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- -··--·-- --6/r~- -------~ -• ..•• ~ ~- • Ma . G u A ·• ., _ ~ rmo erazounis & Ja"e ssoc1ates, Inc.SalutingItalian HeritageandThe Italic WayMGJ ASSOCIATES, INC.100 WEST 32ND STREETNEW YORK, NY 10001-3210TELEPHONE: 212-643-9055FAX:212-643-0503Michael A. Marino, Jr.Bruce W. JaffeMichael GerazounisFull Service Consulting Engineering firm specializing in:+ Mechanical Design + Plumbing Design+ Electrical Design + Sprinkler Design+ Lighting Design +Telecommunications DesignEngineering experience covers a broad range of real estate properties such as:+Corporate Interiors+ Data Processing Centers+Trading Rooms+ Food Services Facilities+ Health Care Facilities+ Office Buildings+Hotel+ Residential Facilities+ Retail Facilities+ Educational Facilities2

ALL'I T aLzanaThe Italian appliance giant Merloni Elettrodomestici has justintroduced the world's first internet-ready washing machine. TheMargherira 2000 uses wireless technology and a modem thatallows the owner to call it, say, from work to start the machine orask it what cycle it is in. The washer can also communicate withthe manufacturer to warn of component failures and call forservice. ft will soon be able to communicate with other householdappliances to coordinate electric and water usage strategies. Caninanimate coffee klatches be far behind?The Merloni company is about the size of Whirlpool and ranksas Europe's third largest appliance maker after Electrolux andBosch.MISS ITALYSThere are two beaury conrestseach year to choose Miss Italy.One is Miss /tal\' the other is _:;;'-=o=:=~Miss Italy in the World. And whynot? There are as many Italicpeople outside of Italy as therearc in it (about 57 million). Thenewly reigning Miss Italy isManila Nazzaro (left). Thewinner of the world title isAmbra Gulla' of Ethiopia (right). Miss Gulla' has roots in thel 930's colonization of that African nation. It demonstrates howwidespread the Italic migrations have been.ROME RESTOREDAncient Rome has always gouen the short end of the stick in themedia and in academia. While the Roman Republic is portrayedas decadent. cruel, and despotic, the Greek city-states are mostlypictured as model democracies. Now comes a new book byOxford University historian Fergus Millar which begins therestoration of Rome's good name. With the not-so-rousing title ofThe Crowd in Rome in the Late Republic. Millar suggests that theRomans improved on Athens' assembly by adding a senate ofolder and more stable citizens. More than that, Rome pioneeredthe tri-part government with courts. executive and legislature.Rome. not Athens, extended citizenship to conquered people.Italy, not Greece, brought women to their highest social positionsin the ancient world. The Romans even developed the absenteeballot.America's Founding Fathers knew the real story; we will justhave to relearn it in the 21 u Century.ROGUE GAINSThe Italian government, under Foreign Minister Lamberto Dini.is determined to bring rogue nations back into favor with theWestern powers. Italy has politely infonned the United States thatit intends to reestablish normal relations with Iran, Libya, andNorth Korea. Dini's philosophy is simple: keep all rogue stares intouch to minimize distrust and surprises. According to Libyaleader Muarmmar ei-Qaddafi. "Italy will become Italy's bridge toAfrica, and Italy will become Libya's door to Europe.'' (Libya andlran arc major oil producers)THE LIFESPAN GENEItalian scientists working in Milan and New York may haveunc.ov~red ~e genetic secret of longer life. Doctors GiuseppePebcct and Pter Paolo Pandolfi have increased the lifespan of laboratorymice up to 35% without any negative side affects. TheItalians have identified and controlled the cell protein P-66 whichnormally ages ceiJs. The process is being hailed by scientistsaround the world because this is the first success in mammals.Cem' anni may be more than a toast soon.JUSTICE ... IN PROGRESSSince 1994 the Italic Studies Institute has been advocating thaithe United States Congress own up to the persecution of italianAmerican civilians during World War n. At that time lSI informedall the other major Italian American groups of its agenda but failedto r-ally their active suppon. In 1995, lSI, alone, initiated correspondenceto Congress through then-Senator Alfonse D'Amato (R-NY).D'Amat?, whose focus was on Jewish affairs for reelection purposes.d1d not fuUy embrace this issue. However, in 1997. Houserepresentatives Elliot Engel (D-NY), who is part Italian, and RickLazio (R-NY) took on the issue. (Credit goes to ISl member JohnCalvelli, an Engel staff member.) Finally, in November, 1999 theHouse passed Resolution 2442 calling for a full investigation of thewartime violations of Italian American civil rights. Senator RobertTonicelli has now introduced S.J909, the Senate version. 1f andw~en.this bill is passed in the Senate and is signed by the President,thts dtsgraceful episode will, at last, be recognized.

MILESTONES• Mario Zacchini, 87. theoriginal human cannonball ofcircus fame. One of sevenbrothers who earned a livingbeing -;hot out of a cannon at90 mph. Zacchini followedhis older brothers into the actin 1934 with the RinglingBrothers circus. According toMario, the trick wa~n 't inbeing shot out but ratherlanding in the net. The actbecame so popular that by1965 there were live differentfamily members touring theUnited States in various ~-.;;;..;....;.;.~.:;shows.• Peter Pellegrino. 82. was a founder of the Balloon Federationof America. His fa!>cination for ballooning began in the 1920'swith the sight of the great Zeppelins. In 1956, he wru, the technicaladvisor for the balloon sequence!> in Around the World in80 Day.\. In the 1960's he led the way in promoting Ed Yost'snew hot air ballooning a~ an inexpensive alternative to hehum.ln 1966. Pellegrino became the ftrst American to pilot a balloonacross the Alps.• Vince Vitollo, 75, a pioneer of ultralight aircraft, was killed ina plane crash during a training flight. The former Anny Air Corpnight instructor has been credited with training some 90% ofNew Jersey's ultralight aircraft pilots.• Former justice Robert C . IJelloni, 80. of the U.S. DistrictCourt was the first to uphold Indian fishing rights in the PacificNorthwest. His ruling in the landmark case Sohappy v. Smithwas an historic precedent in recognition of dispossessed NativeAmericans. He ruled that the Indians were entitled to a fair shareof the salmon harvel>~ under treaties that were signed in the1850's. Before Judge Belloni 's decision. states had refused torecognize Indian claims.• Burlesque Queen Ann Corio,80'ish. was an American institutionwho carried the anfonnof stripping and burlesque intothe 1980's despite being bannedin Boston and New York forshort times. Born one of twelvechildren to Neapolitan immigrantsin Hanford. Cf, Coriobegan her career ar age 16.• Golf great Gene Sara1-en (EugenioSaraceni). 97. died a legend in hisown time and for many yean. tocome. lie was only one of fourgolfers to win all four of professionalgolf\ major championships(The Masters. U.S. Open. BritishOpen, and the PGA). He is famousfor his miraculous double eagle inthe 1935 Masters. And for goodmeasure, he invented the sandwedge. For the dignity and sportsmanshiphe brought to the sport hewill be forever known as .. TheSquire.''" Irish'' quartcrbacJ.. Angelo '-------'Berte lli. 78, wac; Notre Dame ·s starplayer during his college tem1 1940 -1943. In 1943, he was thefir•a of the school's seven Heisman Trophy winners and pioneeredthe now standard T-fonnation. His 1943 season wasinterrupted by the war when he enlisted in the Marines. Seeingaction allasting prime ministers. Hemade his mark internationallywhen he out-stared the U.S.government after the AchilleLauro incident. When Americanjets forced down theescaping mastermind of thehijacked cruise ship on toItalian c;oil, Craxi ordered Italian troops to surround the Americancommandos. The Americans blinked. Some years laterCraxi was convicted of corruption and fled to Thnisia.5

