in

Recent FictionCAI]RINQurnrr.. I FLoilr.\r.\ ...CARLIL'Irlrr,rxo tr fIt:ssorrxr(; UGT-IEI-NIINETTI'lrlr Brzzanrr ...1'I DTI{AV"dLI-ESronre rr l)elsrI'ItOSPERI'fIulrsrs rNToR-\otsOOK SERVNCE DEPARTMTENTATLANTICA olicrs the ltalian l-rooks listcrl bclotr at a great sar,ing on current prices. Anof 1SVa is allon'ec1 to cvery paid subscribcr. No cxtra chargc for postage.ATLAr\TICA rvill also obtain for its readers an1' boolt published in this countrl at the publisher's plice, less acliscottnt oi. I\Vo (u.ith thc cxception oi tcxt-l.rooks) to ai1 subscribers uho have paid for one vcar in advance.No chargc ior postagc.w tiri tiuT.Vnnnr (rr, Rotr{xNzo ulr-r, 'orrnr)2 \,oLS. .Criticism and EssaysP,AI,]I II'RI{lrosr r'Crntrr c' t .. ...rlr\ttrl,\llinl uN srcARo n L'rr-rneRrs-T.\1r f AAr*TONINIIr rltrrno coN rJrtrrloR-\Nao 1tr_rRl\(I\..\N'IONl NIll tLlt*o cor"TEMPoR-\\_Eo I\I r \r.l-\1.2()r.2al.2t)I.2A"I'J)E BI-ASIL'Irrrre rcoro \I\Ir-rrr::IBiography\TAZZLCCHELLII{ogrsrrrnre . .OSSE\DO\\-SNIl-rNI\I}TATT,CCCHELLII-r J[-rro-r s.r t:i(fI:or:re'f.rrr::r.'I-OC,\TEI-LiL' -\rrrRE Iln:r:::TravelcrEr-o......:rEc;.\\i\-r.rcci \.1(1\'\'E\TfB: D],\ I-I]1]RTI\I-\LLr"l rrtt r'' qtc:ncriro: \t:t; a:coz7..\):oI lnrr:r rScnd ordrBOOKPoetrrpit slr,liiI],\RBIERAI Porrr2 \'or.s \'oLS. .nrr srcoro XIXrs: srrrr sorno iu ;;;;; ....$5.006.00MiscellaneousP.\PI\IGoc (rar L-{rEsr BooK or Palrur) 1.5 0DELI,.{ ROCCAsrr;-rcrrtrr-r' (Boor oF DTt-2.00]IOTTI\I\-lrtcro grr tsore o'oro::-:)': llISTORY OF.tRT) .. 1.20C^\FPEI-I ETTISio:r-r n'Ir-rrtl (rarcr voruur,1:IRfCTIYEL! BOLTND IN CrOrg) . . 5"00Dictionaries;.\\F.{\I E RIGUTINI\-:araot:RIo .......RO!ERTSD:z::rrnro frllrANo-Irycrosn n::::::s:-Ir-trrl\o--l voLUME . .'_- 1-{\-Ir:::::l fT-\LIAN A\D ITALTANE :: :::: !: Drctrol-lty-pocr{ET SrzE:? r); 11-11tJ: -{:osrr\r)Every Cwt"twre,d trtolian in the 't-initedShould Flave a Copy ofDr. James J. Walsh's Book:,.WHAT CIVTLTZATION OWES TO ITALY''StratresDn. Janrs J. Wer.sxI)r. Walsh's book oea'sItaly's con tribution Io : i .'are the foliou'ing:PaintingSculptureArchitectureX{usicArts and CraftsIlai:a: S::: l;.islipi,ri,:.:::.-;\/_.-.' -E :* i]Ie: :: ti-,r,,i InduenceGre.: .,.i-rirel cf Itbh'e"-ei\' phase of:oi,ics discussedLiterature lialiai-- Ci:iesEducatiun Di-.:o'.'e:.rs ar-rci ExplorersFeminine Education Itaiian -{iiisrs in theU:lr:e r Staies CapitolREGUL{R PRICE: $3.O0OUR PRICE. to everv paid subscriber toATL{\TIC-{. is $2.00.TO NE\\r SUBSCRIBERS. ior a linited period of time, weare glad to offer Dr. \\'-alsh's book together *'ith one year'ssubscription to ATLANTICA. for the exceptional price of $5.ADDRESS: BOOK SERVICE ATLANTICA, 33 West 70th St.. Nerl York City/'1 L,l\'Tlc.4. L:oiat I)LLst S trau tl.;burgX]I'q.\o. ,5. - lf ar, 1931. Publi-thedilnd(r tlrc ,1ct of March 3, 1879.trIontlly b1, F. Casso!oCofjrisht 1931.Errlcrcd l.r ,\-rr I

ATLANITICA. N{AY, 1931 193Telephone:Hanover 2-2900Cable Addresses:Casselco-Neu.: YorkStruppyl-New YorhCASSEL, STRUPP & CO.Members NewMembers NewYork StockYork CurbExchangeExchangeFifty-Two Wall StreetNew YorkMadison Ave. & 41st St.St. Nicholas Ave. & 181st St.New York CityHotel Samuels,Jamestown, N. Y.PRIVATB WIRES TO CANADABOOKS ABROADA Quarterly Publication Devoted to Commenton Foreign Books Issued by the University ofOklahoma Presso University of Oklahorna,Normano Okla.ROY TEMPLE HOUSE,University of Oklahoma, Editor"I arn sur_p-rised that anything so competent in itschosen field should be given"away frel to a,nyoneinterested in Errropean literature. 'There is a Sa.taClarrs."Professor Simon Deptula, Lehigh University."Yorrr reviery is gctting better and ProfessorDomenico Vittorini.University of Pennsylvania.* Molto interessar-rte.', Professor AlbertoBertolino, Bibliotecario della facolti di GiJrisprudenzia.R. Universit6 di Siena, ltaly.BOOKS ABROAD will be sent withour chargeto college and public libraries and to individualswho may be interested. For adver.tising rates write to Todd Downing, Advertis.ing Manager, BOOKS ABROAD, Universityof Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma.L. Gandolfi eL Co., Inc.,CHRYSLER BUILDING,4O5 Lexington Ave., New york, N. y.,q>-___a1_Fernet-Brdnca,Acqua Minerale San pellegrino,Pomidoro Pelati e Salsina Bertolqi,Formaggio Reggiano BertoTqi,Olio di Oliya "Blue Cross,',Pecorino Romano Brundu,Amaro Felsina pe

Atl. nti..', ObrnPvotrngf T rr as Z.oE-l _\cals ago last -\prilI 2lst, according t,' tradilion. lltatthe mvthical Rornulus marked outthe position oi the \\'-a11s of Romeon Palatine Hill, and founded theEterr-ral Cit1,. Declared a nationalholidav b1' tl-rc Fascist Government.that day' rvas celebrated throughoutall Ital1' r,r-ith man,u-' ceremonies.Rome has stood thror-rg1.r thcages. anil iLs ltrre has alrvays beertThe new Diogenes in search o{ a customer._-Frorn,,IL12t)," lilorelt.cstr:ong. This comes partl1', as tlreNew liorh Titnes said editorialh'."from its long and continuous history,and its significance to the ciYilizationand the leligion of then-nrld. Partly this is clue to thetreantv of its setting, celebrated irlcvery literature of the n'orlcl. ancltl:re fame of its rnins. Ilut chieflr-.per-l'raps, it splings f rom tl,e factthat the very streets lthich Caesar.Rienzi and Garibaldi trod. r,vhichhave echoecl to the l ar-cries of theVandals an

^{TLANTICA'S OI]SER\,'ATORY195. ...: .'rruntr)- has given athletics and-: '-:ptruilcling o{ the phvsical bod_i,:-. ar:-ieral more attention than anl':'l:r .qOVernment.-\thletics ancl phvsical educatior-rL:: reing srlpported by the Italian: \ ir.nnlelrt; L,ngland and Ger-:: ;rtl and otlf o\tin country also.:: {r'eaLl-\' irrtcreslerl irr phl.sicai: .:. atiorr. brrt tlrere is no goverrr-:', ::.ii?1 sr-rpport. This I have al-',' :.i s believed to be a serious mis-",\nd in ortler to present a po\v-:':ul lesson as to the possibilitr- of':,.r1opir.rg sr-rper-health in a large: -:::tl,er of ,r'oung rlen I extenclecl-:r inlitation to the Undersecretarl->tate ior Ph1'sical Education,-:::-irirto Iiicci, under Benito Mussor:i. to entertain as m), guests fortr-: rnore l:or-lllg Italians f or the',rrpuse of maliing a clemonstration.l-.:rt I believe u'i1l have u'orldu,ide.: !-lti1. can ce. "-\ booli bv Thonas B. Nlorgan.. :hc ltome lrureau of the Unitecl-r"-.ss. is to contain the record of.-r result of this experiment.-*vouCA N'TTM rss-T1 H ll nrrrrual Prrlirzer arvardsI 'listliL,rrted irr Lhis r'ountry arei , r,11sj1l6'12l,le ilterest arrd impor-:ance. but so. too, are the fouri,:'izes oi 50,000 lire each recentl\-;.i','arclerl by the "Corriere dellaScra" oI \,filan through the Ltaliari- \ cademl'.The recipients l'ere Ada Negri:',r- the literature prize. Ildebrando:':zzetti for the music prize, Pietroi ): Fr-ancisci, the Roman scholar,:r,ir his classical studies, and Filippol)e lilippi, companion of the Duke'ti -\hrszzi in the latter's expiora-:rons in the l-Timalavan \{ountains.HI Florentine section of theI Naval T-eague has offered theItalian Gor.crnment rlocuments relatingto the celebratecl Tuscan explorer,Gior,anni da Verrazano.ri'hose e-xplorations in North Americain the 15th Century are u'ellknou'n.It is said the_v corroboraterhe autherrticitl-of many of rheclaims made for Yerrazzano. Themore important of the documentsu'il1 be exhibited to the public fora rvhile b,efore being preserved inr,,ne of the great Italian libraries.TERNAL ROME-Naples,with Pompeii silent in thesun and Vesuvius trailinga lazy plume across thatturquoise sky-Florenceof the Renaissance-Venice,the ltalian Riviera-Milan and the Scala. Howcan one afford to crossthe Atlantic without visiting ltaly?And because it has so much 1o offe'r,Italy has opened a new tourist informationoffice in New York City to serve you in cooperationwith the tourist agencies and steamshipcompanies. Literature is sent-routesand hotels suggested. flTo assure the utmoste.njoyment from your trip, take advantage ofthe facilities offered by the of f icial travei representativesof the Royal ltalian Covernment.Meantime, let us send you interesting literatureon present dav travel in ltaly"T3? .F!fJt'. A"g1u.9_,S-1u ib! !-u!l{ing N ew york CityITALIAN TOURIST INFORMATION OFFICT

196THE FIRE IN THE FLESH, by GarihaldiM. LaS,olla. 319 poges. Ncti,Yorh: The Vanguard Press. $2.50.t-l*t HIS is prolrabll'the flnesl rrorelI to have emerged f rorn tlre h;rrr,lsoi an ltalian-Arrrelit'arr in rrrarrr'vears. Not $rithout reason have thepublishers calied fir. Lapolla "thedistinguished author of a distinguishedhrst novel." The fielc1 oi literatu'L'eis one in rvhich ltaii;in-Americans have lagged, comparedlr.ith other fields. Nor.v ther, are inrlebtedto Mr. Lapolla i.i a realcontribution to this fielti oi ietters.TlTe storl', alrvay-s smoldering anclsometimes flaring up u-ith passionancl feeiing, revolves about a centralcharacter', Agnese, beautiful,desirable, strong-r,villecl ancl far tooself-contained for a nature as passionateas hers, rvho is ieft r'vith achild in Italy b1' the priest Gelsomino,r,vhom she loves not u'isely buttoo r'vel1. Michele Dantone, stoiid,plodding, and long an admirer o{hers, marries her clespite l-rer prerdicament,and later the ri'l'role farni-1], migrates to Arner-ica, lilte thousandsof their countrymen.Through Agnese's business acumenand abilitl' at driving a bar:-gairr, the Dantone f amily" f orgcsahead in the neur countrl': they"make America." But Agnese, u'hoaroLlses and attracts men. and lr,hois therefore disliked b1'her gossipl'neighbors even though she lepulsesthem, is not happv. Her success becomesashes in her mouth, till Ge1-somino. r",-ho also has left the hornetorvn of Villetto ancl has travelerlabout as a sailor trying to iorget her,comes to Ncn' Yot'l' aiter tttanr'yeafs.Complications set in, all of rvhichare masterfullv handled bv- the atlthoru'ith a fine feeling for the immigrantItalian's ps1'chs]6g1'. F iitinglvenough, Gelsornino and Agnesemeet as a clirnax in a churchr'vhere they have gone to pray forstrength to resist temptations. Inevitabletragedy follor'vs, a result o{that "fire in the flesh" that is theold longing for each other of thett'o central characters.There is depth to the author'sunderstanding of his characters, andthere is skill, even artistrv, in theway they are depicted against afaithfully painted background oI atypical Little Italy ol t$.enil,' )'ea1-sago. Perhaps "The Fire in theFlesh" is not the Great ltalian-American Novei that l-ill sorire da1'be rvtitten. but it certaitrlr- seemsBooks In Briefto be the nearest approach to thatlevel that has 1'et appeared.I"Ir. Lapoila, now an elementarl'-school principal in Brooklyr, rvasborn in Rapolla, Italy in 1888, andcame as a child rl,ith his parents toGaribaldi M. LapollaAuth'or of "The Fire in the Fiesh"this countrr,, r'r-hele he rvent throughthe schoois ti1l he uras gra.luatedt'r'orrr Cnlurnhia.ITALIALI ADt/L:.NTt.tRE. by Isabel C.Clarkc. 28, 1ogc.t. l\'e:; J-orl:: Lottqrtttt.tts,Gre en & Co. $2.50.'T\ ll lS t'harnrirra rroi'el tells theI story oi a youttg, unknow'tr rt'oman,r'vho was found lying desperatelfinjured outside the gates ofPrince Delfino's villa not far flonr\Iilan. Ile carries hel into the houseand lin

ATI,ANTIIAThe Italian Monthly ReviewFounded in 1923CONTENTS FOR MAY, t93llter,y's FoRnrcN Porrcr, as defined by.........Dino Grandi I99Fonercn Lo.c.^Js: How They Aflect National Finance arrd EconomyAlberto De' Srefani ZAzJnwrsrr Auruons aNo Lrrnnerunn IN frary .'frrp Anr oF TrlE Tnncrnro. Giuseppe Prezzolini 205..Franco Bruno Averardi 2t)9'"To Htlrp Orrrens To FlErp TsErusnLvrs.',Ten Years of the Italian V'eJfare League. ..Donrinick Lamonica 212Tru SrcNrrrcANcE or Trrr N.lrronar, Urvrco Crue MovrMsxrJames R. Lomauro 2t4GrovaxNr Fronro. ftalian-Enelish Man of Letters . .. .Anthony M. Turano 276Tnlcrrnns oF IrAr,rAN.. . .Catherine R. Santelli 219srsrnn JusrrN.r, An Apostle of tlre rtalians.Irrn V/.ryweno frer,uN Boyb;Ttra MnuorRs or Luzzerrro".","*"uDnam,l ewo MusrcTrrE lrA.rrei\s rN Corllr,roc.r.rcu1.THn frerr,lxs rls Trrn UxrrEo SrarrsA MrNreruRE A.,rr''orocr oF rrer-r.q.N Lrrnnerunn (r. Italian)Art,,lwuc.q.'s OnssRv.troRrlBoons fN Bnrnr,Etloardo Marolla*T":lT""*"j:. . . Baptisra R. paganoToprcs oF TlrE Mor'JlH Edward Corsi 198221oo9L;at225.r.r,7229qat!Jr)239194t96I{...Cassola, trt. D.. Editor & Publisher: GiovanniEditor. Scbiaro,.l\tanaginsPublished I\Ionrhlv Editor: DominickennuatLamonica, As.ociatesubsaifil;;,li::;0.'33 West S;;;L' ;;p"":i;.'7.0th Street. New-york -irt. -T;bpt;;''ela;""iit Editorial and General Offices.be ttpezu.viren. z-8b64. Copyrishtaccompauied uith reiurn p"itogi-oia'-ii}cssed.1931. All manusrribts shoil,llor unsolicitedto tti'Eiiii'i. Nomanu"criprs,responsibility is as"unredaopyrigh.t 1931. No article or story in this magazine can be reprinted zaholly or in part utithoutspeciol perntissiort.197

Topi., "f tl'n M"nth8,, ED\yARD CCllSlI f ) LY a rul H tr.*sitr lra re t'e-L neu't'tl llrtir !t'nde ogt Pewt,entof August 2ncl last, ancla,re planni,ng a further erchanqe of gootls t.uh,ich, slLou,lcJbe of great help to tlr,e tu:ocou,n"tries. ILast yea,r some 200,-000,000 lit r: ol ltaLicnt, procluctsfound their u,cty into Russia.'['h,'is m,ay tncreu,se to 350,000,-000 lire tlr,is .r1e,ar. One of thefeat,nres of this tratle 'is theRu,ssicLn use of ltulian, sh,ips to(:onue'U Russitt,tt tlttocl,s not onl'yinto ltaly but to ports en, route.Another is th,e yseculiarf riendship th,at erists betu;een,tlr,e tu; o cor,n'r,t r ies. C omm,u,nist sa'nd tr'ascists (tre as far rem,oL,erl,as th,e poles, bu,t on tlt,eth,eo t'y that busit'tes.s i,s bu,si,-'ttess. tt,ttcl th,ctt ctt ltom,e eat:lt,ntag do as it please.s, tltey 11r:ton t'entarltaltlu rcall. Rom,e is,ptt,t'suittg u;h,at. it call,s a realisticpoli,cy, in, other t,uorils, ct,1tt'a,ctic:ul brrsi}icss policy f ou,ndr:,tlon ec:lnlnxic rr:alities and, d,esiqnedto ytrom,ote the basicneerl,s of the ltalicnt, people.'T---| 'l'.1LI' lttrrl uplilietl tltis pul-L icy to Spain nttl ertendedrecogntt'ion to th,e neto Span'isltReytubli,c. I'he foct tha,t theItalians tilere awtong the first torecogniae tlte new reginte'inth,at corrtttry slLoulcl set at restthe rumors tltat Ront.e ancJ nIad,rid.are at loggerhead,.s.Tlt,ere 'is ttr-.trreen tlt,e ltali,anartrl, STtani,sh, ytr:ople an, a/fini,tyof bl,oorJ and cultut'e tu'h,i,clt, will,altuaqs lte the basr,s of a genuineinterest in eaclr, oth,er'su,elf are. Both cotuttries are tlt'eoffsytrinlt of Rome, ancl to thisilay go back to R.onr,e f or manyof tlt,ei,r conternporary trad,iti.ot't,s.IIoreo'uer tlLere are not,us between Spain an,cl Italy, theconfl,icting interests eni,stittgltetueen Italy ancl tr',rance. 'f'lt,r:passi,n11 of Al,fonso matl h,auecctusecl s certa'in. di,sappoi,tr,tntentin ltalian ci'rcles, ulr,ereh,e ruas u:ell, hno,**n and, m,ucltliked. Btrt in ltaltl the prospectsof a clreater and, h,appiet'Spai,n are tn, Ii,ne u,ith, Italianintr:.rests. trI oreouer, ue ntttstn,ot for,c1e,t that Italinns lmueItarl their outn, troubles ttith, tlteB 0urblns.--+--II E uph,r:crt,al in Spaittadcls one tyL()te (.iot(l'Ltry tothe many throu,ghou,t tlte uot'lrli.n pt'ocess of reuoluti,on and rebuilding.It i,s estittt,ated, tltatnt,ost o/ the earth, ,is ntrtre or[,ess 'itt, cltao.s, ancl suclt peace ese:rists' is li,m,itecl to th,o.se colnttr''ies,our ou:n tncluclecl, u:hicltIr,aae ntore tltan, lheir sltare o{the uorld,'s .qooils.China, Inditt, cr, n d, Russictalotte, tu'ith, on,e bi,ll,ion people,g1i,ue an ,irttytressiae iclect of theuastness of the reuoluti,onat't1moue,tn,ent. In Central antlSouth Amertca lLalf a d,ozert t'epubli,csh,aue changecl h,ancls,ultile in Eu,rope social cLrtcl po.litical eaperi,m,ents clot the cotttinentli,ke a, clt,eckerboa,rcl.In rliscussinq th,e ccntses oftlr,e ytresent er:onontic d,epre-*-.sion, orte m,ust rtot ouerlook tltisun s ettLed state of a.ff a'ir s,'**hicltuflects r:iole,'ntly the course oftrutlrl tta,lt'. 'f ltate is tr (rt'llclose relatiott betu:een peaceanrl bttsiness, r.tnil the argumentth,at bu,s'iness nlen, u;ant warsf or profit is not as gtlausible asit ntay seetn. It is i,mpossibl,eto sell sl'Loes to tlt,e Chineseuhile tlt,ey are too busy fig1hti,ngand sr:raytping anlon!/ thentselues,or to /incl outlets forcotrunoditie.g itt, foreign countriesutlr,ile sont e 2,000, 000, 0002teoytle are LLtalliltg ciuil u;ar ofone kin,cl or anol,her.r98In this corsrttt't1 .sctnte politiciansstill d,oubt the uisdom otg reater i,nternational cooyteratictnon our part. Rut ;just assoott as y:eople real'ize thatnxanA of thent are out of workbecause ol the thin,gt.s h,appeningi,n Ttnr,buctoo or Xlanuquatltere shotrlcl be a chenqe ofIteart in, Washinqtln._ _*___E are lt,auittg ct littLe oiuilu:ar of our oLon 'in Nett:l'orl;. 'f'he fiqLLt betuer:,n Tanr,-tnan'Ll ancl the lrtrces of ci,uic reforntqa'ins in intensi,ty as the,Sraltury Contm,i,ttee preparesto rlelue into the, affai,rs of thecitr1. IIu,ch, i,s erpectecl of thisComntittee, but mhetltr:r ornotit rcill .sati.sfy tlto.se who i,ttsistrttt prorino th,ot Nem York i,stlte u'ot'st gouerned cit.tf irrilmet ica remai.tt.c to be see,n.Tantmany, heauil,y und,er.fire, is keeping up i,ts coura,lJeu:ell; rchi,le Mayor lYalkeriirr.sf/e-s about tlte town shoutin.qtltat ltis enenfies are theItLol .' ,,.f JIoscotr and their1e)t?e is to tear il,oton the Starsanrl St t'ipes. II'o,lker, m,i,rabileI ic'trr. retains hi,s poytularity,tnd all tlte a,ttacks of lns criti,csItar,'e only increased the &tr)-plause of his friend,s.f ew 7'ork, bttsy uri,th, a thou-.*attrl t'ltitt{ts and som,ewh,at cynic'al,is cr city th,at nutst be-

IIt"lu', F. r'er qn D"ltcuo. J"fin"J b,, Dino CnonJtiljl.. D-\S('IST ltalr'," as Ilft Duco lr a s 'tleclaretl,^ t'has rlorre her duty.t'-11,1 not once alone. She has',.;rztr-sdone it, from the day,-:-,:u llussolini, head of thetr ,\'e].rlnent, gave Italy a nervjel with lLis l{arch on Ronrc,;r.,'[ ie Italy's internatiorral re-,rlions an uns\\rerving guide,r -:lainirlg, in err€rl circum-::ance, smooth or troublesome,r:'ithful to itself. Not for al:,r-. ltut for nine vears, abroacl:.> weil as at home, Mussolini's",,'iic)- has fo-llou'ec1 the singlc, ilrr. consistcrrt anrl harrnon-- 'l:. of peace: a political, so-'.e1 ancl economic peace of:.1r.-sses, citizens, groups; a rerl:.llouspeace, ancl a peacemong'the Nations. A sincere.'rt:ilc€1 not a deceptive one ; alr-namic peace, not a static one,'ecause it is made up of peo-''1,,- 11rr,l merr wlro live. I{. aimsrLl'or-e all at truth. Its prernise,rr,l its mark consist in the spirrtualand material strength ofl countly rvhich is conscious ofthe rig'hts l'hich it mrist clet'enr1,and rvirich is all.ar-sI'each:, whenet'er and whereverlecessary, for any sacrifice for.ts clefense ancl its future.A ferv days after the Marcli{t}n Rome, in 1922, Mussolinirras at Lausanne. On that octa,rionhe sowed the first seeds.f that Italian polic,v in therastern Mediterranean, which,aftet' eight ,r'ears of patientrrrllk, grew into that series ofaqreements n'hich r,eally signalizedthe beginning of a newera of peacc ancl cooperationamong the States of the East-ern Nlecliterrar]ean. Soon afterLausanne, \Iussolini was iriLondon, and it riras in L'ondonthat he presented his "Plan forOn March 15, 1931, DinoGrandi, Italian Minister ofForeign Affairs, read his annualreport on Italy's foreignpolicy before the Chamber ofDeputies. He dwelt at lengthon the negotiations which ledto the Franco-Italian navalagreement, stressing how thegeneral postulates of Italianpolicy, in the matter of navaldisarmament, have been thesame since Premier Mussolinilaid them down in his speechbefore the Senate on June 8,1928. They are: 1) Reductioncf armaments to the lowestpossible limit; 2) Parity wittrthe strongest Continentalnaval power. Signor Grandiwent on to reiterate what hehad already said in his reporiof May 9, namely, that since1924 Italy has never taken theinitiative in new naval construction,but has kept pacewith the French program ofnaval construction, He alsostated that although Italycannot accept the report ofthe Preparatory DisarmamentCommission of the League ofNations in all its parts, she isworking towards the successof the disarmament conf erenceto be held in 7932. Thelatter part of his address follows:Settlement, of lVar Dcbts andReparations,tt whose elementswere incorporated later in theDawes Plan, and afterrvarcl inthe Young PIan, and which isstill inspiring the efforts ofItalian polic;-, rvlfch aims atsolving, justly and equitably.that problem whictr is pr.obaLrlvthe rnost serious carlse of theeconomic (and therefore political)distress from rvhich Buropeis suffering. trascist Itallr.asthe first of thcr victor nationsto extencl irer lrand g.enerouslyto the nations rvho mctwith adversit-rr in rvar. She recognizesthat the only way ofguaranteeing the conclitions ofa lasting peace is not that ofstifling these peoples, but onthe contrary, to seek to renderthe differences less bitter, toimprove the conclitions of theirdornestic life, and to clirectanew these nations toward ar-legree of prosperit;' and faithin thernselves which would redonnclto the advantage of Europeas a rvhole.After the Lonclorr conferencecarne the bitter conflict overthe Ruhr. Once again Fascistpolicy, in close collaborationrvith that of the British, tookpeaceful ancl rnoderating stepsin orcler to limit the crisis anrlrecluce its consecluences asmuch as possible. In 192i1 N{ussoliniconcluded a p:rct offrtenclship, arbitration andneutralit,v with another greatLatin and friendl;' nation,Spain, thereby beginning thatpolicy of pacts of friendshipand actirre collaboration, whichhas continued uninterruptedl.vtiil the present day, towardsall States without clistinctions,obliterating, that is, every unjustdifference betrveen victorarrcl r,anquishetl States, a crite-199

