WILDLIFE IDENTIFICATION

texas parks and wildlifeTEXASWILDLIFEIDENTIFICATIONGUIDEA guide to game animals,game birds, furbearers andother wildlife of Texas.

INTRODUCTIONTEXAS game animals, game birds, furbearers and otherwildlife are important for many reasons.They provide countless hours of viewing and recreationalopportunities.They benefit the Texas economy throughhunting and “nature tourism” such as birdwatching.Commercial businesses that provide birdseed, dry cornand native landscaping may be devoted solely to attractingmany of the animals found in this book.Local hunting and trapping economies, guiding operationsand hunting leases have prospered because of the abundanceof these animals in Texas.The Texas Parks andWildlife Department benefits because of hunting licensesales, but it uses these funds to research, manage and protectall wildlife populations – not just game animals.Game animals provide humans with cultural, social,aesthetic and spiritual pleasures found in wildlife art, taxidermyand historical artifacts. Conservation organizationsdedicated to individual species such as quail, turkey anddeer, have funded thousands of wildlife projects throughoutNorth America, demonstrating the mystique game animalshave on people.Animals referenced in this pocket guide exist because theirhabitat exists in Texas. Habitat is food, cover, water andspace, all suitably arranged.They are part of a vast foodchain or web that includes thousands more species ofwildlife such as the insects, non-game animals, fish andi

are/endangered species. Active management of wildlandscapes is the primary means to continue havingabundant populations of wildlife in Texas. Preservation ofrare and endangered habitat is one way of saving somespecies of wildlife such as the migratory whooping cranethat makes Texas its home in the winter.Next time you see game animals, take a moment to reflecton the role that these animals play in the big picture that isTexas. Look for key characteristics that make eachanimal unique in its environment. Study an animal’scharacteristics, movements, tracks, sounds, habits andbehavior. Always ask WHY when an animal doessomething unique or strange.Enjoy Texas Wildlife!CONTENTSGame Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Fur-bearing Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Other Mammals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Upland Game Birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Migratory Game Birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Exotic Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39Restricted Species . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43ii

GAME ANIMALSWHITE-TAILED DEERDescription: A small- to medium-hoofed mammal with reddishbrown to blue-gray or tan colorings; underside of tail is white andproduces a white “flag” and rump when raised. Antlers on maleconsist mainly of main beam with tines growing from it.Range: Texas has the most white-tailed deer of any state at overfour million.The Texas “Hill Country” (Edwards Plateau) is perhapsthe most densely populated area of white-tailed deer in thecountry. West Texas and the Panhandle are the only areas whichare spotty with whitetails.Habitat/Habits: Lives in forests, swamps, open brushy areas,foothills plains and river bottoms; herbivorous — eats forbs,browse, twigs, shrubs, acorns (mast), fungi and some grasses inseason; limited movement (rarely more than one to two miles);lives to 16 years in wild; male is polygamous (breeds more thanone female); “rut” starts in October through December; spottedtwin fawns are normal.TPWDGame Animals 1

MULE DEERDescription: A medium- to large-hoofed mammal with reddish(summer) to blue-gray (winter) coloring; rump patch is creamcoloredwith black-tipped, cream-colored tail. Ears are largerthan the whitetail and the antlers are dichotomous (branchesequally — not all from one beam).Range: Texas mule deer are located primarily in the High Plainsand Trans-Pecos regions of West Texas. Some overlapping withwhite-tailed deer range occurs.Habitat/Habits: Lives in forests, desert shrubs, chaparral,grasslands, plains, foothills and river bottoms; herbivorous —eats forbs, browse, shrubs, twigs, some grasses; migration similarto elk, but in Texas limited movement may occur. Livesto 16 years in wild; male is polygamous (breeds morethan one female); “rut” starts in October throughDecember; one to two fawns typical; spotted.TPWD2 Game Animals