ITALY SINKS U.S.This year's America's Cup sailboat race featured Italy's Luna Rossaagainst defending champs New Zealand. There were no Americanscompeting for rhe first rime in 151 years. An Italian boat and crewfinanced by fashion magnet Patri:t.io Bertelli of Prada outsailed theAmerican challenger AmericaOne in the best-of-nine sail-offs. At rheItalian helm Neapolitan skipper Francesco De Angelis, whose cooldcme::mor and nautica.l instincts were more rhan a match for AmericaOne.Prada's Bertelli shelled our $55 million of his own money ro AoarLuna Rossa. It wasn't enough ro bear New Zealand, which shur-ourLuna Rossa 5-0 and retained the cup.ITALIAN TROOPS ABROADOnce again Italy has committed itself co inrernarional peacekeeping.The recem civil unresr in Easr Ttmor (Indonesia) haselicited a United Nations expedition. Already stretched with commitmentsin Bosnia and Kosovo, where ir has thousands of men, Italyhas sent a nominal force of250 rroops to the Pacific co support UNlogistical operations.Financially, Italy's contribution to the UN peacekeeping budgetexceeds $50 million per year. That is in addition w its regular contributionof nearly $60 million per year. This year, Italy is the fifthlargest contributor to the United Nation's budget afrer the USA,Japan, Germany and France. That's una bella .figum.PURE JOYEvery generadon or so, mayorsacross France vore for a young ladywhose beaury embodies rhe Frenchnadon. Her likeness adorns statues,stamps, and coins. lr was a traditionbegun by the arrists of che French Revolution,capwred in rhe image of a barebosomed beaury carrying me tricolorio the midst of barrie. Among rhe pasrhonorees were Carherine Deneuve andBrigirre Bardor. The goddess for thisgeneration is model/actress LaeririaCasra, 21, of lralian descent born inCorsica. Her names are both Larin - Laeriria means joy, Casrameans pure. And she is indeed a pure joy. Larin lives! And now i1 hasa gorgeous face.6GANDHI, CONTINUEDWhen last we left Sonia Gandhi, rhe Italian-born daughter-in-lawof the !are prime minister Inclira Gandhi, she had been elecred presidentof the Congress Party of India. In chat capaciry her goal was toconvince voters on the subconrinenr rhat she is lralian by accidentand char her parry should be restored ro power. But alas, her opponents,the Nationalists, pressed home the attack on her ethniciry andmanaged ro nix the Congress Parry ar the polls. On the bright side,Sonia succeeded in being elected in her own district and is now amember of the Indian parliament. Chalk up rwo wins for the accidenralItalian. Were she ro find herself in New York she could easilyknock off Rudy and Hillary.PERFECT MANAGERSIt doesn't seem ro be a coincidence char Italian-Americans makegreat sports managers. The immortalVince Lombardi ser the standard. ln1999, Yankee manager joe Torreclinched his second World Series victoryin a row. Paul Annacone has coachedGreek American golden boy PercSampra.s to his sixth straight world tide.And nol many people know char rhcman behind rhe scenes of the women'sWorld Cup Soccer victory was coachTony DiCicco, 50, ofWethersfield, CT.Torre and Annacone migbr make the bigbucks bur DiCicco (pictured) gets w runaround with 20 young ladies.GRAPE STRIDESFew may know thar the eastern rip ofLong Lsland is fasr becominga major wine producing region. Climate and soil conditions makechardonnay, caberner, and pinor rhar rival California and France.Although lralic vintners weren't rhe original pioneers of the NorthFork rhey have arrived in numbers significant enough co ger rhc arrenrionof rhe New nrk Times. Recently, Italian prince Marco Borghesepurchased rhe Hargrave Winery, the very flrsr one established in1973, for rhe princely sum of around $4 million. The noble RomanBorghese family traces irs roots ro the 12th Century.The Times nored char ocher italic vintners on eastern Long Islandinclude: Grisrina, Macari, Pellegrini, Pugliese, and Petrocelli. Perhapsthese Italic families will do for Long Island what other paesrmi did forCalifornia a century ago.Borghese imends ro introduce the Italian nebbiolo grape ro makeBarolo, Barbaresco and sangiovesewine in the future.~@~_~n•'The Italic Way ~ , ~·~ ..

EOzroRzaLsWHY SOME BIGOTRIES ARE MOREPAlATABLE THAN OTHERSRecenrly, john Rocker, the benighred Arlanra Braves firebaUer,launched a bigoted diatribe againsr New York, blacks, Hispanics,Russians, Asians and Gays. His outburst was intemperate,crude and clearly the handiwork of someone for whomthe acronym KKK has nothing ro do with mikeours.Before the cock crowed rhricc, rhc media responded wirh avociferous denunciation of Rocker. Columnisrs and radio talkshow hosrs called for his ouster from baseball. All the majorregional and narional newspapers railed against Rocker's outlandishsrnremenrs. The Commissioner of Baseball ordered himro undergo psychiarric resrs a Ia the Sovier Union.Imagine, however, what the reaction would have been hadRocker, instead, scrolled rhrough BrookJyn and waxed poeticallyabout Tony Soprano look-a-likes packing the streets. Chancesare many of the same radio. television and press pundirs wouldbe guffitwing along with Rocker. And any protestations byItalian-American groups would have been immediately dismissedas much ado about Guido. For Italians, unlike other ethnicities,have a funny bone and can distinguish comedy frombigotry. They know when to laugh and how co cry. Didn't youknow rhar, dear reader?That's whar The New l'Ork Times critic Caryn James mustmean when she lauds Tht- Sopranos as "a work of art that is tough,imeUigem and daring enough ro generate sympathy for a coldbloodedkiller." Like most viewers she is nor the least biroffended by the John Rocker-like ami-Italian srereorypes presentedeach week ro millions on HBO. In fact, she gushes overthe show because "it offers a chance to appreciate how nuancedthe srory of Tony Soprano and his families, nuclear and Mafiavarieties, really is."Perhaps, chen, John Rocker did nor engage in bigotry, afrerall. Perhaps he was merely offering us a gritry and nuanced depictionof New York's gorgeous mosaic in all irs ethnic diversity.- RAJSHIFTING EMPHASISWe invite you ro read and reHecr upon this issues' FOCUSpiece about our American Roors.It has been drummed into our heads that Italians, like mosrnon-Northern European lace-comers, were "lucky" to be allowedto immigrate ro these shores. Luck had nothing ro do wirh il!Nor ro remember a11d take pride in the 400 years prior to ourgrandfathers is ro reduce our birthright in this nation from cofoundersro imported laborers. Such a caregori.zing belies rhegrear sacrifices our anceswrs made ro creare this nation. Lrnarrows the rrue dimensions of our participation and reinforcesthe myth of a pure Anglo-Saxon foundar.ion of America. Clearly,the Italic contributions ro the American nation since John Cabotare second ro none.Perhaps ir is time for the overemphasi1.ed immigrant experienceto be put in perspective.-JlMWHO IS GIVING BACK?We hear ir somerimes from rhe hypocrirical media srars whomop the Boor wirh our Italian culrure char they "give back" rorhe communiry. What they actually mean is they lend theirname to non-ethnic charitable fundraisers. lr allows rhem co becalled "celebrities" and assuages any cultural guilt they may bear.Bur in the scheme of things, this chariry work is bur a pirrancewhen compared ro rhe social, economic and spiritual damageinAicred upon us by their willing parriciparion in Big Mediapropaganda. Where is the "give back" from the millions, if norbillions. of dollars char have been made in the prostirurion oflralian American culrure? We wrote to Anthony Puzo, son ofrhe lare author Mario Puzo, a shorr while ago. We asked him wlet us know what contributions his father had made ro our communiryin the way of scholarships, museums, culrural cenrers,social justice, anything. We received no answer. It is the sameacross the board. There is no Coppola Foundation for ItalianAmericans, no Scorsese Grams for Italian American Heritage,no De Niro summer camp for Italian American yourh.The plain truth is we have been had. So let us sropdebating with one another over the fuse :tmendmenr righrs ofmedia corporations. Lee's all ask our boys in the 'hood-whereare rhe crumbs from rhe feast?- JLMTURNING POINTIBig Media's overkill in mob movies may be gaining us somesympathy in rhe press and among local legislators. Opinionpieces by Italic \Wiy Director Rosario laconjs have been publishedin rhe Nw >0rk Timn, Cl'icago Sun Times and Long fsfandNezusday. Our Chicago vice president, Bill Dal Cerro, ha~ beenfeatured in the Loi Angeles Times, Chicago newspapers, andsome national magazines. We are saying rhe same rhings wehave always said but now thoughtful editors arc recognizing tharthere is a problem in the media.Our Aurora >0uth Program is also getting more attentionrhese days and funding is scarring to come in from local legislarorswho are listening ro parenr$ and school officials (and Au romDirector Tony De Non no) thar Aurora is uplifting and educational.For the 5th and 6th graders of every ethnic and racialbackground, Aurora is a mini-charter school on Saturdays, burone rhar is free and open to all comers. Aurora had 14 classes inMetro New York counties this year and was fearured in LongIsland Nwsday for the first time since rhe program began. Thisis progress.- JLM8