200rion which is repugnant to therealistic ancl humane commonsense of the Italian spirit, andaiming particularly at a programof peacelul balanceamong the States of EasternEurope. The foreign policy ofFascism has nevel concerneditself rvith questions of dootrineor party. The resumptionof our relations withRussia also dates back to 1923.This action proves thestrength, and at the sametime, the patriotism of a Regimeready, if necessarv, toovercome all antitheses whenit is convinced that this correspondsto the interests of thecountry. But this was notenough. There was the distressingquestion of the Adriatic.l:fussolini did not hesitate, he cut short every dispute,he settled a1l controversies,giving what was probablythe loftiest example of a willto peace that had been seen afterthe war, a will to peacethat indeed deserved a differentreception and a better fortune.Tn1925 Mussolini was at Locarno,where he put his signaturenext to that of the representativefrom Great Britain.Italy, there, had no direct intereststo defend. But Locarnosignified a matter of tremendousimportance for thelife and the peace of Burope,the first step torvards conciliationbetween France and GermanJr,a peace pledge exchangedbetween the two greatnations.'Tt HE )'ear' 1926 was markedI by Italy's policy towarrlAlbania. ,It was Italy rvhoguaranteed her independence,aided her reconstruction, andinsured the normal conditionsof life and the domestic developmentof this little but importantAdriatic State, whosepeaceful existence, even thoughsanctioned by the Treaties, hadbeen uncertain and insecure upto a year or s'o previously.ATLANTICA, MAY, 1931In the meanr'vhile our loyaland aclive cooperation with theLeague of Nations has been intensified,not only in the solu-,tion of the great general prob-,rlems entrusted to the League,.,t"t iitso to build upr on u Jo.iand firm basis, the morai anclmaterial reconstruction of Eu,rope, arrcl at the same time todefend, against every possibilityof corrosion, that specifictype of international justicewhich determined the creationof the Geneva institution.There has been, in fact, nobeneficial or useful initiative inthe political, financial, social, oreconomic field that has notfound Fascist Ita15' 111i*u1.Uby the most sincere good rvill,reacly to crystallize and realizeit for the common interest.0ften it has been Italy herseif,at the Geneva meetings, whoIras made proposals, indicatedsolutions and contributecl directly,even in a financial sense,so that definite and importanlinitiatives should be conceivecland brought to completion.Itaiy's aclherence to the optionalclause of the PermanentCourt of Interrrational Justiceis a matter of recent historv,and it u'as only about a monthago that we affxed our signatureto the Convention for thefinancial assistance of Statesvictims of aggression. TheHead of the government has r:ecentlygiven me instructions tobegin and carry through plansaiming at putting Italy in a positionto adhere to the GeneralAct of Conciliation and Arbitration,an Act of great importance,through u'hich the signatory-g1u1.s bind themselves torefer to an Arbitration Tribunal,the controversies that ma;',from time to time, arise amongthemselves. But who, aboveall, can forget the contributionof Itaiian policy to the solutionof the problem of clisarmament,which affects today, and will affectstill more tomorrow, thefuture of the Nations ?Disa,rnr,am,ent as the soluttonof problems of securi,ty ; econom'ic co-orcJ'inatr,on ainting atlJrc r'eli,ef of all countries fromtlt,e present cri,sis; actiott, teniltngto bring obout a closer uni,tyanr,ottg tl'te cottntri,es of Europe.These three aspects ofthe world situation, examinedespeciall-v cluring the past yearat international meetings, bvGovernments, in Parlianentsand by priblic opinion, have al-\\'a\-s reprcsented, in the rnindof thc Fascist Government, asingle problem. Tt presentsitself irr various phases, now asthe necessit-r. of reilucing armaments,now as the necessit--v ofcoordinating economic regimes.now as a, tendency to insure amore just equilibrium amongthe Nations. But it is fundamentallr'alwaysthe same probiem,wirich needs to be €\arlr:ined and solved with the courageof a logic that shall interpretthe exact connections anclinter-relations of the parts.The problem of the peace is a,problem essentially unitarian.The truth is that the worlrl hasrarely been Urrough a crisis as\'ast ancl as complex as thepresent one, and it has founclitself confronted by problemsas great as the5. were unexpected.Rarelr- has it felt, as now,the action of historical forcesthat attack openlv the illusionof immobility, the myth accordingto wlfch the belief prevailsthat it is possible, at agiven moment, to fix foreverthe lines along which the lifeof peop)es must move.,T, HE exleut of the crisis irrI the economic field ean be,at least approximatel,v, measuredby the indices of commerceand unemployment, bythe deficits in national budgets,and by the decrease in the valueof stocks. But the politicalcrisis cannot ,be measured.None of us knows exactly itsdepth. It presents extremelyrraried aspects, and we can only

:-,.lerstand its complexity if we,,-'rsi*-ler the efforts of which it:,?: treen. born, the proportionsj t:re last war, the upheavals-: las produced, the territoriala'',:i financial upsets, ancl thei,essions left in its wake.^{ricl it \!as as a consequence:,1,,i a clevelopment of theser*rJ- concepts that the Fascist{'i,,,r€}1]nf€r}t, in its memoraninmof July 4, 1930, declared'' ,t on}1- that it entertainecl nor,r'*conceptions against ther,r',rjpg1 of a "European Un--.,ri. " but, on the contrary, that-t was willing to cooperate in."rr,ler that the idea might be:r"anslated into reality.1 F rou will e-ramine the corfcepts wbich tlLe Fascist Gov-:I'Iln1errt, in its memorandum,'t July 4th, declared fnndanentalto a program of Euro-|,e&rl union, concepts whichItal5 has sustained and defenciedduring the recent discilssionsat Geneva, you will seetirat thev are not isolated ele-:nents, but closely connectecl1,arts of a single system ofi'leas. This system is founclecl,in the principle that a truer,r:lo-.er and- more efficacious co-,,rperation among the States ofEurope cannot be establishecland insrrred if it is not accordingto a policy of internationaljustice and equality, if it cloesnot seek an effective eveningancl integration of the forces ofEurope, if it does not defenclthe integrity of the Europeancommunity, without at thesame time isolating the latterfrom the phenomena, closelylinked, of world politics ancleconomics, if it does not reduceITALY'S FOREIGN POLICYthe armaments of the nations,and if it does not bring abouta better harmony among differenteconomie regimes.Since the end of the greatWar, European politics has,been tormented by the conflictof two-great forces, betweenwliich an equilibrium has notyet been found: olr one hand,the collective impuise to establisha regime of cooperationmore orgarric, more seeule artdmore stable than that existingbefore the War, and. on theother hand, the impulse of incliviclualStates to establish autonomouss_vstems tending toinvigorate those principles ofdefence of their own interestswhich represent the most diffidentsolution, let us say, of theproblems of international coopelaiiorr.Fascist Itaiy is against tenclenciesto estabiish closed systemswithin Europe. These are,in our judgment, the origin ofdivisions and secessions whichendanger, more seriously thananything else, the peace and thetranquility of the nations./-r'r tTE formation of a blocI leads inevitably to theformation of another bloc.Thus there are produced, automatically,powerful concentrationsof interests which tend toseparate from one another,nuclei of forces which watchand threaten each other.Blocs and systems of militaryalliances are negative elementsin the maintenance ofpeace, which demands that theforces and the wil1s of peoplesbe unitecl, not separated.It is on the basis of just thesemtprinciples that ltaly has itsfunction and place in Europe.l'his function finds, in the guaranteesassumed as an effect ofthe Treaty of Locarno, its politicaland juridical expression.\f,/ ITH tlre passing of theV Y year.s, the Italiarr peoplefeel more and more deepll' thata sure ascent is markeil in theirdestinl'. A fundamental andd.etermining element in Europeanequilibrium, the Itaiiannation furthermore has an independent,unswerving andprecious mission of its on n.It is a mission of equillbrium,of conciliation amongdifferent and contrasting peoples,races and ideas which islinked in history with the ageoldpolicy of our glorious Dynastl',expanding along' muchvaster lines and plans for thefuture.There was a time when ltaly,on the eve of its greatest nationaleffort, called her libertl.and her rights "sacro egoismo." Toda-v this fornnlano longer entirely satrsfies ourspirit. We breathe more deepty.The horizon is vaster. Oureyes want to see afar. Thegreatness of a nation is measuredby the extent of the interestsit has to defend, and alsoby the importance and tire nobilit}'of the duties it has to fulfiI.To be eonseious of a nrissionto fulfil: this is the mark thatraises peoples and men up outof a dull mediocrif' !This moral, ideal and thereforeuniversal larv constitutesthe model and thc goal of Fascistltalv.

F" Pei qn L""nsHo* Thn,, Aff".t l\olionol Finon.n onJ E.ono-gB,f Alb"nto D"o StefoniFr"-no ltolio. Mirtrtr,n of Firo'."[DURCIIAlFrlare not alfwavs matle for cash. Anvtone rvho o'ntains goocis orservices ,outside his countrl.and who does not pay forthem in cash, contracts a foreigndebt. 'I'he seller makeslrinr a loan: he lends him theprice of the goods or of theservices sold to him.The problem of foreignloans, as regards Italy, wouidbe restricted in this case, to thequestion as to whether it wouldbe useful to our country to bu-vfor cash or to buy for eredit.['seful, rrol irr a Eterreral sense,because in such a case it wouldhave no meaning, but consicleredmerelv in particular instancesand in given circumstances.trYiren the foreign seller demandscash payment, or allowsa delay that is unsatisfactoryto the purchaser, the latter maybe successful in finding someoneto lend him the amount ofthe price of the goods or servicesacquired, that is to sa]' thesum of mone)r 4eeded in theeurrency agreeable to the selier'.The cash payment in thisrvay is replaced by payment b,vinstallments comprising theprice, and the interest on theprice. Putting on one sicie theduplication of the person ofthe seller, l{e are in the presenceof a sale by installmentsfrom one country to another.The ftalian purchaser ofgoods or services abroad willprefer to apply, for the amountt-rf the funds necessar)' for tlrepayment, to any foreign bankerwhowill give him the bestconditions, that is to say oneThe writer of this article isconvinced that the delay andfailure in attaining an economicsettlement a[ter thewar is to be attributed principallyto the credit inflationcaused by war-debts and warrepar;ations,Iurther aggravatedby the gigantic launchingof international loans fqrshort or long terms during thelast ten years. This credit inflationhas created in the principalcountries of the world aprecarious economrc sttuattonand commercial currents thathave no la:sting or sound basisand never did have one. Theiiterpretations given by economistsand frnanciers as regardsthe actual crisis which}ras manifested itself withsuch gravity in trade and inthe demand for labor, disregardas a rule the above-mentionedcircumstances, whichthe author on the contrarythinks should take the firstplace in an enumeration of thecauses.In this article the examinationof the pheiomenon isIimited in particular to theItalian situation and to theillusions, not altogether disinterested,which f oreignIoans have created.who demands the lowest ratesof jnterest, smaller guaranteesthan any other, and who iswilling to arrange for reimlrnrsementsto be made bymeans of a series of instalimentsmost suited to his means.f l,' foreigrt loans lritrl rto utltet'I ob.iect or bearirrg than theones described thei' would notgive rise, as the5' do, to somany and such heated discussions.The question becomesmore complex from the factthat foreign loans are contractednot only to defer thepavment for goods or servicesobtained outside the country,but hecause in some cases, be ita person, a commercial compan-y,a Commune, a Provinceor the State, the money is lackingfor the ordinary administration,for settling the passiveaccounts falling due, for undertakingany plan of development,rvhich does no,t resolveitselt' simply into a question ofobtaining goods or servicesabroad. There are persons orinstitutes that have not themeans to make immediate paymentand that look for creditanywhere at home or abroad,according to their convenienceas regards interest, installments,guarantees or the provisionsas regards credit policytowards foreign countries inforce in eYery country.It is convenient to contractIoans with home lenders whenthe funds available of thosewho have earned them, but donot themselves use thent, aresufficient to satisfy, competitivel;',all a country's eredit re-

, -r-r'erxents. The distribution,: the credit operations be-.lr+en tire home market and the- r*ign markets strould tend: - L'reate an equality between: -,: conditions of internal andi-reign loans. Hence the

20+amount of credit uecessar';- fortheir practical realisation.The counter-value in ItalianIire of the foreign loan wouldserve to furnish the real capi.-tal corresponding to the annuitiesinto which the public contributionsare divided.But this operation of a loan,although offering the technicalconditions and the guaranteesrequired on internationai financialmarkets, might weighon the monetary circulation ofour country, at least as regarclsthat part of the foreign loanwhich directly or inclirectlywould be used for the consumptionof national goocls. It maybe alfirmed that this would beits principal application.The obligation of reimbursementand the payment of theinterest in foreign currencymight have to be effectecl inconditions not altogether favorablefor the balance of ourpayment account,s, that is, asa result of the increase in ourianded production, before amargin of commercial guaranteeis constituteil which will ensurean undisturbed equilibriumof our commercial relationsabr o a d, especiallythrough the diminished importsof agricultural products.l-\ONSIDBRI\G the actual\-' conditions of our marketas regards savings.and capital,the means that normally flow tothe financial institutes, the ascertaineiland ascertainableneeds of the greater procluctiveactivity of the country, it maybe concluded that the annualamounts available created br.ATLANTICA, },IAY, I931national savings, provided theyare wisely used, present a sufficientmargin to permit thecarrying out of the works ofland transformation that areactually under way withouthaving reoourse to foreignloans which by their internaluse could have no other practicalresult but that of becomingloans of inflation.I S regards t'he opportune-I I ness of foreign loans thereis, in Italy, no unity of views.Each one tries to generalise agiven case in which a foreignloan is advisable without drar,vinga favorable conclusionfor every case. It is necessaryinsteacl to consider each caseas it presents itself accordingto a national economic and financiaicriterion, as well as apolitical criterion. There arecertain kincls of loans, like theIoans of inflation or of credit,which seem to deserve to becondemned without furthercliscus'sion. Commercial loansmay serve to increase the productivityof the country, loansof liquidation may improve theinternal credit and monetaryloans may guarantee the curlency.But one canuot trusteven these optimistic generalisations.trVe cannot separateeither from the cost of the loan,or its amount, or the guaranteesdemancled, or the conditionsstipulated for the reimbursement,or the nationalit)'towhich the issuing market belongs,or from the actual andpotential conditions of the balanceof the accounts of payment,the loans already contracted,or the passive currentaccounts abroad.A r.'erclict genericall.v f,avorable,clrawn from the exanipleof the loans contracted withbeneficial results by colonialcountries, cannot be acceptedas proof, because it corecernscases in which the economy ofthe lencling country is linkeclais a complement to the borrowingcountry in rvhich the rapidincrease of products facilitatesthe fulfillment of the obligationsassumed. Sometimes theborrowing country becomes inits turn a lender. This i.s thecase of Switzerland which is acreditor country, but whichhandies, for its own interest,cash deposits of foreign ortgin.It is also the case of ltal,v, adebtor country, when it sells itsown products on credit or investscapital abroacl. Thisdouble financial movement asyet very tentative ancl s'ithouta balanced account, to andfrom foreign conntries, Iogicalb.indicates the future r,tirectionof our progress.rl1IIE problem whiclr I iraveI set fortlr eannot be separatedfrom the psychologicalconditions and from the spiritof enterprise of the countrywhich forrns tire basis for thepossibility of the loan beingconverted into a creatir-e forcecapable of redeeming it andutilising it for itself. Theseeonditions have nothing to dowith liberalism or its negation,as seem to some to be the case,because history presents in-Btances of expansion an'l ofdepression in every fonn ofpolitical reg'irue.

Jn,rlrh ArthcPS .nJ LitnPCt, Pein lt. le99 Ciuteppe Dn"troliniI{E Jervs in ltal-v are not\-er)' numerous. Thernost optimistic esti-Littes put them at 80,000 out ofi 1,r-rpulation of 40,000,000.1 The', e who said that Jews are the:rrit of the earth and that he:r\-er would have wanted to-ir-e in a lancl inhabited com-'l leteiv bv Jeu's, for it would-rave seemed to him to be in-,iulging in a foocl course conrt'oseclentirely of salt, rvouldilEree that the proportion ofJews in Ita15. f16t correspondst,r that of salt in foods.Their importance, howevet,in Italian sociai life is rnuchgreaier than their number.{ienera}l,v industrious, intel}irent,scholarly ancl wealth,v,ther- hold important posts infrnance, in commerce, in scienceand in the universit-v. They\rere glanted full equality in1'948 in Piedmont and in 1860in the other Provinces (Venetia1866. Rome 1870). However,it is of still greater significancethat public opinion did notmake an-v distinctions and accepteiin-ithout protest, the occupatiunof ministerial posts(Seisrnit-Dota, I.trzzali) anclirnportant bureaucratic antlmilitarv offices by Jews.Thi.* was due to the traditionof oiu Risorgimento. The liberalsv'ho brought about thennification of Italy regardlessof factions or tendencies, tooktire fate of the Jel.s to heart.-\ r-eritable literature of pam-phiets in favor of the emancipationof the Jews flourishedtowards 1848. Cattaneo, therepublican, publishecl one of hisbest works in economics intheir favor. As for the moralquestion, the Catholic Lambruschini,and the moderate liberalD'Azeglio agreed withhirn. The Jews participatetl toa great extent, both financiall.vancl personall;', to the Risorgimentomovement; their balrkersaided Cavour and manl-S.ouths voluntee recl in thearm). The percentage of theirdead is proportionatel,v greaterthan that of the Catholics.Tl URTHER, u'itlr tlre c\ecplltion of Rome, tbe conditionof the Jews in the Cities ofItaly was not ver;' grierrous.After the Napoleonic reforms,wlfch had concedecl them fullrights, they continued to holdposts and practice the professions.f{ow'ever, it cannot be saidthat up to the present the-,vhave contributed. one gleatfigure or one important workto Italian literature. The writingsof a Hebrew who was acontemporar;' of I)ante are acuriosifi' rather than a literanaclrievement,2and tlne Di'aloghicJ'amore of Leone Ebreo, rvrittenduring the Renaissance, areof importance onl-v in so far asthe-r' lttli.ipate and influenceSpinoza.3Why the Jews did not con-205tribute an5.thing to Italian lettersin the centuries prior tothe Bisorgimento is quite understandable.They lived inthe Ghetto and rvere separateclfrom the civil ]ife of the ItalianCities. 'Ihere was nothing forthem to attempt or to look forwardto in the field of letters.l\'hen the5 emerged from theGhetto into the open air of theItalizrn Cities, many Jews nour'-ishecl but one clesire for quitea number of years, namely, notto be recognized as Jews, tomingle with other Italian citizens,to wed non-Jewish womer].Tire-v found a very suitableatmosphere for this transforrnationin the ranks of theunbelieving and skeptic bourgeoisiewho were abandoningCatholic worship or consideredit a mele formalit_v. The latterclic1 not clisplay towards theJervs the social frigidiiy of thezrristocratic and more strictl.vCratholic groups. Thus theJews flocked in considerableriumbers to the ranks of theless conselvative parties, to thcliberal at first, later to the raclicaland moderate socialist, anclcontribnted ertensively to thelodges of Freemasonry.1 \ literatu re tirev adoptcd tlre.t,r'"r'. arrcl fashions of themicldle Italian bourgeoisie. Between1860 and 1920 Jewishauthors are not to be distinguisheclfrom other Italian authors.Some contributed con-

206sitlerabl,r. to literary criticism.Alessandro D'Ancona was theleader of that school of literarycriticisrn which studied in thearchives and searched into thehistory of m,vths and u''orks ofart. 'I'ullio Massaranti, as aclilettante, abundantly ccmpiledliteraly oddities. But there isnothing characteristicalll. Jswishirr these men.Tn the field of philosoph,v a1-so, the ruanifestations of theJel's are scarce. The Rabbishar,e neither contributed aphilosophic rlor a religiousn ork and, what is more, c\-erttireir contribution to the historyancl criticism of biblicalterts is slight. l'or example,Prof. Scebo leaves behind himonlv the rnodest activitl' of ateacher in the Universitv ofl'lorence. Prof. frevi della\ricla is a distinguishecl teacherof History of Religions. Butthere is not an Italian Jervwhose name has achier.etl worldrenown in this lield.f \ ol lrol slrrrlios, irrslead, asI irr a rrtlr lopologv u'itlr (-r'-sare l,ornbroso or in mathematicswiUr a rvhole array of brillitrntrninds (L'lastelnuovo, Enriques,Levi-Civita, Yolterra),theS have attained a world preerninencerecognizecl by all.At Leghorn there flourisiredan interesting figure in the personof Itabbi Elia Benamozegh,rvho defended Jel'ish as compareclto Christian moralitv inquite an original fashion(l{orale jriive et morale chr6-tienne, first edition 1877). However,his writings are for themost part unpublished andeven his disciples cannot fai] torecoplnize that his thought hasnot inffuenced the Hebraicrvorlcl on either side of theAlps, not to mention the non-Hebraic world. Horvever, incontrast to the defender ofpure Orthodoxy, S. D. Luzzatto,who flourished in Trieste beforethe emancipation of the.fews and who was influenceclATLANTiCA, \,IAY, 1931b,v German rabbinical thought,he aims at a renewal of Hebraicculture.If we were to cite a man,n'ho; boln of lsrael, bore itsanguish all his life and carlietiit to his grave, we mustrecall Felice Momigliano, ateacher of philosophy in thesecondar5,' schools and in theR. Istituto cli Studi Superioriof Rorne. He publisheciseveral norks on the histoly ofphilosoph,r' and on the historyof the Itzrlian Risorgimento,n'hich clo not bear any trace ofiris Hebraic origin. If there isan1- vestige of his origin, it liesin his truly Israelitic and propheticaclmiration for assertersot'absolute icleals, srrch as Mazzint,He \vas an accuratescholar of tire Jervish questiorrin general ancl of the questionof the Jews irr Italy iri particular.He took part in polernicson this subject, ancl the evidenceof his participation maybe founcl in his article on theJews, in the Nuova EnciclopediaPomba. llomigliano \rasone of the first Italian Jes.sl.ho, imbued n'ith Western culture,abandoned the Orthocloxdoctrines of the rabbinicalschools. Moreover, he upheldthe ideal patrimony of Hebraicculture against Jewish skepticsancl free-thinkers l-ho onlyasked to mingle ivith the Italianbourgeoisie of the sameideas. To those who, havingemerged from the Ghetto oneor two generations back,thought they coulcl rid themselvesof the faith of their fathersas they had of their degradingdress and the restrictionson their personal liberty, hepreached with eloquence anderudition, that fsrael rvas al-\rays a great religion with auniversal ancl ethical contentcapable of offering a solution,or at least a contribr-rtion, to thesolution of problems of contem-Poraqr culture.In Italian literature the firstexample of a certain restlessnesswirich spiritually maybe of Hebraic origin, is to bef ound in Alberto Cantoni(1841-1904), an unknown authorof short stories who introclucedinto Itaiy that form ofwriting which is peculiar to'\nglo-Saxonliteratur€, il&Dl€:lv, humour'. This desire of hiswas so keen that he even establisheda prize for a novel rvhiclimight answer to his ideas. Hefound a iiisciple in Luigi Pirandello.nIJp to this point one cannotproperly speak of a Jewish literaturein Italy. It can be affirmedthat as there was noanti-Semitism, so there rvas noSemitism. There were J'ewishwriters but there was no Jerrishliterature.sA I"TER tlre n'al tt-e ttotice aI \ lew s5'mptoms of a risingJer-ish consciousness (quitedistinct from the national)n ith a srnall grolrp of Zionists(Dante Lattes has been anc'l isone of its exponents with theperiodical Israel published inFlorence, Via Alamanni, 21).6These symptoms are all themore significant u''hen s'e conlsiclerthat irr Italy no Jeweither suffers persecution orfeels the neecl of expatriating.The movement was born ofcauses of a purel.v spiritual nature.In the intellectual and moraldisorder which prevails i nItaly n11"t the war, two literarytriumphs are obtained byJews; Pitigrilli (whose truename is Segre) and Guido daVerona (whose true narne isYerona). They are not triumphsof the best kind. Theopen pornography of the first,his puns on l.oLds of ambiguousinterpretation, his anectlotesworthy of the baruacks,rnade him the favorite authorof unschooled boys and streetgirtrs. The latter with greaterskill ancl deeper corruption,cleeper because veiled with exoticismand modern romanti-

:-:lL. sustained the freeing of:- -,.i ;r'al instincts and pleasures:: rn rloral principles. Both,;-;e snjsl-sd rapid, violent and. r- ,il't-ii\'ed reno\yn.trfLat is corrosir.'e, negatir.e;:- i ,lestructive in these writ--r: r'innot be attributed to an5'l{'L,raic trait, for in other. riters of the same period the-"-r-ne stmptoms of corruption.r l undoing, the same aviclit-_v, 'r analvsis, the same justifica--,-,r of natural instincts can lie: .'-rnd. for example, in Mariol Iar-iani.-\nother Jew, Ettore Smitz,.r-t' clicl not profess to be a man: ietters, lecl a solitar.l, life in"T:-ieste. FIe rvrote Italian rrer)-r 'ror'h- ancl published under thet rlr de plume of Italo Sver.o a,t\r novels giYen oyer to arl anrlrticalcontemplation of hisrrn life, in which after man-vrars French and Italian con-'€rriporary critics find a certain-keness to the analrrtical self--tudies of James Joyce anrllrlarcel Proust. The fame oftie latter rvas later to give>\-evo a reading public, hoth inItah' and abroad, capable ofunderstanding him ( ci r c a1925).? fn America only s1s.liolt stolr. he wrote in his olclage has been translated: "TheHoax. t tOne of the most vivid novelswritten b)' a Jewish author ofthe present generation is sin-

