This is a guideline open to your resourcefulness and creativity!

This is a guideline open toyour resourcefulness and creativity!

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTHLURB would like to acknowledge the assistance of the following in the preparation of thisGuidebook for their active participation in the various consultations conducted nationwide:• Local Government Units, particularly the City Planning and DevelopmentCoordinators(CPDCs), Municipal Planning and Development Coordinators (MPDCs),and Provincial Planning and Development Coordinators (PPDCs);• National Government Agencies such as: Commission on Higher Education (CHED),Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR), Department of Agriculture (DA), Department ofEducation (DEPED), Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR),Department of Finance (DOF), Department of Health (DOH), Commission onPopulation (POPCOM), Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG),Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH), Department of Social Welfare andDevelopment (DSWD), Department of Tourism (DOT), Department of Trade andIndustry (DTI), Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC), Bureau ofFire Protection, Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR), Bureau of JailManagement and Penology (BJMP), Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWM),Environmental Management Bureau (EMB), Forest Management Bureau (FMB),Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council (HUDCC), Laguna LakeDevelopment Authority (LLDA), Land Management Bureau (LMB), League of Cities ofthe Philippines, League of Municipalities of the Philippines, Local Government Academy(LGA), Local Water Utilities Administration (LWUA), Manila Water and SewerageSystem (MWSS), Metro-Manila Development Authority (MMDA), Mines andGeosciences Bureau (MGB), National Commission on Cultural Arts (NCCA), NationalCommission on Indigenous People (NCIP), National Economic and DevelopmentAuthority (NEDA), National Electrification and Administration (NEA), National HousingMortgage and Finance Corporation (NHMFC), National Mapping and ResourceInformation Authority (NAMRIA), National Police Commission (NAPOLCOM), NationalPower Corporation (NAPOCOR), National Statistical Coordination Board (NSCB),National Statistics Office (NSO), National Telecommunication Commission (NTC),National Water Resources Board (NWRB) Pasig River Rehabilitation Commission(PRRC), Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical ServicesAdministration (PAGASA), Philippine Coast Guard, Philippine Economic Zone Authority(PEZA), Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), PhilippineNationalPolice (PNP), Philippine Postal Corporation (PPC), Philippine SportsCommission (PSC), Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau (PAWB);• Other stakeholders such as the Academe, Private Sector, Non-GovernmentalOrganizations, Consultancy Firms, Donor Agencies, Professional Organizations,namely: A-Homes, Ateneo de Manila University, Bata for Shelter, Capstone, Inc.,Chamber of Real Estate and Builders Association (CREBA), CIDA/LGSP, Dagupan CityHeritage Commission, Dai/EcoGov, Dela Salle University, Manila, DMCI, Ecosystemsand Resources Planning and Management, Ecosystem Planning and DevelopmentCorporation, DARUNA Technologies, Inc., Environmental Education Network of thePhilippines, Inc., Geodata, Inc., Haribon Foundation for the Conservation of NaturalResources, Heritage Conservation Society, Infratech System Consultants, Inc., LegalRights and Natural Resources Center – Kasama sa Kalikasan, LTK, MACCHConsultants, Manila Water Company, Inc. (MWCI), Maynilad Water Service, Inc.(MWSI), Megaworld, Miriam College, Palafox and Associates, PHILDHRRA, PhilippineBusiness for the Environment, Philippine Institute of Environmental Planners (PIEP),Philippine Support Service Agencies (PHILSSA), Prime@75, SANAGMANA, RecyclingMovement of the Philippines Foundation, Sagip Pasig Movement, SAGRICii

International, Samal Island Biodiversity, Sentro para sa Ikauunlad ng KatutubongAgham at Teknolohiya, Inc. (SIKAT), Subdivision and Homeowners DevelopersAssociation (SHDA), University of the Philippines –Institute of Environmental Science,National Center for Transportation Studies (NCTS), National College of PublicAdministration and Governance (NCPAG), School of Urban and Regional Planning(SURP), U.P. Planning and Development Research Foundation, Inc. (UP PLANADES),United Architects of the Philippines (UAP), URBIS, USAID;HLURB is likewise grateful for the technical inputs, insights, comments and suggestionsfrom CONCEP, Inc.; to the following individuals who acted as resource persons/reactors:Dr. Asteya Santiago, Dr. Geronimo V. Manahan, En.P. Roque Arrieta Magno, Arch. JoyOnosawa, Dean Primitivo Cal, Dean Benjamin Cariño, Arch. Requito Bellosillo, En.P. JuanitaCanta; Ms. Cora Jose, Arch. Christer Kjorneberg and Arch. Celestino Ulep for the technicalediting works.The Board would like to express its gratitude to the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)and the Commission on Population (POPCOM) for the technical inputs and financial supportduring the preparation of this Guidebook.Special thanks to the Project Team composed of both the central and regional officers and staffof HLURB headed by the Project Manager, Gracia M. Ang for their perseverance, diligent andparticipation during the seemingly endless discussions.Finally, we also would like to convey our sincere appreciation to those whose names mayiii

ACRONYMSACRONYMDEFINITIONADSDP - Ancestral Domain Sustainable Development PlanAFMA - Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization ActAIP - Annual Investment PlanARC - Agrarian Reform CommunitiesATO - Air Transportation OfficeBAI - Bureau of Animal IndustryBAS - Bureau of Agricultural StatisticsBFAR - Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic ResourcesBDP - Barangay Development PlanCARP - Comprehensive Agrarian Reform ProgramCDP - Comprehensive Development PlanCENRO - Community Environment and Natural Resources OfficeCLUP - Comprehensive Land Use PlanCPDO - City Planning and Development OfficeCZC - Certificate of Zoning ComplianceDAR - Department of Agrarian ReformDBM - Department of Budget and ManagementDILG - Department of Interior and Local GovernmentDENR - Department of Environment and Natural ResourcesDPWH - Department of Public Works and HighwaysFAO - Food and Agriculture OrganizationFMB - Forest Management BureauFSDZ - Fisheries Strategic Development ZonesGAM - Goals Achievement MatrixGIS - Geographic Information SystemGPS - Global Positioning SystemHLURB - Housing and Land Use Regulatory BoardHUCs - Highly Urbanized CitiesICCs - Independent Component CitiesIEC - Information and Education CampaignIPAS - Integrated Protected Area SystemIPRA - Indigenous Peoples Rights ActIPs - Indigenous PeoplesIRA - Internal Revenue AllotmentKm 2 - Square kilometerLC - Locational ClearanceLCE - Local Chief ExecutiveLDC - Local Development CouncilLDIP - Local Development Investment ProgramLGU - Local Government UnitLMB - Land Management BureauLSA - Land Suitability AssessmentLTO - Land Transportation OfficeMAO - Municipal Agricultural OfficeMEO - Municipal Engineering Officev

ACRONYMDEFINITIONMGB - Mines and Geoscience BureauMMA - Metro ManilaMPDO - Municipal Planning and Development OfficeMRF - Material Recovery FacilityMTPDP - Medium-Term Philippine Development PlanMTPIP - Medium-Term Philippine Investment PlanMZO - Model Zoning OrdinanceNAMRIA - National Mapping and Resource Information AuthorityNEDA - National Economic and Development AuthorityNGAs - National Government Agency/iesNGOs - Non-Government OrganizationsNIPAS - National Integrated Protected Areas SystemNPAAAD - Network of Protected Agricultural and Agri-Industrial Areas forDevelopmentNPFP - National Physical Framework PlanNSO - National Statistics OfficeNWRB - National Water Resources BoardPAG-ASA - Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical ServicesAdministrationPAMB - Protected Area Management BoardPARO - Provincial Agrarian Reform OfficePAWB - Protected Areas and Wildlife BureauPCA - Preservation and Conservation AreaPENRO - Provincial Environment and Natural Resources OfficePHIVOLCS - Philippine Institute of Volcanology and SeismologyPLUC - Provincial Land Use CommitteePO - People’s OrganizationPOPDEV - Population and DevelopmentPPA - Philippine Ports AuthorityPPFP - Provincial Physical Framework PlanPUD - Planned Unit DevelopmentRDIP - Regional Development Investment PlanRDP - Regional Development PlanRLUC - Regional Land Use CommitteeRPFP - Regional Physical Framework PlanSAFDZ - Strategic Agriculture and Fishery Development ZonesSB - Sagguniang BayanSMART - Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic and Time SpecificSP - Sangguniang Panlalawigan/PanglunsodSWOT - Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and ThreatsTOP - Technique of ParticipationTWG - Technical Working GroupUNEP - United Nations Environmental Programmevi

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ABOUT THE GUIDEThe Guide to Comprehensive Land Use Plan Preparation was designed to provide LocalGovernment Units (LGUs) with the basic steps in preparing their Comprehensive Land UsePlans (CLUPs), which is one of the fundamental tools for local governance and decision making.It is intended for LGU planners mainly, but may also prove useful to consultants assisting theLGUs, planners in national government agencies, planning professionals and students, andother stakeholders interested in local development planning.The preparation of the Guide was done with the participation of the LGUs, particularly the City/Municipal Planning and Development Coordinators (C/MPDCs) who attended the variousconsultative workshops conducted nationwide, such as focus group discussions, surveys,regional consultations, experts fora and validation workshops. These consultative activitieswere likewise participated in by representatives from the academe, Non-GovernmentOrganizations (NGOs), National Government Agencies (NGAs), planners, consultants, andother stakeholders in land use planning. Results of the said consultative activities provided thenecessary inputs in the subsequent drafting of the guidelines, which was also done in aparticipative manner, i.e., involving the central and regional staff of the HLURB.Among the recommendations made during the consultative discussions with LGUs are thefollowing:• Minimize the use of technical terminology• Focus on CLUP preparation process• Streamline process and provide simple and clear procedural steps• Integrate environmental guidelines• Simplify the guidelines into just one or two volumes• Standardize CLUP outline and format and provide pro-forma templates• Include guide for cross-sectoral integration visioning, IEC for implementation andmonitoring• Translate local dialect and improve presentation and layout• The guidelines can be followed without consultantThis Guide is Volume 1 of the following set of guidelines in preparing Comprehensive Land UsePlans comprising five (5) separate but complementary volumes:Volume 1. A Guide to Comprehensive Land Use Plan PreparationThis provides the basic steps in the CLUP process, from getting started (Step1) through monitoring and evaluation (Step 12). It prescribes a participatoryapproach throughout the process, in order to engender community participationnot only in planning but in the plan implementation as well. This is to be used intandem with Volume 2.Volume 2. A Guide to Sectoral Studies in the CLUP PreparationThis provides the basic guidelines for demographic and sectoral studies neededfor the formulation of the CLUP. The guidelines include those for social, economicand infrastructure sectors, including the integrating frameworks, analytical tools,methods, standards, and other tools necessary in undertaking the sectoralstudies.ix

Volume 3. A Guide to Data Management in the CLUP PreparationThis provides the basic elements for a GIS and other information systemsneeded in plan preparation process, often referred to as “GIS Cookbook”.Volume 4. Planning Strategically: Guidelines for the Application of the Strategic PlanningProcess in the Preparation of the CLUP and to Important Urban Area Issuesand Problems including guides for community consultation.Volume 5. Model Zoning OrdinanceThis provides the basic elements of a Zoning Ordinance, which is one of theimplementing tool of the CLUP, among others.The above Guides are designed to provide the rudiments for City/Municipal land use planningand plan implementation. The Guides will complement the academic and field planningexperiences of the users that will hopefully lead to resourcefulness and creativity in preparinga realistic and implementable plan.These guides are therefore not prescriptive but allow for flexibility, creativity and strategic thinkingon the part of the users.x

INTRODUCTIONLand Use Planning ConceptsThe first step in understanding Comprehensive Land Use Planning is knowing the basic conceptsassociated with CLUP such as land, land use planning and land use plan:LandLand is viewed as a shared natural resource, much like air and water found therein, tobe conserved and cared for with due regard for its effect on society as a whole and forthe conditions in which it will be passed on to future generations.Land is also viewed as property – a private commodity which can be owned, used,bought or sold for personal comfort and profit.Both concepts are within the context of the Philippine constitution which protects aperson’s right to own and use his/her property as well as permits government to imposereasonable limitations on its use to protect public health, promote safety and generalwelfare of the people.Land Use PlanningLand use planning refers to the rational and judicious approach of allocating availableland resources to different land using activities, (e.g. agricultural, residential, industrial)and for different functions consistent with the overall development vision/goal of aparticular locality.It entails the detailed process of determining the location and area of land required forthe implementation of social and economic development, policies, plans, programsand projects.It is based on consideration of physical planning standards, development vision, goalsand objective, analysis of actual and potential physical conditions of land anddevelopment constraints and opportunities.Land use planning is done to meet the following objectives:• To promote the efficient utilization, acquisition and disposition of land and ensurethe highest and best use of land;• To direct, harmonize and influence discussions and activities of the private andpublic sectors relative to the use and management of land;• To reconcile land use conflicts and proposals between and among individuals, privateand government entities relative to the present and future need for land;• To promote desirable patterns of land uses to prevent wasteful development andminimize the cost of public infrastructure and utilities and other social services;• To conserve areas of ecological, aesthetic, historical and cultural significance.1Introduction

The Comprehensive Land Use PlanThe Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) refers to a document embodying specific proposalsfor guiding, regulating growth and development of a city or municipality. It is comprehensivebecause it considers all sectors significant in the development process, i.e. demography,socio-economic, infrastructure and utilities, land use and local administration, within the territorialjurisdiction.Rationale for the Formulation/Revision of a Comprehensive Land Use Plan• To achieve an improved quality of life;• To guide the orderly development of a city/municipality to promote the health, safety,welfare and convenience of the population;• To promote sustainable development;• To preserve special natural features and environmentally critical areas;• To translate socio-economic policies into physical policies and plans;• To comply with the requirements of Article 41 of the Implementing Rules andRegulations of the Local Government Code of 1991 (Sec. 20, RA 7160);• To provide guidelines for the appropriate use of natural resources;• To allocate land for settlements, industries and other urban uses on land least suitablefor agricultural and farming uses;• To serve as basis for reclassifying and converting land;• To reflect changes in the physical, social and economic characteristics of the community;and• To incorporate changes in the goals and objectives of the communityComprehensive Land Use Planning puts into practice the essence of local autonomy amongLGUs. This process and its output which comes in a form of a Comprehensive Land Use Plandocument sets the direction which the LGUs have to take to enable them to attain their visionand to transform them into active partners in the attainment of national goals.The CLUP process provides a venue to level off the different groups with varied interests in thelocal planning area. It opens an opportunity for gaining community support, understanding andownership of the Plan through a broad-based consensus formation efforts and participatoryarrangements. The process attempts to rationalize the allocation of the limited local landresources by using empirical basis to analyze existing social, economic, physical,environmental, political and institutional situation. This enables the LGUs to formulatedevelopment goals and objectives, design alternatives, and arrive at sound policies, strategies,programs and projects.Linkage of the Comprehensive Land Use Plan to the Provincial Physical FrameworkPlan (PPFP) and other Plans (Figure 1)The national, regional and provincial physical framework plans are policy oriented andindicative in nature, where different land use categories such as forest lands andagricultural lands are categorized into protection and production land uses.The broad allocation of land uses in the level of physical framework plans are treated indetail in the Comprehensive Land Use Plan. The goals and objectives of the frameworkplans are considered in the formulation of the CLUPs.Introduction 2

The local plans shall have the following relationships to the other plans existing in thecountry:1. Provincial plans shall promote the goals and objectives provided for in the nationaland regional plan and shall provide the guidelines for the preparation of city andmunicipal plans.2. The city and municipal Comprehensive Land Use Plans shall be consistent withand supportive of the goals and objectives in the provincial plan and shall providethe guidelines for the development of plans for parts of the city or municipality suchas the barangay.3. The barangay plan and other area specific plans, such as heritage area plan,ancestral domain plan etc., shall be consistent with the vision, planning goalsand objectives set forth in the city or municipal plan of which it forms part andshall furthermore, provide the guide to plans of smaller scale such as neighborhoodor community.All local plans shall be consistent with the existing national agency plans, i.e. Tourism MasterPlan, Forestry Master Plan, Medium Term Agricultural Development Plan, etc.Further, all local plans shall conform with set national planning goals, policies, as well as planningguidelines and standards promulgated by HLURB as much as practicable.3Introduction

Figure 1. HIERARCHY AND LINKAGES OF PLANSPHYSICALFRAMEWORK ANDCOMPREHENSIVELAND USE PLANSSOCIO-ECONOMICDEVELOPMENTPLANS (DPs)INVESTMENTPROGRAMS (IPs)NATIONAL (N)(1)NPFP(3)MTPDP(3)MTPIPNationalAgency Plansand ProgramsREGIONAL (R/RD)(1)RPFPRDPRDIPRegionalAgency Plansand ProgramsPROVINCIAL (P/PD)CITY (C/CD)(1)PPFPPCLUP(2)(4)PCDP/CCDPPDIP/CDIPProvincialPlans andProgramsLOCAL (L/LD)MUNICIPAL (M)(2)C/M CLUPC/M CDPLDIPCity/MunicipalPlans andProgramsNOTES:(1) PFP = (N/R/P) Physical Framework Plan(2) CLUP = (P/C/M) Comprehensive Land Use Plan(3) MTP = Medium Term Philippine (DPand IP)(4) CDP = (P/C/M) Comprehensive Development PlanIntroduction 4

Legal MandatesComprehensive Land Use Planning is a constitutionally supported undertaking. The Statedeclares its land use policies and principles in terms of relation to national economy andpatrimony as well as its police power for the promotion of public health, public safety, publicinterest, public order, and general welfare.1987 ConstitutionArticle XIII, Section 1 :“The Congress shall give highest priority to the enactment of measures that protect andenhance the right of all the people to human dignity, reduce social, economic, and politicalinequalities, and remove cultural inequities by equitably diffusing wealth and political powerfor the common good. To this end, the State shall regulate the acquisition, ownership,use and disposition of property and its increments.” (Underscoring supplied.)The reason why the State should regulate the right to use property, among other rights, isexplained in another provision of the Constitution, to quote:“The use of property bears a social function and all economic agents shall contribute tothe common good. Individuals and private groups, including corporations, cooperatives,and similar collective organizations, shall have the right to own, establish and operateeconomic enterprises, subject to the duty of the State to promote distributive justice andto intervene when the common good so demands.” (Art. XII, Section 6)Republic Act 7160The Local Government Code of 1991 or Republic Act 7160 provides the mandate of LGUs onlocal planning, legislation, implementation, including budgeting, and monitoring.Section 16.“Every LGU shall exercise the powers expressly granted, those necessarily impliedtherefrom, as well as powers necessary, appropriate or incidental for its efficient andeffective governance, and those which are essential for the promotion of the generalwelfare. Within their respective territorial jurisdictions, local government units shall ensureand support, among other things, the preservation and enrichment of culture, promotehealth and safety, enhance the right of the people to a balanced ecology, encourage andsupport the development of appropriate and self-reliant scientific and technologicalcapabilities, improve public morals, enhance economic prosperity and social justice,promote full employment among their residents, maintain peace and order and preservethe comfort and convenience of their inhabitants.”Section 20(c)“The local government units shall, in conformity with existing law, continue to preparetheir respective Comprehensive Land Use Plans enacted through zoning ordinanceswhich shall be the primary and dominant bases for the future use of the land resources…”5Introduction

Section 447(2)(vii) / Sec. 458(2)(vii)“ Adopt a Comprehensive Land Use Plan for the municipality (Sec. 447(2)(vii)/city (Sec.458(2)(vii): Provided, that the formulation, adoption, or modification of said plan shall bein coordination with the approved Provincial Comprehensive Land Use Plan.”Section 447(2) (ix) - Municipality / Section 458(2) (ix) - City“Enact integrated zoning ordinances in consonance with the approved ComprehensiveLand Use Plan, subject to existing laws, rules and regulations,…”Section 447(a)(2)(vi) / Sec. 458(a) (2) (vi)Prescribe reasonable limits and restraints on the use of property within the jurisdiction ofthe municipality (Sec. 447(a)(2)(ix) / city (Sec. 458(a)(2)(vi).Section 444(b)(3)(vii) / Sec. 455 (b) (3) (vii)“ Adopt measures to safeguard and conserve land, mineral, marine, forest, and otherresources of the municipality (Sec. 444(b)(3)(vii) / city (Sec. 455(b)(3)(vii).”Article Six. – The Planning and Development CoordinatorSection 476. Qualifications, Powers and Duties(Sections supplied)(b)(1) “Formulate integrated economic, social, physical and otherdevelopment plans and policies for consideration of the localdevelopment council.”(b)(5) “Prepare comprehensive plans and other development planningdocuments for the consideration of the local development council.”Other related legal bases on CLUP formulation provided for under RA 7160 are foundunder sections 106(a); 109,a,1-2 and 458(2)(ix); 476(7).Executive Order No. 72Executive Order 72 was issued providing for the preparation and implementation of the CLUPby the local government units and for the review and approval thereof by the HLURB and theSangguniang Panlalawigan.Sections 1(a, c) and 2(a, e, f):“(a) Cities and municipalities shall continue to prepare or update their ComprehensiveLand Use Plans, in conformity with the land use planning standards and guidelinesprescribed by the HLURB and to national policies”“(c) Cities and municipalities of Metro Manila shall continue to formulate or update theirrespective land use plans, in conformity with the land use planning and zoning standardsand guidelines prescribed by HLURB”.Introduction 6

“(a) ...the powers of the HLURB to review and approve the Comprehensive Land UsePlans of component cities and municipalities are hereby devolved to the province”.“(e) Pursuant to LOI 729, S. of 1987, EO 648, S. of 1981 and RA 7279, the ComprehensiveLand Use Plans of provinces, highly-urbanized cities and independent component citiesshall be reviewed and ratified by the HLURB to ensure compliance with national standardsand guidelines”.“(f) Pursuant to EO 392 S. of 1990, the Comprehensive Land Use Plans of cities andmunicipalities of Metropolitan Manila shall be reviewed by HLURB to ensure compliancewith national standards and guidelines”.Republic Act 7279The Urban and Development Housing Act (UDHA) or RA 7279 gives a clear-cut definition of aLand Use Plan which the LGUs are mandated to adopt.Section 3(k) of RA 7279 defines Land Use Plan as the “rationale approach of allocatingavailable land resources as equitably as possible among competing user groups and fordifferent functions consistent with the development plan of the area and the programunder this Act.” The extent of comprehensiveness and the focus of land use planningprocess as well as the preparation of the CLUP document are defined within the boundsof “land resources” by this provision of UDHA which must be “consistent with thedevelopment plan of the area.”The Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB) is mandated by the following issuancesto formulate land use planning guidelines and standards:Executive Order No. 648Section 5, Article II“(a) To promulgate zoning and other land use control standards and guidelines whichshall govern land use plans and zoning ordinances of local governments”The Local Government Code of 1991Section 468, 2, Article III, Chapter 3, Book III“(vii) Review the Comprehensive Land Use Plans and zoning ordinances of componentcities and municipalities and adopt a Comprehensive Provincial Land Use plan,subject to existing laws”THE GUIDING PRINCIPLES:This Guide advocates the principles of the Philippine Agenda 21 (PA21), which is the nationalagenda for sustainable development. It outlines the integrating strategies for the country’s overallsustainable development and identifies the intervention areas (Action Agenda) from the nationalto the regional level, along with the corresponding implementing platforms and plans.PA 21 envisions a better quality of life for all through the development of a just, moral, creative,spiritual, economically-vibrant, caring, diverse yet cohesive society characterized by appropriate7Introduction

productivity, participatory and democratic process and living in harmony within the limits of thecarrying capacity of nature and the integrity of creation.Sustainable development as defined in the PA 21 (1996) is “harmonious integration of a soundand viable economy, responsible governance, social cohesion and ecological integrity, to ensurethat development is a life-sustaining process.”PA 21 has five goal elements, as follows:• Poverty Reduction: Poverty is a central concern of sustainable development.Consistent with this, PA 21 has a poverty reduction agenda that includes measures tocreate an enabling economic environment for sustained and broad-based growth;improve employment, productivity and income; and attain food security.• Social Equity: Social equity should mean allocation of resources on the bases ofefficiency and equity to achieve balanced development. Efficiency and equity mean thechanneling of resources to developing areas where greater economic benefitsaccumulate and where there is greater need, distribution being dependent on thepracticality and urgency of needs.• Empowerment and Good Governance: Empowerment is a precondition of informalchoices. Good governance is a necessary precondition to empowerment, asempowerment is to good governance. These two are a defining element of each other.• Peace and Solidarity: The cycle of poverty and conflict goes on as the costs of warescalate in terms of various kinds of destruction while withholding funds for basicservices, resulting in more poverty and underdevelopment.• Ecological Integrity: In general, the path towards enhancing the integrity of the country’secological domain will have to involve heightened and sustained implementation ofenvironmental laws, as well as the continued pursuit of resource conservation, andenvironmental restoration/enhancement programs.This Guide also promotes the following principles consistent with the planning and managementof resources provided for in the National Framework for Physical Planning (NFPP):Food security - Utilizing the country’s land and water resources in a manner that providessufficient and affordable food products to all Filipinos of the present and future generationsthrough local production and/or importation.Environmental stability and ecological integrity- Achieving environmental stability throughthe observance of appropriate standards and ensuring ecological integrity through effectivenatural resource management and balancing the demand of land using activities vis-à-vispreservation of ecosystems. Ensuring the proper selection of a site to minimize the damageboth to the environment and human health. (Appropriate location principle)Regional Urban Development- Encouraging the sustainable growth of cities and large townswhile complementing the growth of rural areas by adopting alternative development approaches.Spatial Integration- Linking consumption and production areas to achieve physical andeconomic integration through appropriate infrastructure systems.Introduction 8

Equitable access to physical and natural resources- Ensuring equitable access to resourcesthrough a just distribution of the country’s resources and by providing equal opportunities to allFilipinos in the use and acquisition of land and other resources.Private-public sector Partnership- Encouraging shared responsibility between the governmentand the private sector in the development and management of the country’sphysical resources.People Empowerment- Establishing pragmatic appropriate flexible and dynamic structuresor mechanisms that involve the participation of key stakeholders.Recognition of the rights of indigenous people - Ensuring the Indigenous Peoples (IPs)right to develop, control, and use lands within their ancestral domains.Market orientation - Adopting the interplay of market forces within the framework of ecologicaland intergenerational factors as a basic parameter in the allocation and useof physical resources.4 Major Land Use Policy Areas – Comprehensiveness may be viewed as covering all thefour major land use components of the Land Use Policy Guidelines which form the NationalFramework for Physical Planning, namely: 1) settlements development; 2) production landuse; 3) protection land use; and 4) infrastructure development.Settlements - land uses and physical resources involving some degree ofurban or rural concentration and their associated demandand supply requirements.Production - focused on economic production from the extractive to themodern service sectors.Protection - resources that need to be protected, conserved,rehabilitated, including areas that require prevention andmitigation of disasters.Infrastructure - deals with capital investments that support spatial integration,production efficiency and social service delivery.Local Governance - This Guide advocates that all three actors in governance, namely:government (state), civil society, and the private sector are actively involved in theComprehensive Land Use Planning process. Good local governance allows for collaborativepartnerships among the local government, business, and civil society. Good governance ischaracterized as sustainable, participatory, transparent, accountable, legitimate and acceptableto the people, and promoting equity and equality.Co-management Principle - Section 3 (i) of the Local Government Code provides that “localgovernment units shall share with the national government the responsibility in the managementand maintenance of ecological balance within their territorial jurisdiction.” Local governmentsand the national government are therefore mandated by RA 7160 to act as co-managers of thenational territory and patrimony.Gender-responsive Population and Development (POPDEV) Framework - Theintegration of gender and explicit consideration of development (socio-economic, physical,cultural, etc.) and population inter-relationships in the entire planning process – plan formulation,plan implementation, and monitoring and evaluation. The utilization of the POPDEV planning9Introduction

approach ensures or provides a mechanism for integrating sustainable development indicatorsin planning. ( Refer to Volume 2 for the detailed discussion of gender responsive populationand development framework)Approaches to CLUP FormulationIt is recommended that LGUs adopt a combined bottom-up and top to bottom approach inpreparing the CLUP as presented below:1. Integration of Barangay Development Plans (Bottom-Up Approach)Under the Local Government Code of 1991, the Local Development Councils, in thecase of barangay, the Barangay Development Councils are tasked to prepare BarangayDevelopment Plans to be submitted to the Sangguniang Barangay for review andapproval.Thus, integration of Barangay Development Plans into the city or municipal plan is onemethodology which the LGUs can adopt in the formulation of the CLUP.The integration aims to harmonize development goals and objectives of all barangaysin cities or municipalities. It also identifies and reconciles inconsistencies andincompatibilities in land use proposals among adjacent barangays.2. Top to Bottom ApproachIn the absence of barangay and municipal development plans, the local planners adoptthe top to bottom approach to planning. In this case, the Provincial Land Use Plan/Physical Framework Plan (PPFP), if available, may serve as basis and framework forthe formulation and updating of the CLUP without precluding consultation with componentLGUS. In the absence of a Provincial Land Use Plan (PPFP), other higher level plansmay serve as bases for the formulation, such as the Medium-Term Development Plan,Regional Physical Framework Plan, metropolitan or other cluster area developmentplans (i.e. MIMAROPA, CALABARZON, etc.).Likewise, detailed area-specific plans such as coastal management plans, wastemanagement plans, forest land use plans, heritage preservation plans, etc. shallbe considered and integrated in the course of the preparation of the CLUP if such planshave already been prepared/approved. The incorporation of such plans shall be subjectto review and harmonization with the city/municipal vision, goals and objectives.Planning AreaThe planning area is defined by the cities’/municipalities’ political boundaries. This includes allcomponent barangays and the city/municipal waters extending 3 kilometers from shoreline forcoastal LGUs. Thus, the CLUP shall cover both land and water resources of the city/municipality.Planning PeriodThe CLUP covers a planning period of 10 years at the minimum. It may be reviewed every 3years coinciding with the term of the Mayor and other locally elected officials, for their appreciationand for continuity of plan implementation. Such review will also provide an opportunity for theincumbent or incoming Mayor and local officials to harmonize the new administration’sIntroduction 10

development agenda with the approved CLUP and to use the CLUP as basis for budgetpreparation and fund sourcing initiatives.The review shall be without prejudice to a yearly review of the various programs and projectsidentified in the plan, to ensure attainment of the development vision/goals/objectives.THE STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS OF THE COMPREHENSIVE LAND USE PLANThis Guide is intended to provide emphasis on the significant elements of the ComprehensiveLand Use Plan in order to achieve its full appreciation as well as to ensure efficiency,transparency, and accountability in its implementation.The CLUP document shall be presented/packaged in three (3) volumes:Volume I – The Comprehensive Land Use PlanVolume 2 – Zoning OrdinanceVolume 3 – Sectoral Studies (a documentation of the supporting studies that wereundertaken to arrive at the resultant CLUP)VOLUME 1 – The COMPREHENSIVE LAND USE PLANThis shall comprise the formal and substantive elements of the CLUP/ZO and shallcontain the following:PRELIMINARY PAGESRESOLUTION adopting the CLUP and enacting the ZOFOREWORDAcknowledgementTable of ContentsList of MapsList of FiguresList of TablesBRIEF PROFILE OF CITY/MUNICIPALITY (GENERAL INFORMATION)Brief HistoryHuman ResourcePopulation (size, growth rate, density, distribution, labor force)Physical FeaturesGeographic location, territorial jurisdiction, barangay subdivisionPhysical/Infrastructure Resources (Inventory of Maps and Tables)Transportation Network (internal and external linkages)Social Services facilities/utilities/amenitiesUtilities: Power, Water, Communication Network, Waste Management11Introduction

The Economic StructureRevenue sources (Industries, agriculture, etc.)EmploymentAverage Family Income and Expenditure vis-à-vis Poverty LevelExisting Land Use and Land Use TrendsComparative/Competitive AdvantagesWeaknesses: Priority issues and concernsFunctional Role of the City/MunicipalityTHE COMPREHENSIVE LAND USE PLANVision / MissionGoals, Objectives, StrategiesThe Concept/Structure Plan (text and map)The Land Use Plan (Text and Map Format)Priority Programs and ProjectsGLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS AS NEEDEDTHE CLUP BROCHURESuggested to be a one-page information material containing Vision/Mission, Goals,Objectives, Land Use Plan Map and Priority Programs and ProjectsVOLUME 2 – The ZONING ORDINANCE (ZO)This volume presents the locally enacted ordinance which embodies, among others, theregulations affecting uses allowed or disallowed in each zone or district, and the conditionsand deviations legally allowed from the requirements of the ordinance.Volume 2 is presented in two parts with the following contents:A. The Zoning Ordinance (text)1. SB/SP Resolution enacting the ZO2. Title and objectives of the Ordinance3. Substantive elements comprising articles on the following:• Definition of Terms• Zone Classifications• Zone Regulations• General District Regulation• Innovative Techniques• Miscellaneous Provisions• Mitigating Devices• Administration and EnforcementIntroduction 12

B. The Zoning MapThis is the Official Zoning Map enacted by the LGU and duly ratified and authenticatedby the approving body (Sangguniang Panlalawigan/HLURB) which is an integralpart of the Zoning Ordinance. It is the graphic presentation of the zone classifications/designations, location and boundaries of the districts/zones that were dulyestablished in the zoning ordinance.VOLUME 3 – THE SECTORAL STUDIESThis volume shall comprise the detailed documentation of the sectoral studiesconducted that provided the bases for the preparation of the CLUP. The presentation/documentation shall have the following major sections:1. Demography2. Physical/ environment3. Social sector• Housing• Health• Education• Protective Services• Sports and Recreation• Social Welfare4. Economic Sector• Industry• Commerce and Trade• Agriculture• Forestry• Tourism5. Infrastructure and Utilities Sectors• Transportation• Power• Water• Communication• Solid Waste ManagementSector analysis, both technical and participatory, shall be summarized in a matrix formemphasizing on the findings/observations and their causes, effects/implications, andpossible interventions. In its final form, an integrated listing of priority issues and problemsconcerning the sector and across sectors, shall be highlighted together with therecommended policies, strategies and priority programs and projects.13Introduction

The CLUPTowards the Improvementof Quality of Life

THE 12-STEP PROCESS TO COMPREHENSIVE LAND USE PLANNINGEvery city/municipality is a unique planning area. Thus, planners need to rely on strategicplanning approach to arrive at a more responsive/realistic CLUP.This manual provides for a 12-step process that is proactive, rather than reactive, in approach.It is vision-oriented and promotes maximum stakeholders participation at all stages in theplanning process to come up with a plan owned and supported by the community.The process is dynamic and cyclic in many ways and at many times. This is an extremelyimportant characteristic that the users/planners should continuously bear in mind. Every stepof the way involves a cycle of brainstorming/idea building/data gathering; consensus buildingand decision-making and presentation/validation of results/decisions arrived at. The cycle iscontinuous until the planning team attains some level of confidence on the output of a particularstep. The process therefore allows for great flexibility and resourcefulness on the part of theusers.It is important to note however, that involvement of community/stakeholders varies in differentstages of the planning process for reasons of budget, timelines and its value to a particularstep. This highly participative process renders the role of planners/consultants to be that offacilitator consistent with the objective of “planning for, by, and with the people.”The following 12-step process provides the general procedures from which the planning team,with or without a formal training in planning, can proceed with the CLUP and ZO preparation.Figure 2. THE 12-STEP PROCESS TO COMPREHENSIVE LAND USE PLANNINGStep 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6GettingOrganizedIdentifyingStakeholdersSettingthe VisionAnalyzingthe SituationSetting theGoals andObjectivesEstablishingDevelopmentThrusts andSpatialStrategiesStep 12Step 11Step 10Step 9Step 8Step 7Monitoring,ReviewingandEvaluatingthe CLUPand ZOImplementingthe CLUPand ZOReviewing,Adopting andApprovingthe CLUPand ZOConductingPublicHearingon the DraftCLUP and ZODraftingthe ZoningOrdinance(ZO)Preparingthe Land UsePlan15The Structure and Contents of the Comprehensive Land Use Plan

