Normal Range Values for WVDL Toxicology
Normal Range Values for WVDL Toxicology
Normal Range Values for WVDL Toxicology
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<strong>Normal</strong> <strong>Range</strong> <strong>Values</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>WVDL</strong> <strong>Toxicology</strong>Analyte Tissue Animal Deficient Marginal <strong>Normal</strong> High Toxic CommentAluminum Liver Bovine < 1-5 6.3-11Ammonia Blood Bovine 20-40Ammonia Rumen Bovine > 800Arsenic Blood Bovine
<strong>Normal</strong> <strong>Range</strong> <strong>Values</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>WVDL</strong> <strong>Toxicology</strong>Analyte Tissue Animal Deficient Marginal <strong>Normal</strong> High Toxic CommentArsenic Liver Porcine 0.003-0.2 6.3-28Arsenic Liver Ursine
<strong>Normal</strong> <strong>Range</strong> <strong>Values</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>WVDL</strong> <strong>Toxicology</strong>Analyte Tissue Animal Deficient Marginal <strong>Normal</strong> High Toxic CommentCholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Cedar 15-29Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Cervid 5.1Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Chickadee 36Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Common 13-27Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Common 13-24Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Common 14-26Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Cooper's 17-31Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Double- 12-38Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Dunlin 8-23Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Eagle 12-20Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Eastern 35-37Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Eastern 56Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Eastern 14-24Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Equine 3.2-8.9Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Evening 30Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Feline 2.4-6.1Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Gadwall 10-20Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Golden 7-21Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Goldfinch 26-27Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Great 11-21Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Hawk 12-26Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Hering gull 17-29Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain House 17-27Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain House 11-29Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Lapine 11-16Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Laughing 8-24Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Least 15-29Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Llama 3.7-4.4Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Loggerhea 36Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Mallard 9-15Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Mockingbi 29Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Mourning 14-18Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Muscovy 20Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Northern 8-16Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Ovine 7-8Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Peregrine 12-25Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Porcine 3.6-7.7Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Ratite 11-17Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Redhead 7-13Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Redpoll 18
<strong>Normal</strong> <strong>Range</strong> <strong>Values</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>WVDL</strong> <strong>Toxicology</strong>Analyte Tissue Animal Deficient Marginal <strong>Normal</strong> High Toxic CommentCholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Red-tailed 12-26Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Red- 14-28Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Ring-billed 12-24Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Ring- 12-16Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Ruby- 18-22Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Sage 9-13Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Sandhill 14-20Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Sharp- 18-24Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Sharp- 17-27Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Snow 11-25Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Squirrel 13-30Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Starling 18-26Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Tundra 14-20Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Ursine 2.3-6.7Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain White- 17-25Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Willet 9-19Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Brain Yellow- 33-35Cholinesterase (umol/min/g) Retina Bovine 16-23Chromium Blood Avian