208.tllire novel t'Remo }faun, avr.oczrto"b). Aclriano Grego isver;. sharp in ps;.'chological anal,vsisand moclern as an artisticexpression. The reactionsof the child disclose his psychologicalproblems later in life.\{:run is a boy rvho suffers fromnn inferiorit,v complex commonto Jex's. He attempts to raisehirnselfl in self-esteem by actionancl when this does not suf-{ice, Lr.r'lies. llis lies and braggaclociosare the "psychologicalrecompense" for the inferioritr'he feels as a Jew anclagainst rvhich he is alwa-Ys rebelling.His life is a successionof energetic and clean actions;altemating rvith mean ancl foulactions. No sooner doe,s herise than he falls again asif clriven cloln b1- his Jewishcurse.4 P-\GE or so ofl this bookI \ errables us to understandthe mind of the Lawyer Maunancl explains to rls his " Hebraictorrnent. " Here, I belierre,the Jewish psychologicalproblem is treated more deeplythan as a mere conflict of reiigiousformulae."Remo was constantly anduercilessly assailed by thethought of his race. Havinglived in the homes of his fatherancl uncle for many )rears,l'here religion was ignored,lnt the world was continuallyclir-ided into tu'o-the world ofthe Jel's and the world of thosewho were not Jews-and passingfrom gestures of pride togestures of contrition, Remohad inheritecl this lace consciousrressanrl hacl magnifieclit within }frn. Onlv that liisplide in belonging to a minorifi-rvas neithel constant or certain.He rvas possessed, instead,of one stinging certainty;he belonged to a plebeian,closed race, incapable of attainingto lightness and suavity, arace having numberless limitatiorrsfor all. As a ctrrilcl, heharl vaguely sensed these limi-ATLANTICA. I{AY. 1931tations. Then the,r. irad appearedto him clearly, but asif clestined to other generations,and finall"v he had seenthem insurmountable beforehim, always in his n'ay, forbiddinghim to love and smileancl laugh like the rest of theworld." Nor', he was certain that inlife he had an original sin toatone for. This thought cameto him incessantly. Even whena1l forgot his typicaily Jewishlrame and only saw in thehealthy, erect and elegantvouth a stripling of twenty, heimagined people were aware ofan enormous and insuperabledistance between themselvesand him. He found an uneasinessand a lack of s;.mpath.vin them which he alone felt."-,\11 those things rvhich preventedhim from living at ease,his timidity, his ambition, hiscontradictory need to feel equalancl at the same time superiorto the others, he imputed to hisrace.(( (I am a Jew' he oftenthought with hidclen pride, butif he happened to be rvith otherJews, he felt lLnlike them andhad. a sort of repugnance forthem, which he rvas unable toconceal.rt rJslst-[e had repeatedthis word so many times. Heu'as convinced, that he had beensomewbat damned since lrisbirth. He felt an atavistic needt'or struggle and reaction. Thiswas the cause of his malady;his feverish, spasmodic living,Jris passing from one furiousrnood to another, his fear of appearinga victim to himseif, hismania for action: not to lethimself be carried, to mor.e byhimself, cost what it rnav, etrenblindfolded."f 'f E suffered al-rove all frornI I a frenzy for tlre great,a search for his ego of whichhe founcl shrecls in every heroictale. But to his mind evenher:oism appeared cleformed, asan abstract exasperation seekingtruth, as a fury for his veryimagination. Thus, havingonce read of a hero who thre*'his servant over a precipiceonly because the servant hadwitnessed his fall from hishorse, Bemo thought with sereneenvy that he might substitutehimself for the assassin.At other times he thought withthe same envy of the saint whoslept ali night at the side of aleper. His imagination alwaysbrought him to dreams of unusualhappenings, irappeningsat the very brink of human possibilit5.,and then by reasoningin a childish fashion, it seemedto him that sleeping with a leperwas the goal of an existence,and as he rnused upon this gestureconducive to sanctity, hervould lose contact with hisrarrrblirrgs." Then, suddenly, he wouldregain it: 'Can a Jew ever doanr thiug greal 1' "11-\TURALI,YL \ tlris novel cannot b ejuclged frorn these brief psychologicalpassages, up onrvhich I have dwelt only becausethe.v enter into my subject.The novel has a wealtirof characters and living situationswhich are almost al-"'wa)-sbrought to an end with.satisfactory artistic precision.This poor clevil of a Jerv lirresin a world of unscrupulousbusinessmen, simple .voung ladies,weak )-oung men, scottndrels,adr.enturers rvho arenLrYer content rvith what forturresthey possess and losethem only to regain thernthrough other dubious ventures,in short, in a varied anda throbbing world.AII this is kept together bythe fundamental unity of theJew's drama which is understood,in this novel, as the insufficiencvof the Hebraic mindto sustain the struggle with theChristian and Occidentai worldface to face, and the tendencl-(Cantinued on lagc 218)'1he value of

Courtesy of tlxe Metropolitau XIuseum of ArtThe Fresco of the Triumph of Death in the Camposanto at PisaT h" Ant cf thn TnncentoBg Dnof. Fnon.o Bnuno AunnonJiV'irtli.g Dno{"r.o" of ltolior Lil"nol,nn ol the LJ.it""sil,, of So.'tl'""n Colifo",'i.,i*T FRFSCC CF ThEr F IL \{ DI-] CF DEATI-Il\ Tlr E CAMpC-S\I-!TC AT PISA.iERB i. ouo g,'reat paint-l- r irrt wlriclr alwirvs ap-.-.,i io me like .-t. pr"ofoon.l,.-.aiing mirror of the Trecen,I: is the fresco of the Trirrr. of Death in the Campo--.:.i, at Pisa. The name of- .. I-iorentine or Sienese mas-- :' r. hr-r paintecl it is still un-:::. r.r-Ii. lYhener.er I had stOOd-- r. it for a long tirne and-r. :llLlclenlt- retnrnecl to ther -,iiolrsness of time and.: 11 '!. I had the feeling of har-,r : entered, like the painter-: i:Le beautiful Oriental leg-. . tirat magic reahn of forms-' :. . colors, of having lost my--=-- in its clepths, of having- .-''wecl its manr- paths lead--: r ir,-rm the woocl to the cles--r'.. ilom the garden of love toi ,:r'i cosmic Spzlce witere their':r..t \rirr breaks out between..r.i':-s and devils. And I feltm5'self profounclll' possessecland illurnined with the atrnosphere,tire radiance ancl theshadows of that immense lzrnclfrom which l had just returnedland-theof the Trecento.Tirat fresco at Pisa really istire Trecento. I feel in it thepresence of all the energies, ofall the tendencies and contrastsl.hich were the life of that age.On one side I see a happy brigacleof gentlemen and lacliesriding through a wood. Suddenlrthree coffins appear beforethem with three deacibodies in three different phasesof decomposition. 'Ihe horsesand clogs are the first to feelthe presence pf ileath: theirstiff out-stretched necks ancltheir terrorized eyes are fixetlrlporl the coffins. Some ofthe gentlemen ancl laclies arestill distant ancl still enjdi.life, but in the e-ves of thoseu'ho stand before the coffinsjol' ancl life seem to be frozenand darkened by the suclclenvision of the end. Some stepsfarther to the left, a smiling209lacl.v sits on her horse, x'itha little dog in her aLms, a veilplaying softiy about her face,while a friar seems to show hersternl-v a scroll on which a sacredtext is written. These twofigures, the lady and the friar',are the link, the step betweenthis lower left section of thepainting and the upper left section.In striking contrast withthose men ancl rvomen ridingthrough the wood of life(Dante's wood of ignorance,where the sun of truth andfaith does not shine), we see, ina clesert, a groul) of friars livinga life of contemplation andrenunciation. In the center ofthe fresco a terrible fury, herx']rile hair caught by the wind,a scythe in her hand, fliesthrough space-one of the mostunforgettable incarnations ofDeath in art. Below, her victimslie-and from the molrthof each of them a soul arisesand is seized by an angel or bya clevil. Above, the immenservar between good and evil, tretweenangels and clevils, forihe possession of the souls

2tcbreaks ont irr the timeless air.Sometimes an angel is triumphant,feeling that his strengthrvill prevail; the clevil stillclings at the feet of tlie c1ead,antl the consciousness of lrisgrowing weakrress breaks forthin a long furious shriek. Sometimesthe devil carries the soulaway and tlre angel Neeps.GROUP of beggars, oflame and broken men,passionately stretch their armstowards tleath imploring her tocome. But she does not listerrto the call of the unhappy anclshe flies on tol'ards that gardenof life where the happyabide. fn this garden (thelower right section of the fresco)we see a radiant group ofGaudenti gentlemen-and ladiessitting on marble benchesin the shaclorv of trees, listeningto a conceLt, while abovetwo cupids flv, holcling torchesin their hands. \\rith a trulyDantesque, tragic power, thepainter expressed his vision,the contrast between this flourishing,singirrg resplenclent lifeand the silerrt approachingflight of death. Those loversdo not feel her corne ancl zuefeel that in a fer'- moments shewill be there anct rr'ill clestro)'this spring, this " court of1ove." This fresco \Yas painter1approximatell. fifty yg2vsafter l)ante's death, but thespirit of the Divine Comed;. isstiil there, pen,acling the wholework. It speaks from the contrasthetween the jovous huntersin the woocl and the friarsabove, betu'een the love couplesin the garcicn ancl approachingI)eath. It sa.vs to us :Do ve not courprehend that \\re are\vorlns,Born to bring- forth the angelicbutterfly,1-hat flieth unto iudgn.rent withoutscreen ?^A.nd n'e leeI tlre spilitual atmosphereof Dante aroundthose couples of strugglingATLANTICA, X,TAY, 1931devils ancl angels. l)ante's nredievalconception of the strugglebetween good and evil issti[ powerfully alir.'e in theu'ork of this great unknownpainter. Arid he still expressesbhis conception with the sar'-age, fierce intensit;' of a medievalman, painting in one imagethe violence of his earthlywars and the r'rnapproachabl:majesty of his faith. Lookingat this war \\re recall many episodesof the Divine Comedy.\Ve thi4k of the struggles forthe soul of Guido da Montefeitroand for the soul of Buoncontetla }lontefeltro-the sonand the father. In the firsl, thedevil is the winner and logicallyproves to the angel hisright to carry the soul away.fn the seconcl struggle, " a littletear " saYes the soul anclthe devil revenges himself uponthe bocly, by raising thaitremendous storm in the Casentinon-hich is perhaps, withthat of l{ing Lear, the greateststorm of poetry.D UT u'p fecl also, iooking atL) tbo lovers in tlre gardeu,the atmosphere of Boccaccio.The ladies \\''e see recail thosewho, cluring the plague of 1348,told iove-stories to each otherin a villa near l'lorence. -\ndl'e lecall that this ftesco tt'ttspainted exactly in Boccaccio'sIate years, when he delivereclhis first lectures on Dante,those Jears in which a poet,coming from a still entirely medievalworld, visited ltaly andwas overpon'ered b-v the atmosphereof a nen'national life andeulture, the alniosphere createdbj' Dante, Petrarca, Boccaccio--thepoet Chaucer. We feeltlrat the spirit oI the earh- Trecento,that of Dante, and alsothe spirit of tlre Iater Treceuto,that of Boccaccio, which preparedand matured the Renaissance,breathc frorn this.frescoof the Triumph of Death. It isas if we stoocl on a central peakin the ebbing life of the eenturl'from rvhich we could embracemany of its essential, fundamental features.On the other side of the Camposanto,we are attracted b-v as.ymphony of tencler, caressingcolors, of soft recl, green, ye1-low, blue glimpses, singing out.to us from a half vanishedworld of figures and gestures:the stories of Benozzo Gozzoli.In front of the Triumph ofDeath, of Dante's and Boccaccio'sTlecento, we see the Quattrocentoof the Medici, the exultingvariet"v ancl freedom ofa new world.NEW LIFE AND NEWAPT IN TUSCANYHtr great historicalsti'uggle of the 'Irecento,Ure struggle bctweenGueiphs and Ghibel-Iines, reveals in a different expressionthat same strugglcwhich speaks to us from thosereligioris ancl profane moYernents:the struggle betweenthe medieval spir:it ancl thespirit of the Renaissance.It is rveil knol'n that theGhibellines cannot be merellrconsidered as partisans 'of theErn1ielor, antl tlte Guelphs aspartisans of the Pope. Thetwo names of Emperor andPope are the tu.o banners, thetwo cris cle gu,e'rre which tu'ogreat parties select for themseh'es.We realize that behindthese banners the Ghibellinesa lp su bstau t iir I l;' t hosc wb ostill adhere to the medievalspirit l arid still represent themedibval conception of thervorld, while the Girelphs tliosbwho tencl to create a nelr', indiviclualisticfree life, the life ofthe Commr-rnes, of the free Ital.ian cities. It is hardl)' irecessaryto point out l'hat the medievalrvorld conception rvas.The unir.-erse \Tas a great structureresting on two fund.amental,all.embrarting powers: thespiritual po\\,er of the Popeancl the temporal p,cwer of the

- , r'. the closs ancl the* :, t..r'se two svmbols ri-hich' ..:e ancl illumine from be-; -:-s to end the supreme.'r:ent of tlie Miclcile Ages,- lr-..-irie Comedy. X{an is: ri .ntall stone; zr particle.-11t sl'eat structule, he is: iinirtecl to those trvo es-'' i i-.- lro\vers and the grezrt-r thern. But nitirin this,' I ,,if urultitudes, a rvorld of'-','- luals gradually stirs and- -.- ,-r|,rS. 'I'ire new Italian man,- j: i to consider the Pope ancl- E:rlrelor no lorLger as the" - ,,y|-s of the two supreme, -":r': which must rule the'. :-''i. but as inclivicluals. He'- to select and conduct his- . r,is actions accorcling to ]ris: will and vocation, to ex--.: ancl develop the individr'os,sililitiesof his nature,: -is mind. Instead of being- plocluct, the sorl of his- - ,.. his class, his traclition,' ,'n!rs to be the son of his. r. ,lee(ls. 'I'he prototvpe of- -: nF\\- free :rnc1 active Italizrn.r':reoisie is given by the citi-- i,if Florence-Florence, the-:er of the Guelph partl', wiro:,r,i.hed the nobles, rvho estab--,rt,l the r-lernocratic goveru--,::-t etncl a new life in rvhich','rr'\-one liacl to belong to a--rii,-1. had to work, ancl owedi. snccessr his authorit-v, to his., lir-iclnill achievements. The:'''at power threatening this,-''r' life of the Italian comrrrLlnesis not the Pope, it is theErripire-that great line of'itr'n]&r Emperors whose cliief,:pilation anil ar:nbition is to' n{ luer tire " garden of Eu-' '1rt,." The Ghibellines praiserrrr{l call the Emperor, entreatriru to come, turn to hirn as tot.re r-rnlv po\\rer n'hich can sar-eItah-. TJre Guelphs turn to theP,'pc. ancl select him as thtrrrarl of their partv. The Poperr{rcepts the help of the Emper-,r|"-- enellies anrl gives them hisr,r'otection. This is the great''r'ime of the Popes conclemneclTH}i AliT O}.- TRECENTOib1- I)ante. I)aute knou's thatlrr. helping to attack and unclerminethe autholit)- of the Empire,the Popes are attackingaucl undelmining their own autholit5-,that the-v have becometheil on'n enemies. If one ofthe two rneclievtrl rvorlil-pillalsis shaken, the other must beshaken, too, its the1. nv"nectecl l.ith each other. This "ott-is what the ambitious Popes donot know and what Danteknorvs. History proved howtrue Dante's feeiing was. Thepo\\,'er of the Emperors and thelast hope of the Ghibellinesclies l.ith Henry \rII atBnoncovento, but also t h ePope ts po\\'el is n eakenecl cluringthe exile of the Holr- Seein Avignon. The two essentialponrers of the meclieval worl('[,Ernperor ancl Pope, are bothabsent fi:orn ltal-v and thisgir.es time ancl space to tire nervelernents antl energies, to thenew free citizen of lta11', to attainmatrilitv of spirit, conscionsnessof their icleals. and toprepare the wa-1. for the Renaissance.tf- II[']Rtr is otrc gleitt lactI n-hiclr let'ea ls tlrat tlreGuelphs wiil Jre clefinitehvictorious.The great n e \l'Poetr;' and the great newart of the lfrecento cloes ttotflourish in those northern Italiantowrrs in ri'hich the tnt-'tliel'-al rvorlcl snr\.ives, rvhicl-r passfrorn feudalism to the clespotismof the noibles, disguisecl asCaptains of the people. Itflolrrishes in those proucl, free'Iuscan Commnnes- eracti--vbecause tirere it finds its necessarynourishment, a new life.The language, the l:iocly of thenew Italian poetrl', is born inSicilv, but it is Tuscan-y andcspeciall.v !'lolence, it is tlLeschooi t' of the ('sweet newst,vle ri.iiich gives a soul totliat bocl-v-a soul n'hich soar'-qup immecliatel5r f6 its supremesong in Dante's poetr.Y. Assoon as the ltalian langnage2lrhas begun to live, it accomplishesits greatest achievementand it throws the base ofa new" European culture; irnmediatel.vaftel its birth, Italiarrpoetl;' gives its fullest ancl maturestrvitir the Divine Comedy.lfhis is a urriclue fact in literatureantl ore of its greatestmiracles.It is the same rvith art. Thisart speaks from the new freeoonlrnunes, from Giotto's Campanile,from his paintings,from Simone l{artini's Maestain the Public Palace atSierra.E face lrerer a profouncland rnvstelious contrast.Tirat Tuscanv, that l'lorenceespeciall-v rrliicir attackis andvanquishes the medieval rvorld(the GhibeJlincs), the meclier.aiirleal in historv, in life, givesat the sanie tine the iast, supreme,rnatrirest expressionsof that l.orld, of that icleal inart ancl poetr';-. lVitli Giotto,n'ith Dante, l.'lolence imrnortalizesthat n'orlcl rvhich she clestror:sin histor.v, she raises aner.ellasting monument to medievnlrnysticisn ancl also tothzrt rn e rl i e v a I rvorlcl-r'isionl.hich she stmck tlown in thereality of iife. 'llhe svmbols ofthe Cross ancl of the Eagleclominate the rvliole architectureof tihe Divine Comed.vweirnve lrclo tlre sllfrelne e\-pression of the meclieval utopia.'\nc1 .vet Dante shares thecoutrast of liis Florence, thetr'lorence he caresses antl lor,'cs.In life, he rvas first a Guelphancl became rrore and niore aGhibelline in spirit. In hispoetr-v this contrast finrls amuch proforincler expression.I{e is a nystic poet, ancl heardentl;t cherishes ancl serr.esthe iCeal of the l{iddle Ages;the worlcl orclainecl b)' God isto him a worlil ruled by thePope ?rrrl l,)-tlrp Emlrelor'.And -vet the incliviilualisrn ofthe Renaissance begins to stir(Contitueri on f qlJe 220 )

"T' l--l"lpOthnnrT" l--lnlp Themrnl"nr"Tnn Ynon, "flhn Itolion Wnlfonn L"osrnBg DonrinicL Lornoni.oquietl1, unobtrusir.'elyand unostentatiousiy hasSOthe Italian lYe1fareLeague been cloing its workamong the ltalians-a workrvhich, in humanitarian significanceand social importance,far outweighs the more publicizedanil discussecl mattersthat sporadically engage theattention of the Italians-thatfew ftalians in New York Cityare a\vare of tire fact that thisorganization recently completedits tenth year of helpingthe ftalians "to help themselves.ttItalian families rvho, throughmisfortune, are in need of relief; Italian wiclows who needsupport for their children;ftalian n'orkers rvho have beeninjurecl at work and cannotobtain compensation; p o o rItalians rvho need hospital ormeclical care; Italians who,like millions of others in thiscountry, have been drawn intothe hopeless slough of unemplovment;eager Italians whodesire assistance in becomingnaturalized Americans; Italiansanxiously trying to locatemissing relatives in thiscountr,r.; r'isiting Italians whodesire an extension of theirtime limit; Italians who desirelegal aid which they cannotafford; bewildered Italian immigrantswho must be reassuredand guicled through themaze of red tape at EllisIslancl; Italians who are deporteclwithout being given achanee to put their affairs inorder; Italian imrnigrantswhose cases are being appealedat Washington..... whom doall these and manv others turnto in their hour of need?\\rhom, indeed, if not theItalian Welfare League ?During the past year of1930 this worthy organizationsras of service to 11,817 cases,. or approximately 70,902 individuals,as compared to 8,745cases, or about 60,000 individuals,dlrring the previonsyear. During the League'sfirst year, in 1921, this figurervas only 1,286.During the ten )-ears of itsexistence, the Italian WelfareLeague has assisted 55,I37cases, which means somethinglike 380,000 individuals.AI'IY and varied are thet5'pesof assistancesummed up in the simple worcl"cases." Last year, for example,although the League isnot primarily a job-finding bureau,it managed to secure positionsfor 1,596 individuals, alvork of immeasurable value ina clepression year like 1930.g ERE is a tvpical ease ofI I aid to widorvs whicb wasiluplicatecl, more or less, 466times in 1930: Mrs. R. with herthree children waited patientl.vin Italy for the day when herhusband would. be in a positionto senil for them. Soon aftertheir arrival here, her husbandwas taken ill and died, leavingher and the three childrenstranded in this country. Thecase was brought to theLeague's attention, and afteran investigation, plans weremade to help her in her crisis.She rvas not eligible to makeapplication for the Widow'sPension because of her shortresidence in this country, sothe League provided for hertill, after a period of time,application was made throughthe League and the pensiongranted her.Compensation for injuredworkmen was o'btained in 377cases where they might otherwisehave been deprived of it.A typical case: X{r. A. wasinjured rvhile at work. He wasincapacitated and unable tosupport his wife. Compensati'onwas granted for a lengthof time, but pa-vments ceased in1924, although at that time hewas still unable to work.Learning of the League, heappealed to it, and the lattercomrnunicated with theCompensation Bureau, therebysucceeding in having the casere-opened. The result was thathe was granted a lump sum of$3,197.58 for back payments,and the case was continuecl.-n HESE eramples, takerrI from the voluminous filesof the Italian Welfare League,could be repeated at length,but space limitati,ons preventthis. Sufficient it must be tosay that clothing was given outin 1631 cases, interpretationaid was renderecl in 378 in-212

. . -i. ri.J aged Italians were. ., 1: homes, 140 ftalians"r '"' =:i'J-,lecl to obtain citizen-:l; cases \\rere cared for. :..-l periods of convales-. :. Ltl children of poorr, -.:r-_i were placecl in homes' -.:" al-rle to care for them: - :-ruse of their parents,: +t hospital cases were. l ]ir- the League.T -IERE is another side tor -_- s or.k of flre Itaiiarr- -,r'e League. This has to. -tr1 tl]e straightening outl-,nestic diliiculties for-,,,r-s who are oilrerwise well. : t,., take care of themselves.. ; ii:S such as these it acts as- r'r of rnediator or go_be_'"-ir-::1. anal it succeeded last-,- ll smoothing out no lessr ,,l' l{3 examples of ruffied or" ,-r.,:r1 relations rvithin ftali_, :truilies, u'hich are no\r" -:r ,i- grateful to the League.. - lrllmel'01S, IO\TeVer,---!: lliancases are those where. :--ng is sought but plain,.r-ar.)- adviee. Rich as wellr,,ror ftalians (a total of- i, -appealed to the Leaguer' :,i,lvice last year or. prol.,_1137 different matters,' , r :ilrg' from the right kind of::rCrol for a child, to legal:..Lance ancl propelty] , ,']efnS.-:-r.other great group of cases,lle,I by t]re Lpas,uc con_-:.= irnmigr.atiorr, rtiflr all its,. ..tr,lant problems. It takes an, ;:r e part in all legislation;--r,:ir is of benefit to the ftaiian"-.,,igrant. ft was the onlv, .alian organizatiorr r"pr"*.ri_I at Aibany when, lait 5,ear,:- - ( )ld Age Securit,v pensiori-li ri-as put through ancl mailea\-. Besides tlrJ lepresenta_--r-r Dtaintained at Ellis Islancl-t i-. the only ftalian olganiza_:- ru lepresentecl there), ilre,-'ague last .vear appealecl 2bgr'"-r€S &t J[a.shington through-is agent in the countrv,sdel-iita1.f.he cases hancllecl at Ellis,.TO HELP OTHERS TO HELP THEX,ISELVES" 213Island arouse one's sympatir;r.Here are immigrants from thesimple, not-at-all complicatedcountry life of Ital;', facedwith a mass of incomprehensibleroutine which theymust undergo rvhile the;' 6ruunder the emotional strain oftransplanting their very rootsto another country. .Ihere isterror in their e-ves u'hen tireyare told they will be detained.They do not knorv it is amatter merely of checkingrecords in the majority ofcases. The Italian 'WelfareLeague, tirrough its representative,reassures these bewilcleredimmigrants in ltalian,often in their native dialect,thereby putting them a litile atease, and making them realizethat they have a frienCl in thenew c,ountry, someone to iookafter their interest.Organized in 1920, the ltalianl\-elfare League grew outof an amalgamation of differentgroups which, during the\\'ar, aided the Red Cross. Itwas founded by a small groupof unselfish Italian wo-"r,headed by Mrs. Romolo Tritonj,the wife of the ftalianConsul in New York Citv atthat time. Since then ilreguiding spirit behind the organizati,on'smanifold actir'-ities has been its devotedpresiclent, n{rs. Lionello perera,$'ho, abl-v assisted by lfissCarlotta N. V. Schiapelli,executive secretary of theLeague, and a small but efficiertstaff of eight, has broughttlie League to its present commandingposition in the fieldof social welfare work. Theother officers include tr{rs.Stefano Ber:izzi, Mrs. SiroI'rLsi, and Mrs. Gaetano DeYoanria, r'ice-presiclents ; Mrs.Salr.atore Di Giorgio, tr.easur.-er; and l{rs. Felice Bava,secretary. In addition, thercare a Boarcl of Directors. anExecutive Committee, StanilingConrmittees ancl an AclvisoryBoard.Although the Italian \\relfareI:eague concerns itseif onlywith ftahans, it is al,rsolutelyimpartial, having no reiigiousor political leanings. Its onlvconcern is to live up to its motto:"to help others to helpthemselves. " It does not trrto"force" Amer.icanization oirthe Italianl rather,, it seek-q tomake hirn self-r.erspecting andto inculcate Anrer.iearr i,lea ls inhim. By its talks over theradio, its close cooperationri'ith the g0 other welfare organizationsrepresented bv theSocial Service Exchange, anoits intimate knowledge of thef talian's psl-chologl-, it jra sgone a long way toward becorn_ing the outstancling guide andprotector of the Italian in neeclin lriew York City.\TITI,RALLY the Lcague^\ needs rnolle)' to carr.rr"onits ma_n.r- enterprises. ft is sup_ported b;. rnemliership, contiibutionsand an ann.ral benefit,as well as the cionations g.ivenit by several organizalio,rsevery year. ft is interesting tonote, too, that many individualswho have been helped b;, flreLeague have later becomemembers and now oontribriteto its upkeep. fn addition tothe actual funds as shown inthe annual budget, it shouldnot be forgotten that thousanclsof dollars' lr,'orth of assistance(medical, hospital, legal anclotJrerwise) wlricjr lras beerrrendered to the League free ofcharge, should also be added.Surel5' there can be noworthier enterprise than theunselfish and rvhoie-hearteclendeavor of an organizationlike the ftahan Wetfale Leagueto raise the standard of livingamon€{ the Italians of NervYork City, comprising as thevdo one-ser.enth of its totalpopulation. More power tothe League jn its rneritoriousmission of ,,helping others tohelp themseh'es !"