FoRum or rhe PeopLeWhy the Mafia Mattersby Anthony {Tony) GiaboniBecause OF riJe rouc.;IJ1maqe, even a11 ave~ac.;e GH.YLtke me can oeLJveR a caRefULwaRmiJao neJqiJ&oRSOR OenokeaT Te/1Cl11TS.Let me say right off that I am not condoningcriminals. Italian or otherwise. Bur theMafia to most Italian Americans i~ nm an "evilempire" or something co be ashamed of.Instead, it has been a source, whether we likeit or nor, of inspiration and a defender of ourculture. Strange as that may sound, peoplehave to understand the problems that Italianssuffered for hundreds of years in Italy and herein America, from foreign invaders to Irishhooligans.As everybody knows, ltaly is a unifiedcountry in name only. Like someone oncesaid, ir's just a geographic expression. Thecountry is made up of provinces and cities likeSicily, Naples, Milan, ere. and it may gothrough the motions of trying to be a unifiedcountry but the rcaliry is that Italians are allfanatic individuals. It's probably the onlycountry in Europe with so many dialectS:Neapolitan, Sicilian, Barese, etc. And there'snothing wrong with that. Italians are thericher for it. In America, we should all preservethe ancestral dialeas. Why should people getupright if we say pastil fflZ()()/ or proshoot. It'sour personal heritage at work. It's what beingItalian is all about- individuality. Let's face it,Italians don't pay taXes, don't obey stupid laws,and are smart enough to know that onlyfamily, food. and money are the priorities inlife. They a.re rational enough to know thatideologies can get you kiiJed and smarrenough ro understand the difference betweensacrifice and suicide. Bm the two things chatreally irk an Italian is co be ignored or disrespected.Which brings me ro my point aboutrhe Mafia.ItaLians have been rhe joke of Europe sinceItaly was unified in the 1800's. The ItalianArmy has been rhe biggest joke - they haven'twon a war since Garibaldi - and their governments,from the muning clown Mussolini,down to roday's revolving prime ministers, getno respect from any world power. What doesget respect and attention is rhe Mafia.Everyone who comes from a real Italian neighborhoodknows char the wiseguys protectproperty and keep our rhe "undesirables".Grantecl they are loan sharks and bookio buteven those are services some people need occasionally.If they murder, they keep it amongcheir own. I've never heard of any innocentpeople getting killed during a ~rub-our." Thew~ys know it would be bad for business.Movies about wiseguys are a lot more interestingthan mosr film plors. When a movieshows wiseguys making sauce and speakingItalian ir purs us righr up there so all Americanscan see our culrure. You don't mess withthe Mob, righr? Because of the rough image,even an average guy Hke me can deliver acareful warning to bad neighbors or deadbeattenants. Especially if they arc .ruu Italian, d1eyassume you have the connecrions, right?Whar's the down side? And look ar what themovies have done for Italian actors. Anyflunky acror from the neighborhood can dothe voice and ger hired as a soldier or capo.Italian actors never had these opporrunitiesbefore. They see no problem with image.I have this theory that before World War IImost Italian Americans were proud of Mussoliniand the Blackshirts. They could kick assin Ethiopia and in che srreers of Iraly. Burwhen the war came and hundreds of thousandssurrendered without a fight the shamewas roo much for us. That's why Puw and Th~Godfather replaced the old Blackshirt image.The mob guys always die fighting. There's nosurrender when you hit rhe marrresses. Theyhave the power, the money, the goomadas, eventhe politicians. ltalians don'r wanr to be wall­Oowers or wimps. They like ro be ar the rop.So some American runs Microsoft. Who runsthe rackets across the country? Maybe theMob rakes in more rhan Microsoft withoutpaying taXes. That makes Italians smarrer,righr? But the best parr is that the real Mafiadoesn't deal in drugs or hurt the country likethe Columbians, Chinese, or Russian gangs. Itis pan of society, nor destroying it.To those people who consrandy complainabom Mafia movies and television shows I say,lighten up! Admir rhar there is a Mafia andthat the average American knows the differencebetween a fiCtional character and rhe Italiansthey work with everyday. If thirty years ofGodfather movies have hurt us, I don't see ir.Italians live well and can do anyrhing theywant including running for Presidem of rheUnited States (if they don't have a skeleton inthe closet, that is). When America getS tired ofthe Mafia we might have to look for newheroes. How abour Star Trr:k.- Tht Mob?Italians are on a roll. The Sopnznos is thebiggest hit (pardon the pun) on rdevision.More Italian acrors, writers and producersare working than ever before. Our politicians,from Mayor Giuliani, on down, love the show.And probably 99% of the Italians in thiscountry live for Sunday nighrs. Is rhere aproblem here? Duh!(Ed. -Tony Giaboni is a composi~ charrutertkvtloped by our staff to rr:fka tht various pointsofvitw pmmud to us wer tht years. !Jht makrssmst to you cham:rs an: you an:~ a mtmber oftht Italic Studia /nstituu.}9

SERVICES, INC.-----------------CONSULTANT• FACILITY MANAGEMENT• OPERATIONS AND MAiNTENANCE• ENVIRONMENTAL•ENERGYVINCENT J. PIZZULLIPresident212-599-0427s 16-7 57-0599917-933-533010The Italic Way v&

A RevzewHBO's MISPlACEDPRIORITIESby Bill DaJ CerroIt remains the worsr mass lynching inU.S. history: In 1891. ll Italians found notguilty in rhe murder of a popular NewOrleans police superintendent were draggedfrom their cells by an angry mob-some10,000 strong-and brutally shor andhanged. The incident became a nationalnightm:uc, bringing Italy and America to thebrink of war- a tense and volatile siLuationcomparable to the Cuban missile crisis some70 years later.Wrinen about by Professor RichardGambino in his 1977 book Vmd~tta, thesrory halo finally been dramati7.ed in an HBOmovie of the same ririe, featuring an all-starcast (Christopher Walken, Bruce Davisonand Joaquin de Almeida), a commendabledirector (Nicholas Meyer, of TIJt SevmPtrum Solution fame) and bcner-rhanaverageproduction valu~. Vmtkna fil')t ranin late July, 1999. generating a little ourrageof irs own, to wit: Who knew about it?As he noted in his favorable review ofVmd~na, Los Angl'ln 1imu television criticHoward Rosenberg writes that the film "wascuriously de-emphasi7.cd by usually promotion-mindedHBO." This is the samenetwork, of course, whose blatant-andeventually successful-3d c:~mpaign forEmmy nomination~ for its anti-Italian showTht Sopranos raised eyebrows even amongse-dSoned industry viewers.The protagonist of Vnuktuz is one of theaccused: 15-year-old Gaspare Marchesi (theopen-faced Alessandro Colla), a recentimmigrant to the port of New Orleans who,along with other males in his family,including his father, works the productivefruit and vegetable docks of the area-runby wealthy Italian-American JosephMachecha. (Machecha is played by Portugueseactor Joaquin de Almeida, who ismaking a career out of playing proud Italians:he was the suave Roman "guide" in the1994 film Only You}.Machecha's dominance and the success ofthe port area, a linchpin of the New Orleanseconomy, is seen as a threat ro the Anglo­Irish who make up che State's power structure.Among them are business man JamesHouston (Walken) and rhe ambirious MayorJoseph Shakspeare. The lartcr, in fact, wasoften as doquenr as his namesake, thoughnor for nobler purposes, once describing thelocal Italians as "filthy in theirperson ... without courage, honor, pride, religionor any quality char goes to make a goodcitizen." Ironically, ir wall local planrarionbosses who actively recruited Sicilians towork the docks, eager to capitali7,e on thenew immigrants' unsrinring work ethicwhich,of course, is what propelled rhe poreof New Orleans inro a shipping power,Indeed, the city's so-called "French Markee,"built in 1813, became such a cornucopia oflcalian sights, smells and businesses by 1890that it was dubbed "Piccolo Palermo" (LittlePalermo).To his credit, direcwr Meyer (who alsoscripted the film) doesn't whitewash theimmigrants. The Sicilians are ~hown as aproducrive and rightly-knit community, apeople who, del>pitc their humble origins,pur their Ln.ISt in their Anglo-Irish andItalian "bosses" and treated fellow African­American field hands as equals (the larcer ofwhich also posed a threat to che NewOrleans elire, who were accuslomed rocreating blacks-indeed, all new immigrants-asinferiors). Yet the Sicilians alsobrought wich them a compcritivc, clannishmentality, eventually spliuing themselvesinto twO separate "families" chat worked thedocks: the Provenzanos and rhe Marrangas.Machecha was the boss, but, as the filmshows, the constant jockeying for poweramong the proud clans proved an mer forthe white bosses and their "divide andconquer" strategy.One foggy evening. Police SuperinrendentHennessy, who had had run-ins withboth factions, was shoe down in the street onhis way home by unknown assailants.patrolman, Bill O'Connor, ran to Hennessy's'\lew}erra ... was CURiousLyoe-empiJasLzeo l>y usuaLLypRomonon-mmoeo HBO".-HowaRil Rosenh~I'{