PRONGHORN ANTELOPEDescription: Only species in family, Antilocapridae. A mediumsizedreddish to tan and white hoofed mammal with large whiterump patch and short white tail. Rump hair “stands up” whenalerted or fleeing from danger. Has two broad white bandsacross neck; males have large black cheek (jaw) patch. Males havelarger slightly curved horns (sheaths over bony core) each with asingle prong growing forward. Females can have smaller horns.Range: Texas pronghorns live primarily in West Texas andPanhandle.Habitat/Habits: Lives in open prairies, plains and brushlands; herbivorous— eats primarily forbs, browse and shrubs such as sagebrush,some grasses; may migrate between summer andwinter ranges but limited movements in Texas; livesto 14 years in the wild; is polygamous (breedsmore than one female); breeds from Augustthrough November; two fawns typical;grayish-brown.TPWDGame Animals 3

DESERT BIGHORN SHEEPDescription: A medium- to large-hoofed mammal with darkbrown to gray coloring; white rump patch with short darker tail;has two heavy, tapering, curled brown horns in male, smaller andless curled in females.Distribution: Formerly native to the Trans-Pecos region; iscurrently being reintroduced to several Trans-Pecos sites. Studiesprimarily being conducted at Sierra Diablo, Elephant Mountainand Black Gap wildlife management areas near Van Horn,Texas. Currently, only one to several permits for hunting arebeing allowed.Habitat/Habits: Lives in rough, rocky and mountainous terrain;prefers bluffs or steep slopes scattered with ledges of herbaceousplants such as forbs, grasses, brush and cacti and yucca-typeplants and shrubs; limited movement in Texas; livesto 15 years in the wild; is polygamous (breeds withmore than one female); breeds mainly in Novemberand December; males engage in “battles” in whichthey butt heads; normally one small brown lamb.TPWD4 Game Animals

COLLARED PECCARY (JAVELINA)Description: A small pig-like mammal with coarse black and grayhair; has a ring or “collar” of light-colored hair around neck overthe shoulders; upper tusks are sharp and pointed downward.Musk gland on top of rump emits a strong musk odor which cantaint meat if not properly removed during skinning.Range: Javelinas are scattered throughout South and SouthwestTexas.Habitat/Habits: Lives in brushy, dense semi-arid deserts,chaparral, mesquite and cacti regions along cliffs and nearwaterholes; omnivorous — eats nuts, beans, berries, fruits, cacti,grubs, eggs; prefers prickly pear and acorns; travelsin groups; breeds throughout the year; usuallyproduces two young, reddish with a black stripedown the back.TPWDGame Animals 5

EASTERN FOX SQUIRRELDescription: A large brown or gray tree squirrel with orange-redunderside and brushy tail tipped with darker hairs. Colors mayvary in certain areas.Range: Can be found throughout the Eastern two-thirds of Texas.Habitat/Habits: Open hard woodlands, river bottoms and pineforests with interspersed clearings; feeds primarily on nuts, acorns,seeds, fungi and buds of trees; buries nuts singly; nests in cavitiesin trees or builds twig and leaf nests inbranches; lives to 10 years. Mates twicearound January and May; 2-4 youngper year.TPWD6 Game Animals

FUR-BEARING ANIMALSBADGERDescription: A medium-sized furbearerwith short black legs and yellowish-grayhair. It has a medium white stripe overthe head to the nose, whitecheeks and a black patch infront of each ear; frontclaws are long and usedfor digging.Range: Badgers occurprimarily over the Westerntwo-thirds of Texas.TPWDHabitat/Habits: Lives primarily in open grasslands and deserts,mesquite, chaparrals; carnivorous, feeds mainly on small rodentswhich it digs up; digs out burrow for den; has lived 12 years incaptivity; breeds from July to August; 2-5 young in one litter peryear in underground dens.BEAVERDescription:A medium-sizefurbearing rodentwith brown fur.Tailis naked, scaly andpaddle-shaped. Has largechestnut-colored front teeth andwebbed short feet used for swimming.TPWDRange: Beavers are found throughout Texas, but mainly in theEastern half and along the Rio Grande River.8 Fur-bearing Animals