<strong>Normal</strong> <strong>Range</strong> <strong>Values</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>WVDL</strong> <strong>Toxicology</strong>Analyte Tissue Animal Deficient Marginal <strong>Normal</strong> High Toxic CommentCobalt Serum Avian 0.13-0.18Cobalt Serum Bovine 0.09 0.15 0.2-1.5 0.4Cobalt Serum Porcine 0.17-0.6 1-1.2 1.2-1.7Cobalt Urine Porcine 16-20Copper Kidney Avian 0.1-2 3-4.8 4.5-8Copper Kidney Bovine 1-5 3-5.5 4-6 5-7 10-120Copper Kidney Camelid 3-5Copper Kidney Canine < 5 5-15 > 20Copper Kidney Caprine 3-6 12-635Copper Kidney Cervid 7-20Copper Kidney Equine < 4 7.3-9.3 30-40Copper Kidney Feline 2.0-2.3 2.2-2.7Copper Kidney Lapine 1.8-3.3 2.5-3.8 4-6 >7.6Copper Kidney Mustaline 4-6Copper Kidney Ovine 3-4 4-5 4-5.5 4-10 18-260Copper Kidney Porcine 2-4 4-7 7-10 12-25 30-1200Copper Kidney Ursine 4-11Copper Liver Avian 0.3-2 3-15 25-300 275-800Copper Liver Bovine 0.5-10 5-25 25-100 200-550 250-800Copper Liver Camelid 25-100 250-400Copper Liver Canine < 20 30-100 250-400 400-3000Copper Liver Caprine 0.4-10 15-25 25-150 180-250 230-2000Copper Liver Cervid 1-5 10-20 25-100 >150Copper Liver Equine < 3.5 4-7.5 1000-Copper Liver Feline 8-24 37-45Copper Liver Lapine < 3 4-10 8-50Copper Liver Mustaline 0.8-5 5-84 100-220Copper Liver Ovine 0.5-4 5-20 25-100 100-500 250-1000Copper Liver Porcine 0.3-1 4-7 5-100 150-200 150-15000Copper Liver Ursine 4-25Copper Serum Avian 0.04 0.08-0.28 0.22-0.38Copper Serum Bovine 0.1-1 0.55-1.2 0.6-1.5 2.5-4 4-11Copper Serum Camelid 0.4-1 2-5.7Copper Serum Canine < 0.2 0.2-0.8Copper Serum Caprine 0.04-0.4 0.4-0.8 0.8-1.2 0.9-1.8 1.2-7.5If cattle are receiving aselenium suppliment,deficient 0.1-1.2, adequate0.32-1.2, high 0.5-2.5, toxic0.6-10
<strong>Normal</strong> <strong>Range</strong> <strong>Values</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>WVDL</strong> <strong>Toxicology</strong>Analyte Tissue Animal Deficient Marginal <strong>Normal</strong> High Toxic CommentCopper Serum Cervid 0.8-1.5Copper Serum Equine 0.06-0.8 0.65-2Copper Serum Feline 0.4-0.5 0.6-1.4Copper Serum Lapine 2-2.4Copper Serum Llama 0.12-0.57 0.4-0.9 2-5.7Copper Serum Mustaline 0.54-0.75 0.6-0.8Copper Serum Ovine 0.1-1 0.4-1 0.7-2 1-5 3.3-20Copper Serum Porcine 0.09-0.4 0.4-1.5 1.3-3 1.7-3 4.5-77Copper (dry weight) Feed Bovine 10-25Copper (dry weight) Feed Ovine 5-10IgG (mg/dL) Serum Bovine < 800 800-1600 > 1600IgG (mg/dL) Serum Equine < 200 200-800 < 800Iron Kidney Avian 45-100 >200?Iron Kidney Bovine 30-150 >100Iron Kidney Camelid 46-150Iron Kidney Canine 75-260Iron Kidney Caprine 50-100Iron Kidney Cervid 45-90Iron Kidney Equine 35-150 138-340Iron Kidney Feline 45-80Iron Kidney Ovine 30-200Iron Kidney Porcine 50-100Iron Kidney Ursine 66-150Iron Liver Avian 30-35 35-40 60-300 300-2000 > 8000Iron Liver Bovine < 30 45-300 53-700 900-1700Iron Liver Camelid 70-200Iron Liver Canine 20-60 100-300 500-1125 >500Iron Liver Caprine 50-130Iron Liver Cervid 40-90Iron Liver Equine 40-60 100-300 600-1000Iron Liver Feline 85-250Iron Liver Ovine 30-300Dry Weight. 15 ug/g preventsdrop in maternal liver levelsat parturation Cu:Mo ratiominimum 3:1, 6-10:1 ideal.10-20 mg/ewe/day. If Mo0.05-1.0 ug/g, Cu:Mo ratioshould be 2-20:1
<strong>Normal</strong> <strong>Range</strong> <strong>Values</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>WVDL</strong> <strong>Toxicology</strong>Analyte Tissue Animal Deficient Marginal <strong>Normal</strong> High Toxic CommentIron Liver Porcine 100-200 >400Iron Liver Ursine 65-800Iron Serum Avian 1.6-3Iron Serum Bovine 0.15-1.3 1.3-2.5 4-6 18-25Iron Serum Camelid 0.7-2.2Iron Serum Canine < 0.95 0.94-1.22 > 2Iron Serum Caprine 1.1-2.3Iron Serum Cervid 1.5-2.8Iron Serum Equine < 0.73 0.84-2.6 4.3-24Iron Serum Feline 0.68-2.2Iron Serum Ovine < 1.6 1.7-2.2Iron Serum Porcine < 0.8 1-1.5Iron Serum TIBC Bovine 3-5.5Iron Serum TIBC Porcine 2-5Lead Blood Avian 0.02-0.2 > 0.6 1-30Lead Blood Bovine 0.01-0.2 0.3-0.4 0.35-32Lead Blood Canine 0.01-0.1 0.3-0.8 0.6-7.4Lead Blood Caprine < 0.2 0.5-0.9 > 0.9Lead Blood Equine 0.04-0.25 0.3-0.6 0.33-2.5Lead Blood Feline < 0.1 0.7 > 1Lead Blood Lapine 0.02-0.3 0.3-1.4Lead Blood Ovine 0.02-0.25 0.7-0.9 5-JanLead Blood Porcine 0.04-0.1 0.3-3 > 1.2Lead Brain Bovine 0.05-0.1 0.3-0.9 0.7-1.4Lead Kidney Avian 0.1-1 1-12 8-1600Lead Kidney Bovine 0.2-2 3-20 5-700Lead Kidney Camelid 10Lead Kidney Cervid 10Lead Kidney Ovine 0.1-0.8 5-100 5-200Kids are born with low Fereserves in the liver andreceive little from milk.Goats are more resistant tolead toxicity than cattle.Goats are more resistant tolead toxicity than cattle.