Comprehensive Land Use PlanningGETTING ORGANIZEDCLUPSTEP1GETTING ORGANIZED is an important first step to take before doing the actual planpreparation activities. Anticipating and preparing for the resources that will be neededfor the planning activities will lead to the smooth implementation and accomplishmentof the planning outputs on time.PURPOSE• To ensure that the needed resources for the planning activities are readily available.• To obtain the commitment, support, and participation of the local executives, SangguniangBayan (SB)/Panglunsod (SP) members, Local Development Council (LDC), city/municipal department heads and their staff, and the whole community to theplanning activities.• To establish the guiding framework and focus of the planning activities.EXPECTED OUTPUTS• Proposal for CLUP preparation/updating (including work program and budget)• SB/SP resolution approving the proposal for the preparation of CLUP• Executive Order designating members of the planning team, Technical WorkingGroup (TWG), etc.• Defined roles/responsibilities of planning team, TWGs• Information and Education Campaign (IEC) Materials for Community awarenessand participationSTEPSThe Office of the City/ Municipal Planning and Development Coordinator (C/MPDC) will undertakethe following activities:Note: The CPDO/MPDO is the office primarily concerned with the formulation of integratedeconomic, social, physical, and other development plans and policies as per Sec. 476(b)(1)and (5) of RA 7160 or the Local Government Code of 1991.1. Discuss with local officials/officers the need to prepare/update CLUP andidentify rationale, framework of activities, and timeframe for planning.Step 1. Getting Organized 16

2. Assess available resources in terms of funds, personnel and other logisticsupport.Resources needed for planning may include the following:1. Funds to finance planning activities2. Personnel for carrying out the planning activities3. Supplies and materials to be used for the planning activities4. Computers and other equipments to prepare documents, maps and otherplanning materials5. Transportation and communications3. Prepare a detailed proposal to include the rationale, work program, requiredbudget, and planning teams.The work program shall include the timelines/schedule of planning activities. TheCLUP preparation process normally takes a maximum of 18 months depending onavailability of resources, materials, and prevailing circumstances. The schedulemust be flexible enough to allow sufficient time to accomplish each activity. (Referto Annex 1-1 for the sample schedule of planning activities in Gantt Chart)4. Present the proposal to the Local Chief Executive and SB/SP for approval.5. Organize planning team and technical working groups consistent with theproposal.The Planning Team shall be composed of a Planning Core Group assistedby Technical Working Groups.The core group will coordinate the planning activities, draft and consolidate thecontents of the CLUP document. The Office of the MPDC/CPDC shall constitutethe Core Group with the following suggested members:• MPDC/CPDC• Planning Officer• Draftsman• Encoder• Statistician and researcher• Architect/environmental/urban planner• Legal officer as may be availableNote: In cases where the Office of the CPDC/MPDC is not adequately staffed asenumerated above, staff from other departments may be tapped to compose the coregroup. Hiring of consultants and other resource persons like a legal expert, etc., oncontractual basis and partnerships with the private sector, civil society, NGOs and thelike may also be opted to.17Step 1. Getting Organized

The Technical Working Groups (TWG)s will assist the Planning CoreGroup in the following:• Conduct of sectoral / intersectoral analysis, validation and reports• Conduct of surveys, consultations/meetings, workshops• Integration/finalization of studies, research findings, and consultation/survey outputs.Suggested Composition of the TWGs:• Heads of local government departments,• Representatives of community groups/organizations (include gendersensitive and sustainable development advocates), concerned nationalgovernment agencies,• Ancestral Domain Consultative Body representatives in an indigenouspeoples’ (IP) community, or where applicable,• President of the city/municipal chapter of the Liga ng mga Barangay and/orBarangay Chairpersons of growth centers/priority development areas (asneeded),• Chairpersons of the concerned committees of the local sanggunian,i.e. Committee on Land Use and Zoning, etc.),• Sectoral Committee Representatives6. Brief the planning team on how planning activities will be undertaken.7. Disseminate information on the planning activities to the general publicthrough barangay assemblies and other forums, posters, publications,broadcasts, etc. to encourage public participation at the earliest stage ofplan formulation.The information dissemination should focus on informing the general public onthe purpose, expected outcomes, and the anticipated benefits of the planningactivity to the community. The campaign can likewise solicit ideas/recommendations/comments from the community. These will serve as a gaugeof public opinion about planning concerns that can be used as inputs in the planformulation.Step 1. Getting Organized 18

Flow Chart for Getting OrganizedMandates/nationalpolicies feedbackissues and trends1Discuss need toprepare/updateCLUPDecision toprepare/updateCLUP2Asses availableresourcesStratategiesto undertakeplanning3Prepare workprogram, budgetwork teamsCLUP Proposalfor approval6Brief planningTeamEO designatingmembers ofPTs/TWGs5OrganizePlanning TeamSB/SPResolutionapprovingproposal4Present proposalto local officialsDefined rolesand responsibilities7Disseminateinformation togeneral publicCommunityawareness19Step 1. Getting Organized

Annex 1-1WORKPROGRAM FOR CLUP AND ZO FORMULATION/REVISIONACTIVITYM1 M2 M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10 M11 M12 M13 M14 M15 M16 M17 M181. Getting Organized• Getting endorsement/approval of SB/SP• Preparation of work program• Organization and briefing of planning team2. Identifying stakeholders• Listing of stakeholders• Action planning• Information dissemination3. Setting the Vision• Conduct of visioning workshops• Adoption of the vision and informing public of the adopted vision4. Situation Analysis• Sectoral Studies and Physical/Land Use Studiesa. Base Map Preparationb. Data Gathering and Land Use Surveysc . Mapping of Results (Organizing results into maps, graphs, tables,etc.)d. Consultations/Validation Workshope. Needs/Issues analysis and projectionsf. Cross-sectoral analysis and integration5. Setting of Goals and Objectives• Goals and objectives formulation workshops6. Establishing the Development Thrust and Spatial Strategies7. Preparing the Land Use Plan8. Drafting of Zoning Ordinance and other Development Controls9. Conduct of Public Hearing• Conduct of public hearings/consultations• Refinement of draft CLUP and ZO10. CLUP Review/Adoption and Approval• Endorsement for review to appropriate body• Conduct of review by appropriate body• Return of CLUP to LGU for refinement• Refinement of CLUP• SB/SP Adoption of Refined CLUP• Endorsement to SP/HLURB for Ratification/Approval• Ratification of SP/HLURBSubject to appropriate review/approving/ratifying body’s timetables.Assumption: CLUP formulation will be done by the LGU Planning Team. Planning activities may be undertaken in 6 months to 1 year if LGU hires consultant.Step 1. Getting Organized 20

Comprehensive Land Use PlanningIDENTIFYINGSTAKEHOLDERSCLUPSTEP2Public participation is a fundamental part of the planning process. It ensures theinvolvement of all stakeholders in order to enhance awareness, raise the quality of theplan, and increase the likelihood of the plan’s acceptability and success ofimplementation. Stakeholder participation has two essential and related components,namely: information sharing among the stakeholders (especially between LGU and thecitizenry), and the active involvement of stakeholders in identifying issues, evaluatingoptions, and formulating strategies.Who are the stakeholders and how are they identified? The next step in the planningprocess, which may be held in parallel with Step 1 (Getting Organized) is IdentifyingStakeholders (IS). A stakeholder is any person, group or institution, who is potentiallyaffected by the plan or who can have a significant impact on the implementation of theplan.Stakeholder participation is important in the planning process since this gives them theopportunity to play an active role in decision-making and in the consequent activitiesthat will affect them.PURPOSE• To identify the key stakeholders and to assess their knowledge, interests and concernsrelated to the CLUP formulation, and how they might affect or be affected by the plan• To understand the relations between stakeholders and the real or potential conflictsof interest and expectations between and among stakeholders• To develop an action plan for involving the stakeholders in the planning process• To interact more effectively with key stakeholders to get their support for the planpreparation, plan implementation and monitoring• To avoid potential misunderstandings about and/or opposition to the plan.21Step 2. Identifying Stakeholders

EXPECTED OUTPUTS• List of identified stakeholders, their interests and related information• Action plan/strategies for stakeholders’ participation• Stakeholder support and commitment to the planning activitiesSTEPSThe following steps shall be undertaken by the Planning Team:1. Conduct workshop/s to identify stakeholders to be involved in the planningactivities.Participants to the workshop will include the Planning Team, the Local Development Council(LDC) members and other committees that have been organized for the planning exercise.It is best to have an independent facilitator to handle the workshops.The basic steps followed in the workshop are described below.1.1 Explain the objectives of the exercise to the participants1.2 Organize the participants into workgroups1.3 Ask the members of each group to identify, list, and classify individuals and groupswho may have a stake in the CLUP.The most effective way of doing this is to list as many stakeholders on a sheet ofpaper. It may help to list them in rough order of importance. (There may bechanges in order of importance after the analysis)Specific stakeholders can be identified from the following sectors:• Local executives, legislators, special bodies.• The Community: Residents, Non-resident landowners and neighborhoodassociations.• Non-resident employees or workers.• Private utility companies, i.e., water, telecommunications, sewerage andelectricity (e.g., local water utilities or water districts, electric cooperativesor private electric companies, telephone companies or cellular phone serviceproviders).• Non-government Organizations (NGOs) and Peoples Organizations (POs)representing particular interest groups (e.g., women sector, indigenouspeoples, farmers and fisher folks, heritage and environmental advocates,etc.).• National Government Agencies (NGAs) providing a public service within thearea (e.g., Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board, Department ofEnvironment and Natural Resources, Department of Interior and LocalGovernment, etc.).• Any other person or group (public or private) whose activities and decisionscan have an impact on any of the other stakeholders within the area.Step 2. Identifying Stakeholders 22

Checklist for identifying stakeholders• have all primary (directly affected) and secondary (indirectly affected)stakeholders been listed?• have all potential supporters and opponents of the plan been identified?• has gender analysis been used to identify different types of femalestakeholders (at both primary and secondary levels)?• have primary stakeholders been divided into user/occupational groups orincome groups?• have the interests of vulnerable and disadvantaged groups (especially thepoor) been identified?• are there any new primary or secondary stakeholders that are likely to emergeas a result of the plan?Checklist for drawing out stakeholder interestsInterests of all types of stakeholders may be difficult to define, especially if theyare ‘hidden’; or in contradiction with the openly stated aims of the organizationsor other groups involved.A rule of thumb is to relate each stakeholder to the problems which the plan isseeking to address.Interests may be drawn out by asking:• what are the stakeholders’ expectations of the plan?• what benefits are there likely to be for the stakeholders?• what resources will the stakeholder wish to commit (or avoid committing) tothe plan?• what other interests does the stakeholder have which may conflict with theplan?• how does the stakeholder regard others in the list?Information on stakeholders may be available from a review of the mandates ofthe different institutions and from social analyses. Many of the interests willhave to be defined by the persons with the best ‘on-the-ground’ experience.Double check the interests being ascribed to stakeholder groups, to confirmthat they are plausible.23Step 2. Identifying Stakeholders

1.4 Ask the workgroups to choose from the list of stakeholders those individuals,groups, organizations and institutions who may be affected directly or indirectly,positively or negatively, and write these choices on metacards for ease of sortingand arranging.A stakeholder is any person, group or institution that has an interest in adevelopment activity, project or program. This definition includes both intendedbeneficiaries and intermediaries, winners and losers, and those involved orexcluded from decision-making processes.Stakeholders can be divided into two very broad groups:• primary stakeholders are those who are ultimately affected, i.e. who expectto benefit from or be adversely affected by the planned interventions;• secondary stakeholders are those who are indirectly affected by the impactsof the CLUP but may have a particular knowledge and/or significant rolesrelated to its formulation, implementation, and/or evaluation.Key stakeholders are those who can significantly influence the project, or aremost important if the CLUP objectives are to be met. Both primary andsecondary stakeholders may be key stakeholders.In designing a consultation process, it is important to identify all of thestakeholders because they are likely to be affected by the CLUP, and they canaffect the outcome of the CLUP through their access to, or influence on, theuse of resources and power.In addition to stakeholders who you think may be directly or indirectly affected,it is also important to identify and include stakeholders who:• Perceive they may be affected even though you think otherwise• Think they should be involved because of their standing in the community,and are likely to get annoyed if not invited to participate• May be neutral in their views about the project but could become criticalif not handled well.It is particularly important that women are fully consulted on all planning anddevelopment proposals.1.5 Fill up a matrix that creates categories for stakeholders that will be directlyand indirectly affected in a positive or negative way by the plan. (As shown inTable 2-1)Step 2. Identifying Stakeholders 24

Table 2-1. List of Stakeholders Affected by the CLUPGroups/IndividualsA. Directly AffectedInterests+ / - EffectsB. Indirectly Affected1.6 Prepare an action plan for approaching and involving each person or group.Note:A decision has to be made regarding involvement of the stakeholders, and the extent ofsuch involvement.Refer to Annex 2-1 for the guide in conducting consultations in the preparation of CLUPs.The community should be involved at the earliest planning stage to encourage ownershipof the plan. Though general community participation is not always possible, extensiveinvolvement may be facilitated through representation, focus group discussions, interviews,surveys, and other innovative forms of indirect participation.The action plan shall also include conflict resolution mechanisms to effectively solveany animosities or conflicts that may arise among the groups or individuals in publicconsultations. Problem solving processes and constructive handling of differing viewpointsshould be part of skills training for consultation managers and facilitators.Knowing the participants beforehand could lead to a better consultation processes.1.7 Develop an Information and Education Campaign (IEC) plan to inform andsolicit support and commitment of the identified stakeholders and thegeneral public.The IEC plan shall include detailed information on the plan preparation andprocesses involved, conduct of consultation activities, and timelines for thewhole planning process so that stakeholder participation is maximized.2. Implement the IEC Plan to ensure the early involvement of stakeholders in theplanning process.FURTHER READINGHLURB, (2000), Planning Strategically, Chapter 4., Diliman, Quezon City25Step 2. Identifying Stakeholders

Flow Chart for Identifying Stakeholders1Conduct workshops toidentify stakeholdersaffected by the CLUP• Objectives informed• List of interest groups/individuals• Action Plan/strategies for approachingand involving stakeholders2Inform and solicit support andcommitment of stakeholdersStakeholder supportand commitmentStep 2. Identifying Stakeholders 26

Annex 2-1GUIDE IN CONDUCTING CONSULTATIONS IN THE PREPARATION OF CLUPSWHAT(Stage)WHEN(Step)WHOto consultHOWto consultGetting started1Key decisionmakersPresent proposal and generate commitment.Identifying stakeholders2Planning team/committees/TWGsGenerate list of primary and secondarystakeholders.Planning• Gathering information/ideas to formulate/validate and establish:- the vision- the existingconditions- the objectives345All members of thecommunityIdentification of issues and ideas throughbroad-based discussions such as workshops,focus groups, surveys, meetings with existinggroups, and interviews.• Analyzing data togenerate and evaluateoptions6Planning team andinterested membersof the communityExplore the pros and cons of various optionsthrough participatory design workshops,evaluative workshops, and interactivedisplays/exhibits .• Developing a draftCLUP7All members of thecommunityGather feedback to fine-tune the draft throughpresentations /displays, public hearings, workshopsand submission of written comments.• Finalizing the plan7,8,9& 10All members of thecommunityInform the community of the final outcomesand decisions through use of tri-media, flyers,and various levels of public assemblies.Implementation11Concernedindividuals/groupsConsult concerned implementing offices/departments/individuals, affected areas,property owners, users, etc. depending onthe specific nature of the program or projectfor implementation.Monitoring andEvaluation12All members of thecommunityBroad-based consultation regarding theoverall success of the plan and targetedconsultation to monitor, review, and commencethe revision of the CLUP.Note: For every step of the planning process, some forms of consultation will be requiredsuch as those involving the planning team, TWG, steering committees, and/or selectedstakeholder groups/individuals. The purpose of these consultations range from preparingdrafts, organizing reports/activities, sector analysis, review and finalization ofdocuments, etc.27Step 2. Identifying Stakeholders

Comprehensive Land Use PlanningSETTINGTHE VISIONCLUPSTEP3Setting the Vision is a participative process whereby the municipality or city defines thefuture that it wants. The vision lays out what the citizens of the community would liketheir municipality/city to look like in terms of its physical, environmental, social andeconomic development.The visioning exercise binds the municipality/city together as a community whichrecognizes their shared values and purposes, and helps them articulate a shared visionof their locality. It creates a sense of ownership among the stakeholders to the extentthat they want to achieve their vision as the plan gets implemented over the years. Thevision serves as the driving force that moves the entire city/municipality towards theachievement of a common development direction and provides the overall guidanceand focus in the succeeding stages of the planning process.The VISION needs to be formulated in a participatory manner, and arrived at in aconsensus. The formulation of the VISION may be done through the conduct of avisioning workshop participated in by the stakeholders.In setting the VISION, the following essential elements may be considered:• Qualities of the people as individuals• Qualities of the people as a society• Nature of the local economy• State of the natural environment• Capacity of local leadershipThe basic ingredients of a vision statement are:• Positive, present tense language• Qualities that provide the reader with a feeling for the municipality’s/city’s uniqueness• Depiction of the highest standards of excellence and achievement• A focus on people and quality of life• A stated time periodPURPOSE• To formulate a widely acceptable vision statement for the municipality/city• To foster ownership of the vision statementStep 3. Setting the Vision 28

EXPECTED OUTPUTS• An overall vision statement for the municipality/city• Developed better communication among stakeholders• A basis for formulation of goals, objectives, programs and policiesSTEPSThere are various methods of setting the vision for the city/municipality. These can be donethrough surveys, interviews, workshop, etc. The following workshop method maybe used:FOR CITY/MUNICIPALITY SETTING A NEW VISION STATEMENT1. Conduct preparatory activities for the visioning workshop1.1 Identify participants/stakeholders to be involved in the visioning workshopsession(s)At the minimum, participants shall include the members of the LocalDevelopment Council (LDC).1.2 Schedule the visioning workshop1.3 Announce and publicize the schedule of the visioning workshop/s and send outinvitations well in advance for maximum participation. Avoid scheduling meetingsthat will conflict with holidays or other important community events.1.4 Prepare the workshop design using Technology of Participation (TOP)(Refer to Annex 3-1 for some techniques of participation)2. Conduct the visioning workshop according to the workshop design/program of activities.During the workshop:2.1 Discuss the objectives and mechanics of the visioning workshop2.2 Make a brief presentation on the importance of a vision in CLUP preparation andto the city/municipality2.3 Define and discuss the elements of a vision, specifically its relation to the planningprocess.2.4 Group the participants into smaller workshop groups (ideally 6-8 persons per group).Use metacards during the workshop to encourage participation and to facilitate thegeneration and processing of data.29Step 3. Setting the Vision

2.5 Generate ideas on the perceived conditions of the city/municipality by posing thequestions below:• What do you like about the municipality/city as it is now? (aspects you maywish to preserve)• What don’t you like about the municipality/city? (issues to be resolved/changed)• What do you think should be done to improve the municipality/city? (thingsyou want to have/create in your municipality/city)The result of this activity will provide an approximate description of the currentsituation as a form of leveling-off for the participants’/community’s perceptionof their city/municipality.2.6 Generate ideas on the future/ desired state of the city/municipality by posing thequestion: What do you want your city/municipality to become 10-20 years fromnow? Use descriptors or adjectives to write ideas on metacards (one idea/descriptorper metacards)2.7 Group the meta-cards/ideas according to the following essential elements of avision:• Qualities of the people as individuals• Qualities of the people as society• Nature of the local economy• State of the natural environment• Condition of the built environment• Capacity of local leadership2.8 Summarize and validate in a plenary the relevant descriptors as shown below:ELEMENTSNatural EnvironmentLocal EconomyPeople as SocietyPeople as IndividualsLocal LeadershipBuilt EnvironmentDESCRIPTORS(sample)Scenic, ecologically balanced, etc.Self-reliant, diversified, etc.Empowered, vigilant, etc.Disciplined, honest, law-abiding, etc.Transparent, responsible, firm, etc.Orderly, clean, vibrant, etc.2.9 Formulate at least two Vision Statements using the agreed descriptors generatedin the previous step2.10 Evaluate, select, and reach consensus on the Vision Statement that best captureswhat the stakeholders want for their city/municipalityStep 3. Setting the Vision 30

Evaluation of the vision may be guided by the following questions:• Does it capture the ideas/descriptions generated?• Is it easy to remember/memorize?• Is it inspiring, motivating and powerful?• Can it be felt or experienced?• Does it capture the aspirations of the community, and is it shared by allsectors of the community?• Is it attractive, ambitious and achievable?3. After the visioning workshop disseminate the selected Vision Statement to theSangguniang Panglunsod/Bayan and the general public for feedback.4. Validate and refine the Vision Statement considering the feedback.5. Present the refined Vision Statement to the LDC for endorsement to the SangguniangPanglunsod/Bayan for subsequent adoption.6. Conduct extensive information campaign on the adopted Vision Statement.The above visioning exercise was used in formulating the vision of Cagayan deOro City, the result of which was adopted by the city. The said vision statementis quoted as follows:“A peaceful, orderly, livable city with a modern trading centerwhere there are equal opportunities for our disciplinedcitizens to develop and prosper in a clean and healthyenvironment”.FOR CITY/MUNICIPALITY REVIEWINGAN EXISTING VISION STATEMENTLGUs may revisit/revalidate their existing vision statement guided by the vision-realitygap analysis technique. This technique is best undertaken through a multi-stakeholderworkshop after the situation analysis stage (Step 4) of the CLUP process.The workshop process will have the following steps:1. Discuss the objectives and mechanics of the visioning workshop.2. Present a brief situationer/current profile of the community.31Step 3. Setting the Vision

3. Define and discuss the elements of a vision, specifically its relation to theplanning process.4. Group the participants into smaller groups (ideally 6-8 persons per group).5. Complete the vision-reality gap matrix (refer to sample matrix on succeedingpage) considering the result of the situation analysis.6. Fill in the matrix with the elements of the vision statement.7. Fill in the matrix with descriptors (desired quality) of the vision.8. Identify and agree on the success indicators for each descriptor.9. Compare success indicators with current state of development (existingsituation).10. Rate each indicator according to its position in relation to achieving the vision.Use the following suggested rating scale.0 = Nothing at all has been achieved1 = Very little (1% to 25%) has been attained2 = Attainment is about 26% to 50%3 = Attainment is quite high (51% to 75%)4 = Vision is very close to being realized (76% to 100%)N = Inadequate information11. Identify vision-reality gap (result of deducting the rating from the highest possiblescore).12. Identify the planning concerns for action derived from descriptors with low achievementrating. These planning concerns will be essential when identifying initial policy options.13. Refine the vision statement as may be necessary based on the vision-reality gapanalysis.IF THE VISION IS REFINED14. Present the refined vision statement to the LDC for endorsement to the SP/SB forsubsequent adoption.15. Disseminate the adopted vision to the general public.Step 3. Setting the Vision 32

IF THERE IS NO REVISION,16. Proceed to the next step of the CLUP processEXAMPLESVision-Reality Gap MatrixPEOPLE AS INDIVIDUALS (element)DescriptorSuccessIndicatorRatingPolicy OptionsGod-lovingPeace-lovingHonestReliableCaringLaw abidingChild friendly323122• Conduct extensive value orientationcourses• Strengthen moral recovery program• Set up a local knowledge center forchildrenHealthyLong lifeexpectancyLow morbidity rateDrug-free321• Introduce life prolonging programs• Provide medical support• Establish/maintain a drugrehabilitation centerPEOPLE AS SOCIETY (element)DescriptorSuccessIndicatorRatingPolicy OptionsEmpoweredPublic consultationmade and integral partof the decision- makingprocessPOs/NGOsparticipate inplanning,implementation,monitoring andevaluation of LGUprograms and projects11• Encourage participation of civil society inpublic consultations• Institutionalize sectoral committees• Involve POs/NGOs in the key stages ofimplementation of government programs andprojects• Provide PO/NGO representation in all planningstages on continuing basis prolongingprogramsVigilantDisaster preparedcitizenry2• Strengthen City/Municipal/Brgy. DisasterCoordinating Council33Step 3. Setting the Vision

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT (element)DescriptorSuccessIndicatorRatingPolicy OptionsClean and SafeQuality at allowablewater level set byPhil. NationalDrinking WaterStandardNMonitoring and testing of surface andground water qualityAttractiveDensity of greenswithin the urban core1Protection of old trees, regenerationsites, mangroves, and open greenspacesBalancedBuilt-up areaintegrated with city’sopen space network1Formulate a city open space plan andmanagement guidelinesLOCAL ECONOMY (element)DescriptorSuccessIndicatorRatingPolicy OptionsDiversifiedIncreased no. offinancial institutions4• Promote upgrading of qualityeducationIncreased no. ofserviceestablishments3• Encourage special health servicesto locate in Dagupan• Update and enact city ordinance toaccommodatethe informal sectorEnvironmentFriendlyMaximum 10% ofsurface water foraquaculture0Regulate fishpens and enforceexisting local fishing ordinanceStep 3. Setting the Vision 34

LOCAL GOVERNANCE (element)DescriptorSuccessIndicatorRatingPolicy OptionsFirmEnforcement of locallaws (e.g. zoningordinance3• Strict imposition of penaltiesLow apprehendedviolators, filed cases/imposed penalties,sanctioned violators3Progressive(not only LGUadministrationbut alsogovernance)Less IRA dependentNGO/PO registeredincrease, NGO/POactive participation222• Intensify tax collection by efficient monitoringand updating local ordinances on local taxes• Strengthen cash management• Improve internal audit system• Institutionalization of LGU-NGO-POundertakings• Strengthening and federating SP-accreditedNGOs/POsExamples of Vision Statements:1. Pasay CityA scenic premiere city thriving with business and economic opportunities, guided by dynamicand efficient local leadership, and home to self-reliant, healthy, and morally upright people.2. Makati CityA sustainable, highly developed, environmentally balanced and progressive urban centerwhose residents have a sense of well-being and are morally upright, educated, disciplined,self-reliant, and community oriented.3. San Fernando CityA well planned and properly regulated land use and philosophy that the utilization of land resourcesshould always gear towards improving the quality of life, especially the poor and underprivilegedand maintenance of ecological balance, over time, in the whole city.4. Tuguegarao CityAn improved quality of life that endures the optimum, balanced and sustainable development ofthe municipality as an administrative, institutional, cultural and balance center for the CagayanValley Region.5. City of Himamaylan, Negros OccidentalA progressive, Ecologically-Balanced, Peaceful City characterized by a healthy, empoweredand self-reliant citizenry under responsible, accountable governance with social justice andequality to all Himalaynon.35Step 3. Setting the Vision

Annex 3-1THE BASIC METHODS OF TECHNOLOGY OF PARTICIPATION (TOP)The basic methods of TOP as provided below have been successfully tested and applied inthe planning process.1. Discussion methodThis is a method of facilitating group conversations and discussions which allows a groupto deepen its insights and creativity on a common topic or experience. It allows the membersof the group to share the many and diverse perspectives in a non-confrontational manner.And it also reveals the bounds of consensus the group is willing to draw.2. Workshop methodThis method is a way of facilitating a group’s thinking about a particular topic into focuseddecisions and action. It is an effective way of building group consensus and moving it tojoint resolve and action.3. Action Planning MethodThis method, which combines both the discussion and workshop methods, is an effectivestructure for moving a group from a good idea to a concrete plan of action within specifictime periods and with specifically outlined assignments and responsibilities.These methods may be applied to an infinite number of situations and purposes. Creativelycombined and even adapted, these methods can serve as powerful tools for both satisfyingand empowering group experiences.TECHNOLOGIES OF PARTICIPATIONDiscussionMethod Focused dialogue on a common topic orexperience Share diverse perspectives in a non-confrontationalmanner Deepen insights/resolve of a groupWorkshopMethod Focus insights/discussions of a group (commonground) Build group consensus Move to joint actionActionPlanningMethod Build concrete plan (assumes consensus exists) Create clear forms of accountability Initiate group actionReference: Materials given during the Refresher Course on Basic Group Facilitation andConflict Resolution, Philippine Urban Forum, 6 June 2003, Innotech, Quezon City37Step 3. Setting the Vision

Comprehensive Land Use PlanningANALYZINGTHE SITUATIONCLUPSTEP4Step 4 of the planning process, the Situation Analysis, basically answers the question:Where are we now? It is both analytical and diagnostic, geared towards identifyingissues, potentials and future development needs and spatial requirements of the city/municipality. Assessment involves technical and participatory methods.Technical assessment is based on factual data derived from surveys, official publicationsand records of the city/municipality, concerned national agencies and other entities.Assessment involves the use of indicators such as proportions, rates, frequency, quality/condition ( e.g. severity, critical, etc.), standards and other parameters that are vital incharacterizing the situations.Participatory assessment is based on the outcome/results of barangay/communityconsultations, focus group discussions, meetings with key informants, multi-sectoralmeetings, etc. This activity facilitates the generation of the community’s felt needs,desires, and perceived issues and opportunities. Suggestions to address issues andconcerns can also be derived from this exercise.Planning tools such as SWOT, Problem Tree Analysis, Sieve Mapping Technique,Geographic Information Systems (GIS ), etc. are helpful tools in situation analysis. TheHLURB A Guide to Data Management in the CLUP Preparation provides the applications,layouts and examples of CLUP formulation using GIS as a tool.PURPOSE• To identify/gather/update baseline data in order to assess the existing socioeconomicand physical and environmental characteristics of the LGU;• To identify the needs, issues and concerns to be addressed by the CLUP and theopportunities/potentials that can be tapped to achieve the community vision;• To identify Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Practices (IKSP)Step 4. Analyzing the Situation 38

EXPECTED OUTPUTS• Socio-economic, demographic, physical and environmental profile/data base ofthe city/municipality• Consolidated, prioritized major and significant development needs, issues,strengths and potentials of the LGU which have spatial components and arenecessary in the achievement of the vision.• Existing land use map, thematic maps, and analytical maps of the entire areacovered by the city/municipality, including the marine and coastal areas andfreshwater wetlands such as rivers and lakes.STEPSThe steps outlined below is focused on the assessment of the existing land uses in the city/municipality. The procedures for the social, economic and infrastructure sectors are discussedin Volume 2, Manual on Demography and Sectoral Studies In Comprehensive Land UsePlanning. All these studies may be done simultaneously.1. Conduct sectoral studies of the planning area in parallel with the conduct ofnatural/physical/environmental, and land use assessment (step 2, below).This step involves updating of the existing demographic and socio-economic data and theirsubsequent analysis to come up with information that will characterize the current andpast situations in the city/municipality.The sectoral assessment may be guided by the Guide to Sectoral Studiesin the CLUP Preparation (Vol. 2) which covers the following:• Demography• Social• Economic• Infrastructure2. Conduct an assessment of the natural/physical/environmental features andexisting land uses of the city/municipality following these steps:2.1 Collect data/map requirements as shown in Table 4 - 1.2.2 Prepare base map ( both presentation and report size maps ) of the whole planningarea. Refer to Mapping Guidelines, Vol. VII of the HLURB Guidelines for theFormulation/Revision of Comprehensive Land Use Plan, 1996 or the HLURB: AGuide to Data Management in the CLUP Preparation.39Step 4. Analyzing the Situation

Tips for the preparation of base maps• The base map shall serve as the working map where the different land usecategories of the whole municipality/city shall be delineated.• To facilitate a more accurate delineation of land uses, the working basemap may be enlarged to cover certain districts (i.e. CBD, growth/urbanizingareas) and/or by clusters of barangays.• A topographic map provides important physical information and referencepoints for the base map while a cadastral map gives a more accurateparcellary boundary information of the municipality/city.• Use the standard scales as suggested by the Inter-Agency Task Force onGeographic Information for uniformity and ease in overlaying techniques.Suggested scales are:1:5,000/1:10,000/1:25,0001:2,000/1:4,000 ( for enlarging specific areas in the LGU)• The use of GIS gives greater flexibility in preparing the base/workingmap in anydesired scale.• Road networks and surface drainage (water bodies) shall be properlydelineated in order to facilitate the conduct of land use survey.• Coastal and marine areas should be reflected in the maps, showing theboundaries of the municipal water .Samples of base maps, existing land use and other thematic maps are presentedin Annex 4- 22.3 Conduct actual land use survey. Determine the existing land uses within the entireboundaries of the city/municipality including uses of its freshwater and marine waterboundaries.Methods of land use survey:Foot surveyArea inspection is done on foot (walking). This is recommended for high-density areasto produce precise survey checks, specifically for the urban areas or poblaciones.Windshield surveyWindshield survey is done while riding a vehicle. It involves a rapid survey of land usesparticularly in low density areas. It is used for a general land use survey of the entiremunicipality/city.The following technology will facilitate the determination and/or validation of actual landuses:• Global Positioning System (GPS)The use of handheld GPS receivers is the best way to perform actualground survey and ground truthing.• Aerial photos and satellite imageryAvailable aerial photographs and satellite imagery, combined with GIStechnology, is used to derive and analyze land use data.The procedural steps in land use survey are presented in Annex 4-1; Annex 4-3presents the land use categories and the corresponding color coding.Step 4. Analyzing the Situation 40

Table 4-1. List of Maps and Data Requirements and the Corresponding SourcesData RequirementsSourcesA. Geographical, Administrative/Political Profile1. Geographic location of municipality Coordinates(longitudinal/latitudinal location)2. Location and significant role in relation to theprovince, region and country, if any.3. Municipal land area & boundaries4. Political Subdivisions (Urban-Rural Barangays)5. Alienable and disposable landNAMRIA/Topo MapLGU/PPFP/RPFP (other national, localarea plans)DENR-FMB & LMB, LGUDENRB. Natural and Physical Characteristics1. Climatological conditions-type of climate-prevailingwinds, average annual rainfall & mean temperaturetidalcurrent patterns (for coastal areas)2. Topography• topographic relief• elevation• slope• surface drainage (bodies of water within thecity/municipality)3. Vegetation/Vegetative cover4. Soil- type/classification- soil suitability- land capability (if any)5. Hydrogeologic Features- groundwater resources- fault lines, etc.- volcanoes- bedrock foundation6. Conservation areas and other Special Interest Areas• Protected Areas (NIPAS and non-NIPAS) bothterrestrial and marine• Ancestral domains• Prime Agricultural Lands (NPAAAD)• Primary Forests and other forest types• Fish Sanctuaries• Historical, cultural and natural heritage sites• Wetlands (lakes, rivers, coral reefs, mangroves,seagrass beds, marshes, etc.)• Critical watersheds• Geothermal Sites/Plants• Mining and Quarrying AreasPhilippine Atmospheric, Geophysicaland Astronomical ServicesAdministration(PAG-ASA)NAMRIABSWM & LGUBSWMDENR – MGB, PHIVOLCS• DENR• National Commission on IndigenousPeople (NCIP), DENR• DA• DENR, FMB• DA-BFAR, PCMRD• NHI, NCCA, DENR• DENR, BFAR• DENR, NIA, PNOC• PNOC• DENR, MGB, Provincial Government41Step 4. Analyzing the Situation

Data RequirementsSourcesC. Land Use (Refer to Annex 4-3 on Land Use Categories)including the following Special Interest Areas:- Ancestral Domain- Historical and cultural heritage areas- World heritage areas- Location of manmade structures e.g. dams,reservoirs, if any- Location/extent of mining/quarrying activities,such as sand, gravel, etc.- Previous land use maps ( 10-20 yrs. ago, if any )- Previous land use plan, if anyPrimary SurveyNational Commission on IndigenousPeople (NCIP)NHI/DOT/PTA/NCCA, LGUNHI, NCCALGULGU/DENR-MGB/Provincial OfficeLGULGUD. Environmental Condition1. Location/distribution/condition of:- fish sanctuaries- coral reefs- mangroves- seagrass beds2. Classification of rivers/bodies of water within themunicipality3. Quality of rivers, marine waters, etc. (polluted or not;degree of pollution)4. Probable sources of pollution, if any5. Geological/environmental hazard areas- fault zones- volcanoes- tsunami prone areas- areas susceptible to landslides, erosion,subsidence, sinkholes, etc.- areas prone to noise, air pollution- probable causes of hazards or riskDENR, Project Studies, surveys,interview with communityDENR, Project studies, surveys,interviews- do –PHIVOLCS, DENR/MGB; interview withcommunity; surveys, special studies, ifany.E. Other Land Related Data:1. On-going and pipeline projects: type, location, areacovered2. Policies covering Production, Protection, Infrastructureand Settlement areas as defined in the ProvincialPhysical Framework Plan (PPFP)NGAs (i.e. DPWH), LGUPPFP2.4 Conduct consultation workshops or interviews to gather perception of the communityregarding the environmental condition of the city/municipality, including perceivedcauses/sources of degradation, if any, and the perceived impacts.Step 4. Analyzing the Situation 42