Habitat/Habits: Lives in streams, ponds or lakes with alders,willows and trees such as cottonwoods. Constructs houses ofsticks, logs and mud or burrows in banks; builds dams whichserve to create suitable beaver habitat. Feeds on bark and smalltwigs often having cut inverted “V” shaped stumps. Storesbranches underwater near lodge; builds pathways underwater;lives 11 years in wild; 2-4 kits are born from April-July.NUTRIADescription: An introduced medium-sized, grayish-brown rodentwith a long, round tail with few hairs. Looks like a beaver withoutthe large flat tail, and has hind webbed feet.Range: Nutria are found from Central Texas eastward and on theTexas Coast.Habitat/Habits: Lives in marshes, swamps, ponds and lakes; eatsaquatic vegetation; carries food to “feeding station;” nocturnal;burrows in banks with entrance above water and builds restingplatforms; builds simple nest and lives four years in captivity;breeds throughout the year; 2-11 young which can swim andfeed one day after birth.TPWDFur-bearing Animals 9

MUSKRATDescription: A small-sizedfurbearing rodent with agrayish underside andbrown to grayish-brown fur;has a black, scaly tail andpartially-webbed hind feet.Looks like a small nutria orbeaver without the flattened tail.USFWSRange: Muskrats inhabit far West, Northern, Easternand coastal borders of Texas.Habitat/Habits: Lives in aquatic habitats aroundmarshes, ponds and streams; feeds primarily on aquatic vegetation;but also clams, frogs and occasionally on small fish; builds house inshallow water or burrows in banks; entrance is usually underwater;has 2-3 litters per year of 2-6 blind and naked young.MINKDescription: A mediumsizedweasel-like furbearerwith dark brown fur and awhite chin patch.Tail isslightly bushy.Range: Minks occur mainlyin North and East-centralTexas.TIM DANIEL–OHIO DNRHabitat/Habits: Minks prefer stream, pond andlake habitat; carnivorous feeding on small mammals,birds, eggs, frogs, fish and crayfish; mainlynocturnal; dens in shoreline banks; swamps;breeds January through March; polygamous (males breed morethan one female); 4-10 young are born blind and helpless.10 Fur-bearing Animals

OTTERDescription: A largerweasel-like furbearer withbrown fur above and silveryfur in the face, chin and bellyareas; feet are webbed andthe tail is thick at the base.Range: Otters are primarily inEast Texas.USFWSHabitat/Habits: Otters are aquaticand make larger streams and lakestheir home; carnivorous — feeds mainlyon fish, frogs and crayfish; dens typically in banks with entrancesbelow water; lives over 14 years in captivity; 1-5 young born blindand helpless.LONG-TAILED WEASELDescription: Weasels aresmall, streamlined furbearerswith yellowish-white underpartsand brown to reddishbrownfur over the rest ofthe body; has a black-tippedtail; some variations (mostlysouthern weasels) have white patchesbetween eyes and under ears.ILLINOIS DNRRange: Weasels inhabit much of Texas, mainly in theWestern, Southern and Eastern sections.Habitat/Habits: Weasels are found in many types ofhabitats; carnivorous — feeds on rodents, rabbits,birds and other small animals; usually nests in old burrows,under banks, wood or rock piles; polygamous(males mate with more than one female); 4-8 young bornaround April of each year.Fur-bearing Animals 11

RINGTAILDescription: A cat-sized yellowish gray todarker furbearer with a long, distinctive,whitish and blackish-brown ringed tail.Catlike — has small head and mediumsizedears. Raccoon has larger body,striped face and shorter tail; only speciesof ringtail north of Mexico.Range: Statewide, but uncommon inCoastal plains of South Texas.TPWDHabitat/Habits: Found in rocky ridges,cliffs, chaparral, semi-deserts and nearwater. Omnivorous — feeds on smallmammals, insects, birds, lizards and someplants and fruit. Nocturnal — dens incaves, hollow trees, under rock piles andin unused buildings. Has lived to eightyears in captivity; 3-4 young born aroundMay or June.SPOTTED SKUNKDescription: Small furbearer with black fur and whitepatches on forehead, under ears and four brokenwhite stripes along neck, back and sides.Tail iswhite-tipped.Range: Easternand Westernspecies inhabitmost of Texas.TPWD12 Fur-bearing Animals

