environment– expect science-based environmental policies•Security– expect reductions in nuclear weapons•Education– expect revision of Pres. Bush’s “NCLB Act”•Workforce– expect financial help for education/training•Integrity of Science – expect evidence-based policy making•Space- expect more emphasis on science, robotic missions•Research– expect growth in physical and life sciences•Interagency cooperation – expect ostp to act – congress ?•International Cooperation – expect openness to partnership

“America has new leadership”President Obama has made it clear that science is vitalto America’s future and he will give it strong support.But he cannot do it alone. He will need the help of many‘civic scientists’.

What is a ‘civic scientist’ ?–Former Congressman George Brown (D-CA)had some advice for us.“to become more involved withthe political process and theneeds of the broader society— in other words, be moreeffective citizens.”

One Civic Scientist, the late Rick Smalley, spokeout on Humanity’s s Top Ten Problemsfor Next 50 Years1. ENERGY (carbon-free)2. WATER3. FOOD4. ENVIRONMENT5. POVERTY6. TERRORISM & WAR7. DISEASE8. EDUCATION9. DEMOCRACY10. POPULATION1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.The world 2003 will 6.5 need revolutionaryBillion Peoplenew technologies 2050 8-10 - nanotechnology?Billion PeopleRice’s Rick Smalley(1943-2005)

A few examples –among many– of civic scientists!Sally RideUCSDNeil de Grasse TysonHayden PlanetariumMary GoodCommerceRita ColwellNSFLeon LedermanFermilabRichard TapiaRice, NSBRush HoltD-NJBill FosterD-IllShirley JacksonRPI, NRCVern EhlersR-MichBassamShakhashiriNSF, U. Wisc.Bruce AlbertsNAS, ‘Science’Walter MasseyNSF, Morehouse.Arden BementNSF

Civic Scientists in Obama’s s AdministrationJane Lubchenco,Administrator, NOAAJohn Holdren, Pres.Science Advisor (OSTP)Steve Chu, Secretary,Department of Energy

”The Future of U.S. Science?”Why are my grandkids smiling ?

Thank You !