This activity may be done through barangay consultations and/or focus groupdiscussion(s) with key stakeholders usually with the elderly in the community,who have good knowledge or have experienced natural calamities, disasters,or other environmental degradation that affected/is affecting the community.Guide questions shall be structured to cover the following:• Type/s of environmental degradation, calamity or disastrous events suchas flashfloods, erosion, earthquakes, etc.• Extent of damage to lives, properties, and impact to the community• Frequency of occurrences• Perceived causes• Suggestions on how the community and the government can help mitigatesuch occurrences.Note: Some of these information may already be generated/gathered during the conductof sectoral studies3. Process and analyze data/information gathered.3.1 Plot/Delineate in the working base map all data/information on physicalattributes of the city municipality for better appreciation of its spatial dimension.Sample thematic maps are presented in Annex 4-2.3.2 Prepare the existing land use map including water uses based on the informationfrom the base map and the gathered land use data. The map shallinclude the following:- delineation of the various land uses (See color codes in Annex 4-3)- coastal and marine areas; boundaries of municipal waters- existing major wetlands, inland watersNote: Use maps which has the same size and scale as the base map.3.3 Quantify and determine the extent of distribution of each land use categoryand present in a tabular form and in any possible visuals or illustrations. Atabular presentation (see Table 4 - 2) is recommended to summarize theresults of this step.3.4. Establish the relationship of each data with other relevant data.3.4.1 Examine/assess data relative to the geographical location andadministrative/political domain of the city/municipality. Determine thesituation of the city/municipality within the region/province in terms ofarea and its significant role, if, any.3.4.2 Analyze barangay distribution in terms of rural and urban areas;population size/concentration; economic activities and employmentopportunities and accessibility to social services.43Step 4. Analyzing the Situation

3.4.3 Determine/analyze extent of alienable and inalienable lands within thecity/municipality in terms of area, location, and barangays covered.3.4.4 Analyze impacts of existing land uses on the environment of the city/municipality, e.g. subdivision projects on sloping areas.3.4.5 Determine existing environmental condition and validate the perceptionof the community.Table 4-2. Existing Land Uses Area, Distribution, and Percent to TotalLAND USE CATEGORIES• Urban Use AreasResidentialCommercialInfrastructure/utilitiesInstitutionalParks/playgrounds and other recreational spacesIndustrial• Agriculture• Forest and forest use categories• Mining/quarrying• Grassland/pasture• Agro-industrial• Tourism• Other uses /categories• Cemeteries• Dumpsites/Sanitary Landfills• Buffer zones/greenbelts• Idle/vacant lands• Reclamations• Water uses• Nipa swamps• Mangrove forests• Tourism (recreation/resorts)• Settlements on stilts• Infrastructure (e.g. ports, fish landing)• Aquaculture and marine culture (e.g. fish cages/fish pens, seaweed culture, etc.)• Others, specify (e.g. river sand/gravel quarrying,coral reef, seagrass beds)* Definition of terms for coastal and marine areas areprovided in Annex 4-4TOTALAREA( in hectares )PERCENT TOTOTAL100%Step 4. Analyzing the Situation 44

4. Discuss the existing situation of the city/municipality in terms of the following:4.1 Geographical, Administrative and Political Domain• Geographic location, boundaries and land area• Political units (barangays: number, location, and area per barangay)4.2 Natural and Physical Characteristics• Topography and Slope (prevailing topography and location, degree of slopes)• Climate (climate type, climatic conditions and prevailing winds)• Soil types and soil suitability (general soil types and suitability for agriculture,settlements, other uses)• Surface drainage (major water bodies, including coastal and marine,andfreshwater lakes and rivers, marshlands, and other wetlands)• Hydrogeology (presence and extent of fault zones, types of bedrockformation, and location of surface and groundwater)• Mineral resources4.3 Existing Land Uses• Area per land use category and percentage to total land area (include tableof these information).• Prevailing dominant land use and their location/distribution/intensity of use• Physical condition, adaptability for future use, and constraints to development(e.g. typhoons, fault lines, etc.)• Conflicting land uses and other land use problems and issues (e.g.settlements inside forest areas, flooding, blight, etc.)• Urban form and development trend (direction of physical/land use changeand intensity of development)• Development potentials4.4 Existing Uses of Coastal and Marine Areas• Coastal and marine areas – describe significant features and naturalattributes, length of coastline, and total boundary of marine municipal waters• Area and location of each utilization category• Present utilization – include other commercial activities such as resorts, ortourism sites, ports, fishing, quarrying activities, and aquaculturedevelopments.• Location and extent of settlements, if applicable.• Point out specific problems, issues, particularly on conflicting uses withinthe coastal zone, resulting in environmental degradation and the like.4.5 Environmental Condition• Existing situation of coastal and marine areas - discuss manifestedenvironmental stresses like beach erosion, marine pollution, damagedaquatic life, siltation or sedimentation• Freshwater bodies like lakes and rivers (quality and extent of water pollution,if any)45Step 4. Analyzing the Situation

• Risk areas/environmentally critical areas (nature, location, extent andfrequency of occurrences)• Protected Areas (area covered, location, NIPAS category), forest areas,watersheds, and other natural resources• Land classification (location and area of forest/public lands and alienableand disposable lands)• Infrastructure facilities (focus on adequacy, capacity, condition, and loadsfor current and future population. A more detailed assessment is presentedin the sectoral manual on infrastructure, Vol 2).5. Establish the significant historical land use trends by describing the majorland uses and general characteristics of such uses that prevailed in thecity/municipality in previous plans or at certain points/eras in the past.5.1 Trace historical land use from as far back as existing records (documents,maps, pictures, etc.) and verified information are available;5.2 Presentation shall be in chronological order, from the earliest time to thepresent;5.3 Identify the major land use activities and their location5.4 Establish the historical land use trends by describing significant changesnoted from one point to another.6. Prepare map to reflect areas that need to be conserved and preserved, andareas with physical constraints as follows:• Natural risks and hazards areas (volcanic, seismic, flood-prone, erosion-prone,tsunami-prone, etc.)• Protected areas such as National Integrated Protected Areas System (NIPAS),NON-NIPAS, Network of Protected Agricultural and Agri-Industrial Areas forDevelopment (NPAAADs)• Wetlands/coastal, marine, lakes, rivers, marshes, man-made, etc.• Historical and cultural areas (if any), Man and biosphere Areas (MAB) and otherglobally designated areas• Fish sanctuaries• Watersheds and forest areas• Existing land useOther Land StudiesIn addition to the land use survey, supplementary land studies may be undertakento obtain additional information on the physical setting which may be needed inthe formulation of the land use plan. These additional studies may or may not becarried out, depending on local circumstances, previous studies undertaken,available resources, etc. The discussions on Other Supplemental Land Studiesin CLUP Preparation are presented in Annex 4-5.Step 4. Analyzing the Situation 46

7. Quantify the areas considered for conservation/preservation/protection andtabulate results.8. Determine the available land supply for development/future expansion areas:Land supply is the land area available within the city/municipality for urban use expansion.Basically, this is what is left after deducting the areas considered for protection/preservation and conservation such as the Network of Protected Agricultural and Agri-Industrial Development Areas (NPAAADs), National Integrated Protected Areas Systems(NIPAS), natural risks and hazards areas, and existing urban areas.Mathematically, this can be presented as follows:Land Supply for development/future development areas =TLA – (PCA+UA+SLU)Where: TLA = Total Land Area of the city/municipalityPCA = Protection/Preservation and Conservation Areas(Refer to identified development constraints andquantified areas)UA = Urban Use Areas are the built-up areas or those areaswith urban activities/land uses.SLU = Special Land Uses that are significant and unique tothe city/municipality, e.g. agro-industrial, tourismareas designated for projects in the pipeline (Referto Table 1, Existing Land Uses)Sample Computations:Given Parameters (Figures are hypothetical) Areas (in Has.)Total Land Area 50,000Preservation and Conservation Areas (PCA) 25,000Urban Use Areas (UA) 10,000Special Land Uses (SLU) 5,000Land Supply for Development/Future Expansion Areas = 50,000 – (25,000+10,000+5,000)= 10,0009. Estimate the total land area required or needed for urban development andother special planning areas. This may be the total land requirementsdetermined in the sectoral studies or derived through various methods asfollows:• Use of various national agency standardsLand for future expansion of urban and other uses is projected on the basis of thegiven standard area/space requirement per sector multiplied by the populationgrowth index.47Step 4. Analyzing the Situation

(A more detailed procedure on the computation of space requirements per sectorare presented in the sectoral studies manual, Vol. 2)Future space requirement = space standard x growth indexWhere the growth index is an appropriate factor to which standards are applied;specifically, it refers to forecast levels of housing stocks, employment, productionand facility requirements.This simple formula is not applicable to all types of land use activities. Spacerequirements for some uses such as government or civic centers, art centers,museums, and open space systems (greenbelts, land reserves) are bestdetermined by special studies and on a case to case basis. Also, initialcomputations using space standards are usually adjusted to include allowancesfor flexibility (say 20% addition to the computed area requirement) and to conformto availability of appropriate locations and desired density/intensity.The LGU may however, opt to agree on parameters for determining spacerequirements unique to their local situation and consistent with the adopted vision.• Current urban density – this approach assumes that future land allocation forurban use shall be based on existing urban density regardless of the growth inurban population.The future land requirement is derived by multiplying the current urban densityby the projected population. The derived sum will be redistributed according tothe existing share of each land use category to the total urban land requirement.• Other methods or standards as may be agreed upon by the planning team.The estimated land requirements shall be properly justified in terms of the methodused, and the vision and functional role of the city/municipality.The land requirements may also increase or decrease, as needed, during thefinal stages of the plan formulation.10. Conduct a cross-sectoral analysis and integration of the results of thedemographic and the socio-economic and environmental studies to derivethe most pressing and significant problems and issues.This activity requires a series of consultative workshops with key stakeholders tobe conducted by the planning team.Step 4. Analyzing the Situation 48

This step should result to the identification of the following:• Internal strength of the city/municipality in terms of:- Natural/physical features- Socio-economic and manpower resources- Administrative/institutional and financial capacities- Other internal resources/capacities• Opportunities- Development role assigned by higher-level plans- On-going or pipeline investment plans, development projects of the nationalgovernment and/or private investors- Developments in the region, province, offering opportunities for tapping the LGUsresources- Other internal national, regional, or local circumstances/events offeringopportunities for the LGU.• Weaknesses, such as:- Poor soil quality;- Lack or shortage of infrastructural support facilities such as irrigation, road,power, water and telecommunication;- Lack of market;- Credit facilities, health, recreational and educational facilities;- Lack of skilled labor force;- Located in a typhoon prone area or along geologic fault lines;- Presence of erosion prone areas;- Adherence to traditional values and farming practices;- Low literacy rates;- Lack of response to incentives;- Unresponsive government machinery and deteriorated peace and ordercondition;• Threats- Environmental degradation (include air/water/soil pollution) from existing orproposed manufacturing/processing facilities;- Ecological changes (water/moisture supply) brought about by extent ofdegradation of mangrove and swamps;- Extent of damage to flora and fauna;- Irreversible land degradation from existing mining explorations or mineralexploitation;- Pollution of river systems from solid wastes; siltation due to erosion fromdenuded forests;- Depletion of coral reefs/fish sanctuaries;- Destruction of aesthetics;- Historical and human interest features in the province and change in governmentpolicies or leadership;The procedural steps for the conduct of SWOT and Cross-Sectoral analysistechniques are presented in Annexes 4-6 and 4-7, respectively.49Step 4. Analyzing the Situation

Flow Chart for Situation AnalysisSTEPSOUTPUTSDemographic/Socio-Economic/Infrastructure-Utilities ProfileConductsectoral studiesSectoralneeds/issues/problemsProjected/futuresectoral land requirementsConductassessment ofnatural/physical/environmentalfeaturesPhysical EnvironmentalProfileExisting Land Uses:• Categories and Areas• Existing Land Use Map• Thematic and Analysis Maps3Conduct cross-sectoralanalysis and integration ofsectors and land uses• Development Constraint/Non-buildable areas• Total future land requirements• Potential development areas• LGU potentials andcomparative advantages• Priority issues and problems• Possible intervention51Step 4. Analyzing the Situation

Step 1. Determine pace factor.Annex 4-1STEPS IN LAND USE SURVEYFoot surveyPace factor is applied to calculate frontage distance for each structure in the block/zone beingsurveyed.A block is a portion of land usually bounded by streets. It can accommodate a number ofstructures used for different purposes.The pace factor is computed as follows:√√√√√Get a 50-meter tape measure. Spread tape.Let the fieldworker walk at least three times along the tape. Record the numberof the paces in every direction.Add number of paces and divide by the number of times the fieldworkerswalked along the tape.Divide 50 meters by the average number of paces. The result is the pacefactor.To get the frontage distance, simply multiply the number of recorded paces bythe pace factor.Step 2. Note down the exact use of land areas and structures on them. The informationshould be recorded on the survey sheet and plotted on the working map.Windshield SurveyStep 1.Step 2.Step 3.Set odometer reading to zero. A working map and topographic map/aerial photo mustbe on hand to record land uses and to note changes, if any.Use a compass to ensure correct orientation on the working map. A pair of binocularswould also be useful in conducting the ocular survey.Note changes in land uses leading for instance, in area expansion.With the use of reference points like rivers, roads and other land marks, boundariesof specific uses maybe approximated on the topographic map/material photograph.The odometer must be read to determine the approximate distance where the changesoccur along the highway. Boundaries may also be counterchecked with recent aerialphotographs.Step 4.Transfer the survey findings on the base map. Use appropriate color in the delineationof the land use categories (Refer to Table4-1 for standard color code per land usecategory)Global Positioning System (GPS) SurveyStep 1. Familiarize yourself with the GPS receiver being used.Read and follow the manufacturer’s instruction on the use and operation of theStep 4. Analyzing the Situation 52

GPS receiver. Make sure that all settings are correct and appropriate and that satelliteand weather conditions for GPS reading are satisfied before conducting the survey.Step 2.Step 3.Proceed to the points of observation and get the GPS reading, record these readings(usually the latitude and longitude) and a description of the points being occupied.Transfer readings on a base map by either manual plotting or by uploading the datafrom the GPS to a computer. Software is available which can get and process datafrom GPS receivers.GPS survey can also be used to verify data on a GIS system. Method of data gathering is thesame as the steps above and once the information is uploaded in a computer, most GISapplications can read GPS data and can be processed using these applications. Furthermore,some GPS receivers can be uploaded with the points to be verified and others can store digitalmaps so validation of boundaries can be done in the field.Refer to Volume 3, A Guide to Data Management in CLUP Preparation for acomprehensive discussion on land use related survey and mapping.53Step 4. Analyzing the Situation

Annex 4-2SAMPLE MAPSNote: Refer to GIS Cookbook (Vol. 3) for updated GIS maps.Step 4. Analyzing the Situation 54

Note: Refer to GIS Cookbook (Vol. 3) for updated GIS maps.55Step 4. Analyzing the Situation

Annex 4-3LAND USE CATEGORIES AND COLOR CODINGLAND USE CATEGORIESCOLOR CODING• Urban Use AreasResidentialCommercialInfrastructure/utilitiesInstitutionalParks/playgrounds and other recreationalspacesIndustrial• Agriculture• Forest and forest use categories• Mining/quarrying• Grassland/pasture• Agro-industrial• Tourism• Other uses /categories• Cemeteries• Dumpsites/Sanitary Landfills• Buffer zones/greenbelts• Idle/vacant lands• Reclamations• Water uses• Nipa swamps• Mangrove forest• Tourism (recreation/resorts)• Settlement on stilts• Aquaculture and mariculture (e.g. fishcages/fishpens, seaweed culture)• Others, specify (e.g. river sand/gravelquarrying, coral reef, seagrass beds)* Definition of terms for coastal and marine areas areprovided in Annex 4-4.Step 4. Analyzing the Situation 56

Annex 4-4DEFINITION OF TERMS FOR COASTAL AND MARINE AREAS1. Brackishwater Fishponds (earthponds) - man-made enclosures of varying size,dependent on tidal fluctuations of water management, located in estuaries (deltas, mudflatsand mangrove swamps) and intended for the culture of fishes/aquatic species.2. Brackishwater Swamps - land areas where most of the time the brackishwater level is at/above the land surface.3. Coastline - lines that form the boundary between the land and water, especially of sea orocean.4. Coral reefs - simply defined, these are reefs made chiefly of fragments of corals, coralsands, algae and other organic deposits, and the solid limestone resulting from theirconsolidation. Technically, they are marine shelves or platforms formed by the consolidationof the skeleton of hermatypic corals through cementation by coralline algae and lithificationprocesses.5. Dunes - an accumulation of sand in ridges or mounds landward of the beach formed bynatural processes and usually parallel to the shoreline.6. Estuary - a water body where sea water of oceanic origin is diluted by freshwater fromland drainage areas. Areas influenced by this include deltas, tidal marshes, and river mouth,among others.7. Foreshore area - as defined, it is a strip of land alternately covered and uncovered by thetidal movements. Its interior limits are that portion of land reached by the water during thehighest equinoctial tide. The outer limit is that portion of land reached by the water duringthe lowest ordinary tide.8. Freshwater bodies - these are water bodies in basins, rivers, lakes, lagoons, channelsand aquifers not influenced by sea water.9. Freshwater swamps - these are land areas where the freshwater table is at or above theland surface during most of the year to promote the formation of hydric soil and to supportgrowth of hydrophytes such as grasses and sedges which are also influenced by seawater.10. Mangroves or mangrove forests - the communities of trees and associated shrubs thatare restricted to tidal flats in coastal waters, extending inland along rivers where the wateris tidal, saline or brackish.11. Marine waters - these cover beds, banks, shell fields, zones, areas and regions of Philippinewaters totaling some 1,666,300 sq. km.12. Mineralized areas - areas containing deposits of metallic and non-metallic minerals.13. Municipal waters - “include not only streams, lakes and tidal waters Included within themunicipality, not being the subject of private ownership, and not comprised within nationalparks, public forests, timber lands, forest reserves, but also marine waters included betweentwo lines drawn perpendicularly to the general coastline from points where the boundary57Step 4. Analyzing the Situation

lines of the municipality or city touch the sea at low tide and a third line parallel with thegeneral coastline and fifteen (15) kilometers from it. Where two (2) municipalities are sosituated on the opposite shores that there is less than 15 kilometers of marine watersbetween them, the third line shall be equally distant from the opposite shores of the respectivemunicipalities.” (Section 131, Republic Act No. 7160)14. Seagrass beds - vegetation dominated by flowering grasses which grow best in sandymuddyportions of the intertidal zone. They are highly productive habitats which serve asthe transition zone between coral reefs and mangroves.15. Tidal flats - these are lands mostly devoid of trees and shrubs that are alternatively exposedand inundated by tides. These may be mud flats or sand flats (see foreshore areas).16. Woodlands - these occur behind the beach and dune on the older beach areas. In thecoastal zone, these consist essentially of a tangle of low stunted trees or shrubs. Examplesare botong, pandan, and the taller agoho and coconut palms.Source: DENRStep 4. Analyzing the Situation 58

ANNEX 4-5: OTHER SUPPLEMENTAL LAND STUDIES IN CLUP FORMULATION1. Vacant lands studyVacant lands are classified according to topographic and drainage characteristics andavailability of improvements near such vacant lands. Vacant lands may be classified asprime lands, 0-15% in slope, and are in close proximity to water, sewer and other utilitylines. Such vacant lands are suitable for industrial, commercial, residential, and other urbanuses.Marginal lands are lands subject to flooding, over 15% in slope, or other lands unsuitable oruneconomic to develop.Availability of prime vacant lands for development will depend on such factors as willingnessof owners to release the property, existence of clear titles, and absence of otherencumbrances on the land.Data on vacant lands can be presented both with the use of maps and statistical tables.For map presentation, prime and marginal vacant lands should be distinguished by anappropriate legend.Compute and tabulate areas of vacant lands from the map, using dot grid or planimeteraccording to previously suggested table formats. The resulting figures can then be comparedwith identified needs for new development areas.Land use planning applicationThe main purpose of this study (which is usually included in the land use survey) is toclassify vacant lands within the planning area as to suitability for development.2. Flooding areas studyThis particular study forms the basis for two general types of proposals:a. Proposals for flood control works which aim to keep water away from man; andb. Proposals for control of flood plain development through planning and regulatory effortswhich aim to keep man away from the water.In some cases, delineating general floodway areas based on past flood records may besufficient for purposes of this type of study. But in more urbanized areas and where floodingis a significant or potential problem, flooding studies should be carried out in more detailand complexity. This would require the services of an engineer, or better, a hydrologist.Three types of flood levels are established in the more complex flooding studies 1 . Theseare:a. “Highest flood of record” – areas along river or stream inundated by highest knownflood for which records are available;1Stuart F. Chapin, Jr., Urban Land Use Planning, University of Illinois Press, 1965, p. 307.59Step 4. Analyzing the Situation

. “Standard project flood” – potential flood areas based on coincidental of the most criticalconditions noted in meteorological and flood data from a wide surrounding area; thisapproximates highest flood of record for the regional area;c. “maximum probable flood” – maximum flood of reasonable regional expectancy takinginto account present knowledge; this flood is the most extensive of the three.Ideally, local planners should seek to provide for protection from the maximum probableflood. This would, however, entail staggering costs in terms of flood control works and thewithdrawal of more land from development. It may instead be more realistic to plan for theeventuality of a standard project flood. In practice, local planners may, in the absence offunds, initially establish floodway lines for the first two flood levels and phase proposedflood control works in stages.In addition to establishing flood levels, basic hydrological studies usually includeinvestigations of flood profiles (maps and cross-section diagrams of flood levels), period ofinundation, rate of rise, velocity of flood waters, frequency of flooding, obstructions thataffect crest levels, and land use encroachments on the flood plain.Land use planning applicationIdentified flooding areas, or those areas covered by floodway lines drawn on a map, aredesignated as ‘limited use’ areas which can be earmarked only for open space uses or forthe least intensive uses (e.g. parks, etc.); areas in flood plains which are already developedcan be earmarked for remedial action, such as relocation or flood control works.3. Structural and environmental quality surveyThe study of the quality of the urban environment and of man-made structures (residential,commercial, industrial, institutional) is aimed at identifying the so-called urban renewalarea. Urban renewal actions are of two types:1. Rehabilitation – the improvement or restoration of identified blighted areas; and2. Redevelopment – clearance and rebuilding of areas which are in more advancedstages of blight.Conditions of blight are categorized into two types – simple and complex forms of blight.Physical indicators of simple blight include such conditions as structural deterioration,missing sanitation facilities, structures in disrepair or lacking in elemental maintenance,presence of trash and rubbish accumulations, adverse, environmental influences such asnoise, odors, dust, etc., and missing community facilities such as schools, playgrounds,public water and sewerage system, and adequate street and drainage facilities. Socialindicators may also be considered, such as abnormally high rates of juvenile delinquency,and low health and welfare indices. Economic indicators include concentration of taxdelinquents and untaxed titled properties, declining property values, and large number ofbuilding vacancies.The presence of simple forms of blight usually call only for rehabilitation measures. Thesemay involve such actions as spot condemnation of structures, building repairs, or provisionof missing sanitary facilities through sanitation code enforcement, a public improvementprogram for the provision of missing community facilities and a campaign for voluntaryclean-up, painting and improved building maintenance standards. The presence of tooStep 4. Analyzing the Situation 60

many forms of simple blight may, however, call for the more drastic measures of clearanceand redevelopment.The presence of complex forms of blight call for redevelopment measures. Indicators ofthis type of blight include such characteristics as mixture of incompatible land uses (suchas the presence of pollutive industries right in the middle of residential areas), obsolete orimpractical layout of lots, blocks, and streets, unsafe and unhealthful conditions existing orpossible when marginal land is in use, particularly lands subject to floods, marshiness ortidal flow.Survey techniquesInformation on structural conditions, particularly of residential structures, may be availablefrom secondary sources like the NSO census on housing. More often than not, however,data on structural and environmental quality have to be gathered first-hand. When such isthe case, survey techniques have to be devised. The types of parameters and structuraland environmental quality standards which will apply in categorizing urban renewal areaswill depend on a host of factors such as local environmental policies, public sentiment, andavailability of funds to carry out renewal programs.In any case, the schedule to be used in the survey should include both dwelling units appraisalfactors. Dwelling appraisals may include maintenance and state of repair, safety andsanitation factors, adequacy of lighting, degree of room crowding, etc. Environmental qualitymay be appraised on the basis of land crowing, inimical land uses on the block, inadequacyof schools, recreation areas, and other community facilities in the area, and the extent ofhazards and nuisance in the area from traffic, railroads and industry.For land use planning purposes, a low-ratio sampling survey (i.e. using relatively only asmall portion of the blocks or districts as sample) of urban areas would be sufficient. Basedon the items in the survey schedule, urban areas can be categorized into: 1) Areas in goodor acceptable condition; 2) Rehabilitation areas; or 3) Clearance and development areas.Land use planning applicationData on urban renewal areas, presented both in map and statistical forms, will show therehabilitation and redevelopment areas to be considered in the preparation of more detailedurban renewal plans.4. Land values studyThe land values goes into an investigation of the structure of land values, upward ordownward graduations and trends of change in these values. Actual market values arearrived at only by extensive and costly studies which may not be practicable in mostsituations. Land values of urban lots or rural lots, which are usually available at the municipal/city Assessor’s Office. Assessed value figures may be refined based on comparison withknown selling prices and the approximate percentage deviation of assessed value frommarket values.Land use planning applicationWith the use of map showing approximate land values in the planning area, proposedlocations for projects can be evaluated for feasibility in terms of land costs, especially61Step 4. Analyzing the Situation

where private investment is envisioned such as for housing or commercial development.5. Studies of aesthetic features of the planning areaLand use planning is also concerned with the preservation and development of certainnatural and man-made features of the planning area in a manner calculated to enhancethese qualities for the enjoyment of residents, as well as visitors to the locality. Studies ofaesthetic are most directly related to the amenity considerations involved in land useplanning.Aesthetic features are determined on the basis of perceptual considerations – as theseare observed in such terms as beauty, pleasantness, sense of spaciousness, and historicalvalue. Since these considerations are largely subjective in nature, it is important to establishsome acceptable and valid criteria for determining which features of the locality are to bereserved for aesthetic considerations.There is yet no method devised by which aesthetic features can be studied on a whollyobjective manner. Criteria used will largely depend on local policies and the values ofthose concerned – local officials, planners, and the citizens alike.As to what to look for in conducting aesthetic studies, local planners may be guided by thefollowing:5.1 Identify three-dimensional characteristics of the city’s/municipality’s site and theman-made features which have been added to the site.a. Six basic ground forms of city/municipal sites1. level or gently sloping or rolling2. sloping sites, backed by hills, or steeper slopes3. valley or gorge sites4. ampitheatrical or fan-shaped5. bowl-shaped6. ridged or hilltopb. Forms of man-made features1. urban textures2. green areas3. circulation facilities4. paved open spaces5. individually significant architectural masses5.2 Record significant paths and vantage points from which the city/municipality canusually be perceived.1. the panorama – sweeping view of sections of the city/municipality2. the skyline – applicable in areas with conglomeration of tall structures3. the vista – view seen from an opening, such as a street or a boulevard4. the urban open space5. through the experience of the individual in motion.Step 4. Analyzing the Situation 62

Land use planning applicationFrom the reconnaissance surveys of the city/municipality’s sites, natural and man-madefeatures which should be visually accented or utilized and enhanced for aesthetic reasonscan be spotted and outlined on a base map. A sketchbook or photo album record of suchfeatures may also be used.FURTHER READINGStuart F. Chapin, Jr., Urban Land Use Planning, University of Illinois Press, 1965.63Step 4. Analyzing the Situation

Annex 4-6SWOT ANALYSIS TECHNIQUESWOT Analysis is a method that enables a planner to generate feasible alternative strategiesfor the LGU through an assessment of the present conditions, characteristics, and currentstate and utilization of the LGU’s natural/physical, human and fiscal resources.• Serves as basis for evaluating where the LGU’s strength lies. Thus, servesas guide in determining which aspects to pursue and what weaknessesand threats to overcome to take advantage of opportunities.• Internal strengths can be used to take advantage of external opportunitiesor to overcome external threats.• The planners can formulate and pursue defensive-type strategies aimed atovercoming weaknesses and avoiding external threats.• The planners can formulate and pursue strategies that will improve on theLGU’s internal weaknesses by taking advantage of external opportunities.The SWOT Matrix is an important strategy-formulation matching tool that results in thedevelopment of four types of strategies: Strengths-Opportunities (SO) strategies,Weaknesses-Opportunities (WO) Strategies, Strengths-Threats (ST) strategies andWeaknesses-Threats (WT) strategies.HOW IS SWOT ANALYSIS DONE?SWOT Analysis is done through a workshop with the participation of the localofficials and the various representatives of the different sectors of the LGU andkey stakeholdersStep 1.Step 2.Divide the participants into groups/sectors. Assign a presenter for each group/sector.Using the SWOT Matrix (refer to example below), each group/sector can nowproceed to the succeeding steps.SWOT MATRIXAlways leave this blankSTRENGTHS (O)WEAKNESSES (W)OPPORTUNITIES (O)SO STRATEGIESWO STRATEGIESTHREATS (T)ST STRATEGIESWT STRATEGIESStep 4. Analyzing the Situation 64

Step 3.List the key internal strengths in the upper middle cell.Strengths refer to the present or inherent features, attributes or characteristics of theLGU that enhance or aid in its development or progress. Strengths should be identifiedto be able to enhance them. (e.g. vast tract of agricultural roads and power supply,strong political will among local officials)Step 4.List the key internal weaknesses in the upper right cell.Weaknesses refer to the present human, fiscal or physical attributes that tend to orinhibit the development or progress of the LGU. Weakness should be analyzed to beable to overcome them. (e.g. inadequate irrigation facilities poor maintenance ofexisting facilities)Step 5.List the key external opportunities in the middle left cell.Opportunities refer to the external economic, social, political, technological andcompetitive trends, conditions, events or circumstances that could significantly benefitthe LGU to further improve its existing situation, (e.g. Location of foreign assistedprojects, within the BIMP-EAGA)Step 6.List the key external threats in the lower left cell.Threats consist of external economic, social, political, technological and competitivetrends and events that are potentially harmful to the LGU’s present and futuredevelopment or progress, (e.g. presence of EPZA in the adjacent city/municipality)Step 7.Step 8.Step 9.Match internal strengths with external opportunities and record the resultant SOStrategies in the middle right cell. SO strategies are based on using key internalstrengths to take advantage of external opportunities.Match internal weaknesses with external opportunities and record the resultant WOstrategies in the middle right cell. WO strategies are based on overcoming of weaknessesby taking advantage of opportunities.Match internal strengths with external threats and record the resultant ST strategiesin the lower center cell. ST Strategies are based on using strengths to avoid threats.Step 10. Match internal weaknesses with external threats and record the resultant WT Strategiesin the lower right cell. WT strategies are on minimizing weaknesses to avoid threats.The purpose of each matching tool is to generate feasible alternativestrategies, not to select or determine which strategies that were developedin the SWOT Matrix will be selected or implemented.65Step 4. Analyzing the Situation

Step 11. Let each group/sector present their respective output: SWOT Analysis Matrix(Refer to sample SWOT analysis matrix below)SWOT MATRIXAlways leave this blankSTRENGTHS (O)Vast tract of agricultural land.Adequate roads, bridges andpower supply.Strong political will amonglocal officials.WEAKNESSES (W)Inadequate irrigation facilities.Poor maintenance of existingutilities.OPPORTUNITIES (O)LGU is among the smallirrigation project areas ofthe JICA.Within the BIMP-EAGA.SO STRATEGIESLocal officials to makerepresentations with the JICAproject team for earlyimplementation.Expansion and developmentof commercial andproduction areas.WO STRATEGIESTo cooperate with the JICAauthorities to facilitateconstruction of irrigation facilitiesin the area.Rehabilitation and main-tenanceof existing facilities.THREATS (T)LGU is located within thetyphoon belt.Traffic congestion.ST STRATEGIESRaise crops which canwithstand typhoon.Develop alternative roads.WT STRATEGIESConstruct facilities to mitigatefloods during heavy downpour.Provide additional roads andimprove or maintain existingroads.Step 12. Generate comments from other groups, select common entries from the groups’outputs and agree to come up with a final matrix using the group work as inputs.Step 4. Analyzing the Situation 66

Annex 4-7INTER/CROSS SECTORAL ANALYSIS TECHNIQUEInter/cross sectoral consultations and planning workshops provide for an opportunity for thestakeholders to discuss issues/concerns and opportunities that directly or indirectly affecttheir respective sectors as well as in identifying possible solutions and policy options.1SectoralCommitteeMeetings2Inter-SectoralconsultationsThe process involves a series of stakeholders’ workshops bythe different sectoral committees. The purpose of thesemeetings is for the individual sectoral committees to identifyand analyze development issues and opportunities peculiar totheir own sectors (e.g. for social sector: inadequate number ofclassrooms to house additionalstudents,absence of hospital,absence of daycare centers).This is the venue wherein pairing of individual sector is donewith other sectors. (Refer to Figure below). The arrows illustratethe linkage among sectors. The circle at the center shows thatthe results of sectoral pairings or cross sectoral analysis areintegrated in the land use, it being an integrating componentin the system.3Divide theparticipants intogroups/sectorsThe secret of an effective plan lies in the propermatching of its sectoral elements: economic, social,physical/infrastructure and environment.The participants may be grouped into the (a) Social Sector, (b)Economic Sector, (c) Environment Sector, (d) Institutional67Step 4. Analyzing the Situation

Sector, and (e) Physical/Infrastructure Sector. Each group/sectorelect a presenter/rapporteur to present the group’s output at theend of the workshop.4Pair each sectorwith other sectorsfollowing thesuggested pairingsIn pairing these sectors, possible conflicts, inconsistencies,duplications or omissions are crosschecked before integration inthe land use plan.The following pairings are suggested:a) Social - Physical Infrastructureb) Economic - Physical Infrastructurec) Institutional - Physical Infrastructured) Environment - Physical Infrastructuree) Economic - Environmentf) Social - Economicg) Social - Institutionalh) Social Environmenti) Economic Institutionalj) Environment InstitutionalThe exercise will result in several issues and opportunities whichmay be presented using the sample matrix below. Further, foreseenimplications will result to policies that will serve as bases in thegeneration of Preferred Development Options, Alternative SpatialStrategies and the Land Use Plan.Matrix 1Economic-Social Inter-Sectoral IssuesObservationsExplanationsImplicationsPolicy Options• Encroachmentof informalsettlementsinto mangroveareas• Absence of asystem to monitorencroachment onpublic properties• Loss of breedinggrounds for fish• Relocatesquatters• Unavailability ofaffordablehousing units• Loss of naturaldefense tocoastal soilerosion• Provide affordablehousing units tosquatters whowill be relocated• Decrease in fishproduction• Establish asystem toperiodicallymonitorencroachment onmangrove areasNote: Repeat the exercise with other sectoral pairs as listed above.Step 4. Analyzing the Situation 68

Comprehensive Land Use PlanningSETTING THE GOALSAND OBJECTIVESCLUPSTEP5The next step after the SA (data gathering and analysis) is the formulation of goals andobjectives that will help the municipality / city achieve its vision. It is important that thegoals and objectives reflect the “common good” or consensus of the broader communityso that implementation of the plan effectively engages all sectors, and ownership isshared community-wide. A good way to achieve this is to conduct participatory goalsettingprocesses in public settings.The analysis will likely have revealed “weaknesses” or gaps in the municipality’s/city’sresources or capacities. Planning goals and objectives to address these gaps is agood place to start. Based on the analysis and alignment to the overall vision, the planshould establish a set of goals that build on strengths to take advantage of opportunities.The plan should also ensure that existing strengths and resources are preserved andenhanced. Objectives are selected to be timely and indicative of progress toward goals.The goals and objectives provide the benchmark by which the land use plan is formulated,assessed and evaluated.The working draft of goals and objectives may initially be prepared by the PlanningTeam in consultation with key stakeholders. This will later be presented to the variousstakeholder group workshops for further comments/revisions, validation andacceptance.PURPOSE• To formulate achievable goals and objectives that are responsive to the issues,needs, and potentials of the municipality/city.EXPECTED OUTPUTSSTEPS• Shared goals and objectives1. Review the vision statement and the major problems, issues, and opportunitiesidentified in the situation analysis.The result of the situation analysis may be presented as input for validation, andthese results will become the bases for the formulation of goals and objectivesduring the workshop/consultation.69Step 5. Setting the Goals and Objectives