Habitat/Habits: Lives in shrublands, open wooded lots, alongstreams and prairies; carnivorous — feeds on mice, birds, carrion,insects and some vegetation; nocturnal — nests in burrows,beneath rock piles and in unused buildings. Emits strong scentin defense by standing on front feet; 4-7 young born aroundMay or June.OTHER SKUNKS (Striped, Hooded and Hog-nosed)Description: These small tomedium-sized black furredskunks have large whitestripes on back surfacesfrom the head to the tail.Some striped skunks can bemore black towards theback. Striped skunks havewhite stripes from head tonose. Hooded skunks maysometimes be darker withfainter white stripes.(Striped Skunk)TPWDRange: Skunks of various species includingthe spotted skunks occur throughout Texas.Habitat/Habits: Lives in semi-open prairiesand chaparrals, mixed woods, rocky areas, shrublands,valleys and near water bodies. Mostly carnivorous— feeding on mice, eggs, insects, birds,carrion and some vegetation; mostly nocturnal —dens in ground burrows, rock crevices, under buildingsand rock piles. Most skunk species have from 2-6 young bornfrom April through May.Fur-bearing Animals 13

RACCOONDescription: A mediumsizedfurbearer with darkand light mixed fur with adistinctive large black maskacross the face over whitishfur; small to medium earsand a distinctive ringed darkand light tail (much shorterthan ring-tailed cat).TPWDRange: Found throughout Texas.Habitat/Habits: Lives along water bodies,in wooded areas or near cliffs or bluffs;omnivorous — feeds on nuts, fruits, fish, insects, frogs, crayfish,birds, crops and eggs; may dunk food in water before eating; nocturnal— dens in hollow trees, crevices, ground burrows or inused buildings and barns; 2-7 young born around April or May.OPOSSUMDescription: Small tomedium-sized gray todarkish-gray furbearer withwhitish face and smallerears; it has a rat-like tailwhich is round, and canhold the opossum to limbsand branches. Only marsupialin North America.TPWDRange: Can be found throughout mostof Texas.14 Fur-bearing Animals

Habitat/Habits: Lives around woodlands, water bodies andfarming areas; feeds on fruits, nuts, vegetables, meat, eggs, carrionand insects. Nocturnal — dens in hollow trees, logs, culverts,brush or rock piles and under buildings; can have several littersper year with up to 14 per litter.Young crawl to and remain inpouch for several months and later ride on mother’s back interlockingtails.RED FOXDescription: This mediumsizednormally reddish-yellowfurbearer can also be darkeror lighter in color. Has a bushytail with characteristicallywhite-tipped tail. Usually hasdark legs; dark paws.Range: Lives in North-centraland Eastern Texas.Habitat/Habits: Lives in mixedwoodlands, farming and opencountry; carnivorous — feedsmostly on rabbits, hares, mice andsome vegetation such as fruits andberries; mostly nocturnal — denson slopes with porous soil; 4-9pups born around Marchthrough April.TPWDFur-bearing Animals 15

GRAY FOXDescription: Medium-sized with “salt-andpepper”fur outlined in rusty fur on neck,flanks and legs; has a bushy tail toppedwith a black stripe and tip; face is characteristicwith whiteunder gray under rust.Range: Lives throughout most of Texas.Habitat/Habits: Lives in chaparral, openwoodlands, rimrock and rocky country; omnivorous— feeds on small mammals, birds, eggs, acorns, fruitsand insects; mostly nocturnal — dens in hollowtrees, logs, ground burrows or beneath rocks; 3-7young born from April through May.TPWDKIT OR SWIFT FOXDescription: These small to mediumsizedfurbearers have a pale gray tobuffy-yellow bodies with whitish underside;kit fox has large ears; swift fox hassmaller ears; both have black-tippedtails.Range: Kit foxes inhabit the Trans-Pecosregion of Texas.The swift foxes inhabitthe Western to Central Panhandleregion.Habitat/Habits: These smaller foxes preferopen deserts or plains with low vegetation;carnivorous — feeds primarily on smallrodents and insects. Nocturnal — dens inground burrows; 4-7 pups born in Februarythrough April.(Kit Fox)USFWS16 Fur-bearing Animals