Focus Deep Roors zn AmeRzcaITALIANS IN AMERICA PRIORTO TilE MASS MIGRATIONSby John ManciniCertainly, the perception of most Americansis that this continent and this nationwere colonized primarily by the English, theSpanish, and the French. In absolute terms,d1is is correct. Bur we also know mat sub­Saharan Africans, Dutch, Germans, andScorch-Irish (Protestants) carne here in greatnumbers before the American Revolution.Bur why were halians conspicuously absentin the rollcall of colonists, especiaJiy in lightof the fact that "the discovery of Americawas, in part, an ltalian enterprise," accordingto Hispanic hisrorian German Arciniegras(Amtrigo and tht Nnu World,p 131, Knopf,1955.) After all, throughoutEurope during the 16"' and t7•h CenmriesIralians had well-established businesscoloniesEngland,Spain, Portugal,andFrance, andreligiousenclaves ofProtestantItalians inHis Excellency Miguel La Grua,Marquis of Brancilorte (Sicily),founder of Santa Cruz, CA,Viceroy of New Spain1794 -1798.Holland (actorHenry Fonda'sancestorsamong rhem).In addition,the Spanishoccupation ofsouthern lcaJy during rhose centuries and thestrong Catholic bonds between the rwoLarin nations linked the rwo peoples in everyendeavor.Having made these observations, theclear deduction would be that ltaJians had.m~ presenr in significanr numbers during mecolonization of North America, and SoumAmerica for that maner. Sure enough, thereis an1ple evidence to support this conclusion.• * ... ..Italian American researcher, GiovanniSchiavo (1898-1956), spent the better partof his life insearch of ourAmerican roots.Tt must haveprofoundly disturbedhim, asan immigranthimself fromSicily, ro belumped togetherwith the"huddledmasses" madefamous byEmma Lv..arusHis Excellency Antonio MariaDe Bucarell, Viceroy of NewSpain around the lime of theAmerican Revolution.and engraved on the Starue of Liberty. To betolerated as bedraggled strangers by earlier"Americans" to a country which was discoveredby Cristoforo Colombo, GiovanniCaboro. and Giovanni da Verrazzano andnamed for Amerigo Vespucci probably didnot sir well wim someone of Schiavo's intellect.Schiavo felt compelled ro uncover therrue history of his people after Columbusand before me Start of me mass migrations of1890- 1920. In that mission he succeededmagnificently. His countless hours ofresearch produced the landmark work, For~rCmruriu of !talian-Ammcan Hisrory.Having spent 25 years in researching hisfirst book, Schiavo carne to severaJ conclusions.One, that not all of the early Italianshad lralian names. And rwo, for every distinguishedItalian he uncovered, he reasoned,that mere must be a good number ofundistinguished lcaJians from which theysprang. His point was rhat the Italian populationbefore the mass migrations was significantenough co produce an impressive arrayof distinguished sons. So, if the Jamestownsectlemenc in 1622 listed 16 Jralian glassblowers,their descendants, relative to 17mCenrury acruariaJ stars, might well havenumbered over 2,000 by tbe year 1797.Those progeny, now of mixed ethniciry,would be further assimilated widl anglicizedsurnames. Witness me case of me Tagliaferroclan. Originally settled in Virginia in1655. me name evolved mrough spellingcorrupcions into Tolliver.Schiavo came across a list of Italiansresiding in England during the 1600's withnames already anglicized such as LambertGarrett, Arnold Giles, Godfrey Sokes, andPeter Fox. He knew mey were Italianbecause mey were labeled so on me Englishrecord. Clearly, someone had taken libertieswith their Italian names, perhaps translatingthem from, say, Volpe ro Fox or giving thema crude English pronunciation. The nereffect, of course, was ro confuse rhe historicalrecord. Still, enough notables survived rhegauntlet of assimilarion co reveal a strongItalic presence.T he European competJtJOn to inhabitstrategic areas of he Am erica~ emaileddealing wim the lndia11s and fending offcompetitors. Moreover, the Cross followedthe Sword and Catholic missionaries were indemand ro convcn the narives. Consequendy,Italy's contribution ro the colonizationand early development of NonhAmerica was limited to rhe skilled and theeducated rather man boatloads of landseekingimmigrants. Italian craftsmen wererapped to produce trade goods such as glassbc:ads for the natives. lralian engineers wererecruited to design fortifications. And Italianmissionaries joined the quest for new souls.Later generations of Italians rook part in theformation of me United States as soldiers,financiers, and statesmen.Building Spain's EmpireSpain's enrry in rhe New World is easilytraceable to Columbus. Becoming Spain'sfirst governorin rhe Americas,Columbusheaded a longline of Italianparticipantsm thefounding ofSpanishAmerica. InAdmiral of the Spanish Navy1509, his sonAlessandro Malaspina, explorerDiego was of the Pacific coast of Northnamed gov-America.12

To &e ToLe RaT eO as heoRagc;LeoSTRangeRS hy eaRLzeR"Ameu.zcans" TO a counTRywfnch was OlscoveReO &yCRLSTOfORO CoLomko, GwvannzCahoTo, ana Gwvanm oaVeR.Razzano ano nameo fORAmeRl CJO Vespuca pRohahLyozo nor sn weLL wnb someoneOf Sclnavo's znTeLlecr.c::rnor and then viceroy of Hispaniola. Diegoserved umil 1523 and was acclaimed forsening free 150 indians from South Carolinawho were kidnapped by Spanish slavers.On the continent itself, Spanish recordsindicate char Italians participated in rhe conquesrof Mexico City with Cortes Uuan Siciliano),explored Arizona, with Coronado(Francisco Rojo [Rosso?]), and reached rhePacific Oceanwirh Balboa(Francisco deMessina).These men hadsome rank forrhey aredescribed ashaving "armsand horses."Juan Pablo ofBrescia estab­Lished the firstEnrico Tonti, French explorerand governor of the Louisiana priming pressterritory. m rhe NewWorld andAlessandro Ceraldini became rhe firstCatholic bishop in the Americas. Anothermissionary. Friar Marco Nizza, was the flmto enter Arizona in 1539 and it may havebeen one of his visions of a mirage in thedesert that spurred the conquistador Coronadoto mounr his expedition imo the Americansouthwest, accompanied by Fr. Nizza insearch of rhe legendary El Dorado.That other Spanish explorer, HernandoDe Soro nearly lost his cicle as discoverer ofthe Mississippi River when his three-yearexpedition from Florida got sruck at the& v .x.xx. 2000banks of the fiunous river. De SotO diedthere in 1542 and his expeditionary force wassaved by the skills of halian shipbuilders whoconstructed the boars that carried rhe adventurersback to Mexico. A survivor of theexpedition Iacer wrote of the Italian engineerFrancisco, "... a man from Genoa whom irwas God's wiU to preserve (for without himthey could nothave left thatland)."To defendtheir holdingstn Americaagainst piratesand rheFrench, Spainurilized Italianengineers tobuild strategicSir Julius Caesar (Adelmforts. In 1589, Treasurer and Counselor to KingBattista James ot England, Investor InAntonelli the Jamestown settlement.began constructionon Morro Castle in Cuba. (By rheway, his uncle Giovanni had proposed ro theSpanish the curring of a canal throughNicaragua back in I 529.) lralian militaryengineers oversaw the ereetion of forrs inFlorida, Puerto Rico, and California. MiguelCosranso fortified San Diego and Monrereyin 1769.The Spanish were big on convening theIndians and in chis holy venture italiansplayed a significant role. While Friar Nizzaplied his trade in the desert, Father EusebioChino, or Kino w the Spanish, worked hismagic along the west coast of Mexico andsouthern Arizona building more than 30missions and chapels between the years 1681and I 71 t, the year he died. Spread across rhelower Southwest, his missions, besides pro·clueing converrs, also produced foodstuff andlivesrock. ln those days, a mission was norjusr a building bur a self-contained plantationwirh herds of carcle, sheep, and goats;acres of crops and fruit trees, senlemenrs ofhouses and workshops. Father Chino wasalso a parr-time scientist who srudied andwrote about astronomy.lt was only a matter of rime that Italiansreached leadership roles in New Spain. Oneof the most successful of Viceroys rulingfrom Mexico was a Florentine namedAntonio Maria de Bucareli. He died in1779. Another man of influence was theSicilian Miguel La Crua de Brancifone, ageneral of Spain and founder of Sanra Cruz,California. He was Viceroy of New Spainfrom 1794 to 1798. At sea, Spain hadBrigadier (Admiral) Alessandro Malaspina,who undertook a voyage around the world in1786-88 and beginning in 1789 surveyedNew Spain's entire Pacific coast all the way upro Alaska, cataloging coastal depths, geography,geology, borany, and inhabitanrs.Developing New FranceWhile Iralian links ro Spain were heavilyroored in Cacl1olicism and the Spanish occupationof southern lraly, those with Franceevolved from France's fascination wich rhehigh culture of northern Italy. Since the daysof Catherine De Medici whose marriage ro aFrench king brought the arts, sciences andeven cuisine to the rough-edged French,rhere was a steady influx of Iralian brainpowerinto France and subsequenrly inro rheNew World. Explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano,the first to enter and describe New YorkHarbor in 1527, was the starring poinr ofFranco-Italian effons.Like rhe Spanish, the Catholic French sawAmerica as a vasr reservoir of souls awaitingthe word of Christ. ln 1642, FarherFrancesco Giuseppe Bressani labored amongthe Algonquin Indians of Canada. lwo yearslater he was transferred ro upper New York(territory nor yet in English hands) ro preachro the Hurons when he was capru red by theiroquois. Enduring rorntre and slavery hewas evcnmally sold to Dutch sailors at FonOrange (Albany). Father Bressani publishedCominued on page 15e.The annexation of the Northwes-t Territory waspartly credited to trader Francis Vlgo.13

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Deep Roots in AmericaContim1ed ftom page 13his harrowing adventures in 165.3 in Rome.The book was also rhe first description ofNi