il1litI,ii,Th"5,qnifi.on.e "f lhnlioti"nol LJnico Cl ,t MovementB,j D.. Jo,',". R. Lo*or.oMn-L"n of lh., Boo"J of Dinn.lon.IIONG Italian Amerrcans,tlte Natioriai flnicoService Club movernenthas elicited various reactions,accorcling to the type of clenizensof Italian American extractionfound in the variouscoininunities n-hete the iclc':rllns lre€n srrglgester'1.The article, " The l'oreignEleineut in Arrierica," writtenlrr- tlre trclitor of Atlant'ica tnthe April, 1931 issue, exPlainsoxplicitil' just whal is expecteclof the Italian American citizensof this great country, anclthat is precisely what the idealsof the T]nico Club leaclers arein this movement. The writerrecalls vividly the keynote ofthe f o r m e r Ambassador'sspeech otr a recent visit to Passaic,N. J., at l'hich time herepresentecl a local newspaper'H. tr)., Ambzrssaclor RolancloIlicci said that the ItalianAmericans of this countrl'shoulcl be goot1, lau'abiclingArnelican citizens; and that bvso being, ther- rvoulcl be gootlItalians.On Sundar', X{tr1- 3rd, thelational officers ancl the Boarclof Directors of the NationalAssociation of lJnico Clubsrnet at the Hotel New Yorker,New York Citv, and spent theday in making plans for theSecond Annu a I Convention,whicir is to be ireld on Saturday,Sunday and Nlonday, June27Ih to 2gth inclusive, atWaterbury, Connecticut. Partof the prograrn inclutles a visitto the Torrirrgton (Conn. )Unico Club. Tiris convetttiortrvill bring to liglrt m^nY inter'-esting fzrcts aliont this rle\rt.l.pe of Italian Arnerican clrth.Rrief nerrtion of tire statusof cliffer:ent tvpes of clubs comrnonll'found irr cities wher:eDr. A. P. Vastola,Honorary Presidentthere have been "colonies" ofItalian-Americans will help usunclerstancl the real characterof the Unico Clubs.About thirt.v -Years ago, whenItalian irnmigrants started tocolonize especiall;' in the bigAmerican cities, rve founcl thatpeople frorn certain towns in214Itnl"r- woultl {lock to tlre sarnelocalities as their fr:llor,r' citizens.'I'hese would organizeeither uncler the narne of theirhorne-towrt, as ntutuzrl ltenefitsocicties I or uncler the name oftlre patron saint of thoir hometo$'n, as a religious society.'Ihe formcr rvould include sickancl death benefits with orl-ithout meclical care furnishedbr- a local c-:[octor, preferabl-rTtalian, under :r blanket contlactat so rnuch per .Yezlr perrnernber. This t1'pe serr.ecl itsl)urpose, and in marly comrnunities,still exists, ancl mernliershipl'as rnostly made'up ofthe laboring class. Such a clubeliminatecl the necessit). of carrvingacciclent insurance especiall-v.This thrived mostlrl'iecauseof the aversion for'Iife insurance lvhich was moreer.iclent in those da.vs. Thelatter tl pe offered the opportunitS'forthe local "colonies"to celebrate the feast-day oftheir ton'n's patron saint, antlthus keep up their native-townsentiment with its native simplicitv,rvith the attendant banclconcerts, fairs, hazaars, beautifulreligious procession, andolcl time games. Those rvhohave not u'itnessecl the Italianfeast-cla5- celebrations in Italvcarrnot appreciate the spiritbehind these er.ents, ancl arethe Iirst to criticize them here.Less than twenty years ago,and more especially in thepast decade, n'hen the natu-

,taliirus lregan niore toi i" tlre iurprortzrnce ofi- , tir-c Arrierican voters,--,i the bogirnings of'. ,'- ,-'hrlr,s. These political. -',rr-ctionecl chieflv cluring', ' >. ancl zrt other times- =gathering places for:-',:tir-ities, with pool ta-' i',1i-r'oorns, bowling al-' .,i sornetirnes with calle-,r' r'estzrurant serl'ice.-', Ita-lizrn American politic-.:,-i have cleveloped ini:rsttrnces into pou,erful... ancl as Americanizing':r-ceS their usefulness has:.r n,l e r- e s t i rn:rted.r r. nrl\t stcp in the progr- ,l Italiari-Americans \Yas- , ,r'mation of ltalian-Amer-- ,:hambers of commerce,- .rrrS' clubs ancl lvelfare--.es. These, too, servecl to..:rt the friendly relations- --':r:rr Italian-,fmericans atrt.1-', -\urericans of other for'-* l,ir.th...t'htrps the greatest clitic-- rrrirde of the Italian Amer-: rr-i B class has been that- - lrave been claurish anclslor. in zrlrsorLring the. : ,:r'ic:ln icleas and points ofTl-Lev haye car:rietl in zr''.'r country the idea of Ital-:rlsrn too far', witliout eclu-,:irrg the pnbiic as to the lea-- ,r.. fol doing this. Thus rve:,r-e Italian hospitals, Italian:rrr1is, etc.llhese clubs, of all t5'pes,.ciliD€ SO nunrel'Oris in each',,nrrnunit-v, that it rvas :rptlv-riicl that the ltalian-Ameri-'ans \Yere so unitecl that they''-ele divided.lVe are in the midst of ale\\- era in ltalian ,\mericanrife. The second generation ofItalizrrr Americans, most ofn-hom have had the advantagesAmerican education, is re-'rfacting differentl_v, and moresarrelr', to the same question.\ew points of vierv haveirrought new life, anil the UnicoClub movernent is new for'rrrost ltalian .\rrreticans. IlreuNrc() ci-u13 lio\'-L]'Ii:.\TProf. J. D. Sullo,V,ce-Presidentpopnlarit-v of thc " )ttttt ttttsoccorso:) (rriutuzrl }renefit)societie-q, the patriotic sons societies,etc. is rvaning becauseof intenral f riction iittd factions.llire {inico Club iclea et'olr''eclas a result of the change inpoint of t'it-'u-, of the necessitvof change of tactics, of the crr'-ing need for tr purel.r' Anrerican,apoiitical arrcl nort-sectariancivic club.Tn plzrin English, the UnicoCIub is a selvicc cluti just likethe 1,ions, Ilotarians, l{il'aLiis,arrcl like selvice luncheon clubs.The only tlillerence is that itis macle up Ttalian-'\tneliczrusonlv. This ciub cloes not excludernerttltcrs frolri .ioirringother selvice clubs.Briefl1-, the itletrls ofl tireDr. James R. Lomauro,Member, Board of Directors215Unico Clubs inclurle Arnericzrnizationof the Italians in;\nrelica through the rrationwicle,corrcentratecl elTorts ofrepresentzrtive Italian-Arnericrurintellectual, plofessionalancl business-nlen, the prornotingbetter rinderstzrndirtg ofthc Itaiians by the -\rnelic:rns,ancl of Arnerican institutionsancl cnstorns lry the f t:rlians,trnd proper lecognitiorr of thcsterlirig tlualities of ItaLiansa, .n cl Italizrn - -\nericzrns i lAnrelica. This irrclnrles thelrrezrking down of prejuciicialbarriers ancl unpleastrnt practicesb.v education and clemandfol fzrirplay. It refers also torle\\rspal)er, stage and otherother forrns of pubiicity in.rvhich unclue einphasis isplacecl upol the natiouzrlit;' ofunrlcsirable types of trzrdesautl characters there lepresented,as well as the upliftingancl upholdirrg of the reputationof tlie Itaiiirn lzrce l-ry ctlncationantl l,--t oLrr o\\'rr exarnple.lL'his prog,rirnr, x'itlroutp:lrticipation in :rn1- ItaLiarpolitics, but l.ith activecivic r,ol'li in the numorous,'\rriericarr communities, willcreate the ploper respect antli'ecognition of the Italitru'\niericansin tlris countrv irte\/er)- 1ielcl of cndear-or', itrrclalso comrnarrcl a greater cultrrrzrllespcct for ltal.1' and itscontributions to civilization,trncl especizrli.l' for thc Italiansancl their contrihntiorrs to thervelfare of this grcat ,\mericanfamil.l'.\Yith such idezrls, are \vesurprised that the nrol'ernentfor Unico Clubs, st:rrtecl inWaterbury eight --vears &So,has spread already to Torrington,Nen' York, I-Iartford,'\storia, Boston, Trenton, andsoon to Passaic. Are we surprisc.dthat these clulrs are r,velcomedby the cit-v officialsrvher:ever thev are formed, and1,hat the Italian Arnericans inthose communities have gained(Corttinued on Page 228)

Cicvonni Fl"nitMo. "fLntt"n,It" lio n- Enq li.hB, A.thons M. TunonoConlniLrlon 1o lhn "A-nnicon Mercurg," lL" "D.Lu.[no" orJ otL." penioJicol.; orll,o" o1"Monniog" o'J Di'or."" ( Lifiln Bl'. Boo[ No. t+Al )NE of the conseqrlencesof the political turmoilin the centuries precedingthe unification of Italy wasthe exodus of many Italianfamilies into foreign oountries,in quest of protection, tranquillity,and better opportunities.It was natural that someof these expatriates, or theirdescendants, should sometimesgain distinction as citizens oftheir adopted countries. Indeed,the historical and artisticrecords ,of several nations,particularly France andEngland, are remarkablydotted with the names of thesenaturalized ftahans.Especially rich in Italiannames are those pages ofhistory which chronicle thediscovery and exploration ofAmerica. Familiar enough toeYery reader are such Genoese-Spaniards as Columbus andVespucci; equally well knownare such h.vphenated trnglishmenas John and Sebastian0abot, ,or such a near-n'lenchmanas \rercazzanto.Another instance not so rerrrote,but no less rvell krrownancl noteworth;., is the curiousfact that the Emperor of theFrench, the most amazingligure of modern history, wasan erstwhile little corproln| ryhospoke his adoptecl languagewith a disconcerting Italianaccent. In the field of poetrvand art, the most outstandingexamples of recent tirnes areDante Gabriele Rossetti, anclhis sister Christina.Equally illustral,ive, however,of the dictum that f'oreignbirth or descent areno serious disadvantages tothe true genius, is the storyof a certain Italian-Englishscholar who lived in Londonat the time of Queen Elizabeth,and who is generally creditedrvith one of the most importantpieces of prose writing of thatgolden age. And if the paradox'were not sufficient asstated, Urere is also the factthat the prose work mentionedis itself a translation of aFrench classic. I refer toGiovanni Florio and his admirableEnglish version ofllontaigue's Essa;-.D LORIO'S lrarents \\-eleI'ltaliarr protestants of tlroWalclenses sect, who had fledfrom Tuscany to England to escapereiigious persecution inthe Province of Valtellina. InLondon, the father, MichelangeloFlorio, became pastorof a congregation of ftalianprotestants. To the modestfinanciai returns of the collectionb,ox: he added somesmall su'ms that he earneil as atutor, so that his son couldhar-e the"'proper schooling.Giovanni, or, as he oncecalled himself, the " still resolute"John X'Iorio, was born-irrLonilon in 1553, which happensto be the ,vear of Montaigne's216birth. For a time, as a youngman, he resided and studied atOxford. After serving as atutor to the son of the Bishopof Durham, he obtained artappointment as instructor inRomance languages at 1\[agdaleneCollege. IMhen James Icame to the English throne,n'lorio was named French andftahan tutor to Prince Henry.Being appointed, soon after, asclerk of the closet to the Queen,he acted as her instructor inthe languages.Having always maintaineda passionate devotion for thelanguages and the classics,Florio's erud itiou incr.easedwith the added leisure thatnow belonged to him. Hisespecial ambition continued toturn tou'ard linguistic subjects.I{is earlier literary activitieswere calculated to arouse inhis English neighbors, an interestin the language andculture of the Italian Peninsula.His P,irsf Frui,ts (1578)and Seconcl Frui,t,s (1591) wereboth compilations of proverbsand witty sayings " of diversbut delightsome tastes to thetongues of Italian and Englislrmen." IJis ltlorlil, of Word,s,which was published in 1793,\\ras an English-Italian dictionar,Y.rf\ H.\T FIolio's genius wasI soorl reeognized bv hisgr:eat contemporaries, is be--1-oncl question. Not onh' was

- ' I,r'ot6g6 of the Earls" -.r-ampton and Pernbroke,,: -.e livcd in the closest''..:. l,.hip with the most emin-- -,ierary men of the age. fn- : i-ns' Florio a coplr of!,,,tte, Ben Jonson in-, r'- r,1 it "To his loving: t- r:r and worthy friend,t.t.:.:trr John Fl,orio, Ben Jon-' , seals this testimony of hisr" :r-11ship and love.t, A copy- ihe first edition of the-':r*r,slation, which is still to be-.=' in the British Museum,.-ils the autograph of Shakes-.are himself, said by many- r,e genuine ; and it has been-"1*ested by several critics' :r.'t the great clramatist got his"-r- "wledge of French and ltal--:-L from none other than:-, -'r'iO.'ior is there any doubt that:-,,,r'io's Montai,llne, when it-r">t appeared in 1603, was-: rnecliately receiyed in Lon-- rr n'ith an enthusiasm thatriils truly prophetic of the,-r.lue that succeeding ages:'tle destined to accord to it.F I'LORIO'S domesticlife, very little is known,*:icept that he was probablyrrarried to a sister of the poet,)arluel I)aniei, one of his,Ltirnate friends. Of an., rually fragmentar.i' nature is,:rr knowledge of his appear-.1uce or character. In the^Ttltenae Oroniens,is, a play by\nthony 5 \\rood, the scholar--v linquist is charetcterized asr,eing devoted to his religion,iincl sincerel-v attached to hisa,lst1.a countr-v. Sir ltrilliamL'ornwallis said of him: ,,Helooks more like a good fellowthan a r,vise mari; ancl .vet he isr-ise be).oncl either his fortuner,r' edLrcation. ttHIS regrettable scantinessof biographical ilata is a:haracteristic of the Tudor period,when the artist was too,leeply immersed in his rvork,to reflect that his personalGIO\TANNI trLO]tIOidentit,v might be of any importance.So nebulous is ourinformation concerningShakespeare the man, that wehave been unable successfullyto refute the very cloudy Baconiantheory.Like the rest of the trlizabethans,hos,'ever, Florio livesvividiy enough in his writings.His reader will not fincl it diIficultto picture this "good fellow," who was also a wise man,enjoying the society and conversationof the rvits and dramatistsin that veritable age ofwise men and goocl fellows,rvhich was the era of Elizabeth.We may safely imagine himseated in the famous Melmaid'Tavern, convivially chattingwith a crowd of frolicsome,good fellows, inclucling hisfriend, Ben Jonson, or evenwith the eminent Shakescerre(as his familiars called him).And we may be sure that as htrsipped his Italian wine, if notthe English ale or the strongersack, he often quoted a cleverItalian proverb or a tr'renclrlton, m,ot, to illustrate his opinionof the most recent dramaticperformance.If the fact must be }rar.elvstated, tlte nm,gnu*r. oprrc uponwhich Florio's farne rests, isnothing more, and professes tobe nothing more than a modestEnglish translation of thegreat Essayist-Philosopher ofIi'rance. And if the truth mustbe told, the translation is not,by any means, the most perfectone imaginable. For if fidelitvto the original be appliedas a test, there isno cloubt that the rvolk issubject to no small amount ofcriticism.Florio does not hesitate toen'-broider the simplest sentencesof his author; nor doeshe scrt- pie about enriching himwith a good man_v quotations"ft is true enough that these additionsare aiways appropriate,ancl given in the witty mood ofl{ontaigne; }'et the fact re-217mains that they at e merelygratuitous offerings, from atranslator who loved his masterunduly, ancl will not befound in the original composition.D UT altlrouglL tLe cr.iterionl) of fidelit5' has often beendestructively applied to lesserwriters, the mere transcribersand paraphrasers of greatbooks, yet very few scholarshave been inclined to scoldn'lorio for his iiberties. Mostof them, indeed, have lovedhim in spite of his faults, whileothers have enjoyed him evenbecause of them. To point outsuch flau's in Florio, after all,rvould be the same as trying tominimize the value of Boswell,merely upon the charge, real orimaginar5', that he has not givenns the real Doctor Johns,on.It goes witirout saying flratIlontaigne's greatness woulctbe undiminished rvithout l.Ior_io; but this is no more thanstating that Johnson wouldstill be the amiable Great Bearof EnglisJr letters, if Boswellhad not written his biography.Nor is the comparison bolil orfar-fetched. fn Boswell. .rl,e]rave a mere transcript of a lifervhich was already great; ;veteven if the work l'ere pure fiction,it would endure forev"r'.fn Florio, we have a meretransiation of an incomparableoriginal; yet that mere translationis one of the great classicsof English Literature. It isthe sort of translation thateverSr book-lover will read, andread again, although he may beequally at home with the lang'uageof the original.As Bosn.ell is more than abiographer, so is tr'torio infinitelymore than a transiator..And if it be true tirat no biograph"r'of Johnson, howet'er soaccurate ancl exhaustive, willever supplant Boswell, so notranslation of Montaigne, howeYerso faithful to the original,is ver.r. likel;- to replace Florio.

218One of the reasous for this willbe found, uncloubtedll', in thefact that Florio, as a contemporarlrof his autiror, was betterable to capture the trriespirit of the original, than anyotirel later translator. But thernairr leason is to be found inthe quaint stf ir:. ancl the vastlearning of l-lorio, the simpllcit1-of his expression, and thepoetical medium, the " spaciousEngiish, " that \\ras his, forIrzrving livecl in the.lge of Hlizabeth." Shail I apologize Transiution? " he asks, in hispreface to the reader. " NaLrvho did ever well without it ?If nothing can J.re norv sayd, buthatli beene sair-le before (as hesa1'de rvell) if thele be no newATLANTICA, \iAY. 1931tiring under the Sunne. trVhatis that that hath beene ? Thatthat shall be: (as he savde thatwas wisest). \Yhat doe the bestthen, but gleane after othersharvest? Borrorv their colours,inherite their possessions ? "Then he proceeds to argnetlrat since evel')'age is jnrlelrte,lto the past for its ideas, it mustt'ollow tlrat no pieeo 6[ u-r'itingcall lre wlrollv origittal; art,lo\.ery so callecl creative conpositionmust necess:rrih- be, tosome clegree, an assortment ofj udiciousl 1- borrol-ec1 treasure s,compilecl, translatecl, enlarged,ancl plesentecl in new garb.flo ri' true intlcerl ! But isVirgil to be iovecl an.v less, becausehe u'as in clebt to Ilomer,nnd .c-loes Dartte's greatnessshrink because he confesses to\''irgil : T'u sei il rnio maestro?Shall u-e frown upon " ParadiseLost, " simpl-v on the scoreof sorne r.aluable borrorvingsflr,our the "Adamo Cadutot' ofzr Calablian Poet? Shall wet'u rsake CJta rreer lrecause lt,'linew his Boccaccio; Swift, becauseire had reacl Bergerac; orSterne, becanse hc pilfere,legregiously from Robert BurtonI or Shakespearc himself,for having drafted all hispretlecessors to his aid?Na-v, on the contrar,Y, we aregr':rteful for thesc glorious b,orrowings;ancl l'e rejoice thattr'lorio, x'hile professing to giveus a modest translation, hasenliched Errglish Iiteraturerrith an innnoltal original.JTWISH ALJThOAS AND LITEIIATUREof the Jews to turn ahva.vs totlLe wals of slar.es: to treasolaucl cunnitrg.I clo not belier,e that the Jervistrrvor'ld consists entirelr- irtthis, rior that its life can be(Contirrued lront f,ogc 2Cl,\)summed np thus. But is it notsirrgular ancl tr:ul1- sigrrificautthzrt in a riation rvhere Jewsen jol- perfect eclutrlitr- beforethe lau- ancl alrsolute toleranceni tu RCpEin public opinion, thal theresholLld har.e arisen \\rorks,which, as artistic expressions,Irring to our attention the existenceof this life stnrggle ?'The most recent Italian census (1921) did not :iLt-r' tl itesliutts cctrtcclning rcligron' Dante e l[anoello, by LV. Casstr,to, Florence. 'ulllaill'See the recent eciition ol S. Caramello, itr' "Scrittori d'ltalia," Bari, Latuza''See B. Croce, Letteratura tlella nttot'a ItaLia.",A. typical example of a Jewish writcr rrho offers no FryitJt trail and problem irr.his_rvolks is Sabatirro L.opez, author oImany sirccessfll comeclies. Iic reprrscnts uhat lras becn called_the "Bourgeois _thcatrt." - The _"Bou_rgcois theatre'' rvas tLtnedto a-sirxple realism and took its tlots from the middle It4jan b ou_rgeoisie of the tin.re oi Hun'rbert I. In the last 1'ears of hisli f c, Lopez clid not conceai his sympathl' {or Zionism. His lv orks have bccn published by the Casa cditrice Treves of llilarrin several volumes.oBcsicles the periodical 1si'a.'/, there is also in Florence a publishing honse_l.rcari_ng tire -same_name. _Thep_ublishing_houseai.,.,s lu rearvakeir a.mong tlie Jews in Itall- a f eelirrg for their pr imitive iration:rlity. \tosl! oI the_b_ooks publisheC are n_ot Italianprorlnci-rons. They are-primirill. u-olks ilanslated from the Germ:rn, as for crample;Bube-r, loller, ot ft'om thc llebrcu', anclir {erv are plblished in French in conjrrnciion. lrith a Paris publi,shing house. Further on, I shail give ttre catalogue. It r*illsufljce here tci indicate its onl1' trvo characteristicall-v Italian pn blicatio.ns,:.lhe first is II ztettto di.lion. cau5gniere di rut ebreo fiorentivro dei Cinquecenfo, b1'Angelo Orvieto (1928). Orvieto harimaginerl a llcbrc1r, poet of thc-16th Ccntr-rry r,vho nourished himself with David anrl Dante, and-who,_.living in the liberalFloience o'f the \,Iedlcian period coulcl love Ttal1' ancl Florence a ncl still love his lost rnotherland. In reality Orvietq _is a manof letters brought up at the time of D'Annnnzio's 1'outh, ancl he fo.unded -s-ith other_)-ounC. m_9q the X,'[ar:occo oI Florence, aliterary periorlical, *hi.h h"r marked an important date in Italian iife ancl culturc. Later.in life, he is possessed of the spiritof Jewish culture'ancl civilizatiqn ancl iras cxpresscd it in thc form of an historico-ps1'chological novel itr verse, which becau.seoI its vcrl'complic:rtion cannot bc of true artistic valrre.T,he seconcl rvork is of particular intcrest to philologists an d students of f olklore. A Jew living in Rome rvho conccqlshimsel{ under the rrarne ol Crescenzo Del \rIonte, writes some Sonetti giudaico-'romanescli (1927) in a dialect u'l.rich, accordineto the author. keot bv the Jeg's uI thc Ghrtto in Rome mtt ch purer than the roilmnesco of the Romans, retains manyf oims oi the olclest it"lii", of -the Italian of the tirnes of Dan te. The sonnets are interspersed rvith Hebraic erpressions, asis easily lnder.stood, but in their artistic forn.r thcl' sl.row the iri flue-nce of Belli's solrnets and in fact thel- att_empt to describethe social and psycfiological aspects of a group, which emerged from_the Ghetto later than all the others (1870).All the othei publications aie pure propaganda, a catalogue-ofr'hich follorvs:11 Sionismo nel-pensielo dei suoi Capi--leorloro Hcrzl, \[:tr Nord:lu, Nahrim Solrolou', Chajm \\'cizmann.Ai Bivio-Ascer Ginzberg (Achad Haa.m)Come ritrovai la mia anim;r di ebrea-X{argareth11 r'errto di Sion-Angiolo Orvieto.Auto-ernancipazionc elraica-Jehudah Leib Pinsker, Achad H alLm, f lcnachcr-n t'ssishkirrLa leggcnda del Baalscem-Xfartin Buber'Tre millentri di storia-Israele Zoller.Leggende orientali-Dante Lattes (tracl.)SetlE discorsi sull'eblaismo-\Iartirr Brrber.'"Senilita," "La Coscierrza di Zeno."'"Rerno Maun, avvocato," P. 125-127.