OTHER MAMMALSCOYOTEDescription: A medium-sized to larger furbearer with gray toreddish-gray fur, more reddish on legs, feet and ears; has darktippedtail and whitish belly and throat. Resembles a mediumsizeddog.Range: Can be found throughout Texas.Habitat/Habits: Lives in prairies, open woodlands, shrublands anda variety of habitats; carnivorous — feeds primarily on rabbits,small mammals and some carrion. Mainly nocturnal but can beactive anytime; dens in ground, banks or burrows, will cross withdomestic dogs, 5-10 pups born from April through May.TPWDOther Mammals 17

BOBCATDescription: A medium-sized furbearing cat with reddish-spottedfur and a black-only on top at the tip of a short tail. Has lightspottedundersides including face.Range: Bobcats can be seen throughout Texas.Habitat/Habits: Inhabits chaparrals, swamplands, woodlands, rimrockand rocky prairie habitat; carnivorous — feeds primarily onsmall mammals and birds. Mainly nocturnal and solitary — densunder rock ledges, hollow logs or under downfalls;2-4 kittens in one litter can be born throughout the year.TPWD18 Other Mammals

MOUNTAIN LIONDescription: A large, tan-gray cat with long brownish tipped tail.Range: Mountain lions are found mostly in South and West Texas.Habitat/Habits: Lives mainly in rugged mountains and sometimesin forests and swamplands; carnivorous — feeds on large andsmall mammals, especially deer; makes a food “cache” out ofuneaten prey; mainly nocturnal, dens in caves, rock crevices andother unconcealed locations; usually two spotted cubs born inany month.TPWDOher Mammals 19

NINE-BANDED ARMADILLODescription: This small cat-size animal is covered with an armorplatedbody, the only one like it in the United States.Range: Found throughout most of Texas except much of theTrans-Pecos and Panhandle regions.Habitat/Habits: Lives mainly in woodlands, brushy areas, farmlandsand bluff country; feeds almost entirely on insects, but eats someberries, fruits and bird eggs; roots around in damp, moist leavesand brush for much of its food; four young of same sex are bornfrom March through April.TPWD20 Other Mammals

BLACK-TAILED JACKRABBITDescription: A medium-sized (largest rabbit) grayish-brownmammal with large black-tipped ears and a black streak on top ofa short tail.Range: Blacktails occur throughout much of Texas.Habitat/Habits: Lives primarily on open prairies, shrublands andsemi-arid deserts with vegetation; herbivorous — feeds on greenvegetation; 2-4 young born in litter.TPWD22 Other Mammals

BLACK-TAILED PRAIRIE DOGDescription: These small-sized tan to reddish rodents are slightlysmaller than house cats; ears are small and underside is light colored;short tails are black-tipped.Range: Can be found in the Western half of Texas.Habitat/Habits: Lives primarily in dry upland prairies in coloniesor “towns” of burrows; feeds mostly on forbs and grasses butmay eat some insects; may be dormant for short times; 3-5young are born in deep burrows from March through April.TPWDOther Mammals 23

GROUND AND ROCK SQUIRRELSDescription: Ground squirrels and the rock squirrel are smallsquirrel-like mammals of various tan to grayish-dark colors.Range: Several species of ground squirrels and the rock squirrelcan be found primarily in the Western half of Texas.Habitat/Habits: Lives primarily in shortgrass prairies, grasslands,brush and shrublands, farmlands and in urban areas, especiallyaround golf courses (thirteen-lined ground squirrel); feeds onvegetation, seeds, some insects and meat; lives in undergroundburrows; some hibernate; usually 4-10 young born per litter,sometimes two litters.TPWD24 Other Mammals

UPLAND GAME BIRDSQUAILSmall chicken-like upland game birds; most have strong legs; shortwings, flight is rapid but only for short distances; many like to runbefore choosing to fly; forage on ground for seeds and insects;not migratory.Northern BobwhiteFound throughout Easterntwo-thirds of Texas; abundantin brush or farmlands,chaparral and openpinelands. Males have whitethroat and eye-line; femalesare buffy colored; call is adistinctive “bob-bob-white.”TPWDScaledFound throughout WestTexas in semi-arid desertcountry and shrublands.Have blue-gray, “fish-scale”coloration with distinctivewhite crest or cap; seldomflies; call is sharp with twosyllables.TPWDUpland Game Birds 25