@ TENS MACH~NE COMPANY~ ~NCOAIRCRAFT PARTS MANUFACTURINGISO 9002AS9100SALVATORE (SAL) BERLINGIERIOWNERPHONE (631) 981-3321FAX (631 ) 981-3372e-mail: tensmach@aol.com800 GRUNDY AVENUEHOLBROOK, NY 117 41Right VS. Right by Rosario A IaconisItaly and the Unjted States seeConservatism differendyEuropeans categorize [heir politics by left,right, center and everything in between. Thecurrent Italian government is called "centerlefT" because iris a coalition of center and leftwing parties. Here in America we disdain thelabels left and right. preferring che Lermsliberal and conservative. Democrnrs are consideredmore liberal than Republicans. bursometimes a "conservative" Democrat likePresidem Clinton appears. Still, our definitionof liberal is "big governmenr," akasocialism, and rhar of conservative is "freemarket" aka rugged individualism.Though ir may come as a surprise coIralian Americans who pride [hemsclves onfamily values, parriorism and rhe gospdaccording co Rush Limbaugl1, conservatives(rhe Right) in Traly are a breed aparc. Whilethey remain proud of their Risorgimmto rootsPresident of the Italian Republic CarloAzeglio Ciampi ("Center Right" )and wave rhe tricolort with brio, Italians ofthe righr differ markedly from d1eir counterpansin rhe Anglo-Saxon democracies. ARonald Reagan or Margaret Thatcher plat­Corm would not arouse much passion inRome, Milan or even Palermo. haly, likeEurope has a rradirion of socialism chatwould appalJ American conservatives.Though they speak of federalism anddevolving more power to the regions, Italy'srighr-wingers do nO[ adhere to the concept o[srares righcs. If they did, Garibaldi, Cavourand Mazzini would be spinning in cheirgraves. Whar's more, Italians of che Right, orIa destm, are nor blindly supportive of anunferrered free marker. 111ey accept cl1e needfor national health care, workers righcs, Europeanun icy (wich national idenriry), and freeeducation. They differ from the Left in theirsupporr of a rrndirional sociecy, emreprcnuership,assertive foreign policy, and nationalism.Of alJ the priorities of che Righr, therestoration of lraly's inrernacional standing isamong rhe highest. And chat is why ForzaIta/ia ("strength to ltaiy!')was chosen byformer business rycoon-and ex-cruise shipcrooner--Silvio Berlusconi as the name forItaly's leading conservacive parry. Cleverlycapitalizing on the national passion forsoccer. ir acts as a unifyi ng rallying cry for allItalians. And, unlike cheir American andBritish kin, Italian conservatives attract awide spectrum of philosophies. Initially,Berlusconi was wildly successful in cobblingtogether a group of disaftected former ChristianDemocrars, Socialises, Republicans andCurrent Prime Minister Giuliano Amato(Socialist, "Left")Gianfranco Fini's pivotal a/Jcanza nazionak(National Alliance). Fini's pose-Fascist partyincludes, among others, the niece of SophiaLoren and granddaughter of il Duu.Alessandro Mussolini.Although The Wafl Street journaL ravedabout this Italian turn to the right, believingir to be a carbon copy of che Reagan Revolution,former Secretary of Stare James BakercalJed a press conference to denounce whatM perceived as Italy's flirtation with an oldflame-Fascism. Once again, the Americanconservatives got ir wrong. Forza ltaiia is notabout worshipping at the altar of AdamSmith. Though led by an arch-capitalist whospeaks the Language of globalization andadmires America's financial and electronicacumen, Berlusconi is smart enough to knowthat the Italians, like their Latin cousins, theContinued on page I 7I16

French. eschew the excesses of Anglo-Saxonhypercapitalism. Even Germany's GerhardSchroder has said as much. Like Japan'sleaders-of nearly every political srripe-lralianconservatives do not wanr to dismanrle rhewelfare stare bur rerool ir. (Ler's not forger thatI Rl, /'istituto per In ricosttuzione italiana, helpedto create Italy's posrwar prosperity. And the IRIwas nor the brainchild of the free market but aninstrumen t of Mussolini's corporate state.)However, no one on che Right advocatesdonning black shirrs as a fashion or politicalstatement.The cLosesT eQ.wvaLenT rnAmeRican JnsroRy wouLo &erJH~PRogRessrvrsm or TeooyRooseveLT, The pResroenT who1mposeo goveRnmenTauTIJORlTY on CORpORaTIOnSano w1Jo pur riJe UnzTeoBerlusconi's shorr-lived administration waspredicated on the notion of a comprehensive STaTeS on r 1Je WORLO STage.reform of the Italian state. This en railed a thoroughreview of policies vis-a-vis employmenr,but r:uher on the concept of national benefit.The closest equivalent in American historywould be the Progres.~ivism ofTeddy Roosevelt,the president who imposed governmentauthority on corporations and who pur rheUnited States on the world stage.For a short while the Right squeaked imopower. Elections are won through alliances andcoalitions. As Prime Minister, Berlusconi hostedthe glittering 1995 G-7 Summit meering inNaples. He seemed headed for incernarionalprominence bur was derailed by personal legalproblems and a renegade coalition partner.Today, fcaly is led by Giuliano Amaro, rhesocialist treasury chief whose fiscal conservatismhelped make il Bel Ptwe a founding member ofEurope's common currency, the euro.Although chosen as an interim premier byPresident Carlo Azcglio C iampi followingthe resign:uion of Prime MinisterMassimo D'Aiema, Amaro hasvowed to dismande Italy's bloatedbureaucracy and push through muchneededelccroral reforms.Know as "Dr. Subtle" for his adroitnegotiating skills. Amaro can also bequite forceful during a crisis. Whileserving as prime minisrer during 1992,he displayed the menlc of a Romanemperor in dispatching a conringcnr ofItalian troops to quash an outbreak ofmafia terrorism in Sicily. The boldsrroke greatly debilitated the island's socalledcriminal octopus.Even rhe former Prime MinisterD'Aiema, a reformed Communist,inched his way to the right as Italy'sleader during the war in Kosovo.fiscal policies. voting rights for overseas Italians,health care, organized crime, pensionsand, yes, national unity. The latter is arelling difference berween the Italianright a11d American conservatives.Though both espouse patriotism, Italy'sright-wingcrs do so wirhour pining oneregi(ln against the other. In lraly therehave been far roo many odious geographicalcomparisons. And rhis may beone of rhe reasons why the candidatesof f''orza ft.alia in the South fare equallyas well as in the North ar the polls.Whether th

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Born January 25, 1852 - Rome ItalyDied September 14, 1905 - Dakar, SenegalBy rhe late 1800s the European powerswere scrambling to divide the huge comincntof Africa among thc:rru.elve.,. f herivalry among explorers and countries wasintense, and there were inevitably loser.. andwtnnc:rs. Brazza may be considered awinner. Largely through his effom hisadopted country, France, claimed ,1 ~ignincantportion of the Congo. Hur Br:mA1would come w fight against the ruthlesscxplotrarion of the African population rhatoccurred as these new territories wereopened to commercial development.Pierre-Paui-Francois-Camillc: Savorgnande Bra1.za wa~ born in Rome on January 25.1852, the descenda.nt of a.n aril>tocraricfamily. His farher was an Italian noblemanwho was prominenr in nationalist and culturalcircle~. From the rime he wa~ a boy,Hrazza was interested in a career ar sea. Italydid nor have a navy of irs own, so Branareceived permission ro continue his studiesat rhe naval academy in France. Havingbecome intensely loyal to France. he receivedhis French citizenship in 1874. After servingin the French navy during rhc Franco­Prussian War, Brazza was assigned to theSouth Atlantic fleer and visircd rhe westerncoast of Africa berween 1882 and 1884.Although a previous French expedition hadun~ucce)sfully rried ro pc:nerrare the interiorof Gabon, Brazza believed that it could bedone. If rhe Ogooue River connected withthe Lualaba River, he would have access tothe upper Congo, which rhe Englishexplorer David Livingstone had recently discovered.Voyage to the CongoThe French ministry approved his proposals,and Bra1.1.a set off from Bordeaux inAugust 1875. He was onJy 23 years old. Hestopped at a trading post called l.ambarene,a place that later became Famous as che sireof Dr. Albert Schweitzer's hospital. He sailedup the Ogooue only to find that it did notconnect with rhe LuaJaba. He then traveledoverland ro the Alima River, a tributary ofthe Congo, bur was unable ro follow irbecause of hosrile cribes. Bra.z.z.a never knewhow close he bad come until, shortly after he'U'~XXX, 2()()()LnRt;eLy rlmouqJJ IJis fFF01HSIns aoopreo COWlTR_Y, FRance,dCllmeo fl Sl(i11lflCClllT poRTlOilOF riJe Con

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Reptileby Bill Del CerroLou Daddano of Gurnee, Illinois, is oneof the world's leading herperoculrurists-afancy word for reptile lover. A childhood fascinationwith snakes and alligators has beenparlayed into Serpem Safari, a combinationreptile zoo/educational facility located in asuburban shopping mall. Although directlyacross from the Rainforest Cafe, a narionalresrauranL chain with a foux Brazilian forestmotif. there's nothing fake abom Daddano'splace. His 8,000 square foor facilicy, licensedby the U.S Department of Agriculrurc, fcaruresover 40 real-live repriles, including hispri7.ed possession: "Baby," a 26 foor, 403 lb.Burmese python. Daddono's "scrpemino"was recently certified by the Guiness Book ofWorld Record as the largcsr snake on rhcplanet.(Nou: Evm baby makes bave tantrums: In1996, Druid