T \ tbe lristorv o[ an1' mo\'c-Lr,"r't. tlrerl. has alwavsI rreell il lr ir(,ti'e g.oi,p; .rnred for the propagation ofr- lheories and practices. Thus-r rras been and will continue: lre 'with the Italian Teachers'-\ssociation. The Associationltceived its charter on May-:r. 1916, and it is the oldest or-:anization of its kincl in orrr,'ountry estaLrlished solell' to-lrrprove cultural relations be-' \\'ce r r I ta ll a r] rl t lre I'n itedStates. This organization wasLtstined to suffer a temporary.rrterruption in its activities,'.r'lreu the Ifnitec'l States enteredthe Nar, but this was soonlemc.ciied in 1921, rvhen the as-:i,rcizttiorr r"esunrerl its l.ork l.ithl'eneweel strength and vigor.It was the good fortune of therr ssoeiation to elect, duringthat vear, Dr. Mario E. Cosenzrras president. Our illustri-(rus leader is rrot onl-v a recogrrizeilscholar, but an energeticartl faithful executive. Hislovalt--v anil hard rvork, comlrineclwith his leadership andtact, have made it possible for'the organization to weatherrlan)- storms and to returnsafelr' to port. The Italian'f cachcrs' Association is theFolemost organization of itskincl, thanks to our presitlentancl to the ardent rnembers u''hosupported him. The other officersat present are NIr. LeonardCovello, vice-presiilent;n,[r. Anthony Rini, treasurer Iand Miss Catherine Santelli,secretary.The influence of the assoeia-Tn.chePS cf lt. lt.nB, C"therine lQ. S'nt"lliSn."nlonq o{ 1i'n ll"li"" T"o.l'"nr' Arro.iolioution is widesple:rd. 'i'he 1;resitlent's)rearlv report carries theprintecl worcl of the associationthroughout the length a n dbreaclth tif the land, rvhile itsver'bal nlessag'e is transmitteclclailv b.i. its many teachers irrcontact with thonszrnds of stuclents.During its f.ieriod of reuervctlactivities the association hzrshad to cope with many seriousproblems. 'Ihe foremost ofbhese problems was the firrdingof a suitable place for holdingregular meetings. \rariousplaces were tried until tr.oyears agc), when Professor'I'r'ezzolini, tlirector of the CasaItaliarra, ga\re Lrs the honor andprir.ilege of holcliug our rneetings:rt the Oasa and takinga p:rrt in the Casa's prr.rgramof activities. This hasnacle it possible for us to cooperatemore fu11}r q'i11t theothel organizations interestetlin the spread of Italian cu1-ture and also to have socialprograms and friencllS' teas.A DEC^\DE oll lrat',I tvot'k-f\ atrd pel's('\'el'illtce lt a s219J.rorne fn-rit ancl the associationcan point rvith pride to a wholelist of aclfevements. \Ye shallmention a ferv to show theirimportance.In 1922, in ansl'er to a petitionfrom the '\ssociation,theIlniversit-v of the Stz'rte of NewYork (the Board of Regents)placed Italiarr on a parity'withother modern languages(French, Genna,n and Spanish),as an offering for the Colierge-[Jrttrance Diplonrir.'l'his\\-zrs a dilect stelr foru'trrri inthe right clirectiou.URING the same )-e a rtire Boarcl of Ec'iucationof the City of l\ew Yorl< helclz--Ln examination for the SeniorHigh School iicense in Italian.Tlds lirst eramination washeld on Novernber )7 , 1922.ifhe eligible list resulting therefrorncontainecl the names of 7rilen arrcl 10 \volnen-a totalof 17 ar.ailable teachers of ltalianfor Senior High Schools.L)n llarch l, 1923 the Boardof Educatiorr of the City ofNew York adoptecl the sl.ila[-us, coverirrg foru' )-ears ofstucl,v in Italian, x-hich \Yastlr:awn up lrr- a committee ofItzrlian teachers. Last 1-e:u' ailthe rnodern ianguage svilalri.\Yere revisett ancl Italianshzrred equalli- in the ne$. Levision.The rnost gratifl-ing t'el.artlf or the nrarrr. lzrllors of ourpresident and olLl zrssociatiorthas been the steacl5- iucrease ittthe nurnbel of students stucl1--ing ltalian.In 1921 there were 503 studentsof Italian enrollecl in 7colleges. In 1930 there n'ere.108 colleges in the tlnitedStates teachirrg Italian anclItalian literature. In 1922there \\.ere 11 high schoolsteaching Italian with an enrollmentof 898 students. In 1930there were 86 high schoolsteaciring ltalian.This is the largest number ofpersons studying Italian in the

frlr1llliili.:iiIiiI220:history of America. The inoreaseis due in a very greatmeasure to the constant strivingof the Italian 'Ieachers'Association.HE association has alwa,vsgiven its friendly co-operationto many other sister societies.A few of these are theItaly America Society, thel{eighborhood Teachers' Association,the Leonardo Da VinciArt School, the Instituto diColtura ltaiiana, the ItalianEducational League and theCommittee on Education of theOrcler S'ons of ltaly.The Italian Teachers' Associationis very proud to announcethat it is in possessionof a Bibliography on Italianculture which is the most completeof its kind. Our Bibliographyhas been installed in thePaterno Library of the Casatrtaliara in oriler that it mightbe more accessible to those whowish to consult it.The Bibliography consists ofa dictionary card-index of allbooks in any language dealingrvith any phase of Italian Culture.The Bibliography is soarranged that it "furnishes inan instant the basic facts, theground work for ail who aresetting out to ilo tesearch workin any field of Italian culture,or for those who, no matterwhat their pursuit, may be interesteclin knowing the partItaly has been playing, ancl isplaying therein. " (Presiclent'sATLAI{TICA, tr,TAY, I93Ireport-1929-1930). Theliography now nunabers13,000 cards.RiboverA serious handicap irr thepioneer days of Italian teachinghas been the scarcity ofsimple, up-to-date text bo'oks.The Association has encouragedits members to study theproblem and the result hasbeen that a few good books arealready available with a fewmore in the process of beingu'r'itten.The first available text book\vas a "Beginners' ItalianReader," by Lawrence A. Wilkinsand Catharine R. Santellimembers of the Ass'o--both ciation. It is published by D.C. Heath & Co. Two years later"The I'irst Book in ltalian," by Leonard Covello andAnnita E. Giacobbe, also membersof the Association, andpublished, by the MacmillanCompany, made its appearance.And this year "L'Italianel Passato e nel Presente, "Ginevra Capocelli, b5'anothermember, has been published b.1.Henry Holt .t Co.The Association has not forgottenthe social side of life.Entertainments, dances, Italianplays, Italian nights, anclinformal gatherings have aln'aysbeen given their place inthe life of the Association.Plays anil ('Serate" havebeen given uncler the auspicesof the Association at variousschools for the entertainmentof parents, many of whom lraclnot been so clelighted, and entertainedsince they hacl iefttheir mother countlv.rFHE ftalian Teachers' -\sso-I ciation lras Lreen a pleasureand inspiration, not onl-v to itsmembers, but also to the manyfriends and students who haveshared our u'ork and our play.This will be borne out bv theans\\rers receivecl to hundredsof queries rvhich have pouredinto the office of our President,who has a1wal s been courteousand patient in answering them,even though greatly pressedfor time.This artic,le has been puttogether from the facts gleanedfrom the yearly reports of thePresident and from my experienceas a member of the Associationfor nine -Years.In closing I shoulil like tocluote from I)r. Cosenza'sNinth Annual Report. "Theleaven which is leavening thewhole mass is working slowlYbut surell'' Let us hoPe thatthe resuits obtained rvill be aslasting, as l-orth while and ascontinuous in growth as all theslowll' ripenecl rvork of motherearth. We have realized thehope expressed in the closingparagraph of my Eighth AnnualReport. lVe have goneforn'ard, not only ad, maiora.but also ad' nr'eltora. Anclthere is every reason to believein the steadY futuroprogress of the studY of ItalianCulture and Civiiization in ourl-rrited States. "TT-]€ ART OF Th€ TRTCENTO(Con.tinr.r,ed frout luge 211)in his spirit. This is in itself of the Middie Ages and the ical cleath of the Xlicldle,.!gesaterrible contrast. But it is first great personalit5r of the it closes theni ri.ith its gigantheprivilege of genius to Renaissance. And the Divine tic mass. The Divine Comed;'transform a contrast into a Comed-v impresses me as an im- sums up all the glory of a passstrangeincomparable har'- rnense mountain arising on the ing world and announces all themony. This is what Dante dicl. threshoicl between two worlds: glory of another-it overlooksOut of this tremenclous con- it lifts the Nlidclle Ages to the them both from its immensetrast he createcl the harmony supreme transfignration, to the lieight. This is the secret ofof the Divine Comedy which everlasting glorification of an the unparallelecl significance ofno s.ord can express. He is immortal poetr.l', and at the l)ante as a man and" of the Dithelast great representatire same time it signs the histor- vine Comecly as a poem.

Strtnn Jrrti noAn Apo.tl" of l['" ltolion.Co-FornJ"n o{ lh" -f .,nlo Mo"io l.,rfituf" of Cin.i.,.,otiBu EJoonJo Monollolias lrcerr siri,l that one ofJTI tle most ve.rirrg problemsI of tlre Catholic Church inArnerica has been the preserva-:ion of the faith of the Itaiian.lnmigrants and their children.It has also been stated that theltalian carries the faith in hisl,loocl ancl that nothing can in-,iuce him to abanclon it. Any-,-rtre familiar witir the Italianmust aclmit the veracity of thelatter statement i ).et, tliere issome grouncl for the first.]Ianl of the irnmigrants, en-+aglecl in hard manual laborwith long houts, with no Italianchurch near, often Jrecame in-,.1ifferent and, u'hile alwaysproclaiming themselves Catholics,renrained for .Years awayI'lonr the Church. In these circLrrnstancesthe children,thougir nearl-v always baptizeil,often glerv up in almosttotai ignorance of their religion.Taking aclvantage of thesituation, Protestant proselytizersentered rvhat they believeclwoulcl be a fertile fie1dand b,v various means entlealoreclto entice the Italiansfrom their native faith. Lookinghack we can say that, consideringthe time and mone\nspent, this pr:oselyting has beenan almost complete failure.But the amount of work putforth by the Church to preselvethe Faith has also beengreat, and of this effort, a muchgreater part than is generalh.sul)lluscd lss lreerr done bv tlreItaiians themselves. Perhapsthe best example of what theItalian has done for himself inthis iine is the Santa Maria Instituteof Cincinnati, Ohio,s'hich is today the leacling Italiansocial centel in America.'llhis institution is the result ofthe heroic efforts of two ItalianSisters of Charitv, Sister Justinaanil Sister BlandinaSegale, who dedicatecl theirlirres to the preservation of thefaith of their countrvmen.Sister Blandina is still"urr--r'-ing on the nobie work rvhileSister Justina clied some two)-ears ago (1929).N7fARTA 1\laddelera (SisterrYr Justirra) Segale was Lroruat Cicagna, near Genoa, in1846. At the age of seven herparents took her to America.She was educatecl in the parochialschools of the Sisters ofNotre Dame and the Sisters ofNlercy, ancl graduated from theCeclar Grove Academy of theSisters of Charitv. Whentrven$. years old she enterecltht-' novitiate of the Sisters ofCharity.In l8fl7 she rvas sent to theSouthwest, where she taught inthe public schools of Trinidad,Colorado, and Albuquerque,New Mexico, for fifteen years.I-,ater, she taught in the parochialschools of Ohio andMichigan, instructed the blindstuclents at Michigan llniversity,and was in charge of a221bovs' sclrool at n'avetteville,Ohio.q TSI'FIR Justirra rniglrt welli*J lruve coirtirrrred tlris workhad not another, mnre insistentappeal reached her heart. Inthe " Story of the Santa MariaInstitute " Anna C. lVlinoguervrites: "fn the year 1897,which saw the establishment ofthe Institute, Mother X{ary'Blanche Davis was the Supeliorof the Sisters of Charity otCincinnati. Her guidance hadbeen felt at home and on theirmissions, scattered from lfichiganto New Mexico, I'rut heavyas \\rere the cares of her positionthey did not engage all herzeal and interest. There wasnow coming up to her the cryof neglected souls in the citl'lying below the mother houseat Mount St. Joseph-on-theffuclson.Its echo v'as heard inhours of prayer; it would notbe hushed, that cry of the neglectedltalians of Cincinnati. "It rn'as this cry which drerv theSister to the work to which shet'levoted the rest of her life.1'he Methodists were the firstto open "missions" among theItalians of Cincinnati. Theother sects followed, all usingthe bait of rnaterial assistanceto drau' the new-comers totheir rneeting places. To combatthis proselyting of the unsuspectingItalians, Sister Justinaancl Sister Blanclina obtainedpermission to take meas-

ifl'222ures to protect their countrymenand rvith the encouragementof Archbishop l)lder ofCincinnati ancl fir'e dollars forcapital, began the work whichwas ultimately to destrol' fhsefforts of proselytizers and tobuild the splendid Santa MariaInstitute.IIEIR first step was thefouncling of a parochialsohool. Through the generosit.vof the Yerl' Rer'. JohnIVIacker', reetor of tlre Catlredral,a completell' furnishedroom in the basement of theSprinpler Institute was givento them. But when theschool openecl on September13, not a pupii appeared. 'Ihereason rvas olrvious-the Italianspreferrecl the u-ell equippeclpuLrlic school to a singlebasement rooin. tlndnnntecl,the Sisters continued theirrvork, r'isiting ancl instmctingthe Italians in their hornes.One clal- tht-.r- found a pennv,and remembering the x'olds ofSt. Teresa in a similar situation,chose for their motto:" L.ln solclo e due Sorelle sonniente. lirr solclo, dne Sole]k:e Dio sono onnipotente." Thepenn)r was laid asirle as a nucleusof the fnnd for: their nelrhorne.Such splendid faith was notwithout fruit. A certain ChristainI\{oeniein had left $2000.00to be used for an Italian charit1,,and it rvas offerecl to theSisters if ther- rvere properl.r'organized. '\ rneeting wascalled and an organizationkntown as the " Santa n{ariaItalian Educational and InclustrialFlome " was formed l.ithSister Justina as president. Itrvas incorporated in December,1890. Tu'o rreeks later the Yer-vRev. John C. Albrinck, vicarof the diocese, hearing of thefailure of the Sisters' firstschool, offered them two of hisbest elass ro,oms and the useof chapel. This time the Sisterswere not disappointeclATLANTICA, }IAY. 193Iand when the doors opened onOctober 11, twentrv-six Italianchildren appeared. It no\Yseemed that the Italians ofCincinnati would have a centralhome and a school. Butthrougli trickery the $2000.00uras kept from them and theSisters had to begin solicitingfunds anew,The follolving summer arrangements\\'ere made to purcirasea home, but at the lastrnomerlt it was snatched fromThe Late Sister Justinatirem. A club for Italian x,omenwas begun ancl the fortndationfor other work laicl, butthe iack of a central institutironhinclered an5'thing permanent.The situation was finally remeclieclby l{other Desirata, Superiorof the Sisters of St.Francis, tr.ho offered SisterJustina their old mother house.A night school, a number ofclubs, ancl a parochial schtcolwere then established. lVithinthlee 1'ears tlre two pbror serr'-anls of Chlist liad frustratedthe resigns of the rich Methodistmission and had fourrdetla Catholic center around whichthe ftalians couid gather. Ashort time later Sister Blandinawas sent to New Mexico,and Sister Justina remained incharge.Il -\ Rl,\- irr 190{, at a litrreE- n'herr the Protcstatrt: t'oneu'eclt],reir prtoselyting, thesite of the Center was corlclemnedto make room for apark. Again like her DivineMaster, Sister Justina had" no\\'here to 1ay her head.''This time the ltalians, headerlb). Father Belangro of the SacroCuore Church, came to herrescue. Thev acrluired a sttrallbrick house in the Itaiian rlistrict,which was occupiecl Uav28, .l905. Lack of space forcerlthem to close the school, britmost of the pupils entered oneof the other parochial schoolswhere arrangements were marleto teach tlrem ltalian.'Ien ,vears later the Sisterswere enabled to purchase anotherhome for $30,000. In thernore commodious edifice a ciubhouse and a night school formen and bor-s was opened. Acomp)ete kitchen rvas installetlancl classes in ciornestic science,sewing, and dressmaking conrluctedfor girls and tl'onten.\Vinning the c'onfidence of theJuvenile courts, manv depentlentchildren \Yere cornrnittedto their care. Catholicsthroughout the cit"v becameaware of its splendid work andthe Institute became not onll'the center of Italian, but of allthe Catholic activities.ANY appeals came to therSisters f rorn ilifferentparts of the eountry imploringthenr to open similar institutionsto protect the Italiansfrom proselytizers which werebusy er.'etywhere. Limitetlcircumstances made it impossiblefor them to compll', irutto enlarge their rvork as muclt(Cantittued on loge 23a)

Th" W"qwonJ lt. lion E',,Who it [Qnrpo,,.ibln f"n l-lis Aclio nr?Bq Luiqi Cl in.hi"l"TN these dar-s of conrnereial-I izea rackets. wlren sensartional scribes ale prone to,1ip their pens in the life blood,''f Italian chivalrv, prudence,and thrift, to clescribe the m,oreteverishly the front page stars,,f our 20th centur,v post-s'arcrime w&\r€r it is u.ell to sitirack and pondel on the causelather than the effect n'hichhas brought our citizenrv ofItalian extraction to the c1ctradingdepths which thesCscribes are shouting from thelr ousetops.Let us discuss for a briefrrroment these Italian bo5 s whoare rnaking the front pages toda,t.Let us go back to theircarly environnent llefore thevlrecame problems to contentlrvith. Let us go back to theirold neighborhood, their farnilies-theirfriends. JVhat ilcrri'e fincl ?Nearl.i' evely olrl time " co1lper"will readily agree that antrtalian riistrict is ah'ays prefcrableto anr. other residentialbeat. These cops will tell vouthat the Italians are a peaceful,law-abiding people; that thernen are harci workers; thewomen devotecl wit es ancl mothers;the children the best thatr:oulcl be hoped for under orc'linar,vcouclitions. What is tirern5'ster,r', then, rvhich is circumrentingthis race? Sociologistscould unravel this mystery tothe satisfaction of all coneerned.Tlie so-cailed gangster of totlaymight have lteen a lespectedcitizen ofl lfs comlnunityif certain innate prejudicesborn of natural race hatredhad not taken the place of thatChrist-love rvithin the healt'sof a mixed American element--those fortuuate people rvhopreceded the ltalians to theseshores. I holcl no hrief forthese Americans who are la-Lroring under the impressionthat thev are one hundred percentred, lfiite ancl blue, allwool ancl a vard wide, exaggeratingtheir Americanism tothe point x,ltete the-v rvouldhave us beheve that the-v caneven trace their lineage backto the l{avflor.er, and then onthe strength of this brazenYankee Doodleism, do not hesitateto take a parting shot atan.vthing that spells Italian.HlLtr I arn perfectly rn'illingto respect theirvie$'s, I cannot accept theirphilosophy. Tf time ancl tlateof arlir.al at these go'lclenshores ale to be the criteria byrvhich future Americans arejudged. then they shail have togo back corsiderahly furtherthan the landing of the Mayflorver,because we Italians can,if necessary, trace our ancester-vback to three famous shipsSanta \[aria, the Nina-theand the Pinta.I contencl that the a\:eragegangster is a r.ictim of circurnstance.Having been ostracizetlbI the verl' societ-v which223deplores hirn no\\', he \Yasforced to go it alone I and sittcemisery loves contpartl', het soonfound sonte pals to his liking.I{orvever, if he had beensteered on the right track thever)' first time he faltererl, hewould not be a target for condemnationnow.SK an-v social n'orker ittthe slums. !['hese kindlr.peoplc have forfeitecl a life of(,ASo an{l lttxttt'r to eit t't'r' olttthe mandates of Goci. Thevhave huml'rlecl thenrselves to thelevel of the poor", the rveak zrnclthe don ntroclden. Thel liaveliverl in the heart of the PoorerItalian quarters.These l'orthies can readilvattest to the fact that the socalledItalian gangster comesfrorn goocl, respectable stock.These parents, as a rule, areplain, healthy, ever)'-da)" honestrvorking people, u-ho asklittle and give much. l'he-vlive in old style, cold-watertenements, iong vacated hYearlier European races in theirhasty exodus, with the sarneproportion of contenrPt anclhatrecl which characterized theaverage white colonY wheneverthe colored peoPle llegan1o muscle in. Tradition has itthat Italians are prolific colonizers;but as a matter of fact,it is the other races hastilY vacatingthe neighborhood, rvhichnlarle sucJr colonization possible.,\nil eventuallr. this neigh-

iIITl'rn Memoirs of Lr rrotti:.ilIIOItIE (MEMOTRS) Vot. IISll-1876) 51 I 7agcs. Bologua,Zonichelli. Lire 80.The memoirs of a man u,ho spentmore than fifty 1-ears of his liie in.:lose touch wiLh the rulers of Italvand.who, at one time, guided her'Cestinies, cannot fail t"o contain;nuch material of absorbing inter.estto the student of Italian hiitorv. To:he student of the economii der-elopmentof the countrr., especiallvsoon af ter her unificati oi. Lizzattitsmemoirs are invaluable.Luigi I ttzzatti started his publiccareer as Under-Secretarv of-Statefor .Agricult."fg i" the 'Minghettiministry of 1869, at the age o"t ZS,reaching in his oid age tf,e presidencyof the cabinet aird the ienat_orship. IIe was Minister of theTreasury in the first Di Rudinicabinet of 1891 as tvell as in otherministries. He is best known. however,for the conversion of theItalian 5/o debt and for the introductioninto ltaly of the cooperativemovement and of the popuiar bankingsystem. In 1896-he helped tosave the Bank of Naples- frombankruptcy-. I Llzzatti was highlyesteemed by his contemporaiies,both in_ Italy and in foreigr-, counltries. In 1916 he invited rhe AllieclPou'ers and the United States toconstitute a sort of internationalclearing house on the lines of thePostal .Union, for the purpose ofstabilizing the foreign e*ihanges.His plan u'as approved but not iarriedinto practice, as the Frenchfeared that it might upser theirfinancial and moneiary si-stem. ToLuzzatti, therefore, may-be tracedthe idea of the Bank for InternationalSettiements which rvas establishedat Basle in 1930.Luigt Luzzatti rvas born in Veniceon March 1, 1841, of Jewishparents. At the age o{ 23 he married-a Jeuish Citl a1 a Jervishtemple. ahhough-he profesied nocreed whatever. Of hls Jervish descenthe was always pr-oud, as heopenly declared on more than oneoccasion. Yet, when his childrenlvere1orn, he had them baptized inthe Catholic faith because he feltthat otherwise they would have remainedtolerated exceprions in a1olr1t1y in which the majority r,vasCatholic and not free fiom -racialprejudices.The book is ful] of hitherto unknorvndetails regarding Italy,s financialrecovery arrd prog:ress. Soureo t the anecdotes llteritioncd al.eworth recaliing.. For _example, in the early seventies,u'hen Japan rvas a r,veik courrtr1',militarili' and inclu.str-ia1ly, agroup of Japanese students wassent to the silk-worm laboratorv ofPadua to learn Italian methods. Inthose da1's the young Japanese studentsappeared strange and funnvto the Italian populace u hich woulisneer at them on their l,r'av to theLuigi Luzzattilaboratorl'. But those boys di4 ,.o,seenr to care. Their mincl-was uponlearning the secret of the silk^industry,which, in due time, theybrought bafk to- Japan, thus layingdown the foundations of the greaiJapanese silk business of todariLuzzatti's recollections oi tire Leginningof the Triple Alliance alsoare of particular interest. As earlvas 1873, in a letter to Marco 1\4inlghetti, the Prime l,Iinister, Luzzatlisuggested an offensive and defensiveailiance u'ih Germany, in orderto forestall a disturbance of thep_e,a_ce by reactionary France."Weak in arms" he ivrote, "u,emust fortifv ourselves with alliancesand rvith a favorable publicopinion." Minghetti, lvho had agreat confidence in his Under-Secretarv,u'as also iooking torn'ardsthe same end. The ociasion forthe first step in the negotiationscame when King Victor EmmanuelII took advantage of an invitationfrom Emperor Francis Joseph tovisit him in Vienna on the occasionof the Universal Exposition of1873. ft lvas in anticipation of thattrip that l{inghetti asied for Luzzatti'sadvice as ro u.hat the Kingshouid buy at the Exposition. ',ThEKing shouid visit the Itaiian section,"answered Luzzatti. ,'but heshould not buy any ar.ticle. Heshorrld Lu_r' something at the Aus_trian and G"r-*"n ...fionr. but alsobronzes and other obiects at theFrench section, to show that he appreciatesthe industries of o.,tneighbors." The purpose of thetrip, according to Minghetti, rvas tosecure the confidence of Germanr-.to. dissipate the ill-ieelings oi Auitriaand to bring about J tripartiteagreement.From Vienna the King went toBerlin. No il'ritten agreement wasstipulated at Berlin but the followingwords of the two sovereigns:"Your Majesty may depend on"-.rn any event, jusr as I hope to dependon you," may be consideredthe beginning of the Triple Alliance.Luzzalti relates that upon meetingthe German Emperor, ^Victor EmImanuel did no.t try to apologize iorhrs past leanings toward _Fr.ance.In 1870 he had wanted to go to theassistance of France, hui he u'asdissnaded. I,uzzatti was orle ofthose who dissuaded the King" Onasked him (Luzzatti ) : "Do r-oir thinkthat we should tutr ih" Staie as oneruus a clothing factory ?" ,,YourXIajesty," Luziatti replied, ',in rrrnningthe State as in nranaging aclothing factory my principlE is" togain lrt,ncstly and not to lose-anclhere we have all to lose."This volume contains also documentsand notes b1,- the committeeof editors._ Tl.u "Arrtobiography" by SamuelDavid LuzzaLto, publiihed -at paduain 1881, contains much informationon the Luzzatto andLuzzatti family.According to tradition, the Luzzatiofamily_ originated in Lausitz (i,,Latin Lusatia ). It is presumed thatthe Luzzalo family settled in Italyaround 1389, at the time of the expulsionof the .len-s from Lausitz.The Luzzarto family was known inJewish lilerature forl three centuries.'\renice had for several centuries asynagogue called the ,,L:uzzattoSchoo1."More details on the Luzzatto famib-ny be found in "The Life and\\-orks of Moses Hayyim Lurrano,tounder of Modern Hebrew Literature"by Dr. Simon Ginzburg(Philadeiphia, 1931).-Giovanni Schiavo