2. Formulate the general goals that the LGU wish to attain within the planning period.Goal is a broad statement of desired outcome in the medium or long term. Itaims to address a general problem situation of a municipality/city as derivedfrom the situation analysis.Things to consider in formulating a goal:• A Goal must be able to translate the municipality’s/city’s vision statementinto more realistic terms• A Goal must be multi-sectoral in nature to be able to address more thanone problem situations• A Goal may be formulated for each of the identified key problem areasnecessary for the attainment of the vision .Sample:“An accessible, well developed City that provides high quality services andfacilities.”(Refer to Annex 5-1 for examples of Vision, Goals, and Objectives)3. Formulate for each goal the objectives based on the identified situations thatmight fall under a particular sector.Objectives are more specific statements of short-range desired outcomes orresults towards which development activities in the municipality/city are directed.These may be viewed as subsets of a goal and therefore contribute to theattainment of a stated goal. They respond to specific problem situations usuallysectoral in nature.Objectives must be SMART:• Specific in terms of place.• Measurable, preferably in performance terms- what is achieved rather thanhow to achieve it.• Attainable. Objectives must be attainable, otherwise, it will backfire andcreate failure.• Realistic. It is important that the support of the key stakeholders should beobtained, thus, objective setting should be participatory.• Time-bound. It is critical that objectives have a meaningful time frame.The time frame should be linked to political and social realities as well asto physical development aspects.Step 5. Setting the Goals and Objectives 70

Flow Chart for Setting Goals and ObjectivesSTEPSOUTPUTS1Review vision statementand results of situationanalysisAnalysis of vision, majorproblems/issues, andpotentials2Formulate the general goalsbased on analysis of visionand existing situationGeneral goals(multi-sectoral)3Formulate objectives totranslate the general goalsSMART Objectives4Check appropriateness andconsistency of goals andobjectivesConsistent goals andobjectives71Step 5. Setting the Goals and Objectives

Annex 5-1:EXAMPLES OF VISION, GOALS AND OBJECTIVESCity VisionGoalsObjectives“A peaceful,orderly, livable citywith a moderntrading centerwhere there areequal opportunitiesfor our disciplinedcitizens to developand prosper in aclean and healthyenvironment.”Note:• An accessible, welldeveloped City thatprovides high qualityservices andfacilities.• A peaceful City thatsupport cultural andsocial diversity andencourages strongcommunity development• A responsive governancethat encouragescommunity participation,transparency andaccountability; and offersits residents and investorsa range of economic,employment and financialopportunities.• Achieve a well-balanced socioeconomicgrowth• Foster human welfare developmentthrough a more equitabledistribution of livelihood and othersocio-economic opportunities• Enhance hinterland developmentand productivity• Regenerate local resources,achieve ecological balance and ahealthful environment;• Enhance partnership andcollaboration among nongovernmentorganizations, the citygovernment, Local GovernmentUnits within the influence area ofMetro Cagayan de Oro, nongovernmentassociations and otherdevelopment sectors speciallyalong service delivery.The above examples were the product of multi-sectoral and consultative processesconducted in Cagayan de Oro City in the crafting of their city vision, goals, and objectives.Step 5. Setting the Goals and Objectives 72

Comprehensive Land Use PlanningESTABLISHINGTHE DEVELOPMENT THRUSTAND SPATIAL STRATEGIESCLUPSTEP6Establishing the Development Thrust and Spatial Strategies are key steps in theComprehensive Land Use Planning process. These twin activities are critical indetermining the future development of the municipality/city. It explores the various landuse alternatives or scenarios and it involves the creative and visual part of the land useelement. Up to this point in the process a number of descriptive and graphic studieshave been prepared: a land use inventory and existing land use map; a land use analysis;and the goals and objectives. This step in the CLUP preparation involves theunderstanding of what is appropriate, feasible and possible development options forthe city/municipality through an exploration of different land use alternatives or scenarios.The municipality/city will choose one or a combination of preferred alternatives to serveas basis in preparing its future land use map.The purpose of this step is to establish a preferred land use alternative. In that sense,it is focused only on the land use element. All other sectors such as social, economicand infrastructure development shall provide the necessary input into the land useelement. The scenarios that are developed are connected or linked with themunicipality’s/city’s vision, goals and objectives. In that sense, the scenarios are themebasedand can be illustrated through visuals such as maps. Development alternativesshould be able to address the municipality/city character, natural resources preservationand can test public reaction to competing goals and objectives, before these are finalized.To reiterate, land use brings together other elements (sectors) of the plan. This opportunityfor integration is an important step in the overall process of drafting the CLUP.In building scenarios, the idea is to come up with at least 3 different alternatives fromwhich to compare and select the one that would best attain the vision, goals andobjectives. The discussion of the chosen strategy may not include the documentationof the lengthy process of evaluation and selection of preferred scenario or alternatives.Public participation is encouraged at this stage. This could be done through simpleparticipatory techniques such as use of tracing papers, crayons or markers to indicatetheir desired development. More complex techniques such as visualization orGeographic Information System (GIS) may be used if available.The agreed and accepted development thrust and spatial strategy will serve as thebasis and guide for the LGU to outline or prepare the detailed development policies,programs, projects and action plans.73Step 6. Establishing the Development Thrust and Spatial Strategies

PURPOSE• To generate development options based on the inherent potentials and opportunitiesof the municipality/city• To come up with criteria or guiding framework to evaluate development options andspatial strategies• To select appropriate or suitable development thrust or spatial strategiesEXPECTED OUTPUTS• Preferred development thrust and spatial strategy/ies.• Structure PlanSTEPS1. Conduct workshop to generate ideas/options on the appropriate developmentthrust which can be pursued by the city/municipality within the planning period.During the workshop:1.1 Make a clear presentation of the objectives of the workshop1.2 Present the various possible development schemes/options a municipality/citycan adopt.The municipality/city may opt to pursue any of the following development thrustsif suitable or applicable:• Agricultural Development• Industrial Development• Tourism Development• Commercial Development• Forestry Development• Coastal Development• Combined Development e.g. Tourism with Agriculture Development, Industrialwith Commercial, as may be applicableRefer to Annex 6-1 for the description of the above development thrusts.1.3 Present the adopted vision, goals, and objectives.1.4 Present the result of the situation analysis particularly the following:• Comparative advantage/potentials• Physical and environmental constraints• Land use trend/growth pattern• Environmental quality• Sectoral needs/requirements/issuesStep 6. Establishing the Development Thrust and Spatial Strategies 74

• Population characteristics and projections• Functional role• Local economic structure• Infrastructure and utilities1.5 Brainstorm on the possible development options for the city/municipality such asthose listed below considering the formulated vision, goals, objectives and the resultsof situation analysis.1.6 Reach consensus on the development thrust to be pursued within the planningperiod.The use of common or known terms that will best describe the developmentthrust is encouraged particularly when adapting a combined development thrust.Example:• Agri-Industrialization• Ecotourism• Agri-Ecotourism• Industrialization• Intensified Agricultural DevelopmentRefer to Annex 6-1 for other sample development thrusts2. Brainstorm and prepare at least 3 possible development strategies to pursue theidentified development thrust following these considerations:• Implications on environment• City/Municipality ecosystems (i.e. generally coastal, upland, island, etc.)• Implications on local economy and employment• Equitable access and distribution of services• Demand and need for social infrastructure• Social and economic implications to disadvantaged sector• Gender sensitivity and responsiveness• Urban-rural integration• Inherent comparative advantages/potentials• Impact on local heritage, culture and traditions• Sustainable utilization of indigenous resources• Financial implications• Role and impact/s on the component barangays• Functional role of the LGU as reflected in the higher level or inter-area developmentplans (e.g. MTPDP, RPFP, PPFP, BIMP-EAGA, CALABARZON, etc.)• Level of development of the LGU and its adjacent LGUs• Policies on production, protection, settlement, and infrastructure land uses as definedin higher plans• Others, as may be applicable to the local conditions75 Step 6. Establishing the Development Thrust and Spatial Strategies

The following are sample development strategies corresponding to some development thrusts.Example:Development Thrust Development Strategies/OptionsA. Agricultural Development - Crop Diversification- Industrial Plantation- Agri-ProcessingB. Industrialization - Light and Medium Industrial Development- Heavy Industrial Development- Small and Medium Scale Industrial Development3. Evaluate the three alternative strategies/options using appropriate evaluation/analytical techniques and select the preferred alternative development strategy.The following evaluation techniques are recommended in the selection of preferreddevelopment thrust and spatial strategy:• Goals Achievement Matrix (GAM)• Social Cost-Benefit Analysis (SCBA)• Planning and Budgeting System (PBS)• Land Suitability Assessment (LSB)• Checklist Criteria• Other innovative evaluation criteria/techniques as may be agreed uponRefer to Annex 6- 2 for the procedural steps of some of the above techniques.To facilitate the selection process, summarize results of evaluation as follows:Development Thrust: IndustrializationStrategies/OptionsOption 1: Heavy IndustrialDevelopmentOption 2: Light to MediumIndustrialDevelopmentOption 3: Micro, Small andMedium-ScaleEnterprisesImplicationPositive Intervention4. Reflect the spatial strategy for the preferred development thrust on a workingbase map.4.1 Designate probable locations of functional and development areas consistent with t h epreferred development thrust and using the predetermined lands available for expansion(Refer to CLUP Process Step 4 – Situation Analysis on quantified land requirements).Step 6. Establishing the Development Thrust and Spatial Strategies76

Note:• Considerations listed in item # 2 above shall be taken into account.• In designating locations for future development areas, refer to Annex6-3 for Sieve Mapping Techniques and Suitability Analysis.4.2 Evaluate the existing transport network within the designated probable developmentand functional areas to determine the needed and required linkages, to include otherlinkages with other LGUs, provinces, regions.4.3 Identify the growth directions in relation to the following:• Natural physical limitations• Vision, goals and objectives• Areas for protection, preservation and conservation• Environmental implications• Urban-rural configurations• Development opportunities/potential• Population concentration4.4 Describe or characterize the emerging form of the spatial strategy as a result of theabove steps. The spatial strategy shall cover the entire city/municipality includingthe growth pattern of urban development. The growth pattern may be in the followingform:• Trend extension • Linear urban• Multi-nodal • Concentric urban• Combined formsRefer to Annexes 6-4 for the Basic Urban Forms Conceptual Framework.5. Prepare the Structure Plan using the results of the above steps. This willprovide the overall framework for the subsequent preparation of the City/Municipal Land Use Plan.The Structure Plan shall be in map form depicting the envisioned development concept orthe visual outline or shape of the overall physical and development framework of the city/municipality. Step 7 of the CLUP planning process provides the detailed activities on howto prepare the details or particulars of the Land Use Plan.The Structure Map shall contain the following:• General location of development areas for agriculture, tourism, industry, and agroforestry.• General location of areas for conservation/ protection such as forest areas, criticalwatersheds, protected areas, protected agricultural lands, historical/cultural sites, etc.• General location of proposed major infrastructure projects• Direction of urban expansion• Proposed circulation system that reflects the linkage among the identified developmentareas within the municipality/city, linkage of the municipality/city with the adjacentmunicipalities/cities, province and region.• Growth areas/nodes for production purposes or with specific development role.77 Step 6. Establishing the Development Thrust and Spatial Strategies

Flow Chart for Establishing the Development Thrustand Spatial StrategiesSTEPSOUTPUTS12345Revisit Vision, Goals, Objectives,and results of SAGenerate options on appropriatedevelopment thrustsDevelop at least three scenariosto pursue the developmentthrustsEvaluate the alternativedevelopment scenarios andselect the most suitabledelopment strategy/iesReflect the spatial strategy for thepreferred development thrustClear understanding ofVision, Goals and Objectives,Issues and PotentialsClear understanding ofVision, Goals and Objectives,Issues and Potentials3 Development scenarios(future images of desireddevelopment scheme)Pros and cons ofdevelopment scenarios andpreferred developmentthrustsDesired physical form6Prepare the structure plan basedon the spatial strategyStructure Plan to provide theoverall framework of theCity/Municipal Land Use Plan(schematic diagram withshort narratives)79 Step 6. Establishing the Development Thrust and Spatial Strategies

Annex 6-1DESCRIPTION OF POSSIBLE DEVELOPMENT THRUSTS/OPTIONSOF A CITY/MUNICIPALITYI) Agricultural DevelopmentThe city or municipality may opt to adopt Agriculture Development or Agricultureintensification if the local economic structure, physical characteristics, opportunities,and the result or outcomes of analysis using SWOT or other analytical studies of thelocal situation is oriented towards agriculture.Given this development option, the city/municipality may put the option into operationby protecting the prime agricultural lands or areas covered by the Network ofProtected Agricultural and Agri-Industrial Development Areas (NPAAADs), providingthe required support physical infrastructure and services such as irrigation facilities,farm to market roads, credit/lending facilities, technology, and increasing accessto markets/product end users.The LGU as a matter of policy may encourage export of locally produced agricultureproducts after ensuring and addressing the local food requirement/s of its population.II)IndustrializationIf the city/municipality will opt to adopt Industrialization (or other forms of industrialactivities) as result of the sectoral studies or SWOT analysis, the LGU should ensurethat the support services, facilities and utilities required such as power, water, roads,telecommunication and efficient solid waste disposal, are available, well-planned andprovided for in case some of which are not present or available.On the implementation side, to protect the community and the environment, the localgovernment is encouraged to provide or put in place mitigating measures to controlpollution and to address the impacts of industrial operations.The local government may take advantage of the processing activities in the city ormunicipality to complement and further augment or increase the output/s of otherproductive sectors like agriculture and commerce and trade.III) TourismTourism is generally the development option chosen by cities and municipalities withnatural attractions such as beautiful coastlines and beaches and with potential forwater-based sports and recreation such as scuba diving, beach volleyball, islandhopping, fishing, etc.Depending on the type of tourism that the LGU will adopt (i.e. Eco-Tourism, Agri-Tourism, Cultural/Religious Tourism, etc.), the required infrastructures to support,improve and strengthen the tourism thrust of the city/municipality will be identified,well-planned and provided.In detailing the thrust/option, the LGU may need to adopt measures to protect andconserve its coastal or upland areas to ensure that tourism will not cause theStep 6. Establishing the Development Thrust and Spatial Strategies80

degradation of the environment, harm or affect the social or local customs/traditions of the city or municipality.The city or municipality may opt to prepare a tourism plan to layout thedetailed activities, programs and projects that support the thrust.IV) CommercialCities and municipalities with higher level of urban functions and services maychoose or opt to adopt Intensified Commercialization/Trading Center or Urbanizationas a development thrust or option. With this development option, the LGU mayfurther intensify the city/municipal commercial base and strengthen or highlight itsrole within the province or region.Given this option, the LGUs need to ensure the presence or availability of facilities,utilities, measures and incentives to encourage investors to further diversify andincrease investments.The required programs and projects and the corresponding mitigating measuresneed to be identified to address the impacts of intensified commercial activitiessuch as increased volume of solid and liquid wastes, need for more parking areas,management of traffic, workers’ housing, business/personal services, healthfacilities, warehouse/storage facilities, etc.V) Community-based Forestry ManagementThe LGU should promote Community-based Forestry Management Options for itsforest areas in accordance with recent government policy. This option is needed inorder to address the dependence of communities on forest resources. However, itis now accepted that focus should be given to the use of non-timber forest productssuch as fruits, fiber, resins, and the like, in lieu of harvesting timber products whichare not allowed under current laws.To help the city/municipality identify other development areas, the legal status oflands within the jurisdiction of the city/municipality must be identified, establishedand mapped accordingly to appropriately allocate lands for development inaccordance to the best and highest use of the land.The development of physical infrastructures such as bridges and roads within forestlands are viewed, at times, as detrimental or threatening to the protection of forestlands. These types of infrastructures may “open” protected areas to further intrusionof population and to other types of non-sustainable extraction of forestresources. In this regard, the concerned local government unit/s may adopt policiesthat will ensure the 1) sustainable utilization of forest resources; 2) control or regulatethe expansion of settlements within forestlands; 3) observe the rights of IndigenousCommunities; 4) settle conflicts between land suitability and legal land status; etc.Under existing Rules and Regulations by the Department of Environment and NaturalResources, the local government unit/s can not classify or zone its forestlands andresources for other purposes.81 Step 6. Establishing the Development Thrust and Spatial Strategies

VI) Coastal AreasThe development option of some cities and municipalities may be influenced by thepresence of an extensive coastline and or sizeable bodies of inland waters withintheir respective territorial jurisdiction. It becomes essential to integrate coastalarea planning in the LGUs respective overall or general planning.Cities and municipalities must, at the outset, conduct an inventory of its coastalresources, determine priority issues and concerns, ascertain existing risks andpotential impacts to the community, and harmony with the general or overalldevelopment option.In planning the coastal zone as part of the general development of the city ormunicipality, the LGUs must ensure the compatibility of land uses within thecoastal zone that will include uses both within the innermost (land) and theoutermost (water) limits. There are various processes and options recommendedfor integrated coastal management regimes which are currently advocated bynational government agencies such as DENR, and the LGUs will do well to consultwith these agencies for the appropriate development options which are aimed atachieving sustainable coastal development.VII) Combined Development OptionsLGUs may also opt to adopt combined development options if and when two ormore options or thrusts play significant functions in the existing local economicstructure, and, when the combination of development options will lead to thetransformation of the LGU to a well-developed city/municipality.Example:Agri-Tourism: Among possible combinations are tourism with agriculture orindustrial development with commercial development, whichever is applicablefor the locality according to its characteristics and vision for development.Step 6. Establishing the Development Thrust and Spatial Strategies82

Annex 6-2TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES FOR EVALUATION/SELECTIONOF ALTERNATIVE STRATEGIESSOCIAL COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS (SCBA)Social-Cost Benefit analysis (SCBA) is a comprehensive approach for appraising the socialworth of the options/alternatives or programs/projects which entail commitment of resources.SCBA is more commonly applied within single sectors, such as the health and transportationsectors, although inter-sectoral comparisons may also be applied. It is a useful aid in selectingthe development strategy for carrying out a project as well as in choosing among a number ofinvestment programs/projects competing among a limited amount of funds.This analysis is mainly concerned with the strategy’s effects on the welfare of the communityrather than on any smaller group within it. The benefits and costs of the alternative developmentstrategies are identified and measured based on the references of individuals, who are affected.Benefit is measured by the quantity of alternative goods and services which would give thesame amount of satisfaction to the beneficiaries while cost is measured by the goods andservices which would provide sufficient compensation to the losers, or which restore them totheir initial level of well-being.The results would show the appropriate Alternative Spatial Strategy according to thestakeholders. This would guide the local planners and decision-makers in discerning the mostacceptable spatial strategy to be employed in order to achieve the LGU’s goals and objectives.A TWG or Stakeholders Workshop may be organized to evaluate alternative spatial strategies.The participants may evaluate the generated development alternatives using the Social Cost-Benefit analysis (SCBA) as indicated in Matrix 1.Steps in Conducting Social Cost-Benefit Analysis (SCBA)1. Prior to rating the alternative development strategies, discuss the strategies as these relateto the situation (problems, issues and needs) of the LGU to make sure that the meaning isclear to the participants of the Stakeholders Workshop on this planning stage.2. List the alternative development strategies in column to the left. It is assumed that all theseadequately solve the problem.3. Using the scales in Matrix 2, rate each problem/issue in the alternative developmentstrategies and compute the total. Refer to Worksheet 1 to apply this evaluation method.4. Develop a team score for each strategy by sharing your individual ratings for each categoryand then computing a total. It would be useful to post the ratings on a flipchart and thendiscuss the reasons for each (Refer to Worksheet 2).Encircle the highest-rated strategy and proceed to the preparation of the detailed strategy andaction plan.Another way of evaluating a proposed strategy is by rating according to the benefits, costs,ease of implementation, time and secondary impacts.83 Step 6. Establishing the Development Thrust and Spatial Strategies

Matrix 1EVALUATION OF ALTERNATIVE DEVELOPMENT OPTIONSCHARACTERISTICSAlternative 1Heavy IndustrialDevelopmentAlternative 2Light to MediumIndustrialDevelopmentAlternative 3Micro, Small andMedium ScaleEnterprise1. What it takes to realize this option(Cost)a) Cost of new roads and otherinfrastructureLowModerateModerateb) Community adjustments to risksHighHighLowc) Preservation of protectedcroplands and fishpondsLowModerateLowd) Strict government enforcement ofregulationsLowModerateHighe) People’s compliance withregulations desiredLowModerateHigh2) Implications when developmentoption is realized (Benefits)a) Access of people to city-wideservicesLowLowHighb) Amount of air and water pollutionproducedHighHighLowc) Traffic problems reducedLowLowHighd) Overall attractiveness of the cityLowLowHighe) Potential for increased LGU revenueLowModerateHighf) Prospects for more jobs and highercompensationLowModerateHighg) LGUs role in the region maintainedLowLowHighStep 6. Establishing the Development Thrust and Spatial Strategies84

Matrix 2RATING SCALES IN EVALUATING ALTERNATIVE DEVELOPMENTSTRATEGIES/OPTIONSBENEFITSCOSTSEASE OFIMPLEMENTATIONTIMESECONDARYIMPACTSThe expectedbenefits will beminimal = 1The cost will bevery high = 1It will be verydifficult toimplement = 1It will be morethan 5 yrs. Beforethe benefits areseen = 1It also results insome negativeimpacts = 1The expectedbenefits will begood = 2The cost will behigh = 2It will be difficult toimplement = 2It will be 1-5years beforebenefits are seen= 2It also results insome negativeimpacts = 2The expectedbenefits will be verygood = 3The cost will below = 3There will be a fewobstacles to puttingit into practice = 3It will be 1 to 3years beforebenefits are seen= 3It also results insome positiveimpacts = 3The expectedbenefits will beoutstanding = 4There will be noadded cost = 4It can be easily putinto practice = 4Benefits will beseen in fewer than365 days = 4A Participant Assessment may be conducted using Worksheet 1 below.CHARACTERISTICSAlternative 1Heavy IndustrialDevelopmentAlternative 2Light to MediumIndustrialDevelopmentAlternative 3Micro, Small andMedium ScaleEnterprise1) What it takes to realize this option(Cost)a) Cost of new roads and otherinfrastructureb) Community adjustments to risksc) Preservation of protected croplandsand fishpondsd) Strict government enforcement ofregulationse) People’s compliance withregulations desired2) Implications when urban form isrealized (Benefits)a) Access of people to city-wideservicesb) Amount of air and water pollutionproducedc) Traffic problems reducedd) Overall attractiveness of the citye) Potential for increased LGU revenuef) Prospects for more jobs and highercompensationg) LGUs role in the region maintained85 Step 6. Establishing the Development Thrust and Spatial Strategies

Worksheet 2SOLUTION WORKSHEETALTERNATIVEDEVELOPMENTSTRATEGIESBENEFITSCOSTSEASE OFIMPLEMENTATIONTIMESECONDARYIMPACTSAlternative 1Heavy IndustrialDevelopmentAlternative 2Light-MediumIndustrialDevelopmentAlternative 3Micro, Small andMedium-ScaleEnterpriseDevelopmentGOAL-ACHIEVEMENT ANALYSISGoal-Achievement Analysis is conducted to determine the extent to which alternativedevelopment proposals will achieve a pre-determined set of “goals” or “objectives.” The approachhas the following characteristics:• Goals or objectives are formulated at the outset of the planning process. However,these may later be modified in the light of new developments or experience gainedduring the various stages of planning process.• The objectives are “multi-dimensional” (i.e., these include environmental, political,economic, social, and aesthetic aspects).• All goals-achievement methods aim to compare development options/alternatives orprogram/projects which represent alternative ways of achieving goals.• The objectives are ranked in the order of importance by assigning each a “weight” takinginto consideration the priorities of the planning area.Simple ranking of plans with respect to the objectives, e.g., creditor’s policy evaluation matrixin which effectiveness of the alternatives in achieving the stated policy objectives is qualitativelyexpressed using the following terms:• A significant positive effect• A partial or marginal effect• A significant negative effect• No significant relationshipStep 6. Establishing the Development Thrust and Spatial Strategies86

Steps in Conducting Goal-Achievement Analysis1. Organize a multi-sectoral workshop to be participated in by the various sectors of society.As indicated in Checklist 1, they shall be grouped accordingly, each group representing aparticular sector of society namely:Checklist 1PARTICIPANTS OF THE STAKEHOLDERS WORKSHOPCHECK ( / )STAKEHOLDERS1. Farmers2. Fisherfolks3. Environmentalists4. Business & Industrialists5. Youth6. Women7. Elderly/Physically Challenged8. Civic groups9. Elective officials10. Appointive officials11. Health Workers12. MediaIn the workshop:1.1 List evaluation criteria. The general welfare goals as provided for in Section 16 ofthe Local Government code of 1991 (RA 7160), vision of the LGU and/or the predeterminedset of goals may be used as evaluation criteria. As reflected in Matrix 3,prioritization of programs and projects use the vision elements/descriptors as theevaluation criteria.1.2 Based on the perceived importance of each vision element-descriptor/goal to theinterests of the sector, each group shall assign weights to each goal. The numericaltotal of the weights should be 100%. Subsequently, each proposal shall be ratedusing the following rating scale:0 = Option/Alternative does not contribute to the fulfillment of the particular goalfrom the sector’s point of view+ = Option/Alternative does contribute to the fulfillment of the particular goal- = Option/Alternative is inconsistent with, or contradicts the goalWhen the project contribution is (+) or (-), the extent of the contribution shall be indicated usingthe following scale:1 - Option/Alternative contributes slightly87 Step 6. Establishing the Development Thrust and Spatial Strategies

2 - Option/Alternative contributes moderately3 - Option/Alternative contributes greatly1.3 Multiply the rating by the corresponding weight of the goal and enter the productscore in the appropriate cell.1.4 Sum up the scores algebraically up for each Option/Alternative, then add all sectoralgroup scores as presented below (GAM matrix).The options/alternatives are finally rearranged according to their total scores. The Option/Alternative with the highest total score is ranked as number one, the next number two,and so on, as shown in the matrix of Summary of the GAM Scores.Goal Achievement Matrix (GAM)ELEMENTSVISION/GOALSPeople as IndividualsDESCRIPTORGod-lovingHealthyWell-informedPeople as SocietyEmpoweredVigilantSelf-reliantLocal EconomyCompetitiveDiversifiedEnvironmentfriendlyNatural EnvironmentCleanSafeAttractiveRestoredBuilt EnvironmentLocal GovernanceBalancedPlannedSafeAttractiveFirmDecentProgressiveTOTALWEIGHT(100%)1HEAVYINDUSTRIALDEVELOPMENTALTERNATIVE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES2LIGHT-MEDIUMINDUSTRIALDEVELOPMENT3MICRO, SMALL ANDMEDIUM SCALEENTERPRISE5 (.15) (.10) .1015 (.30) .15 .3010 (.30) (.10) .2010 (.30) .20 .2010 (.30) (.20) .2050 (1.50) (1.00) 1.50100 (2.85) (.95) 2.5Step 6. Establishing the Development Thrust and Spatial Strategies88

Matrix 4SUMMARY OF THE GOALS AND ACHIEVEMENT MATRIX (GAM) SCORESSOCIETAL SECTOROption 1HEAVYINDUSTRIALDEVELOPMENTOption 2LIGHT-MEDIUMINDUSTRIALDEVELOPMENTOption 3MICRO, SMALL ANDMEDIUM SCALEENTERPRISEGroup 1– Farmers-1.151.253.00Group 2– Fisherfolks-0.97-0.551.41Group 3– Environmentalists/Planners-1.54-1.452.20Group 4– Businessmen/Industrialists-0.250.151.76Group 5– Youth-0.810.022.59Group 6– Women-0.160.451.36Group 7– Elderly /PhysicallyChallenged-1.640.852.55Group 8– Civic Groups-1.55-0.591.56Group 9– Elective Officials-0.54-0.521.77Group 10– BarangayCaptains-2.850.952.50Group 11– AppointiveOfficials-1.321.422.70Group 12– Health workers0.920.602.62Group 13– Others-3.00-0.152.95TOTAL-14.862.4328.97RANK32189 Step 6. Establishing the Development Thrust and Spatial Strategies

LAND USE PLANNING TOOLS AND TECHNIQUESSeveral methods, tools and techniques are available in analyzing information for comprehensiveland use planning. According to Kaiser in his book, Urban Land Use Planning, these methodsare Developability Analysis and Perceptual Analysis.1. Developability AnalysisThis deals with determining the accurateinformation about the supply of availableland within the LGU jurisdiction to preparea land use plan. These have four types:1.1 Land Suitability Analysis (LSA) isan in-design evaluation method forplanning areas that retainimportant natural environmentalfeatures. The outcome of thevaluation depends to a large extenton expert judgment based onscientific knowledge.Thisevaluation method is notcomprehensive but rather limitedto alternative sites within aspecified study area for a particularland use or set of land uses.It is a procedure for mapping thevariation in relative suitability for aparticular land use across thejurisdiction or planning area(Ortolano, 1984)Steps in Land SuitabilityAnalysisa. Pick the land use to beanalyzed (e.g., residential,commercial, institutional,industrial, etc.)b. Determine the site attributesthat determine suitability forthat particular use (e.g., slope,inter-LGU access, water andsewer availability).Pick the land use to be analyzedDetermine the site attributes thatdetermine suitability for thatparticular useWeight each individual attributein terms of relative importancefor suitabilityRank (rescale) the internalcharacteristics of each attributeMultiply each attribute rank by theattribute weightDefine the rules for the model tocombine weighted attributes into asingle suitability scaleReclassify the resulting range ofnumerical scores into a simplifiedcomposite scoreTransform the outcome intosuitability by choosing a set ofpatterns to represent the differentdegrees of suitabilityGenerate a statistical report showingfor each suitability class, the siteidentification, number of acres andother relevant data.Step 6. Establishing the Development Thrust and Spatial Strategies90

c. Rank (rescale) the internal characteristics of each attribute, depending upontheir contribution to suitability (e.g., slopes of 1 to 6% are given a high rank, say2, than steeper slopes of more than 6%, which are ranked lower, with a 1).c.1 Weight each individual attribute in terms of relative importance forsuitability (e.g., because inter-LGU access is deemed twice as importantfor industrial location as slope, it weighed 2, whereas slope is weighed1.Similarly, availability of water and sewer is deemed three times asimportant as slope, so it is weighted 3)c.2 Multiply each attribute rank by the attribute weight (e.g., the two classesof slope, 1 and 2, are multiplied by the weight of the slope attribute 1).c.3 Define the rules for the model to combine weighted attributes into a singlesuitability scale (e.g., addition, multiplication and other algorithm).c.4 Reclassify the resulting range of numerical scores into a simplifiedcomposite score (e.g., less than 20 is least suitable; 20-36 is less suitable;27-32 is suitable; and more than 32 is most suitable).c.5 Transform the outcome into a suitability map by choosing a set of patternsto represent the different degrees of suitability (e.g., darker pattern forthe most suitable sites, grading to lighter patterns for less suitablesites)c.6 Generate a statistical report showing for each suitability class, the siteidentification, number of hectares/square meters and other relevantdata.Another approach in Land Suitability Analysis is through sieve mapping aspresented in Annex 6-3.1.2 Carrying Capacity Analysis - ismethod of studying the effects ofpopulation growth and urbandevelopment on ecologicalsystems, public facility systems,and environmental perception.The procedure for conducting this analysisvaries according to the system whosecapacity is at issue.1.3 Committed Lands Analysis -identifies where excess communityservice capacity exists and wherethe cost of additional distribution foreach new customer is no greaterthan the value of the increasedefficiency in producing the service.Delineate the boundaries ofcommitted lands for each publicOverlay the maps to show theaggregate committed land areas.Highlight the cluster of newdevelopment in areas that existingfacilities already serve.91 Step 6. Establishing the Development Thrust and Spatial Strategies

1.4. Market forecasts - attempt to project future land development. Simple forecastsrely on projections of past trends, population and economic growth along withinformation on development regulations, land use plans, and forthcomingdevelopment proposals, to estimate the location, type, amount, and cost of futuredevelopment.2. Perceptual AnalysisThis relies on people’s perceptions which are important determinants of travel behavior,locational choice, social relationships, and political actions. Surveys are employed in orderto maintain a systematic perceptual information. The four aspects of perception are:2.1. Legibility - refers to the clarity of its spatial organizations and ease with whichpeople can “read” its structure.”2.2. Attractiveness - degree to which it is positively perceived. From a non-professionalperspective, visual quality must be the most important influence on how peopleexperience and respond to urban areas and planning initiatives.2.3. Symbolism - refers to the meanings that people attach to various parts of the urbanarea.2.4. Quality of life - is a synthetic perceptual measure based on resident ratings oflocal trends of change over time in such factors as open space, urban design,crime traffic, schools and housing affordability.METHODS, TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES IN DETERMINING LAND REQUIREMENTS• Projecting Demand - the convenient way of determining the need (demand) by usingpopulation-land resources relationship (man-land relationship) assumption on per capitaspace requirements for every sector as indicated in the Sectoral Manuals. It must benoted, however, that standards do not address the uniqueness of individual localities. Itmust be noted that per capita allocation is applicable only to predominantly rural areas/towns where urban growth is associated with the normal increase in the urban populationusually in the poblacion.Basis for Projecting Demand for Urban Land Uses (Chapin, 1965)For industrial use (manufacturing)• Ratio of industrial space to projected total population• Forecast increase in industrial establishments, by type• Forecast levels of industrial employment, by type• Forecast changes in industrial floor space ratioFor commercial use (wholesale, retail services)• Forecast number of establishments• Forecast of employment• Employment to shop floor ratio• Ratio of commercial area to built-up areasStep 6. Establishing the Development Thrust and Spatial Strategies92

For residential neighborhoods (including areas for dwelling and related uses)• Additional housing requirements consistent with affordability levels• Areas for public low-income housingFor institutional areas• Based on prescribed standards for each sector• Based on special studies93 Step 6. Establishing the Development Thrust and Spatial Strategies

ANNEX 6-3: SIEVE MAPPING TECHNOLOGIES AND SUITABILITY ANALYSIS1. Basic Methods of Site SelectionOne of the many activities in land use planning is related to the choice of an optimal futureland use for a particular space in the land or the selection of an optimal area to locate aspecific activity. This process is more commonly known as “site selection” in the context ofurban planning and is in a number of ways comparable to “land evaluation”. A generalexample might be to determine where or which land in the locality is available for futureurbanization and how much people could be accommodated. Site selection can also bevery specific. One specific urban application is the determination of the best location for anew site and services scheme. This process is called “Suitability Mapping” which identifiesconstraints and opportunities.Depending on the importance of the proposed activities and objectives of the selection, theattention given to each of the aspects may vary.1.1 Suitability AnalysisMETHODSThe first thing to be done is to formulate criteria for suitable development areas(see matrix, Table 6-1). The appropriate base data can now be gathered andinterpreted for the specific study. The base data can be in the form of aerial photos,topographic map and other thematic maps where aspect maps can be derived. Anaspect map is a map dealing with only one factor. They are usually derived fromthe original thematic maps which are professional interpretations of based data intocustomized categories. They describe specific properties that can be used forfurther comparison with other aspects.1.1.1 The binary method can be easily applied by sieve mapping. From each aspect map,overlays are made with the unsuitable areas painted a dark color. Then all maplayers are put together (overlaid) on a light table where only the suitable areas(areas that have no negative aspect) will light up. (see Figure 6-1)Suitability levels could also be handled on a light table but in an incremental approach.First, we compare the first aspect and delineate on an overlay the areas that qualifyfor the aspect. Those areas will get a value of “1”. Then we put the overlay over thesecond map and delineate the areas that qualify for the second aspect. When theycoincide with areas that have already got “1”, this will be upgraded to “2”. If theseare new areas, they will get a value of “1”. When all the factors are considered thehighest values indicated the areas that qualify on all aspects (e.g. areas with value“5” if 5 aspects are considered). These are the same areas that we found withbinary sieve mapping. When the value is “4” it will mean that the site is not falling inthe suitability range for one aspect. If we like to know which aspect that is, we haveto compare with the original maps.In the identification of the physical conditions that determine the suitability of the land forurban use or future development areas, the following sample questions may serve asguide to the planner.Step 6. Establishing the Development Thrust and Spatial Strategies94