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Marcus AureliusPAlRiaf/PHIIDSOPHERby Alfred CardoneHe was a soldier, an emperor, anda philosopher wrapped in one.He personified the Romandevotion to duty and the Greekideal of reflection. His writingshave inspired both pagans and monotheiststhroughout the ages. His military campaignsbought the Roman Empire at least onehundred years of additional life. And. roday,his likeness on horsebadc adorns Rome's cityhall as though he still protects the city andnation from which he sprang.Marcus Aurelius was born in Rome onApril 20, 121. Among his immediate ancestorswere senators and consuls. EmperorHadrian made him a priest when he was onlyeight years old, enrrusting his education tothe best Roman and Greek reachers. Hisfather died when he was still a boy and hewas adopted by Hadrian's successor, AntoninusPius, who saw in the lad a futureemperor of rhc vasr empire.Marcus became emperor when Antoninusdied in 161. But it was co be a rurbulentreign. Rome's enemies began ro press hardon her eastern frontiers. The years of expansionnow became the years of defense. Italyand her dominions began char struggle whichwas ro become first decline, rhen fall.Within a year of his elevation MarcusAurelius had to deal with a takeover ofArmenia, which acted as a sort of buffer statebetween Rome and Parrhia, a Persian/Iraniannation. The Parthians then successfullyinvaded Roman Cappadocia and Syria.Marcus immediately dispatched an armywhich eventuaUy captured and destroyed theParthian twin capitals of Seleucia and Ctesiphonin 165.The Romans had effectively strengthenedthe frontier of Euphrates and also remainedin occupation of northern Mesopotamia.Parthia was neutralized as a threat for anumber of years. Tragically, the Romanlegions brought back the plague &omSdeucia to Italy and the west. Entire legionsand districts were wiped out, depriving Romeof much needed manpower and crippling theempire economically.As lucie would have it another crisis soonthreatened Rome's northern frontier. ln I 67,the Quadi and Marcomanni, fierce Germanictribes, burst through the Danubefrontier and invaded what is now Austria andHungary causing terrible destruction andeven besieging tbe Italian city of Aquileianear coday's Venice on the Adriatic Sea.Aquilei.a wirhsrood rhe siege, bur moreGerman tribes crossed rhe Danube that yearinvading Hungary and Greece. MarcusAurelius faced a crisis far graver than anyother emperor before him. The militaryrhreat of these invasions was compounded bythe ravages of the eastern plague on Rome'sHe was a c1Jamp1on orr!Je pooR ano rounoevmany schooLs, oRphmwl.jeSano lJOspiTaLs.manpower and finances. Marcus demandedcontributions from the aristocracy in theprovinces and even sold imperial property toraise money. He cook exceptional measuresto recruit the necessary number of troops,even mobilizing some slaves, a troublingprecedent.Campaigning vigorously against rhe Marcomann.i,the Quadi and the Samatii from170 to 175, Marcus' legions graduallydefeated them in a series of bitter battles,pushing the terrible invaders out of Romanterritory. During these years, at b.is headquartersnear present day Belgrade, thefighting emperor began his famous philosophicalwork, Meditations. Written inGreek, the Meditations seem oddly out ofplace during a time when deam and sufferingwere a daily event. Marcus, no doubt, foundsolace in the reAections.As me campaigns reached their conclusion,thousands of Roman prisoners were Jibcratedand some one hundred thousand barbarianprisoners were taken. In me Romanspirit, Marcus granted trading rights to thedefeated barbarians, and allowed them adegree of controlled immigration into theempire as agricultural laborers. Some ofthese settlers were eventually hired by theRomans to fight against their fellow barbarians.Although these measures did helpweaken the barbarian pressure across theDanube, they also contributed ro the gradualethnic transformation of the Roman world,which proved to be one of the key factors inbringing down the empire in the west.The plans of Marcus to permanentlyreduce these hostile tribes to diem sraruswere interrupted by a rebellion in the east ledby the Roman governor of Egypt and Syria.The rebellion was probably inspired by a falsereport of the emperor's death on the northernfrontier. The rebellion failed and the governorwas lci!Jed by a centurion. Nonetheless,Marcus felt obliged to travel to the easternprovinces m resmre order and authority.The emperor returned to Rome in 176,where he fell ill with fever. He recovered,however, under the care of the physicianGalen. Once again, he was forced to depanfor the nonhero frontier to meet the renewedthreat from the Marcomanni and the Quadi.The Roman legions moved forward in thesummer of 177 and again defeated theenemy. Marcus collected a sizeable forcefrom the armies on the Rhine and Danubefor another major campaign which helaunched in 179. The Romans won anotherresounding vicrory, and Marcus sec up hiswinter headquarters near Belgrade. His boldContinued on page 2623

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A Classical Gadget Guyby Bill Dal Cerroh alian Americans, as expected.manage to leave a distinctive mark.What may be a harmless hobby formo~r people is transformed inro apassionate obesssion, combining playfulness with ele­hen it comes to collecting anriqucs,gance.Jasper B. Sanfilippo. Jr. i~ CEO of John B. Sanfil­- 'ippo & Son. one of the largest full-scale nur proe~ingcompanies in the U.S. Founded by Sanfilippo's fiuher,John. in 1922, the: Chicago area business has a 500,00~quare foot plam as well as fi1

Marcus AureliusContinued from pttge 23strategy was to extend the Roman frontiernonhward from the Danube lO the moredefensible Carpad:uan Mountains andVisrula River. This would create two newprovinces of Marcomannia and $armaria.Tragically, Marcus died of the plague onMarch 17, 180 in Vindobona, now Vienna,before he could launch rhis last great cam~pa1gn.Although Marcus was forced co spend themajoriry of his reign defending the empire'snorthern frontiers, he was especially concernedwith public welfare, and even sold hispersonal possessions to raise money to helprelieve the suffering from f.'lmine and plaguein the empire. He was a champion of thepoor and founded many schools, orphanagesand hospitals. His laws also helped widows,minors and even slaves. He reduced rhe taxburden on the people and lesst:ned thescveriry of rhe criminal laws. Marcus accomplishedrhis primarily through his hundredsof imperial rescriprs. These were a Romanemperor's replies ro a magistrarc's questionsabout a point oflaw. He also played a promi ~nem role as a judge, placing great stress onindulgence. He improved rhe administrationof junice by increasing the number of coundays, as well as the number of judges.With his srrong belief in the individual'sdury ro the state, Marcus held a nt:gative viewof the early Christians with their lack ofconcern for rhis world and for rhe fate of theempire. He shared the rypical Rorn:tn viewof Chrisrians as potentially dangerous andRight vs. RightContinued .from page 17Though he was against Allied bombing hispolicy paralleled char of rhe Right. Similarly,D'Alema did nor Ainch from adopting roughstances with respect ro Turkey's oppression ofthe Kurds, rhe on-again-off again Palestinian~Israeli peace calks and Israel's entrance intokey U.N. groups as a European member. Heeven upbraided Bill Clinron for nor seekingswift enough redress for the Italian victims ofAme.rican negligence in rhe Mr. Cermis skiLift tragedy. The normally adroit Clinton wasleft speechless as the Italian prime miojsterscolded him in a joint press conference inWashington D.C. covered by CNN.Clearly, Italy's right-wing has had a profoundimpact on the nation's governance.subversive dissidents. As a restJr, the Christiansdid suffer under his reign, parricularlyin the provinces.Marcus Aurelius was a scholar and thinkerby narurc, forced to play the role of a warriorro defend the empire from the barbarians.He was a gifted philosopher. His Meditations,a compendium of twelve books ofmoral preccprs and observations on life, is animporranr ph.ilospohical work which cham~pions Stoicism, and stresses rhe vinues ofreason, wisdom, justice, fortitude, dury andmoderation. Marcus Aurelius remainshistory's best example of Plato's ideal ruler,the philosopher-king. As the followingpassage from Meditations expresses. however,he was above all a Roman with a keen senseof dury."Hour by /;our resolve firmly, Like aRoman and a man, to do what comes to/](md with correrr and natural dignity.and with humanity. ind~pmdena andjustice. . . Tht good within you shouldpreside over a bring who is virile andmantrt, a stausman, 11 Roman. and antler. . . "Bur he was also a human being who couldreAect on the abstract:''For there is one universe ow of all onegod through al! one substance and oneM111, one cormmm reason of all intelligentcreatures and oue truth ... "Conservatives hold rhe key ro h;~ly'ssuccess in the 21st cenmry. The philosophyof rhe Righr has a special appeal to lraliansnorthand south. Ic conjures up images of anorderly, law-abiding, civic~minded and prosperouspoliry wich roors in the nation'sancient Roman past. Not long ago, a poll ofItalians found Gianfranco Fini, rhe post­Fascist, co be rhe most respected politician inItaly.The narion is poised for an institutionalbreakthrough and is yearning for constitutionalreform rhar will result in either adirectly elecred prime minister or a presidentialrepublic. These are all long-held imellecrualand polirica.l concepts espoused byIralian conservatives. A recent referendum byD'Aie.ma on this question failed by one per-Behold the man: his tireless dedicarion rodury, gallant defense of rhe Empire againsrterrible invasions, brilliant statesmanship andphilosophical writings. hurnaniry and compassionhave made Marcus Aurelius one ofRome's greatel>t emperors and a model for allrulers ro rhis day.He S1111 "Rules" from Rome's City Hall.cenrage point. It need not do so again. Whatthe cenrer~lefr could nor achieve, the sinewyRight may be able ro accomplish.Some think rhar Forza ltnlia's Berlusconineeds ro step aside because of ltis personalvtJnerabiliry ro private sector scandals.However, rhe victory of Italy's cenrer-righrcoalition---known as il Polo---in the recentrcgioinal elections has set the sragc for SilvioBcrlusconi's return to power in the generaldections nexr year. Barring any separatistshcnnanigans by Umberco Bossi's NorthernLeague, this rime Forz.r !talin can make rhecritical differnce in lcaly's furure. Forza ltalirrsara' In forza del desrino.26