<strong>Normal</strong> <strong>Range</strong> <strong>Values</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>WVDL</strong> <strong>Toxicology</strong>Analyte Tissue Animal Deficient Marginal <strong>Normal</strong> High Toxic CommentLead Kidney Porcine < 0.7 5-25Lead Kidney Ursine 0.2-2.0Lead Liver Avian 0.1-0.5 1-10 6-140Lead Liver Bovine 0.1-1 2-10 5-300Lead Liver Camelid 10Lead Liver Cervid 10Lead Liver Mammals < 1 2-5 > 5Lead Liver Ovine 0.03-0.8 5-25 10-100Lead Liver Porcine < 0.7 5-25Lead Liver Ursine 0.06-2.0Lead Urine Bovine
<strong>Normal</strong> <strong>Range</strong> <strong>Values</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>WVDL</strong> <strong>Toxicology</strong>Analyte Tissue Animal Deficient Marginal <strong>Normal</strong> High Toxic CommentMagnesium Liver Ursine 90-230Magnesium Serum Avian 15-36 30-50Magnesium Serum Bovine 18-30Magnesium Serum Camelid 19-30Magnesium Serum Canine 18-27Magnesium Serum Caprine 20-35Magnesium Serum Cervid 180-250Magnesium Serum Equine 18-35Magnesium Serum Feline 18-27Magnesium Serum Ovine 20-35 37-57Magnesium Serum Porcine 18-39Manganese Blood Avian 0.085-0.091Manganese Blood Bovine 0.07-0.09Manganese Blood Canine 0.02Manganese Blood Ovine 0.02-0.025Manganese Blood Porcine 0.04Manganese Kidney Bovine 1.2-2.0?Manganese Kidney Camelid 0.6-2.1Manganese Kidney Canine 1.2-1.8Manganese Kidney Caprine 1-3Manganese Kidney Cervid 1-4Manganese Kidney Equine 0.5-2.4Manganese Kidney Feline 1.2-3.7Manganese Kidney Lapine 2.0-3.0Manganese Kidney Ovine 0.8-2.5Manganese Kidney Porcine 1.3-2.0Manganese Kidney Ursine 1-4Manganese Liver Avian 2-4 >9Manganese Liver Bovine < 1 1.5-3 2.5-6 4-23Manganese Liver Camelid 2-4Manganese Liver Canine 3-5Manganese Liver Caprine 2-6Manganese Liver Cervid 2.5-8.0Manganese Liver Equine < 0.5 1-6Manganese Liver Feline 1.0-7.6Manganese Liver Lapine 1-2Manganese Liver Ovine 2-4.4 5-380Manganese Liver Porcine 2.3-4.0Manganese Liver Ursine 1.1-5Manganese Serum Bovine
<strong>Normal</strong> <strong>Range</strong> <strong>Values</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>WVDL</strong> <strong>Toxicology</strong>Analyte Tissue Animal Deficient Marginal <strong>Normal</strong> High Toxic CommentManganese Serum Caprine >0.09Manganese Serum Ovine 0.8-5.1 3-16Mercury Blood Avian 0.1 >0.1Mercury Blood Bovine
<strong>Normal</strong> <strong>Range</strong> <strong>Values</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>WVDL</strong> <strong>Toxicology</strong>Analyte Tissue Animal Deficient Marginal <strong>Normal</strong> High Toxic CommentMolybdenum Liver Ovine 0.3-1.2 6-12Molybdenum Liver Porcine 0.6-1.9Molybdenum Serum Avian 0.31-0.43Molybdenum Serum Bovine 0.01-0.1 >0.1-6Molybdenum Serum Equine 0.05-0.50Molybdenum SerumMolybdenum Serum Bovine - -Ovine 0.01-.07 2.3-120.01-0.1 0.08-10 - Toxic rangesare applicable only if copper islow. Serum Bovine 0.01-0.1 0.08-10Nickel Blood Caprine 6.8?Nickel Kidney Canine 0.06-0.12Nickel Kidney Caprine 0.12-0.36Nickel Kidney Ovine 0.034-0.08Nickel Kidney Porcine 0.05-0.2Nickel Liver Avian 0.04-0.1 1?-1.4Nickel Liver Bovine 0.1-0.6Nickel Liver Canine 0.04-0.12Nickel Liver Caprine 0.16-0.30Nickel Liver Ovine 0.01-0.014Nickel Liver Porcine 0.02-0.04Nickel Serum Bovine