Questions:1. Where are the areas that are too steep to build upon or prone to landslides?2. Where are the areas prone to flooding?3. Where are the areas where ground conditions are not good for construction?4. Where are the forest areas?5. Where are the rights of ways for major roads not yet fully built and for high tensionelectricity lines?6. Where are the built up areas?7. Where are the good quality agricultural lands?8. Where are the areas that cannot be served by easy extension of existing systems?9. Considering the said factors, what are the constraints and opportunities for using landsin and around the town for urban use?Before answering the last question, carry out a Sieve Map Analysis of the town and itssurroundings using the answers to the other questions.2. Basic procedure of Determining Future Development Areas Using Sieve MappingTechniqueStep 1Step 2Step 3Step 4Step 5Make several transparent sheets (reproduce) of previously prepared base mapson tracing paper based on the number of the thematic maps. (The transparentsheets will be used for tracing the derived aspect maps to be overlaid to comeup with the map containing suitable areas.Prepare criteria for suitability for each thematic map. Make a classificationaccording to suitability for urban areas (e.g. 0 - 3% slope - highly suitable, etc.See Table 6-1)Prepare aspect maps by enlarging or reducing the thematic maps (slope,hazard, etc.) according to the scale of your base map. Using the transparentsheets, trace the enlarged/reduced thematic map. You have the flexibilityto add or delete other thematic maps other than the ones prescribed)For each aspect map, delineate the areas which are highly suitable and notsuitable depending on your criteria. Color the unsuitable areas with a dark coloror patterns of hatching and leave the suitable areas blank.Overlay (put on top) the different aspect maps and tape them together on thelight table. Those areas that light up are those areas which have satisfied allcriteria and which is deemed suitable for development.By carrying out sieve analysis, you can locate the areas where there are physical constraintson the use of lands for urban purposes. By placing at a time the overlays on the base map,the sum of the areas marked upon by the overlays can be built up on a single95 Step 6. Establishing the Development Thrust and Spatial Strategies

Alternative 5: Combined AlternativesIt must be noted that the LGU may opt to adopt a combination of development alternatives andpresent it as the fifth option.The basic urban form conceptual frameworks only serve to guide the LGUs informulating the schematic diagrams that will best characterize the preferredgrowth of development. As such, the resulting urban form must not be a precisereplication of these forms. Likewise, the preferred urban form shall be identifiedin terminologies that are reflective of the local situation.Step 6. Establishing the Development Thrust and Spatial Strategies100

Comprehensive Land Use PlanningPREPARING THELAND USE PLAN(DETAILING OF PREFERREDDEVELOPMENT STRATEGY)CLUPSTEP7Although the CLUP has a leaning towards physical planning, it can be staunchly statedthat the CLUP is also a manifestation of local social and economic values and that thiswill basically guide the physical development of the cities and municipalities.At this stage in the planning process, the Land Use Plan will translate the developmentthrust and spatial strategy that describes how, why, when, and where to build, rebuild,and preserve.In allocating and detailing of land uses, the Land Use Plan needs to integrate themandatory elements such as the vision, transportation, community facilities, economicdevelopment, critical and sensitive areas and natural hazards. Likewise, conflicts inlocation of land uses are reconciled and adjustments in the whole matrix of relationshipsare made.The Land Use Plan shall specify the features of the development thrust and preferredspatial strategy, guided by the details and policies governing the following:• Growth centers and corridors• Residential developments and basic facilities/services• Ecological system and cultural heritage protection/conservation• Economic development and local governance• Infrastructure support systems• Development intent for the entirety of the local government unit• Use of city/municipal watersPURPOSE• To translate the development framework as reflected in the Structure Plan into spatialdimension, and indicating the manner in which land shall be put to its highest andbest use.EXPECTED OUTPUTSA City/Municipal Land Use Plan with the following elements:·• Proposed Land and Water Uses• Land and Water Use Policies essential in physical development• Proposed Circulation Network• Major Development Programs/Projects101 Step 7. Preparing the Land Use Plan

STEPSThe steps put into detail the development areas as reflected in the Structure Plan, which inturn is the interpretation of the preferred Spatial Strategy/ies.1. Review the quantified land requirements derived from the conduct of sectoralstudies, current and projected population, vision and development thrust.2. Match the lands available for development (supply) and the quantified landrequirements (demand) to determine adequacy of supply. The figure below illustratesthe details of this activity.BALANCING LAND SUPPLY AND DEMANDResidentialVision , SectoralNeeds and wantsTotal Land AreaCommercialEstimated LandRequirementLess Land forProtectionIndustrialNIPASInstitutionalLand DemandLand SupplyNon-NIPASInfrastructureOpen SpaceYESMatched?NOCulturalHeritageParks and PlaygroundECAsCemeteriesAdjusment/Revision?Other Uses2.1. If the supply is adequate for the quantified needs and requirements, determine ifmodifications or adjustments are necessaryStep 7. Preparing the Land Use Plan102

Adjustments may be in the form of:• Additional expansion areas or growth areas• Allocation policies that would ensure the progressive realization of thecity’s/municipality’s development vision.2.2 If the supply is inadequate (less than the demand), identify strategic interventions toensure the provision or availability of land to address space or land requirements andto ensure the realization of the city’s/municipality’s development thrust.The following are some suggested strategic interventions:• Increase in use density (densification) e.g., infilling of vacant lots, vertical(high-rise) development, redevelopment• Reclamation subject to environmental and other laws and regulations• Possible conversion of development constrained areas with the leastperceived negative impact and subject to appropriate mitigatingmeasures2.3 If the demand is lower than the supply, the planner/s may decide on the appropriateuse(s) of the remaining land supply to ensure the achievement of the developmentthrust.The following may be considered, as may be appropriate for the LGU:• Reversion of lands zoned as urban uses to agricultural uses to ensureand enhance food security• Identification of new growth nodes/corridors• Identification of areas for additional infrastructure support services• Improvement of rural services and amenities• Possible relocation or socialized housing sites for informal settlers orfamilies, if any, and for families which may be affected by pipeline projectsand renewal/redevelopment programs in the urban areas• Other relevant uses, subject to existing laws.3. Design the basic land use scheme.3.1 Translate the land use requirements of the structure plan into major use categories;3.2 Make a schematic diagram of the location and area of the identified land use categorieson the base map;103 Step 7. Preparing the Land Use Plan

The scheme should take into account the following:• Land suitability (refer to Annex 6-3, Step 6, for techniques of analysis)• Flooding areas• Fault lines• Wind direction• Other physical limitations• Existing and future activity patterns• Public sentiment on land use issues• Land values• Cost considerations• Aesthetic factors• Proposed transportation layouts• Location criteria/standards (Refer to Vol. 2 for the sector standards and locationcriteria)- Convenience standards – location of land use is determined by consideringtime and distance as the primary units of measurement;- Performance standards – the main determinants of land use areas arehealth, safety, and amenity.Location standards will normally vary from one use to another and from oneplanning area to another. Local planners should be aware that standards arenot absolute but are more in the nature of guides or criteria to be followed undernormal circumstances.New space needs can be accommodated in three ways:1. Use of vacant areas and urbanizable lands;2. Re-use of areas slated for clearance; and3. “Invasion” or change in use of existing built-up areas from one use to anotheruse.3.3 Overlay the land use schemes to the existing land use map, land suitability map,development constraint/preservation/conservation maps, infrastructure developmentmap, and other significant factors to come up with a tentative land use plan;3.4 Finalize the land use plan by making adjustments and / or revisions where necessary.These adjustments and/or revisions are made in any of the following areas:3.4.1 Conflicts between land use and transportation• Possible conflicts between location and magnitude of land uses andexisting or proposed transportation lines should be ironed out.• Proposed land uses should be located as much as possible in areas whichare served or to be served by transportation lines or in areas wheretransportation lines can be feasibly extended.Step 7. Preparing the Land Use Plan104

• Where locating uses in certain areas becomes the greater imperative, thetransportation plan should be adjusted or revised accordingly.• Areas with heavy densities (in some cases, heavy daytime densities suchas CBDs, industrial areas, and school zones) should be served byadequate transportation routes and facilities such as parking areas,service centers, etc.3.4.2 Conflicts between land usesConflicts in these areas may be in two possible ways:a. Compatibility between land use - This shall be evaluated in such termsas:• Possible nuisance (noise, smoke, fumes, glare, etc.) from one use toanother adjacent area;• Incompatibility in terms of aesthetic considerations;• Traffic generation where one area is exposed to heavy traffic generatedby another use or where adjacent uses (i.e. commercial and industrialareas) generate undesirable traffic levels.b. Sitings of lands uses - evaluated according to:• Whether a particular area is allocated for the most suitable use interms of land value, land suitability, cost-revenue considerations (i.e.viable commercial housing in proposed residential area), andexploitation of locations with good aesthetic qualities.• The feasibility of extending transportation and utilities (water, power,sewerage, communication lines) to new locations.3.4.3 Adjustment for space allocation - tentative space allocations of spacerequirements may need to be adjusted in terms of reduction or expansion ofareas. Adjustments may be done as follows:• In cases where there is not enough land to accommodate all estimatedspace requirements, the proposed areas of some uses may be reducedbut with corresponding increase in density to satisfy the requirements.• Tentative allocations may be increased to introduce flexibility in some uses,such as, allowances for unforeseen space needs or set aside areas withgood potential as industrial land reserves.The final land use plan that would emerge from the foregoing adjustmentsand revisions should as much as possible, be the most balanced andharmonious land use design in terms of area, location, and layout.4. Tabulate and quantify the proposed land uses following Table 7-1 below. It shallalso include the proposed uses of water bodies within the jurisdiction of the city/municipality.105 Step 7. Preparing the Land Use Plan

Table 7-1. Proposed Land UsesLAND USE CATEGORIESAREA (In Hectares)EXISTINGPROPOSEDINCREASE/(DECREASE)• Residential• Commercial• Infrastructure/utilities• Institutional• Parks/playgrounds and otherrecreational spaces• Industrial• Agriculture• Forest and other forest use categories• Mining/quarrying• Grassland/Pasture• Agro-industrial• Tourism• Other uses/categories• Cemeteries• Sanitary waste managementfacilities, e.g. sanitary landfill, STPs• Buffer zones/Greenbelts• Water uses• Nipa swamps• Mangrove forests• Tourism (recreation/resorts)• Settlements on stilts• Infrastructure (e.g. Ports andHarbors, Fish Landing, OilPipelines)• Reclamation Areas and Landfills• Aquaculture and marine culture (e.g.fish cages/fish pens, seaweedculture, etc.)• Fish sanctuary• Mudflats• Others, specify (e.g. river sand/gravel quarrying, coral reef,seagrass beds)* Definition of terms for coastal andmarine areas are provided inAnnex 4-4.Step 7. Preparing the Land Use Plan106

The planning of forests, agricultural, wetlands, heritage areas, and other detailedland use categories are also subject to specific area planning guidelines asmay be mandated by concerned national agencies. These plans may include:Forest Land Use Plan, Coastal Resources Management Plan, Tourism MasterPlan, Protected Area Management Plan, Ancestral Domain SustainableDevelopment and Protection Plan, Solid Waste Management Plan, AgricultureDevelopment Plan, etc.The DENR-IEMSD Sustainable Planning Guidelines may be utilized in preparingthe Forest, Agriculture, and Coastal Land Use Plans. For local governmentunits with ancestral lands and indigenous peoples, the NCIP Administrative OrderNo. 1, Series of 2004: Guidelines on the Formulation of the Ancestral DomainSustainable Development and Protection (ADSDPP) as presented in Annex 7-1, should be observed.In cases where there are already existing detailed plans as mentioned above,prior to the preparation of the CLUP, such plan/s will have to be integrated andreflected in the CLUP. However, this is without prejudice to the review of suchplans for purposes of harmonization and consistency with the city or municipalvision.5. Plot/delineate on the base map the proposed land and water uses to come up withthe City/Municipal Land Use Plan map. Use the standard color codes in delineatingthe proposed land uses as presented in CLUP Process Step 4-Annex 4-3. (Referalso to to Vol. 3, A Guide to Data Management for CLUP Preparation, to facilitatemapping activities.).The Land Use Plan Map will reflect the resultant land use proposals for theentire city/municipality, including coastal and marine areas. For purposes ofhaving a more detailed presentation, the urban core and other urbanizing areasmay be enlarged to a bigger scale to show the detailed land uses within. Thecomponents of urban use areas must be clearly specified and explicitly presentedto avoid subjectivity of interpretation.6. Formulate the land use policies that will govern the specific land and water uses inthe entire city/municipality.At this stage, identify Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Practices (IKSP) that canbe adopted to ensure sustainable use of special areas, i.e. Ancestral Domains.107 Step 7. Preparing the Land Use Plan

Policy refers to a statement indicating specific guidelines, methods, procedures, rulesand forms that will guide all development activities in the city or municipality to supportand further encourage actions toward the achievement of the vision, goals,objectives, and targets.Policy statements may cover any or all of the following concerns:• Strategic functions of identified growth areas/corridors• Extent of area to be occupied and types of future commercial and industrialactivities• Intensity of activities to be generated• Visual impact regulations• Special assessment, compensation, and tax incentives and disincentives to be effectedin the implementation of the plan• Conservation, preservation, maintenance, and development of ecological system(i.e. coastal, forest, lakes, etc.), cultural heritage sites, natural resources, and thelike• Other policies considered by the locality as necessary and relevant to the local landdevelopment plan.Policies are formulated through workshops or brainstorming sessions by the planningteam, the results of which, are to be presented to other stakeholders. This activity mayalso result to further refinement of sectoral policies for the purpose of consistency with thedefined vision, goals and objectives.The workshop activities shall include the following:• Review of the vision, goals and objectives and the findings of the situation analysis onissues/problems, and the recommended interventions• Assessment of land use relationships (compatibility and linkages between land uses,inter-intra-area compatibility)• Identification of policies that respond to specific situations in order to attain the vision,goals and objectives.• At this stage due consideration and consistency with the general policies stipulated inhigher plans such as, PPFP, RPFP or NFPP on production, protection, settlementsand infrastructure areas shall be observed.• Checking the consistency of policies with the issues, goals and objectives. Guidequestions are as follows:- Does each policy address the cause(s) of the priority problems identified in thesituation analysis?- Are the policies consistent with the stated vision, goals and objectives and witheach other?- Are the policies consistent with national, regional and provincial developmentpolicies and plans?- What actions will these policies require? Is there a need for executive and legislativeaction?• Consolidating the identified policies for the functional development areas accordingto sectors for the subsequent identification of responsibility centers.Step 7. Preparing the Land Use Plan108

7. Delineate transportation network and proposed circulation pattern consideringthe achievement of the following:a. Efficient internal and external linkagesb. Improved community access to basic social services and facilities/infrastructuresc. Stimulate development in identified development areas or growth nodesd. Desired impacts on service provision and influence on development pattern of theLGU8. Identify programs and projects that will support the implementation of the LandUse Plan.8.1 Determine the relevant programs and projects that arise from the formulation of thestructure plan, the detailed land use plans including the identified policies, such as:• Additional linkages in terms of circulation system• Socialized housing• Parks and playgrounds and greening projects• Waste management systems such as sanitary landfills• Renewal or redevelopment programs• Cultural and heritage preservation programs• Upgrading of sanitation and drainage system• Irrigation projects• Reforestation projects• Others8.2 Review the list of programs and projects resulting from the sectoral studies8.3 Consolidate the programs and projects cited above into a general listing. This willprovide the basis for prioritizing projects/programs for implementation by the city/municipality.8.4 Classify programs and projects that can be implemented by national, regionalprovincial, city / municipal government, private sector, NGOs or POs. Identifying areasof responsibility will facilitate coordination of project implementation. These programsand projects can be further classified according to sector.8.5 Prepare the implementation and monitoring plans/tools to implement the CLUP (Referto CLUP process - Steps 8 to 10 for the detailed procedures).109 Step 7. Preparing the Land Use Plan

Flow Chart for for Preparing the Land Use PlanSTEPSOUTPUTS1Review the quantified sectoralarea requirements23456Adjust total land requirementsbased on the preferred devt.thrusts options/strategies andmatch with available land supplyIdentify proposed land uses,quantify and tabulate areasPlot/delineate land uses on thebase mapDelineate transportation networkand proposed circulation patternFormulate land use policies togovern functional areasTotal sectoral landrequirements in has.Adjusted total demandfor land and growthmanagementstrategiesTable on proposedland (and water) useareasProposed Land UsePlanTraffic management/improvement plan/strategies7Identify programs and projectsthat will support theimplementation of the planLand use policiesGeneral listing ofconsolidated programsand projectsStep 7. Preparing the Land Use Plan110

Annex 7-1GUIDELINES ON THE FORMULATION OF ANCESTRAL DOMAIN SUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT AND PROTECTION PLAN (ADSDPP) PURSUANT TO NATIONALCOMMISSION ON INDIGENOUS PEOPLE (NCIP) ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER NO. 1,SERIES OF 2004Section 8. Basic Steps in the ADSDPP Formulation. The formulation of the ADSDPP shallprimarily be guided by the principle of self-determination, participatory planning and culturalintegrity with the main objective of ensuring the sustainable development and protection ofancestral domain resources and enforcement of the rights of ICCs/IPs to their ancestral domainas well as their rights as a people and as citizens. The responsibility of formulating the ADSDPPrests with the community and they may avail of the services and expertise of other agenciesand support groups. Upon request of ICCs/IPs, the NCIP shall facilitate the formulation of theADSDPP and the planning process shall proceed as follows:a. Pre-Planning Consultations. In preparation for the ADSDPP formulation, a series ofconsultations shall be conducted by the NCIP field office with the following objectives:1. Fully inform and educate all IC/IP community members of their rights andresponsibilities pursuant to existing policies and regulations.2. Get the commitment of concerned IC/IP community members to formulate theirADSDPP.3. Identify members of the working group to formulate the ADSDPP.b. Organization of the Working Group/Planning Team. A Working Group or PlanningTeam shall be organized which shall comprise the traditional leaders and recognizedrepresentatives from all ICC/IP sectors such as the women, youth, children, farmer/fisher folks of the tribe that owns the ancestral domain. To facilitate the planning process,sub-working groups may be organized by ancestral domain unit and/or ICC/IP sectorto assist the core Working Group.c. Preparation of Work and Financial Plan (WFP). Prior to the formulation of theADSDPP, the core Working Group (WG) shall prepare a work and financial plan indicatingthe planning activities, specific outputs, schedules, responsible persons/groups peractivity and the budgetary requirements including probable resources or sources offunds. This shall be done in consultation with the Council of Elders and other membersof the community. Thereafter, the same shall be endorsed to the NCIP, through theprovincial and regional offices, for approval and possible funding assistance.d. Data Gathering and Assessment. Data gathering or baseline survey and assessmentis the preliminary step in the planning process to produce the ancestral domain profileand situationer. The Working Group(s) shall conduct a participatory baseline surveyfocusing on the existing population, natural resources, development projects, land use,sources of livelihood, income and employment, education and other concerns. Thesurvey shall include the documentation of the ICC/IP culture or IKSPs and historicalaccounts or inventory of documents relative to the sustainable development andprotection of the ancestral domain. Likewise, it includes the appraisal of the quality andquantity of existing natural resources In the ancestral domain. The baseline surveyshall target both secondary and/or primary data with the aid of survey instruments andprocedures.111 Step 7. Preparing the Land Use Plan

The Working Group shall assess the data/information, identify and prioritize problems/issues and concerns, determine needs and gaps, and try to understand the underlyingcauses and how particular problems affect particular sectors of the community. Theoutput shall be presented to the community for validation of its accuracy and reliabilitybefore proceeding to the succeeding steps of the ADSDPP formulation processhereunder.e. IP/AD Development Framework Formulation. Immediately after the validation ofthe assessed data, the community shall collectively formulate the framework for theirdevelopment as a people and the sustainable development and protection of theirancestral domain. This shall reflect their collective vision, mission, general objectivesor long term goals, priority concerns and development strategies that will set the directionof the program/project identification and prioritization in the ADSDPP. The process shallinvolve the evaluation of alternative development options without compromise of theICCs/IPs’ duties and responsibilities to their ancestral domains. The framework shallbe written in the language understood by all IC/IP community members, and translatedin English.f. Interface of IP/AD Development Framework with Existing Government Policies/Plans/Programs/Projects, Rules and Regulations. After completion of the IP/ADdevelopment framework, other government and non-government agencies, most crucialof which are the DENR, DA, DAR, DPWH, and so forth shall be invited to present theirexisting policies/plans/programs/projects so that ICCs/IPs will be fully apprised ofdevelopment opportunities as well as limitations. The inputs, with possible commitments,will further guide the identification of programs in the ADSDPP. On the other hand, otherGOs and NGOs will be informed of the real desires and aspirations of ICCs/IPs, whichthey may consider in the review and reformulation of their respective policies/plans/programs/projects.g. Program/Project Identification and Prioritization. Based on the developmentframework, programs/projects/activities including basic services required shall beidentified and prioritized. A brief description of each program, project and activity shallbe presented and suggestions on implementation strategies and/or mechanisms maybe included. The presentation shall include all available resources and externalassistance that could be tapped by the IC/IP community.h. Formulation of ADSDPP Implementation Strategies and Management Plan.Proposed plans to implement and manage the ADSDPP and its specific parts shall beindicated to include the monitoring and evaluation systems and tools to be used inmeasuring and checking the progress of development programs and projects. TheCouncil of Elders/Leaders shall oversee the implementation and management of theADSDPP notwithstanding the visitorial powers of the NCIP. To assist the Council ofElders/Leaders (CEL), the IC/IP community may institute a special body or bodies thatwill take charge of specific tasks that will be identified.i. Presentation, Validation and Approval of Draft ADSDPP with IC/IP CommunityMembers. The working group shall conduct IC/IP community assembly(ies) to presentthe draft ADSDPP for their validation and approval. The presentation shall be aided byvisuals including maps and in a manner that is understood by all IC/IP communitymembers. When applicable, the English translation of the ADSDPP shall also be subjectfor validation.Step 7. Preparing the Land Use Plan112

j. Submission of ADSDPP to NCIP. Upon validation and approval, the community throughits Council of Elders/Leaders shall submit the ADSDPP to the NCIP through the ProvincialOffice (PO). The ADSDPP shall be incorporated into the Medium Term or Five YearMaster Plan for ICCs/IPs, which shall be the basis of programs/projects to be identifiedin the annual and medium term budgetary proposals of the NCIP as well as otheragencies concerned with the welfare of ICCs/IPs.Section 9. Incorporation of the ADSDPP into the Local Government Plans. Afterapproval of their ADSDPP, the ICCs/IPs shall submit the same to the municipal and provincialgovernment units having territorial and political jurisdiction over them for incorporation in theirdevelopment and investment plans. The LGUs are also encouraged to provide financial andtechnical assistance in the implementation of the ICCs/IPs development plans.113 Step 7. Preparing the Land Use Plan

Comprehensive Land Use PlanningDRAFTING THEZONING ORDINANCECLUPSTEP8Zoning is the division of a community into zones or districts (e.g. commercial, residential,industrial, institutional, etc.) according to the present potential uses of land to maximize,regulate and direct their use and development according with the CLUP. It takes theform of a locally enacted ordinance which embodies among others regulations on theallowed uses in each zone or district and deviations from the requirements prescribedin the ordinance.Drafting of the Zoning Ordinance (ZO) is basically translating the Comprehensive LandUse Plan (CLUP) into a legal document/tool. In general, Zoning has the same featuresor land use classifications as the CLUP, except that it provides for more detailedinformation on zone boundaries and use regulations/controls, among others.Zoning consists of two major elements, the Zoning Ordinance and the Zoning Map.• The Zoning Ordinance is a legally binding set of rules and regulations affirmingthe usage of land in a city/municipality. This document contains a set of alloweduses and regulations that applies to each designated zone.• The Zoning Map is a duly authenticated map defining divisions of different plannedland uses and regulations of land into zones in a city/municipality. It is a graphicaltranslation of the regulations to efficiently carry-out the presumptions of theZoning Ordinance. For purposes of accountability, the zoning map shall beprovided with transparent overlay(s) depicting critical information that the users/public should know, e.g., fault lines, subsidence areas, protected areas, etc.A Zoning Ordinance should take the form of a statute, with a title and an enacting clause.A Zoning Ordinance (ZO) shall have the following components/features:Title of the OrdinanceAuthority and PurposeDefinition of TermsZone ClassificationsZone RegulationsGeneral District RegulationInnovative TechniquesMiscellaneous ProvisionsMitigating DevicesAdministration and EnforcementStep 8. Drafting the Zoning Ordinance114

PURPOSE• To define/delineate in the map the zone boundaries• To identify activities which shall be allowed/permitted within each zone• To develop other development controls to ensure an objective implementation of theCLUPEXPECTED OUTPUTS Draft Zoning Ordinance Zoning Map with transparent overlay(s) depicting critical information which thestakeholders/users should know or be aware of, e.g., faultlines, flood-prone areasand risk/hazard prone areasSTEPSI. Draft the Zoning Ordinance and the accompanying zoning map.The Planning Team, assisted by the TWGs/Committee on Land Use, shall conduct seriesof meetings to draft the zoning ordinance based on the CLUP, particularly, the land useplans/policies, vision, goals and objectives of the CLUP.The inclusion of a legal officer and/or an SB/SP member in the planning team is an advantage.The following activities shall be undertaken to arrive at a draft-zoning ordinance.In all these steps, the Model Zoning Ordinance (MZO) published by HLURBshall serve as reference for the suggested details of the ordinance.1. Define the title and purpose of the ordinance.This will constitute Articles I and II of the ZO.The purpose is defined based on the goals and objectives of the CLUP.Sample Purpose:• To guide, control and regulate future growth and development of (name of city/municipality) in accordance with its Comprehensive Land Use Plan.• To protect the character and stability of residential, commercial, industrial, institutional,forestry, agricultural, open space and other functional areas within the locality andpromote the orderly and beneficial development of the same.• Promote and protect the health, safety, peace, comfort, convenience and generalwelfare of the inhabitants in the locality.115 Step 8. Drafting the Zoning Ordinance

The enumerated purposes are the broad objectives of a typical local ZoningOrdinance and may be adopted by any local government. Some local legislativebodies may however, find these purposes stated too broadly and may wish totranslate them into more specific terms appropriate to the specific goals andobjectives of the CLUP. They may also include other purposes, which are moreexpressive of the specific development needs, goals and directions of their respectivelocality.2. Designate specific zones in the city/municipality using the CLUP by definingthe location and extent of boundaries of the various zones, specifying boundariesalong named streets, significant landmarks, and other natural planning boundaries,whenever present or appropriate.In general, zoning boundaries shall be delineated by either natural or manmade featuressuch as rivers, roads etc. or by measuring depth and breadth of the zone, or by establishingradial distance in case the zone is circular, or their combinations in irregular zones.The textual description of boundaries should correspond accurately and exactlywith the boundaries in the zoning map. The identified zone boundaries may beenumerated in the Appendix of the Zoning Ordinance.The designation of zones or districts by the local government units shall be basedon the CLUP. Essentially therefore, the technical justifications of zoning lie with theplanning activities that led to the formulation of the CLUPStep 8. Drafting the Zoning Ordinance116

The following is a general list of zone classifications which may apply to a locality.ZONINGCLASSIFICATIONResidentialSocialized HousingCommercialIndustrialInstitutionalAgriculturalAgro-industrialForestPark and otherrecreationWaterTourismDESCRIPTIONAn urban area within a city or municipality principally for dwelling/housingpurposes. Residential zones can be divided into areas of low, medium, and/orhigh densityAn area principally used for dwelling/housing purposes of the underprivileged/low-income earnersAn urban area within a city or municipality for trading/services/business purposes.Commercial zones can be divided into areas of low, medium, and/or high density.An urban area within a city or municipality for industrial purposes. Industrialzones can be divided into areas of light, medium or heavy industries.An urban area within a city or municipality principally for institutionalestablishments. Institutional zones can be divided into general and special types.An area within a city or municipality intended for cultivation/fishing and pastoralactivitiesAn area within a city or municipality intended primarily for integrated farmoperations and related product processing activities.An area within a city or municipality that is classified or contains a forestecosystem.An area designed for open space recreational facilities and maintenance ofecological balance of the community.Bodies of water within cities and municipalities which include rivers, streams,lakes and seasSites within cities and municipalities endowed with natural or man-made physicalattributes and resources conducive to recreation and other activities.117 Step 8. Drafting the Zoning Ordinance

Local governments may also adopt the following detailed zone classification, depending onthe prevailing conditions in the locality such as population density, income and level ofdevelopment.DETAILED ZONE CLASSIFICATION1. General Residential Zone (GRZ)2. Socialized Housing Zone (SHZ)3. Low Density Residential Zone (R-1)4. Medium Density Residential Zone (R-2)5. High Density Residential Zone (R-3)6. General Commercial Zone (GCZ)7. Low Density Commercial Zone (C-1)8. Medium Density Commercial Zone (C-2)9. High Density Commercial Zone (C-3)10. Light Industrial Zone (I-1)11. Medium Industrial Zone I-2)12. Heavy Industrial Zone (I-3)13. General Institutional Zone (GIZ)14. Special Institutional Zone (SIZ)15. Agricultural Zone (AGZ)16. Agro-Industrial Zone (AIZ)17. Forest Zone (FZ)18. Parks and other Recreation Zone (PRZ)19. Water Zone (WZ)20. Tourist Zone (TZ)The output of this step will be a Zoning Map, boundary description of each zone in themap and the accompanying text.Zoning Map Color CodeThe basic zone classifications shall use the same color codes as the land usecategories (Annex 4-3) while each sub-zone classification shall be superimposedwith different patterns /symbols, e.g. hatching with diagonal/straight lines, letters,and/or numbers, etc. (Refer also to Vol. 3, Guide to Data Management in CLUPPreparation)3. Identify and agree on zone regulations for each zone district. This includesthe list of allowable uses/activities, such as, easements/setback, buildingheight, bulk, open space, area, population density and other conditions.Zone regulations of cities and municipalities will differ in many waysdepending on the type/level of development and the locality’s stated vision,goals and objectives.Step 8. Drafting the Zoning Ordinance118

Examples:a. For Residential Zones:To make zoning more implementable and suitable in a given type of locality, twoapproaches may apply in the designation of residential zone or district:a.1 Designate a generalized residential zone without reference to density level i.e.residential zone (R).a.2 Designate residential zone in relation to different density levels: low density residentialzone (R-1), medium density residential zone (R-2), and high-density residentialzone (R-3) and Socialized Housing Zone (SH Z).a.3 For highly urbanized cities and urban/urbanizing municipalities additional residentialzone with specific use regulations may be divided such as follows: ResidentialZone (R-4) for Townhouses, Residential Zone (R-5) for residential condominium.The local planner/zoning administrator shall recommend or adopt only one approach inrelation to the policies and objectives of the locality as expressed in their respectiveComprehensive Land Use Plan.Refer to MZO for different residential zone models.b. For Commercial Zones:Two approaches may likewise apply in the designation of commercial zone:b.1 Designate a generalized Commercial Zone without reference to the type ofcommercial activities provided in the locality i.e. General Commercial Zone (GCZ).b.2 Designate Commercial Zone in relation to different types of commercial activities/services offered i.e. Principally Commercial Zone (C-1), Quasi-Commercial/Industrial Zone (C-2); and large shopping malls in C-3.The local planner/Zoning Administrator/Zoning Officer shall recommend or adopt only oneapproach in relation to the policies and objectives of the locality as indicated in their respectiveComprehensive Land Use Plan.Refer to MZO for commercial zone modelsc. Other Zone Considerations:For municipalities with no potential for manufacturing industries or do not encouragethe setting up of one, there is no necessity to include industrial zone in its ZoningOrdinance.4. Determine any innovative techniques or designs as may be applicable;define miscellaneous provisions; and identify/define mitigating measures to includevariance and exceptions provisions. Refer to Article IX- Mitigating Devices ofthe MZO on procedures for granting of exceptions and variances.119 Step 8. Drafting the Zoning Ordinance

4.1 Innovative techniques and designs shall apply to LGUs with projects that introduceflexibility and creativity in design.4.2 Miscellaneous provisions includes the following:a. Projects of National Significance. A provision on projects declared by the NEDABoard as a project of national significance wherein HLURB shall issue LocationalClearance pursuant to EO 72.b. Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC). A provision stipulating thecompliance of environmentally critical projects or projects located inenvironmentally critical areas to the requirements of ECC. In some cases,Certificate of Non-Coverage (CNC) is issued by EMB-DENR.c. Subdivision Projects. A provision that requires all owners and/or developersof subdivision projects to secure a locational clearance/development permitpursuant to the provisions of PD 957 and its implementing rules and regulationsor BP 220.The granting of exception and variances is necessary to reduce the possibleharshness that may result from the enforcement of the Ordinance. The localgovernment unit concerned shall consider the capacity of utility and transportsystems, among others.5. Identify/define provisions to administer and enforce ZO. This will comprise ArticleX, of the draft ZO and shall include among others, the following:5.1 Permitting systems for various land development regulations and economic activities;5.2 Designation of Zoning Officer and extent of responsibility;5.3 Creation of Local Zoning Board of Adjustments and Appeals (LZBAA) composed of:a. City or Municipal Mayor as Chairmanb. City or Municipal Legal Officerc. City or Municipal Assessord. City or Municipal Engineere. City or Municipal Planning and Development Coordinator (if other than theZoning Administrator.f. Two (2) representatives of the private sector nominated by their respectiveorganizations and confirmed by the city or municipal mayor.g. Two (2) representatives from non-government organizations nominated bytheir respective organizations and confirmed by the city or municipal mayor.h. SP/SB Committee Chair on Land Use/Zoning (If said committee is nonexistent,the SP/SB may elect a representative).Step 8. Drafting the Zoning Ordinance120

For purposes of policy coordination, the said committee shall be attached tothe Municipal or City Development Council.In order to ensure that due process is observed in the enforcement of the ZoningOrdinance, it is advisable that local governments provide for a Local ZoningBoard of Adjustment and Appeals. However, due to limitation in planningexpertise, some localities may find it difficult to organize their own Local ZoningBoard of Adjustment and Appeals. In these cases, the local government mayauthorize the HLURB to act as its Zoning Board of Adjustment and Appeals.5.4 Creation of Local Zoning Review Committee (LZRC) composed of the followingsector representatives responsible for the operation, development and progress ofall sectoral undertakings in the locality:a. Municipal/City Planning and Development Coordinatorb. Municipal/City Health Officerc. Municipal/City Agriculturistd. President, Association of Barangay Captainse. Municipal/City Engineerf. Community Environment and Natural Resources Officer (CENRO)g. Municipal Agrarian Reform Officer (MARO)h. District School Supervisori. Three (3) Private Sector Representatives (eg. Local Chamber of Commerce,Housing Industry and Homeowner’s Association, etc.)j. Two (2) NGO Representatives (eg. Women; Indigenous People, etc.)The Local Zoning Review Committee shall have the following powers andfunctions:1. Review the Zoning Ordinance for the following purposes:a. Determine amendments or revisions necessary in the Zoning Ordinancebecause of changes that might have been introduced in the ComprehensiveLand Use Plan.b. Determine changes to be introduced in the Comprehensive Land Use Planin the light of permits given, and exceptions and variances granted.c. Identify provisions of the ordinance difficult to enforce or are unworkable.2. Recommend to the Sangguniang Panlungsod/Bayan necessary legislativeamendments and to the local planning and development staff the neededchanges in the plan as a result of the review conducted.3. Provide information to the HLURB that would be useful in the exercise of itsfunctions..121 Step 8. Drafting the Zoning Ordinance