tlItIIt"lion l-J onJic'oft, on E"hibitionWith great success, an Exhibitionof Italian Handic'rafts andSmall Industries was held last monthfor the first time in New York at theAmerican Fine Arts Galieries underthe auspices of the Italy AmericaSociety. Thanks to the indefatigableefforts of I rs. FrancoBruno Averardi, the initiative oithe ltaly America Society hasachieved the most gratifying results.An exhibition of Italian bookswas opened rvith a remarkableshowing of the finest products ofItalian craftsmen, which includedthe potteries of Focaccia e I'{elandri,Industria Celamica Salernitana,tapestries of Longobucco, artisticcoppers of Zancope and Zonaof Venice, r,r'rought iron of Gerardiin Rome, the rvorks of Donna NIariaGallenga, Lenci dolls and novelties,potteries of Pratica di Nlare andwrought-iron of Carlo Rizzarda.\{. Vidal and Companv, fnc., exhibitedthe potteries of Dolcetti ofVenice, artistic furniture of. Ctoze,artistic leather goods of Linetti,blorvn glass of Cristalleria N{urano,and Venetian shau,'ls and table linens.The cooperation of the Ente Naziottaleper I'Artigi,anato e Pi,ccctleIndn,stri,e r'vas of great value inarousing r,viclespread interest in thesplendid revival of Itaiian handicrafts.Indeed, the Ente ltlazionaleper I'Artigianato e Piccole Industriet.xhilrire, l gr.ear ?variety. of potte-r_res, wrought iron. ceramics, majolic.as,1nd rugs, rvhich displayed allthe differenr r)pcs of small industrieswhich arc rhe pride of Italiansmall centers specializing in thistraditional field of skiil._ Th" l-xhibition, organized by theItaly America Societv in -NewYorL, wilt be followed by other exhibitionsin other -\meriian centers,inasmuch as the Italian artists havesucceeded in reviving the bestcharacteristics of ancient rvorkmanshipand have renovated their skillto meet modern reqr-rirements andtaste.Th, Dnlto Phi Alph. in lllincisWorking laboriousil. ancl enthusiasticallyin the latter part of May,1929, a group of four students-Emilio Ameiotti, John Nicolosi,Tom Siniscalchi, John Granatametand discr-rssed the possibilityof an organization to be composedof students of Italian descent at theUniversity of Tllinois in Urbana.The iCea r'vas discussed by the smailassemblage r'vith earnesi and f erventendeavor. As a result of theproceedings a Club, u'hich rvasgiven the name Silvio Pellico inremembrance of the imrnortal ma'r-1)r. statesman ltntl patliot. \\as organized.The termination of theschool year delavecl temporaril;,'further activity at the Universitl-.Hor,vever, the members of theorganization rvere far from beingdormant after leavirrg the campusfor their respective homes, but, onthe contrarl', undertool< u-ith thegreatest enthusiasm the u'or1i r,r,herethey left off. They rvere ali {rorrthe same citlr, Chicago. This aclvantagein being able to u'orli collectivelyrather than individuall1. insuredthe success of the organizationf or the f oiior,ving year andyears to come. Prospective 'rrniversitystudents rvere intervieu'ecland pledged. Although the organizationwas a club, it was operatedon a fraternity ba-sis. The accompiishmentsof these individrralsduring the summer vacation u'asmanifested by the innumerable successfulactivities u'hich took placeat the opening of school in the fall,September 1929.At the beginning of the fali termtlre Pellico Club's functions \\.ercwell uncler u,av. l,Ieals rvere served,and all f raternal functions r,r.erecarried on.It lr.as during its infancy that theClrrb secrrred the jncessant, sincereand profound cooperation of theprominent merchants and cit,icleaders of Chicago. A banquet wasgiven in their honor. Those present\,vere: Dr. Giuseppe Castruccio,Royal 11"1iun Consul in Chicago;Costantino Viteilo, President otthe Italo-American National LTnion ;Judge Siamese, N'Ielrose Park;Judge Sbar'baro; Peter Granata,Congressman f rom the Sth Congressionalclistr-ict, Chicago ; \-incentE. Ferrara, Assistant Cashierof the North Avenue State Bank;Illr. Giuseppe Rossi, Representativeof "I1 Progresso," and many other-s.ft r,r,as these men r,vhom the orqanizationlooked to for guidance. Itr,r'as these men r,vho inspired themembels to carry on their task diligently.After carrving on as a club fora period of a year and a half, apetition to secure permission tofunction as a fraternitv n'as hle.irvith the Council of Administrations.It n'as ah,r.a)-s the objectiveof the Club to be recognized as afraternity. The petition rvas granted226on Januarv 2, 1931. Officers wercimnrecliately elected: D. Salomone,President; S. Vitello, Vice-President;W. J. -Eovaldi. Secrerary:8.Maccono, Treasurer; G. Aimone,Historian. all of uhom are hol,lirrgoffrce at the present. The fraternityis local irr clraracter aL present, butits members are making plans tobecome affiliated vr.ith a iational organization.Delta Phi Alpha has successfullycompeted r,vith long establishetlfraternities on the camplls in scholastic,athletic and social activities.Scholastically, it has attained thehighest standing of ali the 68 fraternitieson the campus for the lastsemester. Among the ntembersand other students, participation inactivities sponsored by the Universityare encouraged. Fair playis encouraged and the meaning offraternity is taught.During its short existence DeltaPhi Alpha has had the honor othaving three prominent membersr'r'ho are highl1' esteemed and respected.amongtheir citizenrr'. Theyare : ,Iohn Granata, attorner2f-lnqlfrom Chicago, brother of CongressmanPeter Granata, Emil Amelotti,Prof essor of X{athematics andPhysics at the University of I1linois,and adviser of the fraternity; andD. Vespa, attorney-at-Larv, T.oluca,u'ho was graduated with highhonors.-Salvatore Vitello

SIX CHARACT ERS /A/SEARCH OF AN AUTHOR: ACornedy irt lhe Mahing. Translatedf ron, ilte I tolian ol Lu,igi Piran'dello by Edzuard Storer. PresentedbJ, Totn, Van Dycke at tl'L,e BijowTh,eatre.DPCmc cnJ MusicT L.IGI PIRAND-ELLO, t h CL ce.ebral and justll' famedItalian dramatist, has had the clistinctionof having two of his plays producedon Broadrvay this season."As You Desire l,[e" has alreadyhad a lengthy run, and "Six Charactersin Search of an Author,"though it has rrot lasted as long. lsan even better play, notwithstandingthe vague profundity of its theme.The storl- itself. on the surface,is novel and f airly simple. Atheatre stage manager (WalterConnolly) is busily ordering his actorsthrough a rehearsal when six"characters" stalk solemnllt on tothe stage: the Father, the Mother,the Step-Daughter, the Son, tbeLittle Boy and the Little Girl. Asspol

[l,Il228ATLANTICA, X{AY, 1931"Pagliacci" r,r.as perf ormed eighttimes.If the number of performancesis to be tal

fh' It"lt.nsin CrnnecticutBe Bopti.to ll. Doso'oW ""? * Y*'t ii :".:li:::ff l'';are listed, they usually are nationalin extent, in the sense that they donot confine then-rselves to certainStates or regions. What the ltalianshave done, b1' States, is somethingthat has but rarely been madekraown. This article is an attemptat such a grouping./-\ O\NECTICUT gives rrs an(-l excellent example"oI u'hat theItalians in America have achievedsince thel' became inhabitants of theNeiv World.In the meclical rvorld, one of thebest surgeons in t1-ris State, if notthe best, is Dr. Verdi ol St. Raphael'sHospital of New llaven, whohas done much to deserve the esteenrhe holds in the hearts of all. Thenumber of Itaiian-American doctorsin Connecticut is fast increasingso that norv in all cities we findat least trvo physicians of this nationalityreadl' 16 act rvhen the callcomes.In the political world in tl-ris staterve find several rvho have held veryresponsible positions. Francis Pa1-lotti accluired a position of greatmerit as Secretary of State underGov. Trr-rn-rbr-r11. Tn the city ofHartiorcl n'e finc1 that the Judge ofthe \lunicipal Court, Judge Boni, isan Italian by birth. As the headoffrcial of as large a Citl' as NewBritain, Ex-Mayor Anthony Paonessaserved the populace of thiscity fol three terms. The fact thathe serr.ed f or such a long timeproves that his lvork tvas moi'e thanbeneficial to the city.In the business rvorld, as o\4rnerof three-fourths of ali the theatresof Connecticut, N{r. Po1i, to relievehimsei{ ol such a heav,v burden,recentlv so1cl his realm for the vastsum of more than tr,r'entl-five mi1-lions of do11ars. The Italians in theState of Connecticut, w-ho rankthird in population, own ProPertvamounting to the sum of $600,000,-000. In the banks their depositsare $250,000,000. Figures tel1 thetale more plainly than all e1se.In the State of Connecticut, thecitl- of XJidrlletoun. l-ith a populationoI about 25,000 PeoPle. onefifthof r,vhom are Italian-Americans,gives us a good idea of rvhatthe sons and daughters of thosehard-working pioneers have beendoing. In this city there are threetheatres, all of u.hich are or'vncd b1'Italian citizens, N{r. Adorno, NIr.Saraceno, and N'Ir. Arrigoni. Insuch a sma1l place as this we findfour Italian-American phlbicians,Dr. LaBe11a, Dr. Magnano, Dr.Lofredclo and Dr. Wrang, an ltalian-Americanlarvyer, Mr. DonCambria, r,r,ho is also State Senator,an,l sr:r cral rcal cslate agerrts. engineers,and druggists, a1l 1-ol1ngItalian men and women taking theirplaces rvherever they belong insociety as a nhole.T-tHE people oi tlris cit-r' hareI ...t.t t-ith their ottn evcs hott'X'Ir. Salvatore \{azzotta has risen llyhis or,vn efforts, so that nou' he is anoutstanding member of the popnlationof X'{idd1etou,n, an or,vner oI agreat deal of property and other'intere

230onlA to Portugal. Today she i,sri,si,ng fast to the fore of li,teratemtt'ions.Elementary school attenrlanaeis compwlsory 'in tha,tcountry and, has been so formantA decad,es. But th,e lack ofroacl,s, schools and, money'macleth,e lau; useless until, recentgoaernn?,ents undertook to enforcei,t by mean,s of necessarypublic imytrouements. Th,e road,bui,lclirtg prograln of the Fascr,stGoaernment,'**htch has inaadedeuerA part of the peni,nsu,la,has been f ollowea by theconstruct,ion of school butlclingson a, scale without precedentin Italian hi,story. Appro-Ttri,ations for ed,ucation hauemore thon treblecl i,n th,e lastten years; the number of schoolteachers has increased, occord,-i,ngly'; and, th,ere ,is o dr:ternt'ineclrcill to pro'"-ide as sootlas ytossible o, sch,ool, seat foreuery ch,ild, i,n t"lt,e land.Mttssol.i,ni, it must be renrentbered,,roas once a school, teacherand so loas his motl,ter". Hisi,nterest i,n ed,ucation grou;s outof his ou)n personal enper,ienceancl is i,n li,tte with progre,ss.as possible and to cornbat proselyfi.*and give religious instruction,Sister Justina andher co-laborers founded anItalian and English magazine,the " Santa Maria. " To thisreview Sister Justina contributedmany alticles and s'toriesin both languages. She alsocomposed many nationallyknown hymns and prayers.The last great contributionof Sister Justina was the conceptitonof the idea of a Chairof Italian Language and Cultureat the Catholic UniversitvATLANTICA, \,IAY, 193ITOPICS CF THE MCITH(Continued from S,age 198)r: Dt-CAT IONAL condit,ionsI-'i* Itaty fot'ty ancl fiftyAears ago haue been reflectetla,]nong ltalians i,n th,i,s countryto this uery day. Il,literacy ino,ur colonies 'is high-thotLg'h,ttot as I'ti,qlt, as i,n many Am,ericanili,stri,cts where tlt,e stock i,snattue ancl sclt,ools are plenty.Mang of owr unskiLl,ecl utorkers,i,rt, th,e majority of cases peasants,conte f rom secti,ons tthi,cltuere u,tth,out schools untr,l recently.Who,t li,ttle thr:y knowtkey otue entirely to themsel,ues.The second, and tltird qenerat'ions,howeuer, are proilucts ofour publi,c scl,rnol system, anclu-,i,th, f ew ercept'ions literate. InHa,rlem,'s Li,ttle ltaly, f or r,nsta,nce,i,lliteracy i,s hi,gher th,anin most distri,cts of the ci,ty;ttttt no ot'h,er city d,istri,ct hasas qnanA clriklren attend,r,ng tl'teytwbl'i,c sch,ools and, n'owhere i,si,lli,terac31 dl1ina faster th,an i,nthat secti,on.Ito,li,a,ns atta,clt, great ual,ue toeclucat'ion and the presence ofthousands of th,err clti,ldren inall th,e hi,gh sch,ools and, collegesof tl'te country is proof of theirSISTEIA JUSTINAAn Apo.lln of thn llolion'(ContintLcd front page 222)of America at I\rashington. Itwas her irope that Italianswoulcl contribute toward thisproject, which couid serYe as acenter of Catholic ltalian-American thought. Deathclaimed her before the workoould be completed, and it isstill undone.Both Italians and Catholicscan take pride in the accomplishmentsof Sister Justinaancl she can be placed amongthe greatest of American women.In the August, 1930 issueof the "Santa l\faria"tlestre t o ,tnake tlrc nt,ost ofAnt,eri,ccttt, erJucat'ional opportunities.-l __TJ ARLEII'S Littlc Italy, in-I I eidetrtall,ry, ruqs once tltey:ri,uate ytroperty of the greatgrandf atltr:r o f the ytresentGouernor of Nel;a Tork, whottserl it as his country estate.trlr. Rooseuel,t relates tltat theytroperty went out of the I'tand,,sof 'lti,s f amily 'in, 1817, becau.sethe "'irascible ctld, ntan could,not stancl, the petti,ng ytartiesth,at rcent on there d,uri,ng thesytrtng ancl sunl,mer." Thewhole of it, about 700 cityblocks, u"tent for $zs,ooo anlere nothi,ng as comparecl-uith its present uolue.I'Iatl th,e great grand,fath,ernot sold that property, Franklitt,Rooseaelt worLl,il n,o,Lo be am,i,l,l,tonaire, one of Netu York'snal.tctbs, as he su,.c1 gestecl recently"As it ,i,s, he i,s only apoor Gouernor, wlt,o tnay'be thecandiclate of lti,s Party for thePre,sirlencg nent fall. Suclr i,sfate !Margaret Linnihan proffersher a beautiful tribute: "SisterJustina Segale entered intoher eternal rest July 3101929, but irer deeds live on andwith the l€&rs her memorywill grow brighter in the heartsof the impulsive, grateful people,11'[611-i1 the midst ofchaos and temptation- shemothered and loved and guidedin their struggle to become adjustedto the customs of a newland and in their struggle toretain their priceless heritageCatholic Faith.o'-the

the Catholic reaction, which bearsthe hall-mark of Spain upon it. Itwas thus an age of absolutisffi, politicalas well as spiritual.Moreover, it was an age of display,"rvhen the pageant$' whichhad been the natural expression ofthe full life of the Renaissance 1ingeredon after that life had ebbed andwas valued fol its own sake.To startle, to surprise, to impressby extravagance, above all by lavishand costly display-5t16h was theideal. , Obvior-rsly it was an ageof decadence.""But if Itaiy was decadent," continuesthe author in the first feu'pages of this guide to the leadingItalian cities in the days of baroqueart, "her influence a;broad was asgreat as ever." If ever a history ofthe Italians outside Italy rvere lvritten(as Cesare Balbo desired) thoseof this period r,vould add an importantchapter. There is, for example,the well-known debt ofElizabethan England to Ital)r. Butso, too, clid Spain owe her much,especiall;' in her arrnl'.But Mr. Coilison-Morley's vividand charming book is by no meansa mere compilation of the facts andthe men of the period. Far fromit. Though it is in effect a periodguide boolr, useful and even valuableto the traveler in Italy, it is somellorv in tone, so conducive toquiet, restful meditation, that it canbe read r'vith interest even by someonervithout the remotest interestin ltaly. But where is one to findsuch a man ?POLIT]CAL CONSEQL]EA'CE,' OFTLIE I,f ORLD LI:AR, by RantsayXfrir. 252 pag1e.;. Th.e Honte (iniaersityLibrary. Henry Holt I Co.$1.25.T) ROFESSOR MUIR. fo|merl1'F of the Universitr- oi Manchester,has given us in this little volumea brief survelr of the political conditionsexisting in the world since1918. He traces the rise of nationalismand imperialism, the developmentof the democratic idea, ihe influenceof industrialism, and theprogress of internationalism. Healso reviervs the consequences of thepeace treaties.His exposition, horvever, as theauthor warns us in the preface, is"one man's view." There are indeedseveral points on rn'hich onecouid take issue r'vith the author.For example, it is not perfectl,v truethat "the fina1 coliapse of the CentralPowers was hastened by theBCOKS IN BIQIEF(Contintr,cd, from, Page 196)revolt of the subject peoples of Austria"just as it is debatable n'hetheror not it was the free trade policvof Great Britain that made her thecentral market of the r,vorld. Likewise,it is rather far-fetched to statethat in Fascist Italy, "methods ofespionage and summary condemnationwithout trial are almost as unflinchinglyused" as in Russia.Nevertheless, the book is an excellentintroduction to the study ofthe conseqr-rences of the Peace Settlement.THE FRENCH NOVEL, b , PierreMille. Tran,rLatccl from the French byElisabeth Abbott. I'hilttde llhia: J. R.Lippincott Co. $2.T IPPINCOTT'S ''One - HourLSeries'' rias create.l to meet thedemand for a brief but authoritativesurvey of outstanding fields inart, science and social endeavor. Itsauthors have been selected for theirknou'ledge of the subject. and justas Ford Madox Ford has n'ritten onthe English novel and Grant Overtonon the American novel, soPierce Mille, himself a distinguishedFrench novelist, norn"' writesabout "The French Novel."Mille's point of vieu' is set forthin his prologue: "From the beginningof the world to the end of timea good novel, a great novei, hasbeen and always rvill be that novelin which a man or a wonran preferablyboth-appear as de{initetypes more real than reality," anopinion with $,'hich the reader mayor may not agree. Then he proceedsto take up in detail Rousseau,Stendhal, Flaubert, Maupassant,Loti, Anatole France, Bourget,Barres, Rolland, Proust and Gide,as well as the vounger novelistsTulien Green, Paul \4orand. Nlaurbis,Colette and others.TIlE F,VOLLITION OF INTERNA-TIOA|AL P(.IBLIC LAII/ IN EU-ROPE SINCE GROTIUS^, by If alterSint,ons. 146 fages. Ne'lu Ha-",en: Yale[inir.,er.rit!, Pre.t.t. $2.50.T T ERR SINIONS. former Chiefl-l Jurtice of the Federal Courtof Germanlt, has collected here thesix lectures rn'hich he delivered beforethe Williamstorvn Institute ofPolitics in 1930. He deals rvithState Sovereignt-v and Responsibilit-r',Rights of War and Neutralitl',rights of minorities and Internationalco-operation.As the title implies, he reviet's internationallaw since the time ofGrotius, u,hose title of father of thelarv of nations he stresses' He231minimizes the contribution of theSpanish Francisco de Vitoria andneglects entirely that of the ItalianAlberico Da Gentili.Dr. Simons reviews in an actrmirableway the progress of internationaiethics and cooperation, withoutcleating the confusion whichseems inevitable with writers whotry to cram a vast knowledge offacts within a fern'pages. His presentationis without doubt learnedand scholarly, yet the author doesnot forget for one moment that heis a German, and a former Foreignl{inister of the Ger,man Republic.Indeed, in his lectures he has givenus an abie clefense of the Germanpoint of view in matters affectingthe lau, as \veil as the comity ofnations.FOtl A .tONG, bt Konrad Berco"'ici.Nezu Yorh: Dodd, XIeatl & Co. $2 50.-r1HERE arc rnanv Jtalian-Arrrer-I i.rn girls rvho *lill b. interesre,lin this story of a )roung ltalian-American girl whose sole amtritionis to sing at the \Ietropolitan OpelaHouse. Mr. Bercovici, a popularu,riter whose novels and storieshave themes ranging from sociologyand history to gypsy and Roumanianpeasant stories, finds it necessarfin the present book to depictthe color and the tu,mult of NelvYork's lower East Side, whenceX4aria Caproni, the talented youngsinS;er, emerges. Though spotty andfar from accurate, dialects occasionallyused in the conversation addto the interest of the story, whichtakes the reader behind the scenesin the music rvorld. N{r. Bercoviciwas a music student in his youth,a fact not lvidelr' knorvn.FRANCIS DANA: A Puritatt Diplornatat the Cottt of Catherine the Great,by I.;l.t. P. Cressot'r. Illustrated'. 396y'aors. Nc;.' York: Littcoln llac Veagh,Tlte Dial Press. $S.T) RANCIS DANA, who die

232pljin-living, high-thinking citizen ofIllassachusetts. But Francis Danawas an able man,The author, formerly secretaryof the American Embassv in Russia,has cliscoverecl in tie unpublishedDana papers much valuabledata, which has gone into a biographythat sheds light on a liftlelrnolvnchapter in American history'.CREAT SHORT S7OR1E.9 OF THEIYOR LD. Selected attd [.dited byBarrelt H. CIarh artd lIaxittt Liebei.Neu Vorh: Robert X'[" McBride & Co.$2.50.lf,\l \-E thousand \.ears oi humanF historl' are covered br. the 177stories of t77 famous auiho., .or-rtaincdin this comprehensive collectionof short stories, which aretaken from 35 different literatures.Besides giving the reader a panoramicvier,v of the short fiction ofthe n'orld, it contains much biographicalancl critical information inthe form of introductory notes toeach story and each secfion. Mostof all, however, it contains a u'eaithof short story reading matter,capable of fiiling in manl' an even1ng.The Itaiian section is representedby stories b1' Boccaccio, Ser Giovanni,Macchiavelli, Carlo Gozzi,\,rerga, Fogazzaro, Mathilde Serao,d'Annunzio and Grazia Deledda.FIGURE,9 OF EARTH. by JannesBrattrlt Cabel!. -\-ezt 7- orh : Grosset &Dtutlap.tT-HlS exarnple oi invirorating.l- "old rvirie in nen-bottles" as theI{eralil-Tribune has it, is a popularreprint of Cabell's r,vell-knorvn storvof ,\lanucl, tlre su'inelrerd uho becamea Count in the author's mythicnlcountly of Poicresme u-here "almostanything is more than likeli,to happen." Complete in itself ,"Figures of Earth," like the famous"Jurgen" or "Domnei," is an iniegralpart of one u'hole group romance,told r,i ith "impudent t himsicalityand superb artistrr.."ADt/ERTISING: I/s Etononics, Philosopltyattd Tecltttiqtrr, bt' Hetbrrt Il'.Hcss. Illttslrotcd. 'Pttitod.,lSttia: .t . B.Lippincott Co. $5.,-l--,HE tremendous importance oiI adr ertising in the modernbusiness world can be appreciatedonlv r,vhen one stops to consider thatthe essence of the theory of massprotluction is the crearion of massconsunrption, r'vithout rvhich theformer would obviousll' be impos-ATLANTICA, MAY, 1931sible. Advertising is the meansrvhereby people are persuaded towant products of a rvider and widervariety and in greater and greaterquantities.The enormous sum of moneynowestimated in the billionsspenton advertising every yearmakes imperative a fuller understandingof its philosophy and techniqueand the part it plays in modernindustriai life. In this book1\llr. Hess, head of the l'{erchandisingDepartment of the WhartonSchool of Finance and Commercein the University of Pennsylvania,gives a comprehensive, scientifictreatment of the construction of advertisingand publicity campaignsfrom the preliminarv study of theproduct to the finai advertisementas it appears.Some of the chapter headings,indicative of the matter covered,are: "Ivpography and Layout,""The Trade N{ark," "AdvertisingI{edia," "The Aclvertising Campaign,""Color," "Attention in Relationto Display," and "Instincts,Tendencies, and Interests Signifiqantin Advertising -\ppeal."THE EDUCATION OF ADULTPRISOTVER.t: A Surz;ett and a Progront.b1 ,ltrstitt H. XIareormi,.h. 456pages. Ner.u York: The Notional Societyof Penal Inf ormation,. $2.50.I)REPARED for the NariorralI Societv o I Penal Lrformationas one of its series on current penalconditions and problems, this bookis the first of its kind to be r,vrittenin America. It aims to assess educationalwork now being carried onin penal institutions and to formulatea rvorkable program to sefve asa guide for penal oIficials. It discussesa \\'ide variety of educationaiaims and methods, and contains :rmass of concrete and practical suggestions.THE AUTOBIOCRAPI]Y OF BENl/ENUTOCELLINI andTLIE HIGI-IPLACE, by James Branch Cabell.Bonibooks Series" New Yorh: Albert& Cha,rles Roni. 50c each.--f-\HESE are tNo nl tlre latestI title' ro be addetl to the harrdyand t_r'pographicallr beaLrti r'ul Boniboolisseries, which, in spite of thehigh quality of their contents, retailat the lorv price of 50c each.These attractive little books are norvindividually boxed in a two-colorslip case, and thel' can stand comparisonwith all but the most expensiveof limited editions.OUTLINE OF THE LITERARY HIS.TORY OF EUROPE SINCE THERENAL9SANCE. By Poul Van Tieshem.Translated b.t Aimee L. M;-Kenzie. 350 pages. New Vork: TJiaCentttry Co. $2'30.'-l-1 HERE have been many liter-I ary histories written from the"comparative literature" vier'vpoint.especially for coilege use. Most ofthem, however, have laid too muchstress on the separate nationalities;they have not, as Mr. R. S. Cranepoints out in his preface, "a significantorganizing iclea." The presentbook has been rvritten {rom aconsistently internationai point ofview, interpreting "dominant stylesand forms, major currents of tasteand opinion, which have manifestedthemselves, independently ofbarriers of language and politics,throughout thc various literaturesof Europe in a given age." Thenational and local has been subordinatedto the wider European aspectsof the themes, r,vhich will nodoubt give readers new perspectivesand nerv ideas.Published originally in 1925 forFrench students, it has been tran.slatedinto Swedish and Hungarian,and. norv into English, considerablyrevised and enlarged. ProfessorVan Tieghem holds the degree ofDocteur des Lettres from t[e Universitl'of Paris. He has twice beenawarded a prize by the French-\cademy, is Ceneral Secretary ofthe f nternational Commission ofLiteraly Historv, and his previousworks include studies of Ossian inFrance, the Romantic Movement,Pre-Romanticism, and great non-French lvriters, as rvell-as annualrevier,vs of comparative literaturefor a Fr-ench historical journal.WAR AND PEACE. Vots. I-III. ByLeo Tolstoy. Translated b,t Louiieond Ayltrter Martdc, uith on -itttroduclion.by Aylmer llloude. 'thc 14/orld,sClossils. i550 paoes. New york: Orford, Uniz,ersity Press. 93.00.T T IS amazing how the colossalI size and lcngrh of Tolstoy'smasterp;ece, "Wai arrd Peace," hasbeen fitted within the india-paperpages of this pocket-size edition.It is really a triumph for ;bookmaking,when the 1550 pages of Tolstoy'slongest novel can be carriedaround in the pocket like an ordinarycatalog. The type is clearand legible; the binding strong; theprice only $3; and as for the storyitseif, it is Himaiayan in its giganticbreadth.