m ~ TPLUMBING&HEATING CO., INC.m~~~ D. TtiC~LIC. PLUMBER NO. 661FIRE SUPPRESSION LIC. NO. 00448120 EAST 13TH STREETNEW YORK, N.Y. 10003TEL: 212/673-6700FAX : 212/353-0702liTAlJIAN AMlEJRliCANJFEDJEJRATIONof theEAST BAY INC~Mr. Richard J. Vannucci5072 Elrod Dr.Castro Valley, CA 94546-2418(510) 581-9159A ReviewContinued from Plll.t' 19King Leopold was given the Congo FreeState, now Congo Republic, as his personalterritory.In 1886 Brazza was appointed governor ofthe new french colony, where he served for anumber of years. He personally supervisedand coordinated numerous ex.peditions thatsolidified French claims between the CongoRiver and Lake Chad, thus containingGerman penetration from Cameroon.During that time he tried co develop mecolony withour violating the rights of chcAfricans. Brazza, however, was hindered inhis effortS by the French government, whichrefi.1sed to invest the money d1ar would haveallowed for orderly growth and commerce.Brazza also opposed che issuing of large landgrantS m private firms, a policy that waspursued by Leopold in the adjoining territory.Leopold's holdings were ruled byprivate interests that made immense fortunesby exploiting the African labor force. Bra1.1.awas relieved of his position in I 898 as a resulrof flimsy charges made by Jean-BaptisteMarchand, a French explorer who had beensent to Africa the previous year to control theheadwaters of the White Nile River.Braz.za's investigation into EuropeanbrutalityFollowing Braz1.a's departure the Frenchadopted Leopold's policy of granting concessionsto large conunercial companies ro sec ifche Congo could be developed by privateinterests. In 1904 the situation in both LheCongo Free State and the French Congobecame an international scandal when enrerprisingjournalists and public servants, suchas Edmund Morel and Roger Casemenr,revealed that Africans were being brutalizedand murdered for profit. The French governmentcalled Bcazza our of retirement toBrazza arrived in Libreville on April 29,1905. He traveled in che colony for morerhan four months, encountering general hostilityand deliberare noncooperation by checolonial civil secvice. He wrote a reportattacking the condirions he found in the area.Saddened and ill with dysentery, Brazza leftfor France bur died on the way in Dakar,Senegal (then pan of French West Mrica). onBraua's explorations covered Congo, CongoRepublic, Gabon , and Central African Republic.Brazzaville is now the capital of Congo Republic(across from Congo's capital Kinshasa.)September 14, 1905. The French Parliamentvoted to suppress Brazza's report because itwas considered coo damaging to rhe presrigeof France. Had he lived longer, Brazza mighthave seen at least some of rhose abuses eliminated.(from Explorers and Discoverers, published byU•X•L, an fmprint ofGttte Rmttrch, copyright1995)27

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A Model Cityby Bob MasulloAip co Rome can give you an idea whar lifeas like when lralic power was at irs peak.he ancient structures that abound in the1odern ciry demonsrrate dearly chat theomans builr things well.Some, like rhc Forum, are in ruins, but others, such asthe Pantheon, arc in rem:ukably good shape.What, you'll almosr ccrrainly wonder, did AncientRome look like when all d11; building~ were in rhcit prtmc?To find that out, however, you do nor need to leave theUnited States. A trip ro eastern Massachusem or southernCalifornia will sufFice.There are marvelous miniarure recreations of AncientRome in Waltham, Massachuserrs (near Boston), and inLos Angeles, both labors of love by Robert W. Garbisch.Garbisch, 54, has been fascinated by the RomanEmpire since high school days, when he helped hisbrolher build a small model of Rome for a history classproject."Ever since I've admired and respected [rhe people ofancient Italy]"' said Garbisch, who is of German ancestry."They created che Pax Romana, the 200-year period ofpeace and prospcriry that has yet to be matched by anyorher civilization. I've ofren thought it would have been avery good time to be alive. I know I would like w havelived then."Although he has an extensive knowledge ofhisrory andis quire skilled at sculpting and model-building, Garbischis nor a professional in those fields. His "day job" for 33years has been as a firefighter in El Cerriro, California,although when The Judie ~y spoke to him he wasexpecting to retire shortly."I'm looking forward co reriremenr," he said, "becausethen I'Ll be able to devore more rime to Roman historyand miniature constructions."He was planning to work on a model of the Temple ofVenus and parr of rhe Coliseum nexr. Additions ro theexisting displays, each of which contain dozens of buildings,will also be made "from rime to rime."Garbisch has visited Rome rwicc and hopes to goagain. He said, ''I was very impressed by whar I saw andpleased by the good efforts that rhe lcalians arc making copreserve these rrcasures for future generations."The Waltham exhibit, which depicts Rome circa 179A.D., is housed permanently in the Goldfarb Library onthe campus of Brandeis Universiry. lt can be visited wheneverthe library is open. Call (781) 736-462l for hours.The Los Angeles exhibit, which is set in the Rome of205 A.D., is in the Carole & Barry Kaye Museum ofMiniatures. Call (323) 937-7766 for hours.v ~.KXX;2000In character klvlng The Pax Romana.29