5.5 Procedures for handling complaints and opposition.5.6 Procedures for amending the Zoning Ordinance.Changes in the Zoning Ordinance as a result of the review by the Local ZoningReview Committee shall be treated as an amendment, provided that anyamendment to the Zoning Ordinance or provisions thereof shall be subject topublic hearing and review evaluation of the Local Zoning Review Committeeand shall be carried out through a resolution of three fourths vote of theSangguniang Panlungsod/Bayan. Said amendments shall take effect only afterapproval and authentication by HLURB or Sangguniang Panlalawigan.5.7 Provisions on violation and penalty.5.8 Provision on suppletory effect of other laws and decrees.This will clarify national-local relationship, specifically providing answer to thecommon problem that usually arises from decisions made by national agencieswhich are in conflict with the Comprehensive Land Use and which could frustrateits implementation.5.9 Other provisions pertaining to separability, repealing and effectivity clause.6. List and define terms to be used in the ZO, this will comprise Article III. Sampleterms suggested to be included are listed in the MZO.Some of the terms used in the Zoning Ordinance are technical and carry specificmeanings which should not be subject to varying interpretation by the reader/s.Also, there are definitions of terms which may be applicable only to the localgovernment concerned. Hence, the need for a section on definition of terms.Only those terms, which are actually employed or used in the Ordinance, shouldbe included.The City/Municipality has the option to place this Article at the end of the Ordinanceas an appendix or to have it as the third article, just like the Model. The advantageof placing it as an appendix is that it follows a more logical sequence because,usually, readers refer to this section only when they meet the terms in the courseof reading the Ordinance.II.Present the draft zoning ordinance and accompanying zoning maps to LDC and SB/SP for validation purposes prior to the conduct of public hearing.FURTHER READINGHLURB Model Zoning Ordinance (Vol. X), 1995Step 8. Drafting the Zoning Ordinance122

Flow Chart for Drafting The Zoning Ordinance1Define Titleand Purposeof ZOArt. I & II. Authorityand Purpose2Designate/classifyspecific zonesArt. IV. BoundaryDescriptions3Identifyzone useandregulationsArt. V & VI. Zone/District Regulations45Determine innovativetechniques,miscellaneousprovisions andmitigating deviceIdentify/defineprovisions toadminister andenforce ZOArt. VII, VIII & IX.Innovative Techniques,Miscellaneous Provisionsand Mitigating DevicesArt. X.Administrationand Enforcement6List/definetermsArt. III. Definitionof Terms123 Step 8. Drafting the Zoning Ordinance

Comprehensive Land Use PlanningPUBLIC HEARING FOR THEDRAFT CLUP AND ZOCLUPSTEP9Step 9 provides a systematic approach to consensus building on the final draft of CLUP/ZO prior to its submission for approval/ratification. This involves a 3-stage process:public display and information dissemination, conduct of public hearing/consultation,and the refinement of the CLUP/ZO as a result of the public hearing/consultation.PURPOSE• To inform the general public and ensure an objective and participatory review of thedraft CLUP/ZO• To encourage ownership of the plan and gain support for plan implementationEXPECTED OUTPUTS• Final draft of CLUP/ZO for approval/ratificationSTEPS1. Prepare the required documents for the three-stage process of consensus buildingon the draft CLUP/Zoning Ordinance. The 3-stage process are as follows:• Public exhibition• Public hearing• Committee hearingStep 9. Public Hearing for the Draft CLUP and ZO124

Required Documents for Public Exhibition and Information Dissemination• Executive Summary of the Plan (Refer to Annex 9-1 for the suggestedoutline)• Feedback form where stakeholders can write reactions/comments/suggestions. (Provide suggestion boxes)• Information flyer and poster on the proposed public hearings/consultation,stating the following information:- Schedule of public hearing(s).- Deadline for submission of position papers- Venue- Purpose of the consultation- Stakeholders invited and committee in-charge of the activity and contactnumbers- Steps/process by which a concerned person/stakeholder can air his/her position on the plan.The above information details for the poster/flyers shall be as agreed upon andprovided for by the Hearing Board constituted for public hearing purposes.2. Conduct internal briefing prior to public hearing.Orient the City/Municipal Mayor, Local departments, SP/SB members, and LocalDevelopment Council on the draft CLUP. This may be conducted in one general session orseries of sessions for different cluster groups.The internal briefing is aimed at local officials’ familiarization and understandingof the draft CLUP/ZO. Some of them will constitute the members of the hearingboard during public hearings and the conduct of stakeholders’ committeemeetings.3. Prepare an information dissemination plan for the draft CLUP/ZO and designatethe implementing department or office.Strategies for information dissemination may include publication in local newspapers, radiobroadcast, and distribution of posters/flyers in schools, offices and public assemblies,depending on the level of development or complexity of the municipality/city concerned.These will also depend on the budget and funds available for the purpose.4. Constitute the Public Hearing Board.125 Step 9. Public Hearing for the Draft CLUP and ZO

SUGGESTED COMPOSITION OF THE PUBLIC HEARING BOARD(PHB):• City/Municipal Mayor as Chairperson• City/Municipal Planning and Development Coordinator• HLURB Technical Representative, as may be available• SP/SB Representatives• Local Sectoral RepresentativesFUNCTIONS OF THE PHB:• Coordinate activities prior to and after the conduct of public hearing.Suchactivities may include organizing, designing, facilitating, documenting,disseminating information, and evaluating.• Actual conduct of public hearing to be presided by the chairperson ofthe PHB. Refer to Annex 9-2 for the principles of an effective consultationprocess.• Evaluate and decide on comments, suggestions and position papersfor incorporation in the plan.A quorum is necessary to convene the session. A simple majority (50% + 1)of the total membership of the Public Hearing Board constitutes a quorum.The Mayor, as Chairperson of the Public Hearing Board, shall preside overthe public hearing. In the absence of the Chairperson or inability to preside,the members of the hearing board shall elect among themselves thePresiding Officer of the day.The Chairperson may appoint a moderator to assist during the proceedings ofthe public hearing. The Moderator need not be a member of the Public HearingBoard.5. Implement the three-stage process as follows:5.1 Public exhibition of the draft CLUP and ZO (Stage I)5.1.1 Identify strategic areas to display the above documents. Suggested placesare: the provincial/city/municipal halls, barangay centers, public markets, civiccenters, shopping centers, and other places frequently visited by the public.5.1.2 Exhibit the plan and other information documents at least seven (7) daysprior to the public hearing.• Public display of CLUP is a more effective way of getting public reactionand in making the public more aware of the proposed city/municipaldevelopment plan.• The number of days of the exhibit shall be at least seven (7) days.Step 9. Public Hearing for the Draft CLUP and ZO126

5.1.3 Disseminate information on the CLUP through any of the following ways:publication in local newspapers, radio broadcast, and distribution of posters/flyers in schools, offices and public assemblies.5.2 Conduct of Public Hearing (Stage II)Public hearing on the draft CLUP can be undertaken in several stages dependingon the budget and complexity/level of development of an LGU. This isundertaken prior to endorsing the plan to the SP/SB for deliberation andenactment.• For Component Cities and Municipalities (CCMs), at least one public hearingis recommended• For Highly Urbanized Cities (HUCs) and independent component cities(ICCs), at least two (2) public hearings.In addition to the said minimum number of public hearings, SP/SB committeehearings may be conducted with the participation of the committee stakeholders.5.2.1 Design the public hearing/consultation process guided by the followingquestions:• Why conduct the consultation• Who to consult• When to consult/accept reactions• How to consult/submit position papers/reactions• How to evaluate the consultationRefer to Chapter 4, Designing a Consultation Program, PlanningStrategically, HLURB (2000).5.2.2 Announce/publicize the public hearing through the following:• Letters, posters, banners, flyers, advertisements and use of internet• Verbally by phone, face-to-face contact, through meetings, presentations,displays in public, house-to-house visits• Through print media, radio and television5.2.3 Conduct the public hearing.The presence of the Provincial Land Use Committee (PLUC) members duringthis stage is suggested to facilitate the subsequent review of the draft CLUP/ZO.The public hearing may be conducted with the following suggested activities:i. Briefing of participants on mechanics, purpose and scope of theconsultation.127 Step 9. Public Hearing for the Draft CLUP and ZO

Briefing of the participants shall include the following: :• The importance/benefits/use of having a CLUP.• The manner it was drafted.• Objective of the public hearing/consultation.• Matters outside the scope of consultation, i.e., matters that are “Nonnegotiable”.These non-negotiable aspects shall be made clear at the beginning ofthe consultation. It is important to define what the consultation is about andwhat it is not about. For instance, the government may have already decidedthat a dumping site within a City/Municipality with significant number ofinformal settlers will be redeveloped for medium density housing. Thepurpose of the consultation process is not to seek feedback on whether thecommunity agrees with that decision, but rather to seek their views on issuesthat need to be addressed in the actual redevelopment of the area, as wellas options for the development.• How the stakeholders’ views will influence the decision-making process orthe final CLUP.The Public Hearing Board shall be guided by the following parameters to ensureaccountability of actions relative to the consultation/hearing:- Who will make the final decision?- How will the outcomes of the consultation process be used?- What factors in addition to the community’s views will also be taken intoaccount?- How will the community be informed of the outcomes of the consultationprocess?- Will they be able to see clear evidence of how their views have beentaken into account?- When is the likely final decision?ii.iii.Presentation of the highlights of the draft CLUP and ZO and supporting sectoralstudies.Open forum to solicit reactions/comments on the plan. Workshops/small groupdiscussions may be opted to ensure maximum participation.iv. Presentation of next steps to be undertaken or subsequent activities of HearingBoard to include the tentative date when the finalized CLUP is expected to beready.5.3. Conduct the SP/SB committee hearings to be participated in by concernedstakeholders (Stage III)(example: The hearings of the Committee on Housing shall include stakeholderssuch as the homeowners associations, real estate developers and concernednational agencies).Refer to step 5.2.3 above for the flow of activities during the committee hearings.Step 9. Public Hearing for the Draft CLUP and ZO128

The committee hearings can be done after the Public Hearing, whileawaiting for the comments and while refining the draft CLUP/ZO.6. Consolidate, evaluate the comments, suggestions, and positions received by theHearing Board, and decide on what will be incorporated/considered in the finaldraft.The public should be given at least fifteen (15) days after the public hearingto submit position papers.7. Refine the draft CLUP and ZO as a result of above steps (5.1 to 5.3 ). A series ofmeetings/workshops may be conducted, as necessary.8. Brief the LDC and submit to Sangguniang Panglunsod/Bayan (SP/SB) the refineddraft CLUP and ZO for their First and Second Readings prior to the subsequentmandatory review by the concerned offices/agencies in the provincial, regional, ornational levels.After passing the 1st and 2nd readings of the SP/SB, the CLUP/ZO will then besubmitted to the Sangguniang Panlalawigan (SP) through the PLUC or to theHLURB through the Regional Land Use Committee (RLUC) as appropriate.The CLUP and ZO shall be finally adopted by the SP/SB after thecomprehensive review and favorable endorsement by the appropriate body.Please refer to CLUP Step 10 for the complete guide on CLUP/ZO Review,Adoption and Approval.129 Step 9. Public Hearing for the Draft CLUP and ZO

Flow Chart for Conducting Public Hearing for CLUP and ZOCONDUCT PRE-PUBLIC HEARING ACTIVITIES Prepare presentation materials on CLUP and ZO documents Conduct internal briefing re- public hearing activities with LGUofficials and concerned staff Prepare information dissemination plan Constitute the public hearing board Publicize/announce the conduct of public hearing Design the public hearing/consultation process Exhibit the draft CLUP and other information (Stage I)CONDUCT PUBLIC HEARING (Stage II)Brief participants on mechanics and objectives of the publichearingPresent highlights of the draft CLUP and ZOSolicit reactions/comments through open forumConduct workshops/FGDs (optional)Present next stepsCONDUCT COMMITTEE HEARINGS (STAGE III)POST PUBLIC HEARINGConsolidate, evaluate, and decide on the comments,suggestions, and positions generated from the public hearing/sRefine the draft CLUPand ZO as may be necessaryBrief the LDC and submit to SB/SP the refined CLUP and ZOStep 9. Public Hearing for the Draft CLUP and ZO130

Annex 9-1EXECUTIVE SUMMARYCITY/MUNICIPALITYPlanningPeriodtoI. VisionII.Brief Situationer• Demography• Social Services• Economiy• Physical Infrastructure• Natural Environment (forest, water bodies, solid/liquid wastes, etc.)• Land Use Development Trend• Local AdministrationIII. Development Constraints and Opportunities including a list of prioritizedIssues and ConcernsIV. Major Development Goals and ObjectivesV. Preferred Development Thrust(s) and Spatial Strategy (Structure/ConceptPlan)VI. Proposed Land Uses and Zoning PlanVII.Proposed Major Programs and Projects131 Step 9. Public Hearing for the Draft CLUP and ZO

Annex 9-2PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE CONSULTATIONThe following points summarize the key aspects or principles that underpin an effectiveconsultation process. They are useful to use as a checklist when planning and undertakinga consultation process.1. Clearly define the purpose and scope of the consultation process including:• The aims of the consultation process;• The extent to which the consultation can influence the outcomes having clearlyidentified what decisions have already been made and what remains to bemade.2. Involve all those likely to be affected, recognizing:• The diversity of the community, including minority groups;• Opportunities to link into existing networks.3. Involve the community as early as possible and in all stages of the projectin:• Identifying issues and ideas for addressing these issues;• Providing input into and feedback on options and draft plans.4. Provide information about the topic under discussion as well as aconsultation process that is:• Accurate and unbiased;• Clear and free of jargon;• Appropriate to the reader’s level of interest, literacy and cultural background.5. Use a range of techniques to inform and involve the communityrecognizing:• Different levels of interest and awareness about the topic under discussion;• The need for different techniques for different situations.6. Allow adequate time and resources insuring:• Longer time frames that will be needed for more complex projects or proposals;• Consultation events that do not conflict with other commitments such as holidays,peak times for business and major community events.Step 9. Public Hearing for the Draft CLUP and ZO132

7. Treat people with respect by:• Actively listening and valuing all ideas and opinions;• Providing information in a non-defensive manner;• Accurately recording what people have said.8. Ensure that decision making processes are open and accountable by:• Advising those who have participated about the outcomes of the decision makingprocess which followed consultation;• Demonstrating how the outcomes of the consultation have been considered inmaking the final decision.9. Continue to improve consultation process by:• Evaluating the consultation process both during and at the end of the process;• Learning from these experiences133 Step 9. Public Hearing for the Draft CLUP and ZO

Comprehensive Land Use PlanningREVIEWING, ADOPTINGAND APPROVINGTHE CLUP AND ZOCLUPSTEP10This step provides the guide to conducting the mandatory comprehensive review andratification of the CLUP/ZO by the Sangguniang Panlalawigan (SP), Regional LandUse Committee (RLUC), or the HLURB.PURPOSE• To review the plan in terms of its consistency with national, regional and other relevantplans• To provide the CLUP/ZO the legal mandate for implementationEXPECTED OUTPUTS• Adopted/ atified CLUP/ZOSTEPS1. The LGU, through the SB/SP (Sangguniang Panlungsod), endorse and transmitthe final draft of CLUP/ZO, together with the supporting documents for reviewand subsequent approval to the SP (Sangguniang Panlalawigan)/HLURB.Required Documents for Submission1. At least 3 copies of the draft Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP)and Zoning Ordinance (ZO)2. One set of presentation maps3. Executive Summary of the CLUP (refer to Annex 9-2 of CLUP Step 9)4. Public Hearing Board’s Certificate of Public Hearing conducted (Referto CLUP Step 9)5. Minutes of Public Hearing6. List of invitees and sector represented7. Copy of issued invitation letter/Notice of public hearing8. Copy of Attendance SheetStep 10. Reviewing, Adopting and Approving the CLUP and ZO134

2. Conduct of review, approval and ratification of the CLUP/ZO by the followingauthorized bodies as mandated by law:• The CLUPs/ZOs of component cities and municipalities shall be reviewed by theSangguniang Panlalawigan (SP) through the Provincial Land Use Committee (PLUC).Composition of the PLUC• Provincial Planning and Development Coordinator (PPDC) – Chair• Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB)• Provincial Agriculturist• Representatives of Non-Government Organizations (NGOs) that arerepresented in the Provincial Development Council (PDC)• Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)• Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR)• Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)• Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH)• Department of Tourism (DOT)• Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG)Note: Other agencies concerned may be invited as necessary, e.g., NCIP,POPCOM, etc.• The CLUPs/ZOs of Highly Urbanized Cities (HUCs) and ndependent ComponentCities (ICCs) shall be reviewed by the Regional Land Use Committee (RLUC).Composition of the RLUC• National Economic and Development Authority(NEDA) – Chair• Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB)• Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council (HUDCC)• Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)• Department of Tourism (DOT)• Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC)• Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG)• Department of Agriculture (DA)• Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)• Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR)• Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH)• Department of Science and Technology (DOST)• Non-Government OrganizationsNote: Other agencies concerned may be invited as necessary. e.g., NCIP, POPCOM,etc.135 Step 10. Reviewing, Adopting and Approving the CLUP and ZO

• The CLUPs/ZOs of the cities and municipalities in Metro Manila shall be reviewedby Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA).2.1 Conduct of review proper shall be guided as follows:Refer to Figures 1-3 for the systematic activities in conducting the CLUPreview.The parameters for review of CLUPs/ZOs per LGU classification areprovided as follows to guide the concerned reviewing bodies:• Annex 10-1, Plan Review, Adoption and Approval Process forComprehensive Land Use Plans of Component Cities and Municipalities(CCMs)• Annex 10-2, Plan Review, Adoption and Approval Process forComprehensive Land Use Plans of Highly-Urbanized Cities (HUCs)and Independent Component Cities (ICCs)• Annex 10-3, Plan Review, Adoption and Approval Process for MetroManila Cities and Municipalities (MMCMs)2.2. The RLUC/MMDA shall endorse the reviewed CLUPs/ZOs of highly-urbanizedand independent component cities, cities and municipalities of Metro Manila tothe Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB) for final review andsubsequent approval.2.3. The reviewing body returns the CLUP and ZO to the LGU for revision togetherwith the review comments and recommendations or for adoption and enactmentif no revisions were recommended.3. The LGU revises the plan consistent with the recommendations of the reviewingbody, if any.At this stage, close coordination between the LGU and the reviewing body isrecommended to facilitate the review and plan adoption process.4. If no revisions were recommended or upon compliance with the reviewrecomendations, the SP/SB conducts the 3rd and final reading to adopt the CLUPand enact the ZO.5. SP/SB submits adopted CLUP and enacted ZO to the SP/HLURB for approval/ratification (See flowchart process, Figures 1-3).Step 10. Reviewing, Adopting and Approving the CLUP and ZO136

The following documents are to be submitted:• Six (6) copies of adopted CLUP and duly enacted ZO.• Three (3) sets of Presentation Maps.• SP/SB Resolution adopting the CLUP and enacting the ZO.• Documents enumerated in STEP I.Approval/ratification of CLUP/ZO shall be subject to the provisions of the LocalGovernment Code and supplemental guidelines issued by the DILG.6. LGU publishes the approved/ratified CLUP and Zoning Ordinance consistent withSection 59 of the Local Government Code (RA 7160).137 Step 10. Reviewing, Adopting and Approving the CLUP and ZO

Annex 10-1PLAN REVIEW, ADOPTION AND APPROVAL PROCESS FORCOMPREHENSIVE LAND USE PLANSOF COMPONENT CITIES AND MUNICIPALITIES (CCMS)RESPONSIBLE PARTYLocal Government Units (LGU)- City/MunicipalityACTIVITIES1. Mayor transmits to Sangguniang Panlalawigan(SP), one (1) set of presentation maps and at leastthree (3) copies of final draft of ComprehensiveLand Use Plan (CLUP) and Zoning Ordinance (ZO)together with the following documents:a. Executive Summary of the CLUP*;b. Sangguniang Bayan(SB)/SangguniangPanglungsod(SP) Secretary’s Certificate ofPublic Hearing conducted;c. Minutes of Public Hearing;d. List of Invitees and sector represented;e. Copy of Issued Invitation letter/Notice ofPublic Hearing; andf. Copy of Attendance Sheet.SangguniangPanlalawigan (SP)Provincial Land UseCommittee (PLUC)2. Receives plan documents and endorses to PLUCfor review.3. Receives plan documents and checkscompleteness.3.1 If incomplete, requests LGU to completedocuments.3.2 If complete, proceed with activity 4.4. Reviews CLUP & ZO.4.1 Schedules review.4.2 Routes copies of plan documents to PLUCmembers at least two (2) weeks before theactual review.4.3 The PLUC Chairman invites otherstakeholders as needed.4.4 PLUC member confirms attendance to theSecretariat.The PLUC Chairman4.5 Convenes the members of the PLUC.a. If there is quorum, proceeds with thereview.b. If there is no quorum, defers review untilquorum is met. A quorum is met whenmajority [50%+1] of the members arepresent.NOTE: * Refer to Annex 9-1 of CLUP Step 9 for Sample Executive Summary.141 Step 10. Reviewing, Adopting and Approving the CLUP and ZO

RESPONSIBLE PARTYLocal Government Units (LGU)Provincial Land UseCommittee (PLUC)ACTIVITIES4.6 Presents the plan to PLUC.4.7 Conducts review of CLUP & ZO consistent withthe review parameters hereto attached.4.8 Committee members present respectivecomments and recommendations.4.9 Prepares report/recommendations.4.9.1 If with revision, transmits documentsto LGU.4.9.2 If no revision, proceeds with activity 7Local Government Units (LGU)Provincial Land UseCommittee (PLUC)5. Revises the draft CLUP and ZO integrating therecommendations of PLUC. (LGU may coordinate/consult with PLUC). Proceeds with activity 6.6. Checks if comments/recommendations wereincorporated in the CLUP and ZO and endorsesto Sangguniang Bayan (SB)/SangguniangPanlungsod (SP) for adoption & enactment.7. Endorses CLUP and ZO to LGU for adoption andenactment.Local Government Units (LGU)8. SB/SP adopts CLUP and enacts ZO.9. Submits to Sangguniang Panlalawigan, five (5)copies of CLUP and ZO together with the followingdocuments:a. Three (3) sets of Presentation Maps;b. SB/SP Resolution adopting the CLUP andenacting the ZO; andc. Documents a to f in step 1.SangguniangPanlalawigan (SP)10. Receives documents. Conducts cursory reviewand endorses the CLUP and ZO for approval.(Coordinates with LGU, if further changes haveto be made).11. Approves CLUP and ZO.12. Authenticates CLUP, ZO and other plandocuments.13. Retains 1 set of plan documents for PPDO.14. Furnishes the following with copies of plandocuments, presentation maps andStep 10. Reviewing, Adopting and Approving the CLUP and ZO142

RESPONSIBLE PARTYACTIVITIESSangguniang Panlalawigan Resolution approvingthe plan:- HLURB-RFO (1 set)- LGU (remaining copies)Local Government Units (LGU)15. Complies with publication requirement per Sec.59 of Local Government Code (R.A. 7160).PARAMETERS FOR THE REVIEW OF CLUPs OFCOMPONENT CITIES AND MUNICIPALITIES (CCMs)1. ProvincialPlanning andDevelopmentCoordinator(PPDC)2. ProvincialAgriculturist(PA)3. Non-GovernmentOrganization(NGO)4. Housing andLand UseRegulatoryBoard(HLURB)1.a If the province has a provincial plan, checks if local planconforms or is in harmony with the provincial plan.1.b If the province has no provincial plan, checks if planconforms with development thrust of the province and doesnot conflict with the land use plans or development thrust ofother adjacent municipalities.2.a Checks if irrigated and irrigable lands are identified, delineatedand quantified per RA 8435.2.b Determines if areas identified for urban expansion are outsidethe identified Network of Protected Areas for Agricultural andAgro-Industrial Development (NPAAAD) and StrategicAgriculture and Fisheries Development Zones (SAFDZ).2.c Checks if the fishponds (if any) are identified, delineated andquantified.3.a Checks whether the plan increases the access of the underprivilegedand other basic sectors to socio-economicopportunities.3.b Evaluates how development strategies, programs and projectswill affect the basic sectors.3.c Evaluates the CLUP vis-à-vis laws and regulations affectinghuman rights, gender, and other sectoral concerns.4.a Checks whether LGU clearly identified its functional role andwhether the proposed land use plan and development strategiesare consistent with its vision.4.b Evaluates if the plan is in harmony with the land use plans ofadjacent cities and municipalities.4.c If the province has no provincial plan, evaluates the city/municipal plan in accordance with the development policies ofthe Province.4.d Evaluates if the land requirements for basic services andfacilities are identified, quantified and properly delineated.4.e Evaluates if the location of different land uses are suitable,143 Step 10. Reviewing, Adopting and Approving the CLUP and ZO

properly allocated, and delineated.4.f Evaluates if proposed socio-cultural and other infra. supportfacilities are adequate and supportive to the city’s functionalrole and development thrust.4.g Checks if sites for socialized housing are identified pursuantto R.A. 7279 (Urban Development and Housing Act of 1992).4.h Checks if the identified programs/projects are responsive tothe LGU’s needs, properly prioritized and incorporated in theLDIP.4.i Checks whether the land use plan is translated into the requisiteZoning Ordinance with clear Zone Boundaries.4.j Evaluates the CLUP vis-à-vis approved agency related policies/plans/programs.5. Department ofEnvironmentand NaturalResources(DENR)6. Department ofAgrarianReform(DAR)7. Department ofTrade andIndustry(DTI)5.a Checks whether present and proposed settlement sites arefree from legal and environmental constraints.5.b Checks whether there are inconsistencies between areasproposed for development and areas for protection.5.c Checks if there are sites identified for disposal and projectsfor management of solid and other hazardous waste withinthe city.5.d Checks the consistency of the City/Municipal Solid WasteManagement Plan with the CLUP.5.e Checks if the plan promotes the enhancement of theenvironmental quality through local initiatives to control water,air and land pollution.5.f Evaluates the CLUP vis-à-vis approved agency related policies/plans/programs.6.a Checks/evaluates if there are any lands identified forreclassification and/or conversion that are tenanted or coveredby notice of coverage/acquisition and are within the coverageof CARP and if these lands are delineated and quantified.6.b Determines if there are tenants/beneficiaries which need to becompensated.6.c Evaluates the CLUP vis-à-vis approved agency related policies/plans/programs.7.a If applicable, checks if the sites jointly identified by DTI andLGU as Regional Agro-Industrial Centers (RAICs), District Agro-Industrial Centers (DAICs)/ Countryside Agro-Industrial Centers(CAICs) /Provincial Industrial Centers (PICs)/Peoples IndustrialEstates (PIEs), etc. are delineated, considered and quantifiedin the plan.7.b If applicable, checks if Special Economic Zones identified byPEZA are delineated and quantified in the plan.7.c Evaluates if the proposed industrial sites are feasible andsuitable for industrial development per DTI standards.7.d Checks if the requisite utilities and facilities are adequate foridentified industries in the area.7.e Evaluates the CLUP vis-à-vis approved agency related policies/Step 10. Reviewing, Adopting and Approving the CLUP and ZO144

plans/programs.8. Department ofPublic Worksand Highways(DPWH)9. Department ofTourism(DOT)10. Department ofInterior andLocalGovernment(DILG)8.a Checks/evaluates if the proposed road network and otherinfrastructure facilities and utilities are adequate to supportthe various land uses and are consistent with regional andnational sectoral plans.8.b Evaluates if the CLUP has integrated DPWH plans andprograms for implementation within the planning period.8.c Determines if mitigating measures for flooding and appropriatedisaster prevention programs are identified.8.d Checks if the proposed Traffic Management Program (TMP)has linkage with the TMPs of adjacent cities and municipalities.8.e Evaluates the CLUP vis-à-vis approved agency related policies/plans/programs.9.a Checks if potential tourism sites are identified and consideredin the plan.9.b Checks if the sites identified for local tourism development issupportive of the Regional Tourism Master Plan.9.c Determines if there are adequate utilities/facilities to supporttourism activities needed to sustain projected number oftourists.10.a Checks if the proposed projects/programs are the actualtranslation of the LGUs needs and requirements as identifiedin the socio-economic and infrastructure sector and if theseare prioritized.10.b Checks if the implementing mechanisms are adequatelyprovided.10.c Checks the adequacy/sufficiency of the proposed organizationalstructure for CLUP/ZO implementation.10.d Evaluates the sources of funds for identified programs andprojects.10.e Checks if the proposed implementing and monitoring schemesare consistent with the Local Government Code.10.f Evaluates the CLUP vis-à-vis approved agency related policies/plans/programs.145 Step 10. Reviewing, Adopting and Approving the CLUP and ZO

Annex 10-2PLAN REVIEW, ADOPTION AND APPROVAL PROCESS FORCOMPREHENSIVE LAND USE PLANS OF HIGHLY-URBANIZED CITIES (HUCS)AND INDEPENDENT COMPONENT CITIES (ICCS)RESPONSIBLE PARTYLocal Government Unit (LGU)Housing and Land UseRegulatory Board (HLURB)ACTIVITIES1. City Mayor transmits to the Housing and LandUse Regulatory Board - Regional Field Office(HLURB-RFO), one (1) set of presentation mapsand at least three (3) copies of final draft ofComprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) & ZoningOrdinance (ZO) together with the followingdocuments:a. Executive Summary of the CLUP*;b. Sangguniang Panlungsod (SP) Secretary’sCertificate of Public Hearing conducted;c. Minutes of Public Hearing;d. List of Invitees and sector represented;e. Copy of Issued Invitation letter/Notice of PublicHearing; andf. Copy of Attendance Sheet.2. RFO receives plan documents and checkscompleteness.2.1. If incomplete, requests LGU to completedocuments.2.2. If complete, proceeds with activity 3.3. RFO transmits documents to RLUC copyfurnished FOSG for review.4. FOSG reviews the plan, prepares report/recommendations and transmits the same toRFO.RLUC5. RFO transmits HLURB report to RLUC.6. Reviews CLUP and ZO.a. Schedules review.b. Routes copies of plan documents to membersat least two (2) weeks before the actual review.c. Invites other stakeholders as needed.RLUC Chairman6.1. Convenes the members of the RLUC.a. If there is quorum, proceed with thereview.NOTE: * Refer to Annex 9-1 of CLUP Step 9 for Sample Executive Summary.Step 10. Reviewing, Adopting and Approving the CLUP and ZO146

RESPONSIBLE PARTYACTIVITIESb. If there is no quorum, defers review untilquorum is met. A quorum is met whenmajority [50%+1] of the members arepresent.Local Government Unit (LGU)RLUC6.2 Presents the plan to RLUC.6.3 Conducts review of CLUP and ZO consistentwith the review parameters heretoattached.a. Committee members present respectivecomments and recommendations.b. Prepares report/recommendations.‘b.1. If with revision, transmits documents toLGU.b.2. If no revision, proceeds with activity 9.Local Government Unit (LGU)RLUC7. Revises the draft CLUP and ZO integrating therecommendations of RLUC (LGU maycoordinate with RLUC). Transmits documents toRLUC.8. Checks if comments /recommendations wereincorporated in the CLUP and ZO.9. Endorses CLUP and ZO to LGU for adoption andenactment.Local Government Unit (LGU)10. SP adopts CLUP and enacts ZO.11. Submits to HLURB Central Office (FOSG), six (6)copies of CLUP and ZO together with thefollowing documents.a. Three (3) sets of presentation maps;b. SP Resolution adopting the CLUP andenacting the ZO; andc. Documents a to f in step 1.Housing and Land UseRegulatory Board (HLURB)Central Office12. FOSG receives documents. Conducts cursoryreview (coordinates with LGU, if necessary),recommends CLUP and ZO for Board approvaland requests presence of HLURB Regional Officerduring the Board Meeting.13. Subjects the plan for Board deliberation andratification.147 Step 10. Reviewing, Adopting and Approving the CLUP and ZO

RESPONSIBLE PARTYACTIVITIESa. City Mayor or his duly authorizedrepresentative presents the plan.b. BOARD approves/ratifies CLUP and ZO.14.Authenticates CLUP, ZO and other plandocuments.15. Retains 1 set of plan documents with one (1) setof presentation maps.16.Furnishes the following with copies of plandocuments and Board Resolution approving theplan:- HLURB-RFO (1 set of plan docs.) with 1 set ofpresentation maps- LGU (remaining copies).Local Government Unit (LGU)17. Complies with publication requirement per Sec.59 of Local Government Code (R.A. 7160).PARAMETERS FOR THE REVIEW OF CLUPs OF HIGHLY-URBANIZED CITIES (HUCs)AND INDEPENDENT COMPONENT CITIES (ICCs)1. NationalEconomic andDevelopmentAuthority(NEDA)2. Housing andLand UseRegulatoryBoard(HLURB)1.a Checks if the CLUP/ZO is consistent with the PPFP, RPFPand other national/regional policies set by NLUC/RLUC.1.b Checks if the CLUP/ZO does not conflict with the land useplans or development thrust of adjacent cities and municipalities.1.c Evaluates the CLUP vis-à-vis approved agency relatedpolicies/plans/programs.2.a Checks whether LGU clearly identified its functional role andwhether the proposed land use plan and development strategiesare consistent with its vision.2.b Evaluates if the city plan is in harmony with the land use plansof adjacent cities and municipalities.2.c Evaluates if the land requirements for basic services and facilityare identified, quantified and properly delineated.2.d Evaluates if proposed socio-cultural and other infrastructuresupport facilities are adequate and supportive to the city’sfunctional role and development thrust.2.e Checks if sites for socialized housing are identified pursuant toR.A. 7279 (Urban Development and Housing Act of 1992).2.f Checks if the locality has responsive programs and projects tosolve the squatting problems, if any.2.g Checks if the identified programs/projects are responsive tothe LGU’s needs, properly prioritized and incorporated in theStep 10. Reviewing, Adopting and Approving the CLUP and ZO148

LDIP.2.h Checks whether the land use plan is translated into the requisiteZoning Ordinance with clear zone boundaries.2.i Evaluates the CLUP vis-à-vis approved agency related policies/plans/programs.3. Department ofTrade andIndustry(DTI)4. Department ofTourism (DOT)5. DepartmentTransportationandCommunication(DOTC)6. Departmentof Interiorand LocalGovernment(DILG)3.a If applicable, checks if the sites jointly identified by DTI andLGU as Regional Agro-Industrial Centers (RAICs), District Agro-Industrial Centers (DAICs)/Countryside Agro-Industrial Centers(CAICs)/Provincial Industrial Centers (PICs)/ Peoples IndustrialEstates (PIEs), etc. are delineated, considered and quantifiedin the plan.3.b If applicable, checks if Special Economic Zones identified byPEZA are delineated and quantified in the plan.3.c Evaluates if the proposed industrial sites are feasible andsuitable for industrial development per DTI standards.3.d Checks if the requisite utilities and facilities are adequate foridentified industries in the area.3.e Evaluates the CLUP vis-à-vis approved agency related policies/plans/programs.4.a Checks if potential tourism sites are identified and consideredin the plan.4.b Checks if the sites identified for local tourism development issupportive of the Regional Tourism Master Plan.4.c Determines if there are adequate utilities/facilities to supporttourism activities needed to sustain projected number of tourists.4.d If the locality has identified priority sites for tourism development,reviews the local tourism plan prepared by private groups (local/international) and other government agencies.5.a Checks if the proposed transportation and communicationfacilities and utilities are adequate to support the current andfuture requirements of the locality.5.b If applicable, furnishes LGU a list of projects within the city thatare programmed for implementation by DOTC which are notidentified in the plan.5.c Evaluates the CLUP vis-à-vis approved agency related policies/plans/programs.6.a Checks if the proposed projects/programs are the actualtranslation of the LGUs needs and requirements as identifiedin the socio-economic and infrastructure sector and if theseare prioritized.6.b Checks if the implementation plan is consistent with therequirements of the new Local Government Code.6.c Checks the adequacy/sufficiency of the proposed organizationalstructure for CLUP/ZO implementation.6.d Evaluates the sources of funds for identified programs andprojects.149 Step 10. Reviewing, Adopting and Approving the CLUP and ZO