Gambel’sFound in far West Texas in dry desertlikeshrublands. Has black belly patch anda distinctive black face bordered withwhite stripes and a teardrop-shapedtopknot near front top of head; call isthree slurred notes, the second beingthe loudest.TPWDMearns’ (No open season)Called the Montezuma quailformally; found in severallocations in far West Texas.Males have distinctive spottedflanks and black andwhite striped head; female isbrown with face patterns;call is whistle like.TPWDRing-necked PheasantIntroduced large chicken-likebird which is found primarilyin the Panhandle region, butalso is located near the centralcoast and on privateshooting preserves. Male iscolorful with white neckTPWDband, green and purpleiridescent head with red eye patch (skin) and grayish head withgreen “ear-like” tufts. Hen is a dull brown. Both have long tailfeathers and fly for short distances; most are found around farmlands;call is a two-syllable cackle.26 Upland Game Birds

Prairie ChickensLesser and Attwater’s(endangered species) arechicken-like birds withbarred stripe bodies andshort round tails; malesgather to display beforefemales on courtship orbooming grounds; huntablespecies are located in Panhandle region; Attwater’s (non-huntable)is located towards the central coastal region; during displaymales make hollow-pitched sounds.TPWDPlain ChachalacaFound in deep South Texas mainlynear Rio Grande; large chicken-like,dark-greenish to brown bird with acrest and light pink skin on throat; haslong iridescent green tail; prefersthickets, woodlands or dense vegetation;call is a loud “chachalaca.”TurkeyTurkeys are commonthroughout Texas andcome in several subspecies,the two mostcommon being the RioGrande and Eastern; largedark-colored bird withbluish (female) to red,white and blue head (matingmale); prefers openTPWDwoodlands, brush country,chaparral, river bottoms and hardwoods. Eats acorns, nuts, seeds,fruit and insects; males are polygamous; fly strong for short distances;prefers to run; mating call is a gobble and normal calls areclucks, putts and purrs.TPWDUpland Game Birds 27

MIGRATORY GAME BIRDSWATERFOWLDucksTexas is home to hundreds of thousands of ducks of many species.Most ducks winter in Texas after a long fall migration from theNorthern states and Canadian provinces. Ducks are wetland birdswhich have webbed feet in order to swim or propel themselvesthrough water.They have flattened bills (most pronounced in theshoveler) or serrated bills such as found in mergansers. Males ofthe species are usually more colorful except during eclipse plumagewhich results from the replacement or shedding of feathers. For afew weeks after breeding, the drakes (males) resemble the hens inappearance until they return to breeding or wintering plumage.Wing feathers are only shed once a year, maintain the same colorationand can be used to properly identify ducks in the hand.Ducks usually lay from four to as many as 18 eggs (mergansers).“Puddle” DucksCharacteristics: Puddle ducks are surface feeding ducks whichinhabit marshes, ponds, lakes, slow rivers and sometimes bays.Theyfeed primarily by tipping up or dabbling or on grain crops andwater plants.They “spring” into the air on take off and can walkmore easily than diving ducks because legs are closer to center ofbody. Most have an iridescent “speculum” or upper wing patch.Mallard28 Migratory Game BirdsTPWD

GadwallUSFWSNorthernShovelerTPWDAmericanWigeonUSFWSNorthernPintailUSFWSMigratory Game Birds 29

GreenwingedTealTPWDCinnamonTealTPWDBlue-wingedTealTPWDDiving DucksCharacteristics: Diving ducks dive for food usually in large, deeplakes, rivers, ponds, coastal bays and inlets.They feed primarily onfish, shellfish, aquatic plants and mollusks.They typically run or flylow across water to takeoff and many have legs toward the backend of the body making it difficult to walk on land. Most havewhitish-gray upper wing patches.30 Migratory Game Birds