<strong>Normal</strong> <strong>Range</strong> <strong>Values</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>WVDL</strong> <strong>Toxicology</strong>Analyte Tissue Animal Deficient Marginal <strong>Normal</strong> High Toxic CommentPhosphorus Kidney Equine 1800-2200Phosphorus Kidney Ovine 1200-2600Phosphorus Kidney Porcine 2500-3000Phosphorus Liver Bovine 2000-4000Phosphorus Liver Canine 1200-2400Phosphorus Liver Caprine 1600-2400Phosphorus Liver Equine 1600-2400Phosphorus Liver Ovine 1400-3400Phosphorus Liver Porcine 3000-4000Phosphorus Serum Avian 110-150 190-200Phosphorus Serum Bovine 110-150 >300Phosphorus Serum Camelid 100-240Phosphorus Serum Canine 90-150Phosphorus Serum Caprine 100-200Phosphorus Serum Cervid 125-180Phosphorus Serum Equine 70-125Phosphorus Serum Feline 110-140 800Phosphorus Serum Ovine 100-200Phosphorus Serum Porcine 150-275Phosphorus Urine Porcine 0.50-22 >32Potassium Blood Canine 42?Potassium Blood Caprine 0.33Potassium Blood Equine 980-2350 2100?-3680Potassium Kidney Bovine 1800-2600Potassium Kidney Canine 500?Potassium Kidney Ovine 1840-2560Potassium Liver Avian 1960-2600Potassium Liver Bovine 1400-4000Potassium Liver Ovine 1780-2640Potassium Serum Avian 210-360Potassium Serum Bovine 160-220Potassium Serum Camelid 100-300Potassium Serum Canine 164-203 300-490Potassium Serum Caprine 156-235Potassium Serum Equine 90-200 300-430Potassium Serum Feline 156-210Potassium Serum Ovine 156-215Potassium Serum Porcine 137-207 >390Potassium Urine Bovine 750-4700Potassium Urine Porcine 1900-6000
<strong>Normal</strong> <strong>Range</strong> <strong>Values</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>WVDL</strong> <strong>Toxicology</strong>Analyte Tissue Animal Deficient Marginal <strong>Normal</strong> High Toxic CommentSelenium Blood Avian 0.02-0.08 0.08-0.13 0.13-0.2Selenium Blood Bovine 0.004-0.08 0.06-0.16 0.2-1.2 10-14 14-16Selenium Blood Camelid 0.099-0.25Selenium Blood Canine 0.22Selenium Blood Cervid 0.01-0.03 0.03-0.05 0.1-0.18Selenium Blood Equine 0.096-0.16 0.17-0.25 1.1-6.36Selenium Blood Feline 0.34-0.5 1.8-4Selenium Blood Lapine 0.11-0.35 >5Selenium Blood Llama 0.099-0.25Selenium Blood Mustaline 0.30-0.41Selenium Blood Ovine 0.003-0.04 0.04-0.08 0.15-0.5 1-4Selenium Blood Porcine < 0.1 0.2-0.35 2.5-5.5Selenium Kidney Avian 0.1-0.4 0.4-0.5 0.5-1.2 1.5-5.2 3.5-25Selenium Kidney Bovine 0.18-0.4 0.4-1 1-1.5 2-2.5 2.5-8Selenium Kidney Camelid 0.58-1.04Selenium Kidney