Deep Roots in AmericaContinued ftom page I 5in old land records. He was, allegedly, thefirst ro grow tobacco in Brooklyn (nor astaple of rhe area roday) and owned a houseon Broad Scrcer in Manhattan's financial district.In 1657, rhere was a mass migration of300 Piedmoncese Protestanrs to New Amsrerdam.Later thatyear they sailed onro senle 111Delaware. Innearby Maryland, aCatholic colony, alaw was passed in1649 ro allow lraliansro own propeery.They musrhave had a goodGeneral Luigi Palma OJ .Cesnola, Civil War Medal repurauon co earnof Honor winner rhat privilege. Twofuture signers of theDeclaration of Independence, William Pacaand Caesar Rodney, sprang from these roots.There are documents attesting ro anItalian presence in nearly all the Englishcolonies. Philadelphia records reveal anumber of families and professionals livingthere in the 1700's. Connecricuc, RhodeIsland, and Georgia were homes co earlyItalian settlers.In Florida, about l ,400 Greeks and lralianswere recruired ro establish a colony nearSr. Auguscine (New Smyna) in I 768. Here,though, they were treated as slaves by rheirScottish sponsor and soon rebelled. In ataste of rimes, co come these Medicerraneanswere considered a lesser breed. Wirhin fiveyears their numbers dwindled to 600 and aleader by the name of Carlo Forni emergedto challenge the would-be slavers.Demanding the right co rerurn co Europe,Forn.i and an ltalo-Greek band of 250 menimprisoned the overseers and impounded asmany supplies and boars rhey could.However, the English soon recaptured theboars and had Forni executed by one of theGreeks in return for his freedom.As early as the 1700's Italian colonisrswere introducing their culture to the newcontinent. Just before the Revolution, coloni~ln~wspapers advertised Italian sausage,ollve 01l and vermicelli in Philadelphia, anditalian pasrries in New York. italian fireworkscelebrated colonial holidays 200 years30before the Grucci family. Italian musicians,docrors, arrisrs, dancers, and cooks were rhemark of civilized cities along the East Coast.The RevolutionN. our roots were deep in the discoveryand settlement of this continent, so roo werethey in the foundation of the United States.Three men in particular had a significantpan in separating the colonies from themother country - Philip Mazzei, Wi)Jjan1Paca and Caesar Rodney.MarLei was a Florentine by birth whohobnobbed wirh the likes of Thomas Jef­~crson , Patrick Henry, and George Washmgwnin ~irginia. A ~u rgeon by training,he spenr h1s short rime in America experimenringwirhvineyards and lralian vegetableproduction as weiJ as importing Italian foodstuffi.Although Jefferson thought him a biteccentric he nevertheless praised Mazzei forhis parr in pushing the colonies toward indep~ndence.Ma:aci did so by helping ro convmcethe Virginia genrry thar the Britishcould not be trusted. Through letters, newspaperarticles, speeches, and conversations.rhe Florenrine brought a European view ofAmerica's conflict to the Founding Fathers.lt convinced many of them that Europeansympathy for their independence couldtranslate into .mpport. Mazze.i's strong beliefin the Romanconcept ofnatural rightswas conveyed inhjs writing," Tutti gli uominisono ptr naruratgualmmte Libtrit indipmdentt'wh ich laterfound its wayinto Jefferson'sDeclaration asAdmiral Bancroft Gherardi,"... all men are Civil War veteran with a navalcreated equal ..."career spanning 40 years. HeUefferson was acontributed to the creation ofthe modem navy.scudenr ofItalian.)Soon after the war of separation began,Mazzei was urged to rerum to Europe as anagent of Virginia ro drum up support -mocal and material. Thomas Jefferson, uponMazzei's death in 1816, wrote, "... his earlyand zealous cooperation in rhe esrablisbmenrof our independence having acquired forhim a great degree of favor [among Americans)."William Paca (PAY-cah) was Americanborn and of mixed heritage. As tare as rhe1930's rhe Paca family acknowledged theirItalian roots. As a delegare from MarylandtO the Philadelphia Congress in 1776, Pacavored for independence and added his nameto rhe document. Another dclegare, CaesarRodney of Delaware, has been researchedand found ro have lralian roots back co SirJulius Caesar (Adclmare), mentioned above.Anorher Italian who quire lirerally helpedadd fiv~ new "states'' to rhe union during therevolunon was Francis Yigo, who was bornnear Torino and serried in New Orleans in1774. Fluent in French and English, Vigobecame the most influenrial rrader in rheNorthwest territories, the vasr rract of landthat now encompasses Illinois, l ndiana, Wisconsin,Michigan and Ohio. Recently lostto the English ar the close of the French &fndian War (1763), the region was only tenuouslyBritish. In 1778, George Rogers~la rk (larer of the Lewis & Clark Expedinon)sought to make rhe Northwest Territ~ryAmerican. Francis Vigo not only subsidn~dthe campaign but managed to keep thelnd1ans neutral. He furrher advised Clarkwhen ro strike the British at Forr Vincenneshaving been held prisoner rhere and seen th~poor defenses. Vigo's starue can be seen arVincennes today, and in 1876 the U.S.Supreme_Courc awarded Yigo's heirs nearly$50,000 m repaymenr of his loan ro GeneralClark.Other Ir~lic men joined the colors duringt!~e Revolution. Even with distorted angli­Cized names, Italians can be discerned on thelh't of Conr.incntal combarams. In NewYork State some 49 memberS of the Fondafamily participated in the war. In Virginia,two of the Tagliaferro dan foughr as officers.Colonel Richard Tagliaferro was killed in1781. In North Carolina, Col. CosimoMedici commanded cavalry unirs. Othersnam~d Baldy (Baldi), De Angelis, Bellini,Rosst, and GuUy (Gulli?) were sprinkledamong me roster of American soldiery.With the French intervention also cameroyal rroops recruited from Italy's Piedmonrregion fighring along side Washington'stroops. The Third Piedmom and the ThirteenthOu Perche roraled about 1,500 men.Once the new nation became a realiry,the Founding Fathers fully adopted rhe institutionsof Classic:.'ll Italy co rule the UnitedContinued on pagt 32W~~~., .. ~The Italic ~y ~ , ·~ - ~

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Deep Roots in AmericaContimted from page 30Stares - rhe rri-part form of governmenr(lcgislarive, judicial, and executive), rhe vero,rhe symbols of the eagle and fasces, Latinmorros, and a domed Capitol. Italian artisrsand sculptors were hired ro complete thegrand look. Even the firsr Marine band wasrecruired in Italy in 1805.The Civil WarAs the United Scares expanded to thePacific, Tcalian-Americans served in governmcmand the armed forces. In rhe War of1812 and the Mexican War, men of lralianorigin fought. Overseas, an italian namedSalvatore Catalano piloted U.S. naval vesselsro rhe "shores ofTripoli" aided by Neapolirangunboats ro defeat the Barbary pirates. Bur,ir was in rhe Civil War that numerous lraliansand Italian Americans were i11spircd w fighrby the exploits of the world's greatest revolur.ionaryof his rime-Giuseppe Garibaldi.Some foughr for the Union others, raised inthe South foughr for the Confederacy. h isalmost a mathematical cerrainry cllat mollsandsof mixed blood and assimilated Italicpeople marched off ro rhar fruricidal war.One of the more colorful units of charconflict was rhe Garibaldi Guard, named forA ReviewContinued from p11ge IIof Machecha's lawyer, Thomas J. Semmes(Davison), the nine Italians who firsr sroodrrial were acquirred. Instead of being immediatelyreleased, however, rhey were ordered(illegally) to return ro Parish Prison ro "lie inwait" for anmher outstanding charge of"inrcm ro commit murder" {which was officiallyrendered moor by the jury's decision).The Italians became, in effect, lambsawaiting the slaughter: a "mass meeting" wascalled by rabble-rousing politicos the nextmorning, promising rhe outraged citi"£Cns"ro rake steps to remedy the fiilure of justicein me Hennessy case."Thar they did soon enough. The movie,like me book, rivers your attention duringthis bone-chilling manhum. Meyer's directionrises ro the challenge, though one achesfor rhe steely-eyed rcaliry thar rhe lralianneorealists mighr have brought to ir. Theangry crowds are obviously just exrraschanring on cue; Meyer lacks rhc gift of personalizingthem, a Ia Gillo Ponrecorvo or32the "hero of two worlds." (Garibaldi wasoffered a general's rank by President Lincolnbur the warrior turned it down when Lincolnwould nor commir to freeing me slaves. TheEmancipation Proclamation wasn't signed foranother tWO years.) Nevertheless, me Guardamacted many foreigners including abour 50lralians, and fought from Bull Run to Appomarrox.At least eighr of the Italians perishedat Cerrysburg.lralian Americans finally reached theranks of general officers in this war: BrigadierGeneral Francis Spinola, Brigadier LuigiPalma di Ccsnola (Medal of Honor winner),and Major General Edward Ferrero. Everyrank below was also represenred in bothArmy and Navy. In rhe Confederacy theIcalian population along rhe Gulf C..oasr wasample enough ro provide thousands of combatants.There was a unit called rhe lralianGuards mat numbered 500. Tcalian nameslike Arrighi, Pico, Fesrorazzi, Barziu. andSanguinem can be found in me musr.er rollsof the Rebels. As noted above, even GeneralBeauregard had Italian blood.It is easy to overlook me Iralian presencein America before the mass migrations. Earlyassimilation, selective histories, and thechanging of Italian surnames all militateagainst an accurate esrimare of our early contributions.Yer other ethnic groups have beenSergei Eisenstein. Yet ir's hard ro forger theswear-soaked faces of the victims, t\vistedwirh fright, as they're being chased aroundthe prison and its courryards.The ftlm ends with a brief ririe summoningup the after-affects of the incident:rhc U.S.-Iraly srand-off(which was very real:the Italians had a much more powerfulstanding navy chan the U.S. did at the rinle),and the even11.1al rake-over of the docks bythe Anglo power brokers. The Sicilians, aswe know, didn't stop coming ro NewOrleans; mey grew and prospered, evcnruallyelecting rwo mayors--Robert Maestri inthe 1930's and Victor Schiro in me 1960's.The curreot Piazza d'Italia in downrownNew Orleans, creared by local businessdynamo Joe Maselli. is a visual tribute romeir triumphs and tragedies in crearing thisgreat American ciry.HBO's unwillingness to promote rhisrare positive portrayal of our communirywim the same resources and energy that irThe new United States quarter with Declarationsigner Caesar Rodney, descendent of Sir JuliusCaesar (Adelmare) shown on page 13.successful in keeping alive rheir rootsnorwimstanding me relative size of meircommunities or conrriburions. Hisrorybooks teach American children of CrispusArtucks, a Negro killed during the BostonMassacre. Everyone knows of Polish generalsKozsiosko, and Pulaslci, or me German VonSteuhen. or the Frenchman Lafayerre; theyarc the stuff of legends. As is one of thefinanciers of rhe Revolution jacobSolomon(?), a Jew. But to ignore and to burywhar rhe lralic people did for America, andthis conrincnr, is a gross oversight.• *(Don fi'irm• tmisud in this llrticle)has devoted to a ficrional New Jersey crimeboss and his charmingly depraved srreet crewis symptomatic of a much larger problem."You want re~ptct?" rl1e proud, imprisonedJoseph Machecha shouts to his fellow Italianinmares, as they shiver with despair in medarkness. "Behave as though you haveearned ir!" We have, of course, earned it, yetthe powers-rhat-bc have figuratively-andsometimes lirerally-srrangled and bludgeonedit our of w. The biggest tribute thatItalian Americans can give to the suffering oftheir ancesrors is ro seek our meir srory viabooks and movies like Vendetta and educaterhemselves.(Reprinted with permission from Lhe Fra NoiNews Service.).[Note: This movie is now available atBlockbuster Video Srores]

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