Th" lt. li.ns in thn LJnitnJ St.tes(Readers Are lrLaited to Sett,tl, in, Jtecu.t nf Ren.l Worth for Possible Use in, These Columtts. Photographs trVill Also BeWelcome)ALABAMAMr. Elviro Di Laura, editor of "I1Gladiatore" of Birmingham, has beenelected an honorary member of theNashville (Tenn.) Conservatory ForeignLanguage Club. llis name waspre,sented by Cav. P. Bartolini, teacher ,and director in the Conservatory.The inauguration of the AlabamaGrand Lodge of the Order Sons ofItaly recently took place in the grandbaliroom of the Tutwiler Hotel ofBirmingham. Among those presentwere Count Umberto Billi, SupremeRecording Secretary, and Cav. SalvatoreParisi, Supreme Financial Secretary,both of the Supreme Lodge ofNerv York, as well as consular andecclesiastical authorities and Dr. LuigiCocciola, Supreme State Deputy.ARKANSASRosa Zagnoni Marinoni, nationallyknown poet, fiction n'riter ald epigrarnmistof Fayetteville, has been appointedArkansas's first woman poet laureateby the Arkansas Federation ofWomen's C1ubs. Her third book ofverse, "North of Laughter," is scheduledto be released this nonth bv theOglethorpe Press. For ten years Mrs.Marinoni was connected with the StateFederation as state chairman f or thestudent loan fund for the University ofArkansas, but because of her literarywork she n,as forced to give this up ayear ago. Her husband, Prof. A. Marinor-ri,is the author of "Ital1, Yesterdayand Today,' recently published byMacmillan.CALIFORN IAJames Augustus Bacigalupi, o1dfriend of Amedeo Peter Giannini, wasrecentll' elected President of the greatTransamerica Corporation to take theplace of Lawrence Mario Giannini, thefounder's son. Mr. Bac:igalupi, 48, wasraised in California, attended SantaClara College and then the HastingsCollege of the Law in San Francisco,receiving his degree 1n 1907. His acquaintancewith Giannini the elder ledto his becoming general counsel of theBank of lta1y, ar.rd in 1924 he becamepresident and chairman of that greatinstitution. He has been twice decoratedby the King of ltaly for his rvorkamong Italian immigrants. In acceptinghis new office, President Bacigalupisaid: "My decision to accept is basedentirely upon an abiding attachment toour splendid institutions and organizations,conceived and founded by A. P.Giannini, and upon an ardent desire tocontribute my best endeavors towardthe continued success oi our undertakings.'fA banquet was recently heid in theElks C1ub, San Francisco, in honor ofVictor Sbragia, on the occasion of hisbeing appointed Election Commissioner.The President of the organizingcommittee, Caesar C. Rossi, acted aschairman. Among the speakers wereGiuseppe Peschiera, Supervisor VictorCanepa, and D. C. Murphy, formerSenator.The tenor Vincenzo Ceccarelli of SatrFrancisco has been signed by the CivicGrand Opera Association of Ho11ywoodto take principal roles in a seriesof open-air operas. Ceccarelli, a WorldWar veteran and prominent member ofthe American Legion, has an operarepertoire of over 50 operas.Professor Franco Brun'o Averardi,visiting professor of Italian Literatureat the l]niversity of Southern Californiain Los Angeles, recently was theguest of honor at a luncheon in hishonor given by the "Cenacolo" of SanFrancisco. Gr. Uff. A. Pedrini, presidentof the C1ub, introduced Prof.Averardi to the guests.A bancluet was given on May 3rd atthe Paris Inn in Los Angeles in honorof the newly-appointed judge of theMunicipal Court, Alfred A. Paonessa.The presiderrt oi the ltalian Chamberof Commerce of San Francisco, Gr. Uff.A. Pedrini, recently delivered an addressbefore that body at its annualmeeting, discussing Italian-Americantracle and the grorvth of the Chamber'sactivities.The impresario Fortune Gal1o, directorof the San Carlo Opera Company,has signed a three-year contractwith the Citv oi Los Artgeles, to givean anrrual, eight-weeks seison of operain the Greek Theatre in Griffith Park.The first season begins Julr' 1st.COLORADOJoseph P. Constantine was recentlyelected secretary-treasurer of the LawAlumni Association of WestminsterUniversity at the annual meeting heldin Denver. Mr. Constantine, the onlygriduate of ltalian parentage from theschool, is a member of the Denver Bar.At a meeting of the Garfield WelfareAssociation held not long ago in Denverhe rn'as elected to its Board of Directors.CON N ECT ICUTThe Yale Italian Society, composedof Italian students of Ya1e, recentlygave Luigi Chiarelli's "La maschera eil volto" at the Little Theatre in NewHaven.For the first time in its history, anItalian, Dr. touis La Bella, of Middletown,has been appointed one of thetrustees of the Newtown Hospital.In a contest conducted by the OregonTrail Memorial Association among studentsof junior commercial high schoolsof the country, Miss Anna Doceacquaof New Haven won the Connecticutptize.Work has been begun in BridgePortfor the new Church of St. Rosario. Itsarchitect is Antonio De Pace, and itwill cost about $100,000.The following Italians were amongthose who passed the State Bar examinationsrecently held in NewHaven: Joseph Bove, JosePh E. Crapanzaro,Raphael D'Anrbruoso, Ang919F. Mignone, Henry W. Rapuano,,-AlfredA. Toscano and Frank L. Vecchiolla.Professor Giuseppe Prezzolini, outstandineItalian literary critic and atoresent-Director of Columbia Universitv'sCasa Italiana, recently spoke in\Materburv before the Unico Clubs ofWaterbury, Torrington, Meriden andNew Britiin on Italiar-r language andliterature. He il-as presented by Atty.F, Palomba, president of the WaterburyUnico Club.For the first time itr the history ofNew Britain, a woman lawYer, MissAnsela Lacava, was chosen to sit as ajudEe in a civil suit recentlY.Professor Pietro S. Zampiere of theConnecticut Junior College recentlysooke at a luncheon of the ExcharrgeClub of Bridgeport in the StratfieidHotel on the lecent naval accord betweenltaly and France.Mr. William J. Rinaldi of Bristolwas recentiy elected president of theBristol-Co1t High School Association.The State Federation of Italian-American Democratic Clubs of Connecticutrecently held a convention inDanburv. Its president is represetttativePieiro Diana of New Haven. Theconvention was featured by a banquetat which the speakers included GovernorCross of Connecticut, CongressmanVincent Palmisano of Baltimore andmany other notables in political life'DELAWAREDr. P, A. M. Rovitti of Wilmingtonhas been re-appointed physician to. theprosecuting aitbrney's office. a posilionwhich he has held since 1914.ZJJ

l234DISTRICT OF COLUMBIAHis .Excellerrcl- Nobile Giacorrro DeMartino. Ro1.al Italian Ambassador tothe United Stares, left u.itlr his s.ifelast nronth for a short star. in Italr.lfe expects to be back the latter haifof May._ Miss Olga Carusi, sister of I'goCarusi, private secretary to UrriredStates Attorney General Mitchell. recerrtlycanre to Washington from Barre,\ ermorrt, for a short sta-v.A ball in honor of the Italian studentsof Georgetovvrr Urriversitv.George \\-ashington Urriversirt., nnathe Catholic University of -America,was recentl,v held br- t Ire Lido CivicClub of Wishington "at the X,{ivnoweiHotel. The arrangentcnls cor;llli11eer,"'as headed by Anthony Contclla.Professor R. J. Def errari of theCatholic University of Anrerica has\\'o^n one oi the 50 prizes totalirrg $60,-000 given by the Americarr Couircil ofI earned Societies for outstanding workin various fields oI kr:oir.lerlge. This isthe third consecutive year tiat professorDeferrari, instructor of Greek andLatin, has won the same prize. Notlong ago the Medical Societv of America.awarded him a 93000 feilon-slrip toenable him to publish his studiej onPrudentius, which will be out in June.The Circolo Italiano of the CathoiicUniversity of America, organizecl fouryears ago. reccntlv presented the l-niversityq ith a bust oI Darrte. Thepresentation u'as made bv the studentJohn Del Vecchio. Amone the notablespresent l as Courrt Alberto .Nlarchetridi Muriaglio. Counselor of the RovalItalian Embassy.Marchese Rolando Della Rosa. oneof the attaclres of the Italian Ernbassy,was recently appointed Vice Consul forSan Francisco.ILLINOIS. Andrew J. Pricco of Spring \ralleyhas beerr elected trIayor of thiat tou.;by 470 voles over lris opponenr. Hisper_.onat poprrlarity arrd his provenability rvere tlre prirrcipal facrors'in hisvlctory,Joe Prelli, star halfback of tl.re 1925and 1926 football teams of Notre Dame,died lecerr tly in Chicago follon'ing ariappelldlctttS operat1on.Miss.Mary_ Agnes Amberg recentlyreceived a gold medal an,arded bv theItalian Rcd Lross for social servicework among Italian children of Chicagoat the annual dinner dar.rce of tl.reMadonna Center at the Palmer Flouse.Consul Ceneral Ciuseppe Ca.trucciomade 1he preserrtation.',lIIi-s .{nrbergtaught the children to love Anrericaltheir adopted country, but she also preservedin them the noble traditioni ofthe land of their origin. This, I think,lr'as most r,r'ise and indicates a mindof r'r'ide scope," the Consul said.Tony Canzoneri recentlr' knocked outJack Berg in rhe thirt.l- round of ascheduled ten-round bout in Chicagoand therebl' regained his title of lightw-eightchampion of the rvorld.ATLANTICA, l,IAY, 1931Sam Bartilotti, young Chicago paint_er. was receutly arvarded two nrijes bvthe Chicago Art Institrrte for his paini_ings "Srroke anrong the cloucls l ancl"Grand Cenrral Station."Arthur . _Sagona r\.as recentll- re_elected Alderman frorn his di.tiict irrRockford"The Justiniar-r Societl, of Italianlawyers of Chicago recently held itsannual ball at the Congress Hotel. Thearrangements lvere under the directiorrof Judge Nunzio Bonelli. The ofhcersof the Justinian are John R. trleccia.pres.: Frar:k De Bartolo, vice-pre..; f .J. Bisesi, sec.; A. J. Caliendo, treas.:and Johrr De Grazia. honorarl- pre.ident.Following the Italiarr larrvers. ohr_'iciansand denti5ts of Chicag",'theItalian pharmacists of that ciiy 'havenow formed an association: tl-re CesalpinoSociety o i lharmacisls. The Sociervelected rhe following officer.: loseoliMaulella. pres.: Joseph Allegretti, vicepres.;Michael Castellano. .-sec.; John\'{artoccio, fin. sec.; and Anthony Iion-rano,tfeas.LOU ISIANADr. Pietro Graffagr-rino of Ne.,,r- Orlean.has bgen apl,oirrted hca

las Sano. of L1'1n, Mass.; A. J. Torrie11i,of \\ratertown, Mass.; J. T. Sapienza,of lrvington, N. J.; L. E. Gatto,of Cambridge. Mass.; and J. H. \[elia.of Amesburl', I\{ass.Mr. Louis Balboni of Roslindale'well-knolvn contractor, rvas recentl-r'awarded a contract for $100,000, forconstructiot't work in Braintree. I{r.Balboni's s'ife is a rrember of theWomen's ltalian Club.The follou'ing Italians lriere amongthose who passed the State Bar examinationsrecently held in Boston: F.J. Rernacchi. Teresa ( alnuso, MargaretR. D. Rontu, D. S. Di Buono. L. .\.Forti, G. W. Mastaglio, Jr., Eva Mitrano,Aibir-ra J. Molia, F. Palumbo, B.Smola and J. J. \rernaglia.M ISSOU R IMr. Davis Gentilini of Rosati (formerlyKnobvieq'), has been appoitlteclSheriff of Phelps County.The Cross of Chevalier of the Crorvrrof Italy Las been au'arded to AlfredoPagclla of St. Lorris.The nerv associate editor of the \ational1\{agazine of the Mosaic and TerrazzoWorkers Association is \h'. JohrrPcllar in.Dr. D. tr'I. Nigro of Kansas Citysailed last rnonth for Europe to visitItaly, Austria, France, Engiand anclGermany, where he intends to clevotemost of his time to research in Europeanmethods of meclicine and surger-v.Dr. Nigro u,'as a close friend of longstanding of Knute Rockne of NotI eDame.Mr. I.ouis Blasco of Kansas City,f ormerly professional manager of theJ. W. Jenkins Music Compattv. is norvretail sales manager of the Ice-O-tr{aticRefrigeration Division of the -sanrecompanv.NEVADAMr. Luigi Proviclenza of Fresno, Cal..secretary of the Italian Catholic Federation,recently spoke before the Italiansof Reno.Mr. Edoardo Dinucci spoke on trdaY2 before the Verdi Lodge, in Reno, ofthe Order Sons of ltaly. Mr. Dinucciis FTonorarv Grand \renerable for 1i{eof the San Francisco Grand Lodge. assistanttreasurer of the Bank of Americaof San Frat.rcisco and n'as a Captainof the "Bersaglierl ' in the Italian Armt'.NEW JERSEYDr. Raffele Cantini has been electedoresiderrt of the PIainfield \ledicali.ciet.. Dr. Cantini interned at XIuellenbergHospital, 'i'r.here he $-as firstassistant in the surgical clinic. The follou'ingyear he tvas appointed headof one oi the hospital clinics, and laterhe became school physician for Plainfield.The Italian Democratic Club of Atlar-rticCit-v held its annual dinrter-clancelast montl at the Hotel Tripolitar-ria inrhat cit]'. The oflrcers of the club areTHE ITAI,]ANS IN THE tINiTEDLouis Lodovico, pres.; Anlonio I)etr{eo, vice-pres.; Alberto E. N[atteo,corr. sec.; (i. \4aucerr-ra, fir.r. sec.; andF'rank Portalc, treas.Mr. X,Iatteo Capuccio last nronth lvaselected president of the HanrmontonSchool Board.Dr. Francis Campana of Urrion Cit-vhas been appointed, b1' the Cit-v Conrmissioners,f hysician to the parochialschools of -tde city. On the occasion ofthe appointment, the Sam Zuccaro Ass,..iaiior''of Llnion Citl' tendered him abanquet.Ius"ic: 1-hn J. Fr's"''ti-( See "jVca Y orL C irY '1In'llrenton, Italians recently organizedthe Italian-Arrerican RepublicanLeague of trlert er ( ount\'. -\rllottg thesneakers a1 the first n)eeting \vere-\iichael Contttritri arrd -{tt,,rrre.v DarrielA. Spair.Introduced b-v GiusePPe CuPParo,chairman of the educational section o{the Dante Alighieri Society of JerseyCitr'. Lieut.-Col. L. G. McEntee of theAnierican Arrnl' recently spoke beforethat bodl' on Ital-v's contribution tothe u,-inning of the \\rorld \Var.The imirression that Italians forma large percentage of those convictedof crlme- in this coulltry u'as declaredfalse by Edll ard Corsi, head u'orker atHarlem Flouse in Ner'v York Cit-v, ina recent adress be{ore the ltalian FlistoricalSocietl' of Essex at the ElksClub in Nervark. Congressman PeterA. Cavicchia rvas chairman of the dinner.-\ntottg thuse at thc speakers'table u'ere Iudse .\. F. Minisi. Dr' OrnelloSimone, Italian vice-consul atNer.vark. \r. Libero Sibilia, Olinclo Marzu11i.Alircd Salanitro, Dr. E. Sturchio,Henry Your.rg, and Harold Varnel'.The Colonel Vigo Post of the AmericanLesion u as recetlt l1- orgartized inNcrrark."bv ex-'ervice rlren of Italianorisin. Iis lemporarl- officers areTh"omas Novia, - Humbert Berardi.loscr,h Colallu, \[ichecl l-almisano,Alfonse Gialanella. -{'nthonl- Giuliarro,John DePaul, JosePh Merculio.Organization of the Boars, an Italian-Amer-ican business and prof essionalmen's club itl Nervark. rvas recentl-vcelebrated b1' a dance at the RoYalSTATES 235Ballroon-r. Frank L. Pitucco is presidentof the organization.Mr. Nick Lucas, ll'ho recentll' playedat Kansas Citl', is a resident of Nev'-ark, Nen' Jersey. He appeared in "GoldDiggers of Broadr'va-v," and "The Showof Shorvs." He plal's f recluently inNerl' York, having been {eatured rviththe Ziegfelrl Follie- i.r a tittte.We are glad to announce thatMr. Thomas Noviais ATLAN-IlCA'S exclusiveagent forNel'ark and VicinityThe ner'r, headcluatters oi the ltalian-Arnerican Civic Associatior-r of Irvingtonwere recently inaugurated b1t anentertainment. Ir-r the absence of thepresident, Alfred I\'Iarasco, Luigi tr'Iatnmano,the secretarv, presided.King Victor Emmanuel oI ltall' recentl1'bought a cast-bronze bust it.tRome entitled "Grandn.ra," the rvtirk ofthe American-bortr sculptor -{rchimeclesGiaconrantotrio of Jersel' City.When Peter N. Perretti assunred hisnen' duties as \fagistrate in PassaicCounty on April 22nd, he was thel'oungest judge in that countl', beingon'ly 34 -vears old rvheu he was appointedby Governor Larsotr.A banquet r.as given last t.l-ronth ir-rhonor of tr4onsignor (liu-ceppe Perottiof Newark, recentll' appointecl donresticprelate to His Holiness Pope Pius XI.Through the efforts of a cournritteeof Itaiian Business atrd Prof essior.raltrIen's Club of Treuton, a contnritteeu-hich consisted of Michael Comnrini,Dr. Samuel Sica. Joseph Plurneri. Dr.R. J. Cottone and Attl'. J. J. Felcone,the school authorities in that citl' recentlvclecided to introduce the teachingoi Italian in the 10th, lith and 12thgrides of Tretrton's public schools asalr elective sulrject.Dr. Arcar-rgelo Liva, presidelrt of theNerv Jersel'- State Board oi X'fedicalExaminers, clelivered a lecture o11Italv's contribution to civilization beforethe Rutherford (N' i.) RotarYCluh on Friday, APril 1()th. His addressrvas a contprehensive arld illumir-ratingone, and it rvas t'eil received bythe audierrce.NEW YORK CITYJustice John J. Fresciri of the Courtof Special Sessions rvas recetltl-v apooinr-edbr- Covcrrt.r Roosevclt to the'Corr.t oi Ceneral Ses.iotts, rvith thc apnroi'aloI tlre Bar -\.'ociatiorr. JusticeFresclri rtas appoitttcd to >l'ccial Scssionsb1' \'Ia1'or Mitchel ancl he servedthrough parl of the lI1'1an adrnir.ristration.6eine re-appointed lvhetl his terme-xpired. Xla-t"i \\'"lker appoirrterl lrinlorce agaitt to Special Ses-iorts last 1'earand hii pt:esent ternr woulc1 have exoiredin 19-{0.' Justice Fres. hi u'ai bortt irr Phila'1c1-nliia irr lB76 and spettt tlte rat'l-r'r'earsol his life ott a Iarttt l)ear ]-Iallllllolltoll,N. l. Later he canle to Neu' York

236and entered the New york preoaratorvS_chool and upon graduation "tt.na.fNerv York University and then theNerv York University Law ScirooJ. Healso received the honorarv desree in1930. of _Doctor oI Jurisprrd*n.E giu"r,by the University of pilermo.Philip Torchio. has been_appointeclv,ice-president of the New york'EdisonC^ompany. _Born in Cernaca, p.o"int"of Como, Italy, he has been 'connectedwith the Edison Company since 1895.From. 1905 to l92l he^ v.as chief engi_neer in the electrical construction d.'e_partnrent and in 7924 he was made vice_president of that department. He hasseveral important inventions to hiscredit. as rvell as the group insurancepla.rr later adopted b1. the MetropolitarrLrlc lusurance Co. At one time theMayor of Bronxville, N. y.. he is aip,resent President of the B anco diNapoli Trust Company of Nerv york.Re-election of professor Mario E.Cosenza, heacl of the departrnenl ofclassical languages at Brboklvn Co1_lege, to the presidency of the iitu Coi_lege chapter of Phi Beta Kappa wasrecently announced. Dr. Coienza isthe author of trvo books on the life oiTorvnsend Harris. He r-as di.".toi oiT-ownsend Harris HalI High School niMarrhattan until 1926._ !'dmund L. Palnieri, son of formerJudge John Palmieri, r.as recenrlv ar,-p_oirrted Assi>tant Unjterl States O;strictAttorney in the office of Districr Ai_torney George X,Iedalie. Born in NervIork in 1907, he srudied at C.renobleLl.nlverstty. at Rome, atrd then tookhrr. laN degree at Colunrbia, afrerrvhich he rvorked in the larv firnr ofChar-lq- Er arr5 ff xg6.r.Dr. Peter F. Arnoroso. f orrnerlvpre,sident oi the Association of ItalianPh1'sicians in America. spoke recentlvat the Harierrr IIou,c on the Italiancontributiorr ro rrredical science.The American International Collegeof Neu-York r,.cert11-gave a suplerat 11re P1'tlriarr Teninle jn New Yorkin honor of Congressmar-r peter A.Cavicchia, of Neu.ark, N. J. Inclucledin the organizing conrmittee n,:rs prof.Paolo Abbate, '"r'e11-knorvn Italian sculptor,r'r'ho spoke briefl1'.The annual dance and festival of theItalian Teachers Association was l.relcllast month at the Casa Italialra of ColumbiaUniversitl', the proceeds goingfor the furtherance of- the orginirition'slr-ork in spreading the stuclv ofrhe_ Italian larrguagc rirroughout iheUnired States. .\ distinguiihcd gue.rwas Signora Gina Lombroso Feirero.Dr. l"{ario Cosenza, president of theAssociation, spoke briefl1.. Cav. peterSammartino oi rhe Colleee ol rhe Cityof New York n,as chairman of thiarrangements comnrittee.The 25th annual banquet of the ltalianChamber of Corlmerce in Nerv yorkCity took place last month at the HotelBiltmore. The speakers included Dr.Attilio H. Ciarrnirri, presjdent of tlreCharnher. Conrnr. Secagno, Conrm. Boccadifuoco.and Corrrri Alberto Xlarchetti,who represented the Italian Go\,-ernn'lent in the absence of the ltalianAmbassador. Dr. A. C. Bonaschi, secretaryof the Cl-ramber, r,vas chairmanATLANTICA, MAY, 1,931of the comnittee on arrangements. Themo_s.t notable figures in many fields oIItalian life in New york City werepresent.The Association of Italian phvsiciansin America, the Brooklyn Medical So_ciety, and the Bronx Italian MedicalFraternity held a joint meeting on April20th at the nerv Italian Columbus Htspltalin New York City. More than200 physicians were present, one of thelargest gatherings of its kind in NervYork .nrcdical history. Following rhesclentthc sesilon arrd the executive ses_sion, a collation r.as provided by theMissionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart.rr hose C,,lurntrus Hospiral, opencd orrlvrecerrtll-. is already taking care of morithan 100 patients.Among the fellowships recentlvawalded at Columbia University, twoI9re. I.91r by Italians: Maria De, NegriPiccirilli of Nen' York, given a felloiv_s.hip by the Facrrlty of Fhilosophy forthe:tudy of Iralian; and GiovanniSchiavo of New York, who receiveda Gilder Fellou.ship in Irubljc Lall,.Oronzio Maldarelli of Nerv yorkCity was the recipierrr recen rl). of oneof the arrnual fellorr.hil'5 siveir bv theGuggerrheinr [:oundarion i":. creativework in sculpture abroad.Aldo Lazzariui of Neiv york rcceutlvpainted sonre murals for the Dou.rrtowirAthletic- Clulr. concernirrg u hich rireNerv York Tinies said: -,..\l,lo Laz_zarini's murals for the Don'ntorvn Ath_letic CIrrb are vcry origirral. He louksd.ou n dizzily..frorn fi1*1,r ou"rhead, uponthe ruoderrr city tlrat has lear.netl to -avrt \\-ttlt tou'er.. .And his sailboats,kitiroff before the wind rvith a firre ze,r.leaving behind tlrem as tlrey,peed iwake_as irrrerestingly dcsigrrei as is thecollrl\lcx ol l1as1s anrl qails."The Italian Consulate has notifierlthe \-c11'Rev. 1\[gr. Cerrnano Forrnica.dircctor of 'lrc I taliarr -{uxiliary, tlrar hehas been made a Chevaliei' of tl-reCrolr-n of Itall'. The auxiliarv is afhliatedw;th rhe Catholic clrarliri.. errclspecializes in helping inrmigrants lr,hoarrive llonr i tal_r .Prof. Pasquale Violante, of Ner,vYork and Pari., hes patenre([ hi. LaPerfecta Pattern Guide (U. S. pater-rtNo. 114-l229), a der ice for nrrliirrs 6;-iginal perfect fittirrg petlerrri ior nrrrr'sclntlres arrd ladies garrrrcnt.. l l'c irrachineis now r,r-idely used in Paris andother countries.Stephen F. Barrera, president of theBrookllp Real Estate Board, declaredrccentl]- tlral rlre conrirrg oi Spring hasbroueht signs oi lcrreu cr1 activ:1v irrthe _Brooklyn real estate narket, paiticularlyin residential sections. -Columbia Universitl' recentlr, anruorrrcedthat Proie..oi l\[ar;o iasel]aof the LTniversitl' 61 plot"nce rvi11 be amember of its facult1. of philosophy.The Leonardo Da \,'inci Art StudentsSocietl' recently held its third annualcostume ball at the Pi'thian Tcr.ple,under the chairnanship of Bruno'tr.Romagnano. The Societl', afhliatedr'vith the Leonardo Da Vinci ArtSchool, u'as organized and incorporatedin 1928 under the sponsorship of Prof.Michele Falanga. Its board of directorsconsists of A. D'Attilio, \L \,{ontagna,B. F. Roniagnano, D. Ofrias and"N.Buongiorrro. The guests of honor wereProf. Michele Falanga, prof. AttilioPiccjrilli and Prof. Gi,cvanni Caggiano.The school held an exhibition -fromApril 15th to X4ay 15th.Leonard Genovese of Astoria, L. I.,has been elected a director of theQueens Chamber of Commerce._A portrait bust of Marlene Dietrich,the screen star, by Ernesto de Fiori,'lvas included in a recent exhibition oiGermarr painting and sculpture at thefluseurn oi \[odern Ar.r.Three paintings by Arduino Iaricciwere shown at a recent exhibition ofthe Cyasan Artists at the Art Center.Mr. Iaricci also held an exhibition ofhis works at the Contemporary Ga1-leries from April 16th to May i5th.Miss Anna M. Fischetti was firstprizewinner in a recent {ashion paradeheld in the Wanamaker Auditorium.At the Boys' Day of the Ner,- YorkStock Exchange and the Stock ClearingCorporation, rvlren six young mer,took ovcr tlre duties oI tlre lFadingofficers for one day, Silvio De Gregoryof Brooklyn occupied the clrair ofPresident Richard Whitnev. He wasselected becaure of his higil schola.ricstanding at Nern' York University andat the New York Stock Exchange Institute,as wcll as an almost perfectrecord of service.The Circolo Italiano of ColunbiaCollege recentl)r presented Sem Benelli's"La Cena delle Beffe" (The Jest)at the Casa Italiana, follou-ed by dancing.T. De Marinis u'as chairman ofthe Play Committee. The officers ofthe Circolo are R. D'Isernia, pres.; A.Timpanelli, sec.; T. De NIarinis, treas.;and Charles Tutt, faculty adviser.When the People's Chorus of NewYork presented recelrtly at CarnegieHall its sixth annual Spring SongFestival, it marked the 15th anniversaryof Lorenzo Camilieri as the chorus'sfouncler and condnctor.The Teatro D'Arte, under the directionof Giuseppe Sterni, recentl-v produced"L'Arzigogolo'' (The Whim) atthe Little Theatre rvith l{r. Sterni inthe leading role. On tr{a1' l(Jth thesame colnpany presented Dario Niccodemi'sthree-act comedl', "L'Alba, ilgiorno, la notte" (The Dau.r-r, the Day,the Night).At the rece nt 3511-r annual dinnerdancc of the South Brooklyn Board of'lrade at the Ifotel Bossert. DctectiveDomirick Griffo rvas as.ardcd one ofthe board's tll'o annual medals for conspicuousservice.Miss Fredericka Blankner of theUniversity of Chicago ancl tl.re tiniversityof Ron-re recently spoke before theItalian Historical Societl. of Brooklynon modern Itaiian literature. She u'asintroduced by \rito G. Cannella. Othersu'ho spoke lvere Harold L. Varney,Comm. Giuseppe Prer.itali and Prof.Juvenal Marchisio.Romeo Ronconi, IJ. S. correspondentof La Prensa of Buenos Aires, rvas recentlyelected president of the Associa-