Canine 1-1.5Selenium Kidney Caprine 0.60-1.50Selenium Kidney Equine 0.14-1.1 0.35 0.7-2 > 2Selenium Kidney Feline 0.77-1.1 4.2-9.4Selenium Kidney Lapine < 0.4 0.6-0.8 1-2 12Selenium Kidney Mustaline 1-4Selenium Kidney Ovine 0.05-0.6 0.7-1.1 0.9-3 4-6 6-15Selenium Kidney Porcine 0.4-0.77 0.7-1.1 1.5-2.9 3-18 3.8-90Selenium Kidney Ursine 1-1.7Selenium Liver Avian 0.05-0.25 0.25-0.35 0.35-1 2-6 4-23Selenium Liver Bovine 0.02-0.17 0.12-0.25 0.25-0.5 0.75-1.25 1.25-47Selenium Liver Camelid 0.25--0.82Selenium Liver Canine 0.1-0.3 0.3-0.5 0.5-1.5Selenium Liver Caprine 0.01-0.1 0.1-0.2 0.25-1.2Selenium Liver Cervid 0.25-1.4Selenium Liver Equine 0.14-0.2 0.2-0.3 0.3-1 2.5-10Selenium Liver Feline 0.26-0.54 2-4.6Selenium Liver Lapine < 0.4 0.6-1 1.1-2 7Selenium Liver Mustaline 0.50-0.80Selenium Liver Ovine 0.01-0.1 0.15-0.25 0.25-1.5 2-10 15-30Selenium Liver Porcine 0.03-0.1 0.12-0.25 0.4-1.2 1.5-12 3-120Selenium Liver Ursine 0.45-0.9Selenium Milk Bovine 0.002-0.005 0.011-0.018 0.03-0.05 0.07-1.2 > 0.08Selenium Milk Caprine < 0.09 0.013-0.25Selenium Milk Ovine 0.002-0.02 0.02-0.03 0.025-0.25
<strong>Normal</strong> <strong>Range</strong> <strong>Values</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>WVDL</strong> <strong>Toxicology</strong>Analyte Tissue Animal Deficient Marginal <strong>Normal</strong> High Toxic CommentSelenium Muscle Bovine 0.01-0.05 0.05-0.07 0.07-0.15 0.25-0.5 0.08-1.5Selenium Muscle Cervid 0.05-0.26 0.25-0.49Selenium Muscle Ovine 0.9-1.2 1-1.3 1.1-1.6Selenium Serum Avian 0.01-0.03 0.03-0.06 0.08-0.15Selenium Serum Bovine 0.002-0.02 0.03-0.06 0.08-0.3 2.5-3.5 3.5-4.1Selenium Serum Camelid 0.12-0.27Selenium Serum Canine 0.2-0.35Selenium Serum Caprine < 0.05 0.05-0.08 0.08-0.2Selenium Serum Cervid 0.053-0.093Selenium Serum Equine 0.008-0.053 0.053-0.12 0.14-0.25 0.35-1 1.4-2Selenium Serum Feline 0.35-0.5Selenium Serum Lapine 0.074-0.1Selenium Serum Ovine 0.006-0.03 0.03-0.06 0.08-0.5 > 3Selenium Serum Porcine 0.005-0.06 0.06-0.1 0.14-0.3 0.4-0.8 0.5-2.4Sodium Blood Equine 3100-3300Sodium Kidney Canine 2300Sodium Kidney Ovine 1600-2080Sodium Liver Bovine < 800 900-1800 > 2000Sodium Liver Canine 1200-1700 2000Sodium Liver Caprine ~670Sodium Liver Ovine 400-800Sodium Serum Avian 2800-3750 4000Sodium Serum Bovine 3090-3450 3500-6000Sodium Serum Camelid 3300-3900Sodium Serum Canine 3200-3400 3400-4300Sodium Serum Caprine 3100-3600Sodium Serum Equine 3000-3300Sodium Serum Ovine 3200-3600Sodium Serum Porcine 3200-3400 4100-4600Sodium Urine Bovine 180-920Sodium Urine Porcine 60-250Taurine (nmol/L) Blood Canine Blood Canine < 150 200-350Taurine (nmol/L) Blood Feline Blood Feline < 200 300-600Taurine (nmol/L) Serum Serum Canine < 40 60-120Taurine (nmol/L) Serum Feline Serum Feline < 40 60-120Vitamin A and E (dry weight) Liver Avian 60-300 VitA, 4-40 VitEVitamin A and E (dry weight) Liver Bovine 400-700 VitA; 14-30 VitEVitamin A and E (dry weight) Liver Caprine 300-500 VitA; 10-20 VitEVitamin A and E (dry weight) Liver Equine 200-500 VitA; 15-25 VitEVitamin A and E (dry weight) Liver Lapine 50-250 VitA