CanvasbackUSFWSRing-neckedDuckUSFWSRedheadTPWDLesser ScaupTPWDMigratory Game Birds 31

Other DucksWhistling ducks, stiff-tailed ducks, sea ducks and mergansersare some of the other waterfowl which can be seen in Texas.Most have unique features such as the whistling (tree) duckswith their long legs; the stiff-tails such as the ruddy ducks withtheir short squatty body; and the mergansers which have a serratedbill in order to catch and eat fish.The common goldeneyeand bufflehead are commonly seen in Texas.Black-belliedWhistlingDuckTPWDCommonGoldeneye(female)TPWDRuddy DuckUSFWS32 Migratory Game Birds

Wood DuckTPWDHoodedMerganserUSFWSGeeseTexas is also home to thousands of geese of various specieslabeled dark or light geese in the hunting regulations. Geesewinter in Texas after a long migration route mainly fromCanada and Alaska.They are larger than ducks, some reachingsizes of 14 to 20 lbs. Most, however, are smaller, and bothspecies have the same coloration.They molt once a year, andtheir legs are more forward on their body than ducks.Thisadaptation allows them to walk and graze on grains, grassesand other vegetation on land. Like ducks, they have webbedfeet, flattened bills and strong wings for long flight.Young arehatched down-covered and can walk or swim a few hoursafter hatching. Geese are only second in size to the largestwaterfowl — swans.Migratory Game Birds 33

CanadaGooseTPWDSnow GooseTPWDSnow Goose(Blue Phase)P. BERNIER, MRNFP34 Migratory Game Birds

GreaterWhitefrontedGooseOTHER WATERFOWLAmerican CootSlate gray duck-like bird with white bill, greenish legs and lobedfeet; found throughout Texas in water environments; eats aquaticplants and must run across water to take off.Gallinules/MoorhensPurple gallinules and common moorhens are closely related tocoots and rails but do not swim as much in open water likecoots.They hide in reeds much less than rails. Common moorhenhas yellow-tipped, red bill and red frontal shield but otherwiselooks like a coot. Purple gallinule looks like a “purple coot.”RailsVarious species of rails and the sora inhabit marshes, swamplandsand coastal areas of Texas. Rails are small coot-like birds whichtypically are shy, hiding in reeds and shoreline vegetation.TPWDCommon (Wilson’s) SnipeA snipe is a long-billed, brownish shorebird with a striped back.Frequents marshes, ponds, meadows and coastal areas of Texas.Snipes have fast erratic flights.Sandhill CraneCranes are large migratory birds, very tall with long necks andlegs. Whooping cranes (white mature and reddish young) areendangered and protected. Sandhill cranes can be hunted insome areas.They have red foreheads and prefer aquatic areas orgrain fields. Call is a loud distinctive “car-r-r-o-o-o.”Migratory Game Birds 35

AmericanCootTPWDCommonSnipeTPWDSandhillCraneTPWDPlover and Shorebirds (No Open Seasons)Plovers and other shorebirds are mostly migratory and inhabitmany of the water environments of Texas. Some like theyellowlegs look much like the snipe. It is important forhunters to properly identify birds before shooting.36 Migratory Game Birds

OTHER MIGRATORY GAME BIRDSDovesMourning dove is migratory and light brownish-gray, lighterbelow; wings are dark; tail has white-tipped outer feathers; foundthroughout Texas; inhabits dry uplands, grainfields, chaparral,shrublands and deserts. Nests in most of North America andmay nest several times; two white eggs; young are fed “pigeonmilk” and are called squabs.White-winged doves have larger, browner bodies and havewhite wing coverts and black wing tips; tail has white-tippedouter tail feathers; found mainly in South and Central Texas; twobuffy eggs.White-tipped (White-fronted) doves have a white forehead,rusty-red underwings and all-brown body and inhabit far SouthTexas.PigeonsUnprotected domestic pigeons are more correctly called rockdoves.They are dove-like but larger.There is no open season onband-tailed and red-billed pigeons, two native species whichinhabit few locations in Texas.Woodcock (American)Quail-sized bird with leaf-brown camouflage coloration and along bill. Inhabits moist woodlands and thickets near open fields inEast, Southeast Texas; call a loud “beep” noise; lays four brownspotted,buff eggs among leaves or under bushes.MourningDoveTPWDMigratory Game Birds 37