6.e Checks if the proposed implementing and monitoringschemes are consistent with the Local Government Code.6.f Evaluates the CLUP vis-à-vis approved agency related policies/plans/programs.7. Department ofAgriculture(DA)8. Department ofEnvironmentand NaturalResources(DENR)9. Department ofAgrarianReform(DAR)10. Department ofPublic Worksand Highways(DPWH)7.a If applicable, checks if irrigated and irrigable lands are identified,delineated and quantified per RA 8435 and checks if areasidentified for expansion of urban uses are outside the coverageof the Network of Protected Areas for Agriculture and Agro-Industrial Development (NPAAAD) and Strategic Agriculturaland Fisheries Development Zone (SAFDZs).7.b If applicable, evaluates if the areas identified for reclassificationare not or have ceased to be economically feasible foragricultural purposes.7.c Evaluates CLUP vis-à-vis approved agency related policies/plans /programs.8.a Checks whether present and proposed settlement sites arefree from legal and environmental constraints.8.b Checks whether there are inconsistencies between areasproposed for development and areas for protection.8.c Checks if there are sites identified for disposal and projects formanagement of solid and other hazardous waste within thecity.8.d Checks the consistency of the City Solid Waste ManagementPlan with the CLUP.8.e Checks if the plan promotes the enhancement of theenvironmental quality through local initiatives to control water,air and land pollution.8.f Evaluates the CLUP vis-à-vis approved agency related policies/plans/programs.9.a Checks/evaluates if there are any lands identified forreclassification and/or conversion that are tenanted or coveredby notice of coverage/acquisition and are within the coverageof CARP and if these lands are delineated and quantified.9.b Determines if there are tenants/ beneficiaries which need tobe compensated.9.c Evaluates the CLUP vis-à-vis approved agency related policies/plans/programs.10.a Checks/evaluates if the proposed road network and otherinfrastructure facilities and utilities are adequate to support thevarious land uses and are consistent with regional and nationalsectoral plans.10.b Evaluates if the CLUP has integrated DPWH plans andprograms for implementation within the planning period.10.cDetermines if mitigating measures for flooding and appropriatedisaster prevention programs are identified.10.d Checks if the proposed Traffic Management Program (TMP)has linkage with the TMPs of adjacent cities and municipalities.Step 10. Reviewing, Adopting and Approving the CLUP and ZO150

10.e Evaluates the CLUP vis-à-vis approved agency related policies/plans/programs.11. Department ofScience andTechnology(DOST)12. Non-GovernmentOrganization(NGO)11.a If applicable, furnishes LGU list of projects/studies/researchesuseful for land use within the city that are programmed forimplementation by DOST but not identified in the plan.11.b Checks or recommends whether there are availabletechnologies for the development of low cost housing materialsin the locality.11.c Checks or recommends the suitability of technology identifiedin the proposed projects.11.d Checks whether there are indigenous technology worthy ofdevelopment which can be adopted, innovated or improved.11.e Evaluates the CLUP vis- à- vis approved agency related policies/plans/programs12.a. Checks whether the plan increases the access of the underprivilegedand other basic sectors to socio-economicopportunities.12.b. Evaluates how development strategies, programs and projectswill affect the different sectors.12.c. Evaluates the CLUP vis-à-vis laws & regulations affectinghuman rights, gender and other sectoral concerns.151 Step 10. Reviewing, Adopting and Approving the CLUP and ZO

Annex 10-3PLAN REVIEW, ADOPTION AND APPROVAL PROCESSFOR METRO MANILA CITIES AND MUNICIPALITIES (MMCMS)RESPONSIBLE PARTYLocal Government Unit (LGU)ACTIVITIESImportant: Step 1 below shall only take place after thefollowing activities had already been undertaken:‣ Plan formulation (in consultation with HLURB,MMDA and PRRC, among others)‣ Passed SB/SP 1st and 2nd readings.‣ Required Public hearing conducted.Local Government Unit (LGU)Metro Manila DevelopmentAuthority (MMDA)1. SP/SB transmits to the MMDA planning office(OAGMP), one set of presentation maps and atleast 2 copies of draft of Comprehensive Land UsePlan (CLUP) and Zoning Ordinance (ZO) togetherwith the following documents:a. Executive Summary of the CLUP*;b. Sangguniang Panlungsod/Bayan (SP/SB)Secretary’s Certificate of Public Hearingconducted;c. Minutes of Public Hearing;d. List of invitees and sector represented;e. Copy of issued Invitation letter/Notice of publichearing; andf. Copy of Attendance Sheet2. Office of the Assistant General Manager forPlanning (OAGMP) receives and checkscompleteness of plan documents.a. If the documents are incomplete, requestsLGU to complete documents.b. If the documents are complete, schedules finaltechnical review and invites LGU to presentthe plan.Metro Manila DevelopmentAuthority (MMDA) andHousing and Land UseRegulatory Board (HLURB)Local Government Unit (LGU)3. Conduct joint technical review and prepare report/recommendation.a. If without revision, requests LGU to adoptCLUP and enact ZO. Proceed to activity 7.b. If with revision, proceed to activity 4.4. Revises the draft CLUP and ZO integrating therecommendations of joint tech. review group. Ifnecessary, conducts public hearing amongstakeholders affected by the revisions, incorporatecritical comments in the revision.5. Transmits the documents to MMDA-OAGMP.NOTE: * Refer to Annex 9-1 of CLUP Step 9 for Sample Executive Summary.Step 10. Reviewing, Adopting and Approving the CLUP and ZO152

RESPONSIBLE PARTYMetro Manila DevelopmentAuthority (MMDA)Local Government Unit (LGU)ACTIVITIES6. OAGMP receives documents and checks if thecomments/recommendations were incorporatedin the CLUP and ZO.7. Endorses CLUP and ZO to LGU for adoptionand enactment.8. SP/SB conducts 3 rd / final reading. Adopts CLUPand enacts Zoning Ordinance.9. Endorses the plan and submits to MMDA-AGMPfour (4) copies of CLUP & ZO together with thefollowing documents:a. Three (3) sets of presentation maps.b. SP/SB Resolution adopting the CLUP andenacting ZO; andc. Documents a to f in step 1.Metro Manila DevelopmentAuthority (MMDA)Metro Manila CommissionHousing and Land UseRegulatory Board (HLURB)10. OAGMP checks completeness of documents.11. Transmits plan docs. to Metro Manila Council(MMC). (Invites the LGU to present the plan, ifnecessary).12. MMC Passes resolution endorsing the CLUP andZO to HLURB for approval/ratification.13. FOSG receives documents. Conducts cursoryreview (coordinates with LGU, if necessary),recommends CLUP & ZO for Board approval/ratification.- Mayor or his/her authorized representativepresents the plan.14. Board approves/ratifies the CLUP and ZO.15. Authenticates plan documents.16. Furnishes the following agencies/offices copiesof plan documents with copy of Board resolutionapproving the plan:- (1 set) HLURB library for safekeeping/reference;- (1 set) MMDA; and- (2 sets) LGULocal Government Unit (LGU)17. Keeps 2 sets of plan documents.- 1 set for Mayor’s Office- 1 set for M/CPDC153 Step 10. Reviewing, Adopting and Approving the CLUP and ZO

RESPONSIBLE PARTYACTIVITIES18. Complies with publication requirement under Sec.59 of the Local Government Code (RA 7160).NOTE: In view of the ninety-day reglamentary period, the MMDA shall indorse to theHLURB Board, through the FOSG, plans for approval within sixty (60) from the date ofsubmission of plan documents.PARAMETERS FOR THE REVIEW OFMETRO MANILA CITIES AND MUNICIPALITIES’COMPREHENSIVE LAND USE PLANS (CLUPs)AND ZONING ORDINANCES (ZOs)RESPONSIBLE PARTYMMDA - OAGMPACTIVITIES1. Checks if local plan conforms with the MetroManila Physical Development Framework Plan(1996 - 2016) or other approved national orregional plans.a. Evaluates if the plan adequately defines therole of the city/municipality in relation to metromanila development framework orspecialization of the locality vis-à-vis othercities/municipalities in MMA.b. Evaluates if the plan adequately defines thelocality’s interrelationship with the adjoiningcities/municipalities.c. Determines if the proposed developmentstrategy is responsive to the needs of theresidents and its defined development role andothers availing of locality’s services/facilities.d. Evaluates the infrastructure and utilitiessolid waste disposal, traffic situation, drainageand sewerage, flooding; social services andeconomic structure.e. For MMA LGUs along Pasig River, check ifthe following policies covering the adoption ofa uniform easement provision along the Pasigriver system including its major and minortributaries, as provided in MMDA Resolutionno.3, are complied with/integrated in theCLUP/ZO:• Establishment of a continuous 10-meterEnvironmental Preservation Area (EPA),Step 10. Reviewing, Adopting and Approving the CLUP and ZO154

RESPONSIBLE PARTYACTIVITIESdetermined from the existing bank of theriver, along both banks of the 27-km stretchof Pasig River, from Manila Bay to LagunaLake, including the major tributaries ofMarikina River and San Juan River anddeveloping the same into linear parks,roads, walkways, or greenbelts, conduciveto transport, recreation and tourism.• Establishment of a 3-meter easementalong secondary tributaries, creeks andesteros of the Pasig River.• Construction of permanent structures arenot allowed within the 10-meter EPA forpocket parks, linear parks, plazas,viewpoints, pedestrian promenades, bikelanes, play lots, open air sports facilities(basketball courts, tennis courts),reflexology areas, urban agriculture, plantnurseries and wastewater gardens.• Construction of the following structures areallowed but shall be subject to PRRCguidelines: ferry stations; sewagetreatment plants; emergency call boxes orstations; security stations or coast guardstations; public toilets, pergolas, gazebos,trellises; tourist information facilities, shopsand snack bars, ambulant carts,newsstands; benches; drinking fountains;public art; plant boxes; parking; existingroads and underground power/cablelines.• The following activities/uses are strictly notallowed along the easement: residentialuses; service facilities; storage uses;pollutive activities; solid waste transferstations; and land fills.• Immediate adjacent developments are toface the Pasig River and provide amaximum view of the river throughprovision of a maximum height of 1.80meters. Materials are to be made ofwooden lattice, grill, or interlink wirematerials. CHB walls are allowed subjectto a maximum height of 0.60 m, incombination to the above materials.• Maintenance of architectural and visualqualities of existing historic buildings andstreetscapes through preservation andadaptive re-use of historically and culturally155 Step 10. Reviewing, Adopting and Approving the CLUP and ZO

RESPONSIBLE PARTYACTIVITIESf. For MMA LGUs along Pasig river, checks ifproposed development plans and guidelinesfor the rehabilitation and improvement alongthe 500 meters from the banks, for the entirelength of the Pasig river, conform to the goalsand objectives, land uses and developmentstrategies of the approved Pasig RiverRehabilitation Master Plan (PRRMP).Housing and Land UseRegulatory Board (HLURB)2. Validates the following:a. If local plan conforms or is in harmony withthe Local Government Code and the MetroManila Physical Development Framework plan(1996 - 2016) or conforms to othernational standards, guidelines and relevantlaws.b. If the plan adequately defines the role of thecity/municipality in relation to metro maniladevelopment framework or specialization ofthe locality vis-a-vis other cities/municipalitiesin MMA.c. If the plan adequately defines the locality’sinterrelationship with adjoining cities/municipalities.d. If the proposed development strategy isconsistent with letters b and c and responsiveto the needs of the residents and availingof locality’s services/facilities.e. For MMA LGUs along Pasig River, if thepolicies covering the adoption of a uniformeasement provision along the Pasig riversystem including its major and minortributaries, as provided in MMDA resolution no.3, are complied with.f. For MMA LGUs along Pasig River, if proposeddevelopment plans and guidelines for therehabilitation and improvement along the 500meters from the banks, for the entire length ofthe Pasig river, conform to the goals andobjectives, land uses and developmentstrategies of the approved Pasig River.Step 10. Reviewing, Adopting and Approving the CLUP and ZO156

RESPONSIBLE PARTYACTIVITIESg. Reviews the following sectors:g.1 Economicg.1.1g.1.2g.1.3g.1.4g.1.5g.1.6g.1.7g.1.8Checks if the plan adequately presentsthe locality’s main economic base in termsof actual income generated; employmentand land devoted for such economicactivity.If applicable, checks if the areas identifiedfor urban use are outside the coverage ofDA’s Networks Protected Areas forAgriculture and Agro-IndustrialDevelopment and Strategic Agricultureand Fisheries Development Zones(SAFDZ).Checks if proposed commercial areas aresuitable and properly delineated andquantified.If applicable, checks if industrial sites/areas are suitable and feasible forindustrial development per DTI standards.Checks if requisite utilities/facilities areadequate for identified commercial andindustrial activities in the area.If applicable, checks if the sites identifiedby DOT as probable tourism sites aredelineated, considered and quantified inthe plan.Evaluates if the proposed tourism sites arefeasible for development as per DOTstandards.Evaluates if there are adequate utilities/amenities for each designated clientele forproposed tourism areas.g.2 Infrastructure and Utilitiesg.2.1Evaluates if the proposed road networkand other infrastructure facilities andutilities are responsive to the locality’schosen development option/strategy and157 Step 10. Reviewing, Adopting and Approving the CLUP and ZO

RESPONSIBLE PARTYACTIVITIESdefined role and adequate to support thevarious land uses in the localities.g.2.2g.2.3g.2.4g.2.5g.2.6If applicable, ensures inclusion ofproposed government and privateinfrastructure projects within the localitythat are supportive to the locality’sdevelopment thrust.Ensures the inclusion of a proposed trafficmanagement program which is consistentwith MMDA’s Metrowide TrafficManagement plan.If applicable, ensures if there is anadequacy of flooding control programs andif these are linked with MMDA’s MetrowideFlood Control Program.Ensures if the proposed transportation,communication facilities and utilities areadequate to support the current and futurerequirements of the locality.If applicable, checks if the plan includesprojects within the city that areprogrammed for implementation byDOTC/DPWH, concerned agencies andother relevant government agencies andare not identified in the plan.g. 3 Socialg.3.1g.3.2g.3.3g.3.4Checks if the requisite socio-culturalinfrastructure such as school buildings,hospitals or clinics are identified, properlydelineated, quantified and matched therequirements within the planning period.Checks if the locality has responsiveprograms or projects to solve the squattingproblem.Checks if the LGU has identified sites forsocialized housing.Evaluates if the identified socializedhousing sites are adequate and suitablefor identified program beneficiaries ofStep 10. Reviewing, Adopting and Approving the CLUP and ZO158

RESPONSIBLE PARTYACTIVITIESRA 7279.g.3.5Checks if the local housing projects utilizeHUDCC accredited indigenous materialsor innovative techniques/buildingtechnologies for housing development.g.4 Environment/Ecologyg.4.1g.4.2g.4.3g.4.4g.4.5g.4.6g.4.7Evaluates if there are flood prone areasand other environmentally critical areassuch as earthquake prone areas, faultlines/traces identified for urban use or areexisting in built-up areas. If so, are thereproposed mitigating measures?Ensures that watershed reservation ornational parks are not reclassified into otheruses.If applicable, ensures that areas with slope18% and above are not reclassified for usethat are designated as urban. Needs todelineate which is for the forest and whichis Alienable and Disposable (A&D).If applicable, ensures that the identifiedareas for urban use are not within thecoverage of DENR’s ECAs.Checks if there are plans for sustainabledevelopment and management of naturalresources within the city/municipality.If applicable, checks if there areendangered flora and fauna in the area thatrequire protection or preservation and ifthere are corresponding programs/projects for suchareas.Checks/evaluates the proposed solidwaste management program and if theseconforms with the provisions of EcologicalSolid Waste Management Act (RA 9003).g.5 Land Useg.5.1.Evaluates the efficiency of the urban159 Step 10. Reviewing, Adopting and Approving the CLUP and ZO

RESPONSIBLE PARTYACTIVITIESdesign in terms of distribution and locationof the different functional areas.g.5.2g.5.3g.5.4g.5.5Evaluates if the space allocation for varioususes can adequately meet therequirements vis-à-vis the needs, visionand functional role of the LGU.Determines if there are areas that requirerenewal/rehabilitation and if there areproposals to solve these problems.If applicable, evaluates if suggested areasfor densification, reclamation, landreadjustment and the like havecorresponding justification and projectproposals to implement the same.Evaluates if the land use plan is anadequate translation of the locality’sdevelopment goals and objectives andresponsive to its defined role, chosendevelopment option/development thrust.g.6 Zoning Ordinance and other Forms ofRegulationg.6.1 Evaluates if the ZO is the correct translationof the proposed land use plan.g.6.2g.6.3g.6.4Checks if the zoning boundaries or zoningdistricts are correctly and adequatelydelineated on the maps and described inthe next.Evaluates if proposed performance zoningor other innovative zoning techniques/approaches and other forms ofdevelopment regulations respond to thelocality’s requirement.Checks the major changes in theZO.g.7 Local Administrationg.7.1Evaluates if the proposed project/programs are the actual translation of theLGU’s needs and requirements given itsfunctional role and development thrust andStep 10. Reviewing, Adopting and Approving the CLUP and ZO160

RESPONSIBLE PARTYACTIVITIESas identified in the socio-economic, land use andinfrastructure sectors and whether these areprioritized.g.7.2 Determines if proposed institutionalmechanism is consistent with the LocalGovernment Code and responsive to itsdevelopment requirements.g.7.3 Checks and evaluates innovativeapproaches or solutions to the LGU’s needfor additional sources of funds for projectimplementation.g.7.4Checks if the proposed implementing andmonitoring schemes are consistent withthe new Local Government Code andrequisite for the attainment of the setdevelopment goals, objectives andstrategies.161 Step 10. Reviewing, Adopting and Approving the CLUP and ZO

Comprehensive Land Use PlanningIMPLEMENTING THECLUP AND ZONINGORDINANCECLUPSTEP11Implementing the CLUP requires resources, institutional structures and procedures,among others, to be realized. The Local Government Code allows great flexibility forLGUs to design and implement its own organizational structure and staffing patterntaking into consideration its vision, mission, goals and objectives as contained in theCLUP and accountability to the communityTo realistically implement the CLUP/ZO, a number of prerequisite measures andinstruments other than the enacted Zoning Ordinance are needed. Some of theinstruments/measures herein suggested may not necessarily be appropriate for thetime being for some municipalities/cities because of varying situations prevailing inthese places.It is important to note that LGU “creativity” in governance or in implementing the CLUP/ZO as used by various successful cities and municipalities, is the key to a successfulplan implementation. Documented best practices on good governance will also be ofhelp for the LGU.PURPOSE• To establish detailed operational plans for the implementation of the CLUP and ZO• To establish institutional mechanisms responsive to the vision, goals and objectives ofthe CLUP• To establish partnerships and cooperation arrangement with stakeholdersEXPECTED OUTPUTS• Approved Institutional Structure and Systems and Procedures• Investment Programs• Information, Education and Communication Plan (IEC)/AdvocacySTEPSI. Strengthen Existing Institutional Structure and MechanismsThe CLUP need people, institutional structures and procedures, among others, to be realized.The Local Government Unit can design and implement its own organizational structureand staffing pattern taking into consideration its vision, mission, goals and objectives ascontained in the CLUP and accountability to the community. The Local Government Code,however, serves as the legal basis for the following activities.Step 11. Implementing the CLUP and Zoning Ordinance162

1.1 Review existing local organizational structure, staff composition, andresponsibility centers vis-à-vis the requirements to effectively implement theCLUP/ZO.The review shall cover all operating units which are mandated by law or generic to theLGU and those special bodies or units created for purposes relevant to CLUP/ZOimplementation. Special bodies may be on a permanent or ad hoc tenure. Note thatthe review of organizational structure shall be governed by the limitation set forth bythe Local Government Code (LGC), Civil Service Commission (CSC) and otherrelevant laws and legally constituted authorities.Sample: REVIEW OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND SUPPORTOFFICES/ADHOCBODIES DIRECTLYIMPLEMENTING CLUPC/MPDOOffice of the MunicipalEngineerOffice of the MunicipalAssessorHousing BoardUrban Poor UnitUrban Affairs UnitOffice of the ZoningAdministratorLocal Zoning ReviewCommitteeISSUES ANDCONCERNSInadequate staff, lack ofexpertise/trainingConcern: LC prerequisite toissuance of Building PermitConsideration of CLUP/ZO inland assessment/valuationAbsence of a housing affairsunitStrengthening the Office of theZoning AdministratorNot yet constituted/Noestablished action programRECOMMENDEDACTIONAdditional plantilla position,budget for capacity buildingprogramConference/Conduct ofcoordinative meetingsCreation of Housing AffairsUnit-do--do--do--do--do-Capability building training/seminarStrategic Planning by theLZRC and MPDOLocal Zoning Board ofAppeals and AdjudicationProject Monitoring Committee(PMC)Executive and LegislativeAgenda CommitteeNot yet constitutedExisting but focused onprojects onlyWeak on monitoringConstitute the LZBAA perZOIntegrate the monitoring ofCLUP implementationEstablish linkage with PMC,Capacity buildingIn most cases, LGUs will require changes in its organizational structure to improvedevelopment performance and eventually attain the vision, goals and objective ofCLUP. Some offices may need to be strengthened by way of additional staff and/or163Step 11. Implementing the CLUP and Zoning Ordinance

capacity building programs, while others may need to be scaled down or abolishedand new offices/units deemed necessary in implementing the CLUP may have to beestablished.LGUs may likewise need to institutionalize AD HOC committees to handle criticalfunctions and to promote community/multi-sectoral participation in governance. SuchAD HOC committees are suggested to be of a multi-sectoral composition to ensurea sustained partnership in enforcing the CLUP and ZO.Some recently approved CLUPs/ZOs have resulted to the creation of special bodies/committees where the stakeholders are aptly represented. To cite some:Area Development Council composed of multi-sectoral representatives created toensure an effective partnership in implementing the policies, programs and projectsin the designated Area Development Zones (ADZs) provided for in the CLUP and ZO.(Pasay City CLUP)Local Housing Boards composed of local government unit officials, private sectorsand informal settlers association created to manage the housing program in the LGU.These are based on the Housing Sector Plan as well as the land use plan on residentialareas as reflected in the CLUP/ZO of the LGU. (e.g. Office of Population and UrbanAffairs, Ormoc City).Citizen Participation Committee – a multi-sectoral committee established to ensurethe active participation of community in governance. (Naga City)1.2 Revisit details of existing operational guidelines vis-à-vis the requirement ofthe CLUP and ZO implementation.This activity is necessary to ensure transparency, accountability, efficiency andcompliance with recent national policies. In many cases existing operational guidelinesneed only to be amended to be consistent with the development framework, vision,goals, objectives and policies in the CLUP.1.3 Identify mechanisms to implement the Zoning Ordinance as follows:a. Creation/establishment of the required operating units as provided for in theAdministration and Enforcement provision of the approved ZO :a.1. Office of the Zoning Administratora.2. Local Zoning Board of Appeals and Adjudicationa.3. Local Zoning Review CommitteeMembership, functions and duties of the units shall be based on the approvedzoning ordinance.The City/Municipality may designate the CPDC/MPDC as the Zoning Administratorin view of its expertise and involvement in planning.b. Establish a permitting system to govern land use development regulations andensure implementation of the land use plan through the zoning ordinance. Thisshall be in terms of processing and approval of applications for:Step 11. Implementing the CLUP and Zoning Ordinance164

.1. locational clearance of development projectsb.2. building permitsb.3. development permits for subdivision and condominium projectsb.4. business permit and investment potentialsb.5. local revenue assessmentb.6. environmental clearanceb.7. procurement clearance and permits consistent with the GovernmentProcurement Reform Act, e.g. for hiring consultants.c. Assess applications for land use development permits and management schemesbased on the following considerations:c.1. Conformity with the approved comprehensive Zoning Ordinance in terms ofsite zoning classification, use regulations, area regulations, documentaryrequirements and others.c.2. Determine whether proposed development project is a permitted use,allowable use or a possible variance within the zone applied for.c.3. Use of Decision Guidelines for Land Development Projects/DevelopmentAssessment Guidelines in assessing project. See Annex 11-1 for the DecisionGuidelines for Land Development Projects.1.4 Identify other development regulations in addition to the zoning ordinanceneeded to fully implement the ZO.a. Review existing local ordinances related to land use development/control forpossible:- consistencies with the CLUP/ZO and- possible gaps in development regulationThe most common land development regulations are:• Special levy tax providing for incentives/disincentives• Detailed area development regulations/standards particularly for such areasas cultural heritage sites/zones, high risk/danger zones, etc.• Industrial estates/subdivision development regulationsb. Prepare amendments in existing statutory ordinances found to be inconsistentwith the CLUP/ZO.c. As maybe necessary, prepare draft ordinance that will respond to the identifiedgaps in legislative measures needed to implement CLUP/ZO.1.5 Consolidate the results of the above steps and reach consensus on thechanges in organizational structure and additional mechanisms needed toimplement the CLUP/ZOConsider the following for submission/deliberation by SP/SBa. Revised organizational structure to include special bodies/committees to beconstituted as a result of the above steps.165Step 11. Implementing the CLUP and Zoning Ordinance

The creation of the special bodies through an Executive Order shall likewise definethe following:• functions of the committee/body• membership requirements and qualification standards• time frame of the committee (the same special bodies are created for shortterm/urgent programs hence may be short-lived)• operating procedures/linkages with other departments/officesThe revised organizational structure shall identify the following:• staff requirements and qualification standards• training/capacity building program• new office/unit to be created/strengthened• budget requirementsb. Draft proposed amendments to existing ordinances found to be inconsistent withthe CLUP/ZOc. Draft of proposed new legislation/ordinance to respond to identified gaps inimplementing CLUP/ZOd. Draft proposed amendments, (if any), to existing operational guidelinese. Systems and procedures for various permits/clearances.II.Assess and Prioritize the General Listing of Programs and Projects Generated inStep 7: Preparing the Land Use Plan1. Check for the desirability, redundancy, practicality and efficiency of the consolidatedgeneral list of programs and projects. These programs and projects shall be includedin any investment planning exercise of the City/Municipality.This activity is a first level assessment, which will result to the short-listing of programsand projects.The above assessment criteria are defined as follows:1. Redundant projects - those that duplicate or overlap existing, new or proposed projects.For example: building a barangay road in the same alignment as a secondary road; onsetting up an agricultural state college or a hospital in every municipality.2. Impractical or unrealistic projects - those that do not conform to technical standards orfeasibility indicators. For example: a hydroelectric power plant project in a barangaywithout potential water resources; or a nuclear power plant on an earthquake fault orknown active volcano.3. Undesirable projects - those that pose negative side effects to the population or area oroffend the values and cultural beliefs of the people. For example: a golf course project ina remote and depressed municipality; the promotion of highly pollutive industries in apristine river system; or garbage disposal near a watershed.4. Inefficient projects - projects that are costly to run at the local level because they cannottake advantage of economies of scale. For example: a nuclear power plant. This type ofproject is operated more efficiently by the national or regional government. Other projectsthat may be considered inefficient are those whose modes of implementation are inefficient.For example: a health and nutrition program implemented house-to-house may be lessefficient than one given at an accessible health center; or the training of all farmerson a particular technology compared to using a demo farm to promote a technology.Step 11. Implementing the CLUP and Zoning Ordinance166

2. Conduct the second (2 nd ) level assessment of the short listed programs and projectsto determine conflicts, compatibility and complementarities.Assessment criteria are defined as follows:1. Conflicting projects - those with expected benefits that tend to nullify the benefits ofother projects or when the implementation of which obstructs the implementation of another.For example: an incineration project to solve the garbage disposal problem in an areaconflicts with an environmental project that seeks to minimize air pollution to protectpeople’s health.2. Complementary projects - are those activities, components or objectives that mutuallysupport each other. For example: Gintong Ani, provision of post-harvest facilities, farmto-markettoad, agricultural credit facilities and an irrigation project.3. Compatible projects - those that are neutral, that is, they neither complement nor conflictwith each other or those that can be implemented without affecting the benefits or costsof the other projects. For example: construction of classrooms has no effect on theconstruction of health centers (although they may compete for scarce resources).The following matrix of assessment maybe used following the instructions below:CONFLICT-COMPATABILITY-COMPLEMENTARITY MATRIXProject 1Project 2Project 3Project 4Project 5OthersProject 1Project 2Project 3Project 4Project 5OthersXONNXXXXNOOONNXNOXONNXOXONNOXNHow to accomplish the matrix:1) Assign a number to each of the projects resulting from the first level assessment,i.e.,Project 1, Project 2, etc.2) Fill in the top most row and 1 st column with the projects as numbered. (See abovematrix)3) Assess projects using the criteria: conflicting, complimenting and compatibility asdefined above. Fill in the matrix of analysis using the following marks to fill in theappropriate cell in the matrixX - for projects that are conflictingO - for projects that are complementaryN - for projects that are compatibleLeave blank the cells corresponding to same project listed in the row of projects.4) Delete or de-prioritize, as appropriate, projects which generally conflict with themajority of projects.167Step 11. Implementing the CLUP and Zoning Ordinance

Flow Chart for Implementing the CLUP and ZOSTEPSOUTPUTS1Strengthen existinginstitutional structures andmechanisms2Define roles of offices/departments, operationalguidelines and mechanismsvis-a-vis the implementationof the CLUP and ZOAssess and prioritize thegeneral listing of programsand projectsShort-list of prioritizedprograms and projectsincluding project proposaland fund sourcing3Prepare IEC plan to promotetransparency andaccountability inimplementing the CLUP/ZOStrategies to disseminate/inform about the CLUP/ZO tothe stakeholders and generalpublic4Review/revise budgetarysupport/requirement toimplement the CLUP/ZORevised budget requirementsto support the implementationof the CLUP/ZOStep 11. Implementing the CLUP and Zoning Ordinance170

171Annex 11-1DECISION GUIDELINES FOR LAND DEVELOPMENT PROJECTSThe following provides a useful checklist of guidelines to assess an application for land usedevelopment projects. In general this is termed as Development Assessment Guidelines.Not all criteria can apply at all times and they will vary from zone to zone and from use-type touse-type.Zoning/Enforcement officers will need to exercise their own judgment as to whichcriteria is relevant for a particular application.Assessment/decision guidelines for development applications:• Compliance with all relevant national laws and policies;• Compliance with all relevant ordinances and resolutions of the city’s SP;• Compliance with the relevant policies of the zoning ordinance;• The primary purpose of the zone;• That the proposal is not prohibited under the zone;• Complies with any special requirements for such a use within the zoning ordinance;• That the proposal does not inhibit the orderly planning of the area generally;• That the proposal enhances the amenity of the area (but at the very least, does notdetrimentally affect the amenity of the area);• The proximity of the development to any public land and the likely impacts;• Factors likely to contribute to land degradation, salinity, or reduction of water quality;• Whether the proposal will generate undesirable off-site impacts from uncontrolled oruntreated storm water flows;• The extent and nature of vegetation on the site and the likelihood of its destruction;• Whether on-site vegetation can be protected, planted, or allowed to regenerate;• The degree of flood erosion or fire hazard associated with the location of the land or theproposed use or development, or any proposed management measures to minimize suchhazards;• The effect that existing uses on nearby or adjacent land may have on the proposed use;• The availability and provision of utility services such as:- Storm water drainage;- Electricity/power/gas- Reticulated water/reticulated sewer and other approved sewer system- Telecommunications;- Any other relevant matters.• The effects of any traffic to be generated by the use or development;• The use (or interim use) of those parts of the land not required for the proposed use ordevelopment;• The design of the building(s), including adequate provision for daylight and solar access;• The design of buildings to maximize conservation and energy efficiency;• Provision for on-site car parking and loading bay facilities;• Requirement for professionally prepared traffic generation and traffic impact assessmentfor major developments (major developments to be defined by SP ordinance, resolution orpolicy direction);• Provision for on-site landscaping, particularly fast growing shade trees;• For use or development in areas adjoined by different zones; extent of proposed buffers(distances and other approved/functional treatments), or the compatibility (or otherwise)of the proposed use to other existing developments;Step 11. Implementing the CLUP and Zoning Ordinance

• For industrial uses or developments; the effect that the proposal may have on nearby existingor proposed residential areas, or other uses that are sensitive to industrial off-site effects;• The effect on the free movement of pedestrians, cyclist, supply vehicles, waste removal,emergency services, and public transport;• The location of garbage storage or waste collection area or facilities, and areas for sorting.Storing and removal of recyclables (critical in shopping areas);• Defining who is responsible for on-going and regular maintenance of buildings, landscaping,and paved areas;• Any natural or cultural values on or near the land such as heritage classified sites, objects,or buildings;• The capability of the land to accommodate the proposed use or development, addressingsite quality attributes including such things as: soil type, soil fertility, soil structure, soilpermeability, soil stability, aspect, contour, slope, and drainage pattern;• For agricultural applications; how the use or development relates to agricultural land use,agricultural diversification, and natural resource management;• The maintenance of farm production and the impact on the agricultural economy;• The suitability of the site for the proposal and the compatibility with adjoining and nearbyfarming activities;• The need to prepare an integrated land management plan;• The requirements of any existing or proposed rural industry (especially value-added ordownstream industries);• The impact in agricultural areas of any existing or proposed agricultural infrastructure;• The need to prepare an Environmental Effects Statement (EES), or an EnvironmentalImpact Statement (EIS) for any proposal;• Any likely environmental impacts on the natural physical features and resources of thearea, in particular any impact caused on the soil or water quality or by the emissions ofnoise, dust or odors;• Any likely impacts upon flora, fauna, and landscape features of the area, particularlyendangered native vegetation or fauna;• The need for particular requirements for the repair or restoration of the environment;• The need or otherwise for any dwelling(s) in association with the proposed use ordevelopment;• The need for and impact(s) of any roads, access ways, paths, on the agriculturalenvironment, and the justification for their need in support of the proposal;• The need for, and visual impact (or otherwise) of any proposed advertising signage, eitherfree-standing or attached to the proposed development;• In floodplains, the compatibility of the proposal having regard to known flood risks;• Any local flood plain plans or flood risk reports;• Any comments or requirements from the relevant flood plain management authorities.• Compliance with distance/buffer requirements for project developments adjoining risk suchas fault zones, sink holes, water bodies, etc.The following matrix links the foregoing assessment/decision guidelines to thezones under the current Model Zoning Ordinance (ZO). The extent of theirapplication is advisory only, however, consideration of the different types ofdevelopment applications against the criteria will result in better environmental,urban amenity and development solutions/outcomes.Step 11. Implementing the CLUP and Zoning Ordinance172

DEVELOPMENT CONTROL/ASSESSMENT PLANNINGThese decision guidelines are advisoryonly. Their application will produce betterassessment and outcomes, however theextent to which they are applied in eachcase should be decided on a case tocase basis.Assessment/Decision Guidelines forDevelopment ApplicationsGeneral Res.Zone (GRZ)Socialized Housing Zone (SHZ)Low Density Res. Zone (R-1)Med. Density Res. Zone (R-2)High Density Res. Zone (R-3)Gen. Commercial Zone (GCZ)Low Dens. Comm. Zone (C-1)Med. Dens. Comm. Zone (C-2)High Dens. Comm. Zone (C-3)Light Industrial Zone (I-1)Medium Industrial Zone (I-2)Heavy Industrial Zone (I-3)Gen. Institutional Zone (GIZ)Spec. Institutional Zone (SIZ))Agricultural Zone (AGZ)Agro-Industrial Zone (AIZ)Forest Zone (FZ)Parks & Other Rec. Zone (PRZ)Water Zone (WZ)Tourist Zone (TZ)123456789101112131415Compliance with all relevants nationallaws and policies;Compliance with all relevant ordinancesand resolutions of the city’s SP;Compliance with the relevant policies ofthe zoning ordinance;The primary purpose of the zone;That the proposal is not prohibited underthe zone;Complies with any special requirementsfor such a use within the zoningordinance;That the proposal does not inhibit theorderly planning of the area generally;That the proposal enhances the amenityof the area (but at the very least,doesnot detrimentally affect the amenity of thearea;The proximity of the development to anypublic land and the likely impacts;Factors likely to contribute to landdegradation, salinity, or reduction of waterquality;Whether the proposal will generateundesirable off-site impacts fromuncontrolled or untreated storm waterflows;The extent and nature of vegetation onthe site and likelihood of its destruction;Whether on-site vegetation can beprotected, planted, or allowed toregenerate;The degree of flood, erosion or firehazard associated with the location of theland or the proposed use ordevelopment, or any proposedmanagement measures to minimize suchhazards;The effects that existing uses on nearbyor adjacent land may have on theproposed use;• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •••••••••••••••••••••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •••••••••••••••••••173Step 11. Implementing the CLUP and Zoning Ordinance