<strong>Normal</strong> <strong>Range</strong> <strong>Values</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>WVDL</strong> <strong>Toxicology</strong>Analyte Tissue Animal Deficient Marginal <strong>Normal</strong> High Toxic CommentVitamin A and E (dry weight) Liver Ovine 500-1000 VitA; 15-25 VitEVitamin A and E (dry weight) Liver Porcine 200-1000 VitA; 15-40 VitEVitamin A and E Serum Avian 0.3-0.8 VitA; 1-14 VitEVitamin A and E Serum Bovine 0.3-0.7 VitA; 3-10 VitEVitamin A and E Serum Camelid 0.45-1 VitA; 1.5-6 VitEVitamin A and E Serum Canine 0.3-4.5 VitA; 5-40 VitEVitamin A and E Serum Caprine 0.2-0.4 VitA; 0.7-1.25 VitEVitamin A and E Serum Cervid 0.20-0.40 VitA; 1.0-2.2 VitEVitamin A and E Serum Equine 0.2-0.35 VitA; 2.0-5.0 VitEVitamin A and E Serum Feline 0.2-1.6 VitA; 8-20 VitEVitamin A and E Serum Mustaline 0.35-0.45 VitA; 7-20 VitEVitamin A and E Serum Ovine 0.3-0.6 VitA; 1.5-4 VitEVitamin A and E Serum Porcine 0.05-0.4 VitA; 1.8-3 VitEVitamin D (nmol/L) Serum Bovine 50-165Zinc Blood Equine 2-5Zinc Blood Porcine 7-11Zinc Kidney Avian 17-22 22-32 120 300-800Zinc Kidney Bovine 16-20 18-25 50-140 130-480Zinc Kidney Camelid 11-25Zinc Kidney Canine < 8 16-30 300Zinc Kidney Caprine 10-25 15-30Zinc Kidney Cervid 19-33Zinc Kidney Equine 20-50 65-150 300-580Zinc Kidney Feline 11-25Zinc Kidney Lapine 20 10-30Zinc Kidney Mustaline 18-20 >100?Zinc Kidney Ovine 15-30 20-40 50-1000 240-1600Zinc Kidney Porcine 15-30 190-370Zinc Kidney Ursine 13-30Zinc Liver Avian 18-40 20-40 25-40 90-300 200-700Zinc Liver Bovine < 20-40 25-40 25-100 300-500 120-500Zinc Liver Camelid 20-90Zinc Liver Canine < 15 30-70 370Zinc Liver Caprine 20-40 25-120Zinc Liver Cervid 30-110Zinc Liver Equine 40-125 160-500 1300-1900Zinc Liver Feline 25-80Zinc Liver Lapine 55 30-80Zinc Liver Mustaline 25-100 200Zinc Liver Ovine 20-30 30-75 100-400 > 400
<strong>Normal</strong> <strong>Range</strong> <strong>Values</strong> <strong>for</strong> <strong>WVDL</strong> <strong>Toxicology</strong>Analyte Tissue Animal Deficient Marginal <strong>Normal</strong> High Toxic CommentZinc Liver Porcine 9.6-25 25-35 40-90 > 200 500-3100Zinc Liver Ursine 25-78Zinc Serum Avian < 0.6 0.8-1.5 1.8-3.4Zinc Serum Bovine 0.2-0.4 0.5-0.6 0.8-1.4 2-5 3-15Zinc Serum Camelid 0.33-1.57Zinc Serum Canine 0.2-2 0.7-2 10-32Zinc Serum Caprine 0.65-2.7Zinc Serum Cervid 0.5-1Zinc Serum Equine < 0.5 0.6-1.7 1.6-3.5 1-3.5Zinc Serum Feline 0.54-0.96Zinc Serum Lapine 1.7-2.1Zinc Serum Llama 0.33-1.57Zinc Serum Ovine 0.22-0.45 0.4-0.8 0.8-1.2 4-5 30-50Zinc Serum Porcine 0.18-0.25 0.4-0.8 0.7-1.5 1.4-2.8
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