WhitewingedDoveTPWDWoodcockUSFWS38 Migratory Game Birds

EXOTIC SPECIESExotic species are foreign animals which have been introducedinto Texas. Some species like the ring-necked pheasant werehighly successful with their introduction and are so abundant thatthey are considered a prized game bird in most states. Otherssuch as the white rhinoceros have been introduced into Texas inhopes to prevent their extinction.Exotic deer species have been popularly introduced into Texas,and represent a significant huntable species to sportsmen. Someexotics were originally brought to America during its discovery,and many have been domesticated to serve man’s need. Gamepreserves stock exotic species much like they would raiseagricultural crops.Most exotics have restricted movement because of game-prooffencing and are owned by landowners. Some “free-roaming”exotics have expanded their range into neighboring counties.Exotic species are somewhat controversial because they canout-compete many of the native species such as white-taileddeer. It is important that landowners use hunters to controlexotic numbers just as hunters are used in wildlife managementby the states.Exotics have many ecological, recreational, economical and certainaesthetic impacts and values in the State of Texas. Some includethe axis deer, fallow deer, sika deer, blackbuck antelope, nilgaiantelope, aoudad or barbary sheep, mouflan sheep, Europeanwild boar and red deer.Exotic Species 39

Axis DeerTPWDBlackbuck AntelopeTPWD40 Exotic Species

Elk and Red DeerTPWDFallow DeerTPWDExotic Species 41

Aoudad SheepTPWD42 Exotic Species

RESTRICTED SPECIESENDANGERED,THREATENED ANDPROTECTED SPECIESEndangered Species — Endangered species are rare species onthe verge of extinction. Some were always rare, others have beenliterally wiped from existence because of human alteration ofhabitat. In Texas, those species and habitats are protected andresearch is conducted to try to increase the numbers and/orhabitat of the species. Endangered species include mammals likethe ocelot and the jaguarundi. Birds include the whooping crane,bald eagle and black-capped vireo.There are also endangeredreptiles, amphibians, fishesand plants.Whooping Crane(Endangered)USFWSThreatened Species — Threatened species are more numerousbut are on the verge of endangerment.They include somewhales, hawks, egrets, theTexas tortoise,Texashorned lizard and Texasindigo snake.Reddish Egret(Threatened)USFWSRestricted Species 43

Protected Raptors (Eagles, Falcons, Hawks, Owls) —Raptors are eagles, falcons, hawks and owls or birds of prey,which means they feed on other birdsand mammals. Raptors serve a usefulpurpose in keeping down rodentpopulations. Although once consideredharmful predators, today we know themas true “friends of man.”Owls(Protected)TPWDProtected Shorebirds — Many shorebirds migrate with huntablewaterfowl.They are protected just like raptors and serve manyuseful purposes. Some hunted species such as rails and snipe looklike other protected speciesof shorebirds. Pelicans,herons, ibises, egrets, gullsand smaller shorebirds fallin this category.Pelicans(Protected)TPWD44 Restricted Species

“Look-a-Likes” — These are protected animals which look likehunted species. For example the meadowlark can be mistaken forquail or dove. Both many times fly together or inhabit the samefields. Roadrunners could be mistaken for chachalacas. Americankestrels (sparrow hawks) can look like doves. Many protectedsparrows and song birds look like the unprotected housesparrow. Double-crested cormorants and other shorebirds looklike geese and ducks. One hunter in 1989 shot a whoopingcrane, mistaking it for asnow goose. All theseremind hunters to be sureof their target beforepulling the trigger.Meadowlark(Protected)USFWSRestricted Species 45

Steve Hall – author

4200 Smith School RoadAustin,Texas 78744(800) 792-1112www.tpwd.state.tx.us© 2005 Texas Parks and Wildlife Department PWD BK K0200-517 (8/05)In accordance with Texas State Depository Law, this publication is available atthe Texas State Publications Clearinghouse and/or Texas Depository Libraries.