27282930313233343536373839These decision guidelines are advisoryonly. Their application will produce betterassessment and outcomes, however theextent to which they are applied in eachcase should be decided on a case tocase basis.Assessment/Decision Guidelines forDevelopment ApplicationsThe location of garbage storage or wastecollection area or facilities, and areas forsorting, storing and removal ofrecyclables(critical in shopping areas);Defining who is responsible for on-goingand regular maintenance of buildings,landscaping, and paved areas;Any natural or cultural values on or nearthe land such as heritage classified sites,objects, or buildings;The capability of the land to accommodatethe proposed use or development,addressing site quality attributes includingsuch things as soil permeability, soilstability, aspect, contour, slope, anddrainage pattern;For agricultural applications; how the useor development relates to agriculturallanduse, agricultural diversification andnatural resource management;The maintenance of farm production andthe impact on the agricultural economy;The suitability of the site for the proposaland the compatibility with adjoining andnearby farming activities;The need to prepare an integrated landmanagement plan;The requirements of any existing orproposed agricultural industry (especiallyvalue-added or downstream industries;The impact in agricultural areas on anyexisting or proposed agriculturalinfastructure;The need to prepare an EnvironmentalEffects Statement (EES), or anEnvironmental Impact Statement (EIS) forany proposal;Any likely environmental impact on thenatural physical features and resoucesof the area, in particular any impact causedto the soil or water quality or by theemissions of noise, dust or odors;Any likely impacts upon flora, fauna andlandscape features of the area,particularly endangered nativevegetation or fauna;General Res.Zone (GRZ)Socialized Housing Zone (SHZ)Low Density Res. Zone (R-1)Med. Density Res. Zone (R-2)High Density Res. Zone (R-3)Gen. Commercial Zone (GCZ)Low Dens. Comm. Zone (C-1)Med. Dens. Comm. Zone (C-2)High Dens. Comm. Zone (C-3)Light Industrial Zone (I-1)Heavy Industrial Zone (I-3)Gen. Institutional Zone (GIZ)Spec. Institutional Zone (SIZ))Agricultural Zone (AGZ)• • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • • • • • • • ••• • • • • • • • ••••••Medium Industrial Zone (I-2)• •• ••Agro-Industrial Zone (AIZ)Forest Zone (FZ)••••• •• •• •• •• •• •• •Parks & Other Rec. Zone (PRZ)Water Zone (WZ)Tourist Zone (TZ)•• • •• • • • •• • • • ••••175Step 11. Implementing the CLUP and Zoning Ordinance

Annex 11-2FRAMEWORK FOR SPECIFYING CAUSAL LINKS BETWEENPROJECT ACTIVITIES AND SOCIOECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC OUTCOMEProjectOutput(e.g., ruralelectrificationPool ofprojectProjectEffects(e.g., use of’electricity)Outputs ofOther ProjectsImpact onSocioeconomicFactorsIncomeProductionEmploymentWage rateOthersEffects ofOther ProjectsImpact onProximateDeterminantsofDemographicProcesses- Use of healthcare services- Use of contraception- Use of safewater supply- Nutrient anddietary intakeImpact onDemographicProcessesFertilityMortalityMigrationInputs of otherprojects(e.g., irrigation,credit, roads,family planning,health services)(e.g., use ofirrigation, useof loaned fundsfor businessexpansion)177Step 11. Implementing the CLUP and Zoning Ordinance

Annex 11-4SAMPLE FORMAT – PROJECT BRIEFCity/Municipality of ,PROJECT BRIEFProject TitleProposed Location and Area CoverageDuration Funding Agency Implementing AgencyProject Objectives and TargetsProject ActivitiesExpected OutputBudgetary RequirementsStep 11. Implementing the CLUP and Zoning Ordinance180

Annex 11-4COMPONENTS OF FEASIBILITY STUDYA good feasibility study covers the various phases of project implementation, organization andmanagement, marketing, technical specifications and financial aspects, which comprise thecomponents of a feasibility study.Market Study - determines the future demand or need for the project’s effects or outcomesor its potential to satisfy or meet a demand-supply gap. For example, if there is a scarcityor gap between the number of pupils and the actual number of classrooms, then there is amarket for additional classrooms or an additional school building.Technical Study - ascertains whether the technical specifications of a project are practicaland can be followed. For example, construction of a public market should consideraccessibility and safety to market users. The public market that is remote from theconsumers or is located in a perennially flooded area of the locality is not consideredtechnically feasible. Otherwise, the said market project may be made technically sound,by adding other project components (e.g., providing for a road to give consumers betteraccess to the market, or improving the flood control and drainage system in the proposedmarket location). These innovations, of course, entail additional project costs.Financial Study - establishes if the financial requirements are adequate. It also determineswhether the money put into the project will enable the project to become commerciallyviable or at least self-liquidating while, at the same time, servicing its debt obligations.Commercial viability means that the project is able to operate at a return that can financeits day-to-day operations (salaries and wages of personnel, rent, utilities and maintenancecosts, etc.) and at the same time service whatever debts or loan obligations it has incurred.Economic or Social Desirability Analysis - determines the project’s social and economiccosts and benefits (net benefit-cost ratio) to the community or society. This componentassesses the project’s benefit to the community such as additional income or revenue tothe locality, generation of employment, human resource development and other indicatorsof a community’s overall well being. For example, building a P10 million 50-kilometer farmto-marketroads connecting agricultural municipalities with a shipping port may be feasibleand desirable if food production and farm income in the area will increase.Operation and Management Study - analyzes the overall capability of the project’simplementers and the entity assigned to run and manage the project. This includes analysisof the project’s organizational structure and staffing pattern and the cost of operating andmaintaining such structure and personnel.FURTHER READING- Gender-responsive Population and Development Planning Guide, Step and Preparation and Projection of Concept- Guide to Population and Development Planning- Setting the Plan Mechanism181Step 11. Implementing the CLUP and Zoning Ordinance

Comprehensive Land Use PlanningMONITORING, REVIEWINGAND EVALUATINGTHE CLUP AND ZOCLUPSTEP12With the CLUP and its implementation program established, assessment proceduresof its effectiveness must be instituted. Monitoring, review and evaluation are performedto assess how fully and how effectively a plan is being carried out. On the whole, theprocess is meant to assess the overall impact of the plan to the quality of life of thepopulation. Basically, monitoring and evaluation of land use changes and specificprogram/project implementation is carried out.PURPOSE• To establish/assess the effectiveness of the CLUP as determined by the quality of lifeindicators set forth in the vision.• To evaluate conformity of land development projects issued permits and clearanceswith the approved ZO.• To assess impacts of land development project issued permits and clearance on thelocal economy, environment and on social services.• To ensure completion of program or project being implemented through a systematicand progressive assessment based on timetables, cost and benefits to target groupsor outcome.EXPECTED OUTPUTS• Monitoring system and procedures, and set of indicators for quality of life assessment.• Monitoring system and procedures for land use changes.• Project Monitoring Schemes (PMS)STEPS1. Organize/create monitoring review and evaluation (MRE) teams, which arecoordinative in nature and consisting of LGU organic personnel and otherstakeholders, i.e., multi-sectoral teams; barangay level monitoring teams.2. Develop monitoring systems and procedures and establish indicators andbenchmark data and frequency of monitoring activities to serve as guide formonitoring in the following aspects: (Refer to Annex 12-1 Designing a ProjectMonitoring System)Step 12. Monitoring, Reviewing and Evaluating the CLUP and ZO182

2.1 Quality of Life Assessment using the essential elements of the vision adopted bythe city/municipality. This can be done through:a. The Vision Reality Gap Analysis described in Step 3, Setting the Vision.b. Use of indicators of well-being consistent with population and developmentsensitive planning approach. These indicators of abilities (“to be”) or capabilities(“to do”) include, among others, health (to be healthy); nutrition (to be wellnourished);education (to be educated or to be knowledgeable and skilled); fertility(to bear and rear desired number of children); and migration (to travel in search ofeconomic and social opportunities)Refer to Annex 12-2 on Core Indicators for Gender-Responsive Populationand Development (POPDEV) Planning at the Local Level2.2 Land Use Changes, considering land use development clearances and permitsissued by the Office of the Zoning Administrator. These are presented in reports ofissuances, decision maps and environmental studies conducted for the purpose.Consultations with stakeholders are also conducted to assess community’s reactionson the particular project or land use change.Decision mapping may be done manually by indicating in the Zoning Map theapproximate location of land development projects issued clearances andpermits using “mapping pins”. To facilitate interpretation color of pin shallcorrespond to the color codes for land use categories specified in Step 7:Preparing Land Use Plan. This method will make transparent to stakeholdersthe real-time monitoring of land use changes. The guide on the use of GIS inmonitoring land are provided in the HLURB GIS Cookbook for LGUs.If a significant number of locational clearances or development permits arenon-conforming or inconsistent with the CLUP/ZO, the LGU may decide torevisit the effectiveness/responsiveness of the existing CLUP/ZO.A sample guideline prepared by HLURB-RFO 10 for assessing when to revisethe CLUP is presented in Annex 12-3.2.3 Project Implementation Monitoring System/Scheme (PMS) is basically a systematicdesign of monitoring a particular project. It is a systematic, timely, and regular gatheringof feedback about the progress of a project in terms of inputs, operations and outputs,and the timely provision of appropriate support or intervention, if need be.Actual data is compared with the plan to determine whether clearance from fundingand support agencies has been sought and whether there are any deviations fromthe original plan. The cause of deviations, if any, are examined and solutions/personslikely to solve the problem and necessary interpretations are identified. (Refer toAnnex 12-1, Designing a Project Monitoring Scheme)183Step 12. Monitoring, Reviewing and Evaluating the CLUP and ZO

2.4 Conduct of review and evaluation of action taken and development outcomes todetermine relevance, efficiency, effectiveness, impact and sustainability. The intentis to incorporate lessons learnt in the process.3. Conduct actual monitoring consistent with the developed system and procedures.3.1 Conduct “comparing sessions”/consultative workshop on indicator of well-being forquality of life assessment.3.2 Conduct decision mapping sessions/consultations/workshops on impacts of landuse changes.3.3 Conduct project monitoring sessions/consultation/workshop to determine stagesof implementation of program/project.4. Evaluate the results of the monitoring activities.Evaluation maybe done in two ways:1. On-going Evaluation - On - going and periodic evaluation is conducted toprovide early feedback to project management on the following concerns:policies affecting the project; attainment of sectoral goals and objectives;adequacy of institutional arrangements; and the appropriateness of projectdesign and the level of resources.One familiar activity is the conduct of mid-program and project evaluationto determine if the assumptions made regarding the project environmentand target group are still valid. The review likewise helps determine whetherthe project should be modified due to environmental constraints. Moreover,the review can ascertain how natural phenomena, local political events,national and international incidents have affected the project (NCRFW, 1993:31).2. Post Evaluation - On the other hand, post evaluation involves thesystematic and objective assessment of completed development projects.It may be done at the end of the project or sometime thereafter. It analyzesproject outcomes and the underlying factors which contribute to the project’ssuccess or failure so that it can identify the features that deserve replicationin future projects as well as the pitfalls that need to be avoided.In cities/municipalities with existing Monitoring team/unit or Project MonitoringCommittee (PMC), integrate monitoring of CLUP implementation, consideringthe above stated activities.5. Submit monitoring, review and evaluation reports, findings and recommendationsto the Mayor, SB/SP for consideration and appropriate action.Step 12. Monitoring, Reviewing and Evaluating the CLUP and ZO184

Findings and recommendations may lead to:‣ Revision of strategies or policies provided for in the CLUP and development control/guidelines in the ZO or at least revision of CLUP.‣ Repacking and refocusing of programs and projects, including financial aspects.(Refer to Annex 12-4 - Updating or Revising an Existing CLUP)ANNEXESAnnex 12-1Annex 12-2Annex 12-3Annex 12-4Designing a Project Monitoring SchemeCore Indicators for Gender-Responsive Population and Development(POPDEV) Planning at the Local LevelGuidelines on the evaluation of CLUP/ZO for Re-planning PurposesUpdating or Revising an Existing CLUPFURTHER READINGGender Responsive Population and Development Planning GuidePlanning Strategically185Step 12. Monitoring, Reviewing and Evaluating the CLUP and ZO

Flow Chart for Plan Monitoring and Evaluation1Organize/createmonitoring reviewand evaluation(MRE) teamsMRE Teams created/organized2Developmonitoringsystems andproceduresMonitoring systems andprocedures, includingbenchmarks and indicators34Conduct actualmonitoringEvaluate resultsof monitoringactivitiesMonitoring of:- Changes in quality of life(impacts)- Land use changes- Programs and projectsimplementationOn-going and post evaluationof plans and programsimplementation5Prepare review andevaluation reports,findings, andrecommendationsProposed actions forrevision/amendment/updating of the CLUP/ZOand/or other implementationschemesStep 12. Monitoring, Reviewing and Evaluating the CLUP and ZO186

Annex 12-1DESIGNING A PROJECT MONITORING SCHEMEThe Project Monitoring Scheme (PMS) is basically a systematic design of monitoring a particularproject. If properly designed, it serves as a useful tool to systematize the task of monitoring. Itis input-based, activity-related and output oriented.Steps in Designing and Implementing PMS:Step 1Develop the Monitoring ObjectivesA PMS should specify the purpose for undertaking monitoring. A set of objective statements,which include checking of explicit consideration of population factors/issues and tracking genderdifferentiatedprogress of projects for target beneficiaries, should be formulated vis-à-vis identifiedproject performance targets.Step 2Developing a Monitoring PlanThe monitoring plan embodies the project outputs, critical activities and project inputs (data onthese can be gathered from various project documents), monitoring points, and the plans andschedule for gathering and analyzing of information.Step 3Gather InformationActual monitoring starts with the collection of information regarding the conduct of the project.Depending on the kind of information needed, technical person assigned in the monitoring thenselects the best monitoring strategies to employ to achieve this end.Step 4Analyzing InformationAnalyzing information for monitoring purposes generally involves comparing the actualperformance/ accomplishments (dates, activities, outputs) with the intended or planned; andthen finding the reasons for and correcting, any discrepancies - whether the deviations arereasonable and beneficial or unjustified and harmful to the project.Step 5Provide Support InterventionWhen gathering and analyzing information about a project, one may come across many ideason how to improve the conduct of the project, or how to correct certain deficiencies. Theremay be several alternatives for improving the project. One of the tasks in project monitoring isto discuss the alternatives with the implementer and decide what plan of action would be bestfor the interest of the project.• There should be a list of options for interventions. Resources needed are determined foreach option.• For urgent cases, one may directly suggest corrective measures• Legal measures are a last resort and sought only when other options failed• Monitoring should end with report writing, summarizing the findings and recommendations.187Step 12. Monitoring, Reviewing and Evaluating the CLUP and ZO

Annex 12-2CORE INDICATORS FOR GENDER-RESPONSIVEPOPULATION AND DEVELOPMENT (POPDEV) PLANNING AT THE LOCAL LEVELINDICATORDEFINITIONLEVEL OFDESEGRAGATIONFREQUENCYLATESTAVAILABLEDATASOURCEOF BASICDATAPopulation Processes1. Crude Birth RateThe number of livebirths per 1,000population during agiven periodnational, regional,provincial,municipal, city,national, regional,provincialAnnualAfter everycensus year19971995-20051) Vital Statistics Report,National StatisticsOffice (NSO)2) Population Projections,NSO2. Crude Death RateThe number of deathsper 1,000 populationduring a givenperiodnational, regional,provincial,municipal, citynational, regional,provincialAnnualAfter everycensus year19971995-20051) Vital Statistics Report,NSO2) Population Projections,NSO3. Total Fertility RateThe average numberof children that wouldbe born alive to awoman during herlifetime if she were topass through herchild-bearing yearsconforming to the agespecificfertility rates ofa given yearnational, regional,provincialnational, regional,provincialAnnualAfter everycensus year19971995-20201) Vital Statistics Report,NSO2) Population Projections,NSO4. Maternal Mortality RateThe number of deathsamong women 15-49years old frompregnancy-relatedcauses per 100,000live births in a givenperiodnational, regional,provincialEvery 5years19971990-19951) Vital Statistics Report,NSO2) Technical WorkingGroup - Maternal andChild Mortality, NSOPopulation Outcomes5. Annual PopulationGrowth RateThe pace at which thepopulation is increasing(or decreasing)during a given periodon a yearly basisexpressed as apercentage of thebasic populationnational, regionalprovincial, city,municipalityEvery 10years2000Census of Population andHousing (CPH), NSOStep 12. Monitoring, Reviewing and Evaluating the CLUP and ZO188

INDICATORDEFINITIONLEVEL OFDESEGRAGATIONFREQUENCYLATESTAVAILABLEDATASOURCEOF BASICDATA6. Percentage ofPopulationby Five-Year AgeGroup and by SexPercentagedistribution of thepopulation classifiedby 5-year age groupand by sexNational, regionalprovincial, city,municipalityEvery 10years2000CPH, NSODevelopment Processes7. Percentage Distributionof Local GovernmentExpenditures by SpecificActivitiesPercentageDistribution of LocalGovernmentExpenditures bySpecific Activitiessuch as:1) socialimprovement;2) adjudication;3) protectiveservices;4) generaladministration;5) governmentfinance;6) equipment;7) economicdevelopment;8) real property;9) inter governmentaids, loans/advance/transfers;and10) othersRegional,provincial, city,municipalityAnnual2001Bureau of LocalGovernment Finance8. Labor Force ParticipationRate by SexPercent ofpopulation 15 yearsold and over who areeither employed orunemployed butlooking for work inrelation to the totalpopulationNational, regionalprovincial, keycitiesQuarterlyOctober-00Integrated Survey ofHouseholds Bulletin,Labor Force Survey,NSO9. Length of LocalGovernment Roads bysurface TypeThe length of localgovernment roads(in kilometers) bysurface type such as:earth, gravel, asphaltand concreteNational, regional,provincial, city -municipalityAnnual2001DPWH10. Elementary andSecondary CohortSurvival RatesThe number of totalenrollees in thebeginning grade/year who reachedNational, regionalprovincial, city -municipalityAnnualSY 2000 -2001DECS Statistical Bulletinand/or Basic EducationStatistics189Step 12. Monitoring, Reviewing and Evaluating the CLUP and ZO

INDICATORDEFINITIONLEVEL OFDESEGRAGATIONFREQUENCYLATESTAVAILABLEDATASOURCEOF BASICDATAthe final grade/yearat the end of therequired number ofyears of studyexpressed as apercentage ofenrollees in thebeginning grade/year.11. Doctor-Population RatioThe number ofpopulation perdoctor in apopulationNational, regional,provincial, city –municipalityAnnual1996Philippine HealthStatistics, (PHS), DOH12. Hospital Bed-PopulationRatioThe number ofpopulation perhospital bedNational, regional,provincial, cityAnnual1996PHS, DOH13. Percent of birthsattended by HealthPersonnelThe number of birthsattended by healthpersonnel expressedas a percentage ofthe total number ofbirths in a givenperiodNational, regional,provincial, cityAnnual19971) Vital Statistics Report2) PHS, DOH14. ContraceptivePrevalence RateThe percentage ofwomen currentlyusing a familyplanning methodamong currentlymarried women inthe reproductiveages (15-49)National, regionalEvery 5years1998National Demographicand Health Survey,(NDHS), NSO15. Percentage Distributionof Households by Typeof Housing UnitOccupiedThe number ofhouseholds by typeof unit occupiedwhich include:1) single house;2) duplex;3) apartment/accessoria/condominium;4) improvisedbarong-barong;5) commercial/industrial/agricultural/etc.;andNational, regional,provincial, city,municipalityAnnual2000CPH, NSOStep 12. Monitoring, Reviewing and Evaluating the CLUP and ZO190

INDICATORDEFINITIONLEVEL OFDESEGRAGATIONFREQUENCYLATESTAVAILABLEDATASOURCEOF BASICDATA6) other housingunits, expressedas a percentageof the totalnumber ofhouseholds16. Percentage Distributionof Households by MainSource of Water SupplyThe number ofhouseholds by mainsource of watersupply which include:1) tap (insidehouse);2) public well; and3) private deep well,expressed as apercentage of thetotal number ofhouseholdsNational,provincial, city,municipalityEvery 10years2000CPH, NSO17. Percentage Distributionof Households by Typeof Toilet Facilities BeingUsedThe number ofhouseholds by typeof toilet facilities usedwhich include:1) water-sealed,sewer/ septictank, usedexclusively by thehousehold;2) water-sealed,sewer/septic tank,shared with otherhouseholds;3) water-sealed,other depository,used exclusivelyby thehouseholds;4) water-sealed,other depository,shared with otherhouseholds;5) close pit;6) open pit; and7) others, expressedas a percentageof the totalnumber ofhouseholdsNational, regional,provincial, city,municipalityEvery 10years2000CPH, NSO191Step 12. Monitoring, Reviewing and Evaluating the CLUP and ZO

INDICATORDEFINITIONLEVEL OFDESEGRAGATIONFREQUENCYLATESTAVAILABLEDATASOURCEOF BASICDATA18. Percentage Distributionof Households by Typeof Garbage DisposalThe number ofhouseholds by typeof garbage disposalwhich include:1) pick by garbagetruck;2) burning;3) composting; and4) burying,expressed as apercentage of thetotal number ofhouseholdsNational,provincial, city,municipalityEvery 10years2000CPH, NSO19. Crime Rate by TypeNumber of crimesreported per100,000 populationby typeNational, regional,provincial, city,municipalityAnnual2001Philippine National Police20. Percentage Distributionof DSWD ClientelesServed by Type and bySexThe number ofDSWD clientelesserved by type whichinclude:1) household headsand other needyadults;2) sociallydisadvantagedwomen;3) children in difficultsituations;4) victims ofcalamities andsocialdisorganization;and5) disabled persons,expressed as apercentage of thetotal number ofclienteles andclassified by sexNational, regional,provincialAnnual2001Department of SocialWelfare and DevelopmentDevelopment Outcomes21. Unemployment Rate,Total and by SexTotal number ofunemployed personsexpressed as apercent of the totalnumber of personsin the labor force,total or by sexNational, regional,provincial, keycitiesQuarterlyOctober-00Integrated Survey ofHouseholds Bulletin,Labor Force Survey,NSOStep 12. Monitoring, Reviewing and Evaluating the CLUP and ZO192

INDICATORDEFINITIONLEVEL OFDESEGRAGATIONFREQUENCYLATESTAVAILABLEDATASOURCEOF BASICDATA22. Average Family IncomeRefers to the totalfamily incomereceived in cash or inkind realized by allfamilies in the areadivided by the totalnumber of families inthe same areaNational, regional,provincial, keycitiesEvery 3years2000Family Income andExpenditure Survey,NSO23. Literacy Rate by SexThe percentage ofthe population whocan read and write asimple message inany language ordialect classified bysexNational,regional,provincialEvery 10yearsEvery 5years200019941) CPH, NSO2) Functional Literacy,Education and MassMedia Survey, NSO24. Percentage ofMalnourished 7-10Years Old ChildrenThe number of 7-10year old children whoare moderately andseverely underweightexpressed as apercentage of totalpopulation ofchildren 7-10 yearsoldNational,regional,provincial,key citiesEvery 5years1996Updating of the NutritionalStatus of Filipino Childrenat the Provincial Level,FNRI25. Percentage of Infantswith Low Birth WeightThe number ofInfants with birthweight of less than2.5 kilogramsexpressed as apercentage of thetotal number ofinfantsNational, regional,provincial, cityAnnual1997Vital StatisticsReport,NSO26. Morbidity Rates byLeading CausesThe number ofreported illnessesfrom a specificleading causeexpressed as apercentage of thetotal number ofillnesses from allcausesNational, regional,provincial, cityAnnual1996PHS, DOH27. Elementary andSecondary CompletionRates by SexCompletion raterefers to thepercentage of firstyear (female/male)entrants in the cycleof educationsurviving to the endNational, regional,private and publicAnnual2003BEIS, DepEd193Step 12. Monitoring, Reviewing and Evaluating the CLUP and ZO

INDICATORDEFINITIONLEVEL OFDESEGRAGATIONFREQUENCYLATESTAVAILABLEDATASOURCEOF BASICDATAof the cycle. Theterm is usedinterchangeably withsurvival rate andretention rate28. Employment rate bysex, age group andhighest grade completedRatio (in percent) ofthe total number ofwomen/men in laborforceNational, regionalQuarterly2004LFS, NSO29.Nutritional status ofpregnant women/incidence of MalnutritionThe condition of thebody resulting fromthe intake, absorptionand utilization offood and fromfactors of pathologicalsignificanceNational, regionalEvery 5years2003FNRI30.Mortality by leadingcauses, age and sexDeath ratios. Showsthe numericalrelationship betweendeaths from a causeand from the totalnumber of deathsfrom all causes in allages taken togetherNational, regional,provincialAnnual2004Vital Statistics Report,NSO31.Morbidity by leadingcauses, age and sexMorbidity is anydeparture, subjectiveor objective from astage of physiologicalwell-beingNational, regionalAnnual2001FHSIS, DOH32.Percent of womencandidates and share inlocal elective positionsThe number ofwomen candidatesover the totalnumber ofcandidatesNational, regional,provincial,municipalityEveryelection year2004COMELEC33.Percent of women inmanagerial, supervisoryand technical positionsNumber of women inmanagerial,supervisory andtechnical positionsover the totalnumber of women inmanagerial,supervisory andtechnical positionsNational, regional,provincial,municipalityQuarterly2004CPH, LFS, NSOStep 12. Monitoring, Reviewing and Evaluating the CLUP and ZO194

INDICATORDEFINITIONLEVEL OFDESEGRAGATIONFREQUENCYLATESTAVAILABLEDATASOURCEOF BASICDATA34.Percent of male/femaleheaded households bycivil statusNumber of male/female headedhouseholds by civilstatus over the totalnumber ofhouseholdsNational, regionalAnnual2003CPH, NSO, FIES, APIS35.Leadership/membershipin labor unions,cooperatives andpeasant organizations bysexDistribution ofleadership/membership in laborunions, cooperativesand peasantorganizations inlabor unions by sexNationalAnnual2003BITS-BLES195Step 12. Monitoring, Reviewing and Evaluating the CLUP and ZO

Annex 12-3GUIDELINES ON THE EVALUATION OF CLUP/ZO FOR REPLANNING PURPOSES(REF: HLURB REGION X)I. OBJECTIVES:To provide bases in recommending decisions as to whether an area/locality needs toreplan, update and/or amend their CLUP/ZO.1. To identify areas for re-planning/updating.2. To provide systems and procedures on the assessment/evaluation of theimplementation of the approved CLUP/ZO.3. To ensure the integration of solutions on issues/problems identified in the course ofimplementing the CLUP/ZO.II.TOOLS FOR EVALUATION/ASSESSMENT• DZA report on applications for Certificate of Zoning Compliance (CZC), Exception,Variance, CNC (Certificate of Non-Conformance, where applicable)• Decisions of the Regional Officers (ROs) on Locational Clearance (LC) applications(before the devolution of the LC issuance function to the LGU)• Decisions of Zoning Administrator/Zoning Officer/Enforcement Officer (Upon thedevolution of HLURB function)• Decisions of the SP/SB on subdivisions, including subdivisions 9 lots and below, farmlot,memorial parks and Socialized Housing Project counterpart.• Decisions on violations of the ZOIII. PARAMETERS• Nature and number of CZCs issued• Nature and number of Variances, Exceptions, CNCs issued• Amount of change and rate of increase• Nature and number of structures without CZCs• Nature and number of subdivision projects (9 lots and below, farmlot, SHP and memorialparks)IV. PROJECT INVENTORY• Location of projects with CZCs/LCs• Location of subdivision projects with DPs• Projects in the LDIP, whether implemented or not• Other projects not in the LDIP but implemented• Revisit VISION, development thrusts not only of the city/municipality but also that of theprovince, region and nation as a whole, (the in-thing, the buzz-word for the season,e.g., Countryside Agricultural Development, Newly Industrialized Country, SustainableDevelopment, Gender Sensitivity, etc.)• Interview with Local Government Officials, NGOs, POs, Civil Society• Actual development in the city/municipality as against the proposals in the developmentplanStep 12. Monitoring, Reviewing and Evaluating the CLUP and ZO196

• All revisions/rezoning found to be too harsh for implementation• All projects implemented as against projects programmed for implementationV. PROCEDURAL GUIDELINES• Check the completeness of the CLUP• Determine the degree and/or extent by which the CLUP and ZO have been implemented/enforced- Prepare inventory of projects- Conduct field investigations- Conduct interviews with public and private sectors/officialsVI. REVIEW QUESTIONNAIRE• Do the CLUP and ZO contain substantial elements as indicated in the CLUP/ZOguidelines?• Has the CLUP/ZO been fully implemented/enforced by the locality?• Are the proposed programs and projects indicated in the plan being implemented in theidentified locations and in the timeframes as scheduled/ programmed?• Are those the priority projects of the city?• Are the intended clientele benefited by the projects?• Are there other projects implemented which are not included in the CLUP?• If yes, do these projects support the development need of the city?• Is the actual development of the city still within the conceptual framework of the CLUP/ZO (How much of non-urban areas have been converted to urban uses, % of nonurbanto total urban area)• Is the overspill due to lack of available space in non-urban areas?• Are there deviations between the actual development and the proposed land use/ZO? Ifyes, identify the specific areas where there are deviations and the development projects(classification and location) taking place.VII. RE-PLANDeviation from proposed land use/ZO are considered significant when:• The number of non-conforming applications/projects for specific classification grantedwithin the zone is 50% and above of the total number of applications within the city.• The land area covered by identified non-conforming project classification is 50%and above of the area of the given zone.• The programs and projects identified in the LDIP are not implemented by at least20%.• Do the goals and objectives, and projections of the plan still support the currentdevelopment trend? If no, elaborate.• Has the local government met difficulties/setbacks in the implementation of theCLUP/ZO? If yes, specify and discuss.• Current developments in terms of urbanization has overtaken the projections indicatedin the CLUP.• CLUP/ZO has been outdated by the LGU’s emerging functional role, goals andobjectives, and requirements brought about by current developments.197Step 12. Monitoring, Reviewing and Evaluating the CLUP and ZO

VIII. RE-ZONE/UPDATE• Development is still within the confines of the plan, but certain proposed zones havebeen developed into other uses.• Development has reached the limit of the plan within the immediate period, thus, theneed to update projections, requirements and land use proposal, etc.• If the approved plan has not been enforced, it should be updated to keep abreast withcurrent developments.IX. STATUS QUO• If at least ten (10) out of the fourteen (14) questions in the questionnaire for review havebeen answered “yes”• If the plan and actual developments are at par.Step 12. Monitoring, Reviewing and Evaluating the CLUP and ZO198

Annex 12-4UPDATING OR REVISING AN EXISTING CLUPExisting Data• Existing Conditions• Sectoral Data• Base Mapping• Constraints• SWOT AnalysisShould always be keptup-to-date and readilyaccessible. GIS or MIS isideal, but also possible inhardcopyEXISTINGCLUPReview relevance of:VisionObjectivesPPPsNot everything will needto be changed. Muchmay still be relevantLand Use PlanZoning Ordinance andincorporated land usepoliciesPrioritized PPPsWill almost certainlyrequire updatingWill need to be updatedand re-prioritized. ManyPPPs should be finishedand new ones identifiedDecision-making andCPDO administrativeprocessMonitoring of decisions,outcomes, compliance,and complaints mayindicate the need forchangesREVISEDCLUP• Based on updated data• Steps in strategic processas necessary• Inputs from monitoringand review(s) undertakenin the planning periodIn most cases, need onlya “minimalist” documentproviding:• Report on process• Data updates• Policy updates• Revised framework• Plan updates• ZO update• CPDO and admin updates/changes199Step 12. Monitoring, Reviewing and Evaluating the CLUP and ZO

Rules and Regulations Implementing the Local Government Code of 1991, RA 7160.Serote, Ernesto M. 2004. Property, Patrimony & Territory:Foundations of Land Use Planning in the Philippines. School of Urban and RegionalPlanning, University of the Philippines and UP Planning and Development ResearchFoundation, Inc., Diliman, Quezon City.201References

STAKEHOLDERS FEEDBACK ON THE FINAL DRAFT OF THE GUIDEBOOKThe following are some feedbacks on the final draft of this guidebook gathered during thenationwide validation workshops:DILG - Region X . . .“ The revised CLUP Guide are logically presented and can be easilyunderstood. This will be surely utilized by the LGUs who will be updatingtheir CLUPs.”LGU - Region VIII . . .“The draft guidelines is now “municipal-friendly”, provides clear steps andwith less technical data requirements.”NCR, Region VIII, Region X, Region VI participants . . .“The steps provided allow for flexibility and creativity, hence generallyacceptable.”CARAGA participants . . .• It helps LGU to be fully aware of the importance/relevance of the CLUP;• Critical issues has been given emphasis especially in the protectionand management of the environment;• It envisions transparency and accountability in the implementation ofCLUP/ZO.Stakeholders Comments on the Guidebook202

PROJECT ORGANIZATIONSTEERING COMMITTEEComm. TERESITA A. DESIERTO Comm. ROMULO Q. M. FABUL Comm. JESUS YAP PANGComm. FRANCISCO L. DAGÑALANOver-All Project AdviserDir. Petronila V. de Castro, Head, PPGProject AdvisorPROJECT MANAGEMENT OFFICEChair: Ms. Grace M. Ang, Head, RSDGCo-Chair: Ms. Nora L. Diaz, Head, FOSGCoordinator: Lloyd A. Sioson, RSDGSpecial Participation: Anacetas Dalangin, RFO VIIIPOLICY REVIEWCOMMITTEEAND CONSULTANTCoordinator:Members:SECRETARIATMs. Julie A. Torres, RSDGMs. Angelita C. Agustin, RSDGJosefina R. de Lara, RSDGEleonor C. Sandoval, FOSGSectoral Development Study Group(SDSG) 1 (Luzon Region)Sectors: Social Sector andInfra-Utilities SectorChairman : Dir. Alfredo M. Tan IIRegional Officer, RFO IV-BProject Coordinators:Ms. Rebecca TorresRegional Officer, CARDr. Teresita V. Galacgac, Ph. D.Regional Officer, RFO IMr. Antonio P. UrataRegional Officer, RFO IIMs. Editha U. BarramedaRegional Officer, RFO IIIDir. Belen G. CenizaRegional Officer, RFO IV-ADir. Jesse A. ObligacionRegional Officer, ENCRMr. Nestor DizonStaff, RFO VMembers:Lloyd A. Sioson (RSDG)Betty O. Jimenez (FOSG)Marissa R. Felizardo (RSDG)Julius Caesar O. Villanea (RSDG)Percival E. Asuncion (FOSG)Arilda Solano (CAR)Roderico Beltran (RFO I)Sherwin Patanao (RFO I)Alexander Carrera (RFO II)Julie Collado (RFO II)Eleodor Balgos (RFO III)Corazon Labay (RFO IIILilia Lumbera (RFO IV-A)Elizabeth Bandojo (RFO IV-B)Jose Christopher Mendoza (RFO IV-B)Eva Balisnomo (RFO V)Sectoral Development Study Group(SDSG) 2 (Visayas Region)Sectors: Demography,EnvironmentalManagement andLand UseChairman : Ms. Pilar J. JamandreRegional Officer, RFO VIProject Coordinators:Rose Marie M. Bermejo,Staff, RFO VIAlipio Bacalso, Jr.Staff, RFO VIIAnacetas Dalangin,Regional Officer, RFO VIIIMembers:Cristina C de la Cruz (FOSG)Evelyn D. Gatchalian (FOSG)Annabelle F. Guanzon (RSDG)Emma C. Ulep (Head, MIS-ITG)Meselemia R. Bitancor (PPG)Jemima M. Ragudo (RSDG)Jamelon A. Bellosillo (RFO VI)Rosario Ladrido (RFO VI)Amy P. Tantioco (RFO VI)Melka Turley (RFO VII)Zenaida Estur (RFO VIII)Ofelia Yu (RFO VIII)Sectoral Development Study Group(SDSG) 3 (Mindanao Region)Sectors: Economic Sector andLocal AdministrationChairman : Ms. Evangeline B. AganRegional Officer, RFO XProject Coordinators:Ms. Elizabeth A. BuenoRegional Officer, RFO IXMr. Roy T. LopezRegional Officer, RFO XIMr. Ayunan B. RajahRegional Officer, RFO XIIMs. Charito A. RaagasRegional Officer, (CARAGA)Members:Nemiah R. Hernandez (RSDG)Dolores O. Alcala (FOSG)Ricardo Ma. E. Rivera (Office ofCommissioner for Planning)Jocelyn A. Vailoces (RFO IX)Judy G. Sumabat (RFO X)Ramon E. Revilla (RFO XI)Abdila U. Bayao (RFO XII)Harvey A. Villegas (CARAGA)203