THtr ITALIANS IN THtr UNITED STATES237tion of Foreign Press Correspondentsat the association's 13th annual dinner.Mr. Ronconi, an Italian, began hisjournalistic cateer in Africa in 1877as correspondent n'ith the ltalian armyin the ltalo-Abyssinian war. Mr. A.Arbib-Costa of La Tribuna of Romewas elected vice-president of the association.NEW YORK STATEThe bacteriologist Dr. Giuseppe Zuccalarn'as recently appointed directorof the Astoria Clinical Laboratory,u'hich was opened the first of \[ay inAstoria, Long Island.Faust L. Bellaggia, a student in Corne1lUniversity, has been au'arded aPhi Beta Kappa key"The Italian Ladies' Relief Associationof Buffa1o held its annual ball onApril 22nd at the Statler Hotel, r'vithMlss Anna Parisi at the head of thearrangements committee.The Union Daily Products, Inc., ofRochester $ras recently reorganizeclunder the presidency of John Canepa.George Casaretti is secretary atld saletmanager, and Philip Di Pa:qua1e i'treasurer.Italian societies of Neu,'burgh recentlyorganized themselves into a Federationof Italian Societies with PeterCappelli as its first president. Otherofficers are Genevieve DeVasto, vicepres.;Arrgelina Ceraso, sec.; and NicolaFarina, treas.One of the three eminent foreignersrecently invited by the WilliamstownInstituie of Historical and PoliticalSciences to lecture in this country onunernployment this sulnmer is theItalian Academician Ptofessor PasqualeJannaccone, '"vho rvill present the Fasiistviewpoint on the question artd tlrcFascist r'emedies for it. -Frorrr i9l0 ro1912 he u,as General Secretary of t1-reInternatioual Institute of Agriculturein Rome-The Italian Prof essionai Club rr'asrecently formed in Rochester n'ith over50 members. Its officers are Charles J.Mondo (ex-assistant district attorney),pres.; Dominick Di Francesco, vicepres.;Dr. Charles \V' Caccarnise, sec..;ind Dr. Joseph Spoto, treas. The clubholds monthll' nleetings at the Por'r'ersHote1"Levy tr{arzulla, a four-letter man atLarvrence High School in Larvrence, L.I., u,as recently honored lvith his secondcaptaincy n'hen he ll'as selected asthe leader of the golf team. Besidesbeing captain of tl-re f ootball team.MarZulla stars on the baseball and tliebasketball scluads.Joseph Rizzo of Dunkirk, a iau' studentat the University of S1'12s115g, t.-cently received a prize in the form ofa set of lar.v books. and his f ellowstudentsheld a banquet in his honor atHill College Ha1l.Attorney Jacob Latona of Bufia1o\\'as recentl-v appointed Assistant DistrictAttorney in that city.John Ennello is Chiei oi Police inMecharlicsville, having been a deputl'sheriff before joining the police force.He was appointed Police Chief in 1922,and since that time not a single injuryhas befallen a child in tr{echanicsvillethat might have been prevented by thepolice.The Universitl' of Rochester chapterof the Alpha Phi Delta held its annualdance last month at Todd Union Ha11,rvith Joseph Granata acting as chairnanof the committee on arrangements.The Chapter recently held electionsrvith the follorving results: RudolphNapodano (Assistant District Attorne1'),pres. ; Michele Gervasi, vicepres.; Dr. Frank Gianforti, sec. and Dr.Joseph Spoto, treas.Frank Cubello of Niagara Fa11s, astudent at Princeton University, hasl.on a J. S. K. Fel1ou-ship in mathematics.Joseph Torricoue of Endicott won acup recently at the International HairdressersConference in Nerv York.Anthony J. Di Silvestro(,5 te " P ennsJlt'attia" )oH loThe Jrrstiniatr Forum of Cleveland,coruposecl of Italian-American lau'yersof tfiat city, recentll' l'relcl elections rviththe follorving results: X'I. A. Picciano,pres.; R. Lalza, r ice-pre;.: C. Cavarto.sec.; anrl -\liss trIargaret Xlarco. trcas.ORECONAt the Italian Federation Ha11 inPortland last month. the Italian Federationof that city held an entertaitrmentand ball for the Italian colony,at n''hich outstanding talent was present.Mr. Nat Costanzo is president erfthe Federation.PEN NSYLVAN IABefore a distinguished audienceu'hich included the Italian Consul inPhiladelphia, \{archese Agostino Ferrante.t[e Circolo Italiano of T'emp1eIJniversity presented, on April 17th,Dario Niccodemi's "Scarrrpolo," u'ith acast composed of members of the club.Dancing fo1lor.r'ed the play, n'hich rl'asdirected by Michael A. Pagano. In thecast were Laurence Acquilino, JosephineCaltagirone, Angelina \Iazza,Katherine Imbesi, Ettore Antonelli,Edward Ansell, Osrvald Bucci andWilliam Dorio. The Circolo comprises150 members, and its olficersare Joseph F. L. Bosco, pres.; JeanGenovese, vice-pres.; Peter L. D'Alessandro,treas.; Mary Oiivio, sec.: andJennie Santaniello, corr. sec. The facultyadvisors are Messrs. R. A. Troisi andA. De Seabra.A crowd estinatcd at over 10,000people u'as present at this year's openingof the athletic field of the Penns1,lvaniaGrand Lodge of the Order Sonsof Italy in Philadelphia on May 3rd.Present at the opening of the stadium,rvhich is the centre of the Lodge'sathletic activities for the State of Pennsylr'ania,were the Supreme Venerable,Gr. Uff. Giovanni Di Silvestro, theGrand Venerable, Judge Eugene V.Alessandroni, the Italian Consul Generalfor Philadelphia, Nobile AgostilroFerrante dei Marchesi Ruffano, themaster of ceremonies, Attorney JamesTodaro, and Anthony J. Di Silvestro,president of the State Athletic Committeeof the Order. Besides being thepioneer of the movernent. u'hic1'r lvasstartccl three years ago, \'lr. A. -I. DiSilvcstro is State Grand Curator of theOrder and editor of "La Libcra Parola",the official organ of the Ortler in Pennsylvania.The State Athletic Comn.rittee,formerl at the Reading Grand Conventiont*.o years ago to supervise the variousbaseba1l, football, tennis, basketball,"bocce", and other teams andleagues r.vithin the order, is composedof Anthony J. Di Silvestro, chairrnan,Judge Eugene V. Alessandroni, Gr. Uff.Giovanni Di Silvestro, Frank Acquaviva,Pietro Leone, Albert Barbano,Raffaele Ros-si, Ciro Alleva and Dr.Otilio Giorclano.Severo Antonelli, Philadelphia artistphotographer,recently held an erhibitionof photographic prints at the MastbaumTheatre in that city.The Columbus Hospital of Philadelphiarecently entertained at a receptiongiven in honor of \'Iarchese A. Ferrante,Italian Consul in Philadelphia,rvho paid the hospitel a visit.Under the auspices of the Universityof Pennsylr'ania, the Circolo Italiano ofthat ir-rstitution not long ago presentedGoldoni's "La Locandieta" at thePhilomusiar-r C1ub. The cast includedtl're \{isses Marie Mazzoli, Evel-vn Pilli,Eiizabeth \4ead and 1\{essrs. RobertSebastian, John Ferro, Josepl-r Turchi,Philip Livolsi, and John Anastasi'Prof, Carmine Cortazzo of Roseto,for the past 15 years Public SchoolSuperintendent of Doylestown, lvas recentlyelected president of the soutl-reasterndistrict convention of the PennsvlvaniaEducational Association, w'hichcornprises 20,000 school teachers. Hisposiiion is second or.rly to that of t1-represidcnt of the association.The ltalian Co. Educational Club ofPittsburgh recerrtly gave its annual

238dance at the Universitv Club in thatCity. The conrnritlee iorrsisted oI M.Pagani, M. Bova, V. Chianelli, S. Vedardand D. Criscuolo.The Circolo Italiano of Philadelphiarecently re-opened with a reception andinitiation of new members. Judge E,ugeneAlessandroni presented "TheLanding of Columbus," a pailrting byLieut. J, Joseph Capolino. The ofhcersof the Circolo are John Alessandroni,pres.; Edmond D'Ambrosio and JosephMarinelli, vice-presidents; AnthonyChuirco, sec.; and John Crisconi, treas.Dr. Alfred P. Cerone, assisting physicianin the clinic of the State Collegeof Optomery, .it'as recently given abanquet at the Circolo Dante Alighieriof Philadelphia.An intercollegiate ball under theauspices of Italian clubs of differentPhiladelphia universities took placeMay 1st at the Scottish Rite Temple inthat city.The Carnegie Strir-rg Symphony Orchestraof that city, under the directionof Oscar E. De1 Bianco, recently gavea concert in Schenley Park.Professor Domenico Vittorini of theUniversity of Pennsylvania, author ol"The Modern Italian Novel,' recentlypublished by the University of PennsylvaniaPress, spoke not lor.rg ago beforethe Women's City Club in Philadelphiaon contemporary Italian literature.He also spoke a felv days later beforethe Cenacolo Italiano of Cleveland on"Static and dynamic tendencies in ltalianliterature. D'Annunzio and Pirande1lo:A Parallel."The Alpha Phi Delta of Pittsburghheld its annual spring lormal dance onMay lst at the William Penn Hotel inthat city. G. C. Chirichigno was incharge of arrangements. The affairbrougl.rt together the Alpha Phi Deltachapters of the lJniversity of Pittsburgh,Duquesne LTniversity and CarnegieTech, as rvell as the AlunrniClub.Sixty-two lodges of the Philadelphiasection of the Order Sons of Italy recentlynret in that city, under thechairrnansirip of Juclge Eugene Alessandroni,Grand Venerable for theState of Pennsylvar.ria, to consider aprogram o{ athletic events for the seasonamong the various lodges.Italian students of the Liniversitv ofI-ir tsburglr lrave f orrrred a DarrLe i lubwith the following officers: Jol-rn Galbo,pres.; Dominick Agresti, vice-pres.;Jean Verdecchia, sec.; Marino Phillips,treas.; and Santina Conserrtino, facultyadvisor.The Italian Women's Club of Erieheld a dinner-dance at the LawrenceHotel in that citl' on April 9th, withMrs. S. L. Scibetta as geueral chairwomanof the annual function.RHODE ISLANDMrs. Vesta L. Ruggiero has been appointedDirector of Public Aid in Bristol.following a Republican victory inthat city. Other - [ralians receivingATLANTICA, MAY, 1931positions included: Domenico Mascola,John Lofazio, \\rm. H. Angiorino, AntonioBattaglieri, Emilio Ferrara. FeliceLangelio and Luigi Romarro.Dr, Carlotta N. Golini has been reelectedpresident of the MnemosvneSociety of Fine Arts of Providence.Other officers elected were R. Vicario,vice-pres.; J. Gaffone, sec.; P. Calderone,treas. Tlle Society recently sponsoreda concert in Memorial Hall featuringComm. Giovanni Chiaia.Dr. Carlo M. Fiumani lectured tothe Italo-Alnerican Club at its headquartersin Providence recently on "Interpretationsof Modern Italy." Mr.Alexander Bevilacqua was chairrnan ofthe committee in charge of the affair.With monel' raised by subscriptionamong the Italians of the State, an upto-dateand fully-equipped arnbulan-ewas purchased and recently presentedto the St. Joseph's Hospital of Providence.The fund was started by LuigiVallone, Cranston contractor, and continuedunder Mgr. Rt. Rev. AntonioBove.Sponsored by the "Italian Echo" ofRhode Island, Station WLSI broadcastsa half hour of Italian music eachSunday at i P. M. The programs areunder the direction of Maestro DanileSciotti.TEXASCapt. Ugo Dadone of Italy, spor-rsoredby the Roman Society of Dallas,recently addressed lrrore than 100Italians in Woodmen's Hall in thatcity. Capt. Dadone is an author ofnote and has lectured widely in Europe.A. Ortolini, Italian consular agent fromFort Worth, represented the ItalianTybical room,conoerted atnisbt into asleePing room.Government at the meeting. The committeein charge of arrangements includ^edFrank Buono. Ralp'h patrono,C. S. Papa, L. E. Adin and FrankSatariano.The Houston Philharmonic Orchestra,directed by Maestro Victor Alessandro,recently held its third concertof the season at the Scottish Rite Cathedralin Houston. The Orchestrawas formed last year.WASH INCTONThe elections of the Italian CornmercialClub of Seattle were recentlyheld with the foilowing results: AndreaDi Gleria, pres. (Alberto Vena,president for four terms, having declineda fifth term); Dr. S. De Donato,vice-pres.; Pietro Nelli. treas. (reelectedunanimously) ; Dr. Enrico Cervi,sec. (also re-elected unaninrously).A banquet u'as recently tendered atthe Casa Italiana of Seattle ur.rder theauspices of the Italian Commercial Clubof that city for Mr. Nicola Paolella, aformer president of the Club, on the occasionof his being given the Cross ofChevalier of the Crown of Italy. 'lhecommittee in charge of arrangementswas headed by Alberto Vena, presidentof the Italian Commercial C1ub. andIdreno Ive, chairman.The inauguration of the first Italianschool in Seattle-an important eventfor the ltali'an colony there-recentlytook place, attended by Atty. LuigiButy, Italian Consul, Cav. Alfani, formerConsul, Cav. Nicola Paolella, Dr.Neri Biondi and Judge George Donworth.Carmela Tucci of Tacoma, youngItalian pianist and a graduate o{ theConservatory of Naples, recently madeher first appearance itr a recital in Ner*'York at Steinway Hall.E"joy tbe Comfort oJ aReal Home inNEW YORK'S FINESTRESIDENTIAL HOTELqDOpGD\ASIII|{CiTO}{fex irg to n ilr)e. / 31 So 21uoOnly a few quick minutes frombusiness, shopping and amusementcenrers,yetyoun,ill enjoy the quietfepose ot a country town at evenins.Such is the fortunate location of tlieGe91ge Vashington Hotel, a distinguishedresidentiil hotel._ ROOM WITH BATHDAILY$TEEKLY$z.so ro $3.00 sr + io"$i 7.soTHE BEST FOOD IN NEW YORK

A Mlnlaturo AnthologyOf Italian LiteratureFrom .'GENTE II\ ASPRO-M0NTE" By CORRADOALVARO(" Gente in Aspromonte"was one of the three books b1-Corrado Alvaro which recentlywon first prize in the contestheld by the ftalian nerilspaper"La Stampa" of Turin for thebest Italian literary work publisheiiin ftalr- in 1930. Thejudges who voted giving CorradoAivaro the 50,000 lireprize rvere }fargherita Sarfatti,Arturo X'arinelli, AlessanclroLuzio, IJgo Ojetti, LuigiPiranclello, X'rancesco Chiesa,Camillo Pellizzi, Raffaele Calzini,Augusto Turati, and A1-fredo Panzini (the latter abstainingfrom voting). Herervithwe reproch'Lce the flrstcirapter of the prize-rvinning" Gente in Asplomonte. "Non d bella la vita dei pastori inAspromonte, d'inverno, quando itorbidi toi-renti corrono al mare, ela terra sembra navigare su1leacque. I pastori stanno ne1le casecostrr-rite di frasche e di fango, edormono con gli animali. \-anno ingiro coi lunghi cappucci attaccatia una mantelletta triangolare cheprotegge 1e spalle, come si vecle la1-volta raffigur:rto qualche clio grecopeilegrino e invelnale. I torrentihanno una voce assordante. Suglispiazzi 1e calclaie fumano ai fuoco,le grancli caldaie nere sulla biancaneve, le grandi caldaie clove si coagulail latte tra i1 siero verdastrorinforzato d'erbe selvatiche. Tuttiintorrro coi rreri cappucci, coi vestitidi iana nera, animano i monti cupie gli alberi stecchiti, mentre la querciavercle gonfia le ghiande pei polcineri. Intorno alla caldaia, ficcano iiunglri cucchiai di legno inciso, cbuttano dentro grandi iette di pane.Le tirano srr tial siero, iurnanti,screziate di bianco prtrissirno comed il latte sui pane. I pastori cavanofuori i coltelluzzr e lavorano il 1egno,incidono di cuori floriti le steccheda busto delle loro promessespose, cavano dal legno d'ulivo lafigurina da mettere sulla conocchia,e con 1o spiedo arroventato fannobuchi al piffero di canna. Stannoaccucciati alle soglie del1e tane, davantial bagliore del1a terra, easpettano i1 giorno della discesa alpiano, quando appenderanno lagiacca e la fiasca a i'albero dolcede11a pianura. Allora 1a luna nuovaayra spazzata la pioggia, ed essiscenderanno in paese dove stannole case di muro, grevi clelle chiaccl.rieree dei sospiri del1e donne. I1paese d ca1clo e clenso piu di rrnamandra. Nelle giornate chiare i buoisalgono pe1 sentiero scosceso comeper un presepe. e, ben modeilatie bianchi conle sono, sembrano piilgrandi degli albcri. animali preistorici.Arriva cli quando in quando larruova che un L,ue d ptecipitato neiburroni, e ii paese, come una mutadi cani, aspetta I'animale squartato,appeso in piazzzt. al palo delr-nacellaio, tra i cani che ne frutanr-ri1 sangue e 1e donne che comperanoa poco prezzo.Nd le pecore nd i buoi nd i porcineri appartengono al pastore. Sonodel pigro signore che aspetta i1qiorno del mercato e il melcantebaffuto che viene dalla marina.Neila soiitudine ventosa della rnontagnai1 pastore fuma la crostzrde1la pipa, guarda saltare il figliocome un caprioio, ode i canti spersiclei pii giovani, intramezzati da1rumore dcl1'acqua nei crepacci, cheborbotta come 1e comari che vatrnoa far. legna. Qualcuno, seduto.su unpoggio, come su un mondo, d) fiatoalla zampogna, e tutti pensano alledonne, a1 vino, a1la casa di muro.Accacle tah'oita che da1le mandrevicine arrivi qualche stupida pecorae qr-ialche castlato che fiannoperduta ia strada. Conoscono giianimali come noi Sli uomini, esanno di chi sono. come noi riconosciamoi f orestieri. Si affaccial'animale interrogativo, e i cani239messi in allarn-re si chelano subito.Zitti e cauti afferrano i'animale e1o arrostiscono. Uno gli ha ficcatoun palo in corpo, un altro 1o rivoltolasul fuoco, un aitro con un mazzettod'erbe selvatche asperge digrasso l'animale rosolato, teso, s0-ienne come una vittima prima delsacrifizio propizia al bere. Bevonoacqlla e si sentono ubbriachi 1ostesso. \,Ia serate come queste necapitano una all'anno, se pure, e lavita d dura. Almcno. a primeverasalgono da loro 1e massaie. Allora,coi primi agnelli che saltano sullaterra, vagiscono su11'erba le creaturedell'uomo o si dondolano ne1leculle attaccate f ra ramo e ramodove balzano ridesti i ghiri e gliscoiattoli. Poi rinverdiscono perlinole pirtre. e la gente comincia asalire la montagna col vento del-1'estate. Cominciano i peilegrini deisantuari a passare da un versanteall'altro cantando e suonando 5;iornoe notte. 11 vinattierc costruiscela sua capanna di frasche presso lasorgente dell'acqua, e la notte. perilluminare 1a strada, si appicca ilfuoco agli alberi secchi. Gf innamoratigirano tra la folla per vederef innamorata; e cani arrabbiati,vendicatori devc-rti, latitanti.e ubbriachi che rotolano per ipendii come pietre. Al1ora vive lamontagna, e da tutte le parti ilcielo d seminato dei fuochi dei razziche si levano clai paesi lungo ilmare, come segni indicatori che i)sono le case, 1) i santi coi loro voltidi popolani che non hanno pii dafaticare e stanno nel silenzio spaziosodelle chiese.Fu appunto in una di queste sereche in montagna accadcle una disgrazia.Era la vigilia della festa, enella capanna di un pastore. I'Argird,c'era silenzio. Il figliolo stavacheto, il pastore suo padre g1i dicevascuro :-.\nlonello, ttt vcrt'ai conme in paese. Te 1a senti r1i camminare?- Si, padre. Ci sono seiore di strada. -- Camminerd. - C'dla luna, del resto, e si andri bene,freschi.- Camminerd, disse Antonello,-- sono forte, io. - l1 -ragazzoera serio serio. con quella for-

240ma di partecipazione al dolore deglialtri per cui i ragazzi diventanopensierosi e ubbidienti; aveva il costumedi pastore, che gli avevanofatto da poco, con la cintura di cuoioalta un palmo intorno alla pancia;era contento di andare in paeseco1 vestito nuovo, peloso, per 1aprima v.olta. Era nato.in montagna,e non sl sapeva lmmaglnare una casadi muro, come gii dicevano. Siccomesenti che suo padre rimestavaqualche cosa nella capanna, saltdsu a dire :-Volete aiuto, padre ?-Quello non rispose: nella capannabassa dove si entrava carponi, stavamettendo tutto ne11a bisaccia: lafiasca, ia mantelletta da inverno, ilsacco.-Portiamo via tutto ?-Comevuole Dio, figliolo. -Antonellosi mise a frugare sotto lo strame dellepareti e tird fuori i1 fischietto eun pacchetto di figurine di santi tuttegualcite. Volete mettere dentroanche queste - ? il padre ie ripose-nella bisaccia, e questo rispetto versole sue cose fece piacere a\ ragazzo.La bisaccia fu messa sul1a sogliadella capanna. Il padre sisedette un poco, si terse il sudore,poi si levd, si caricd la bisaccia atracolla: -Andiamo. Ma primadi partire chiuse accuratamente laporta di frasche assicurandola conun macigno che vi rotold davanti.Si vedeva di lontano il mare balenantenell'ombra seraie, che iag-Ciit non era ancora arrivata, edavanti al mare una montagnache pareva un dito teso, e ancorapii vicino la striscia bianca de1 torrente.La sera girava pei monti insilenzio e ripiegava i lunghi raggidel sole. Le ombre cominciavano adallungarsi per la pianura.-Voleteche yi porti un poco la bisaccia, padre? Ii padre gli accomodd la bi--saccia a tracol1a, puntandola nelmezzo con un bastone che faceva levasulla spalla del ragazzo. I1 ragazzoera :ontento di quel peso, esentiva ii bastone che gii faceva undolce male. Il padre diede un'ultimaocchiata a1la capanna. Appenarisalito il monte, si volsero. Videro1'aibero magro inclinato sulla capanna.i sassi attorno come bestieche rneriggiassero, o come mobili diuna casa; li si erano seduti tantevolte. Il grosso came bianco, accorsocome -ce sapesse che si partiva, lisegui.ATLANTICA, },tAY, 1931Valicata I'altura, viclero la stradalungo il ciglio del burrone popolatad'uomini e di bestie. Viva Maria !gridarono verso di - ioro. Ii padre- levd la mano e disse con un filo diGridd anche ii ra-voce: \riva !gazzo - con una voce - argentina, lietodi aprir bocca. Si sentiva dietro, sull'altroversante, partire colpi di fucile,una gragnuola c1i colpi. La follasi snodava lungo 1o stretto sentieroin fila indiana. I bambini piangevanonelle ceste che le donne por--tavano sulla testa, i muii con qualchesignore seduto sopra facevanorotolare a valle i sassi, una signoravestita bene camminava a piedi nuditenendo le scarpe in mano. pervoto. IJna donna del popolo andavacon le trecce sciolte. Un popolanoportava sulla testa un enorme ceroche aveva fatto fondere del suostesso peso, e della lunghezza delsuo corpo, per vbto. Antonello stavaa bocca aperta. Nella valle l'ombraera alta, e pareva che ia riempisse,col rumore di un torrenteche si gettava da un salto del monle.La iuna si affaccid dalla partedel mare, dietro ai monti, come unaguarclia. Presso una capanna difrasche il pastore e Antonello si fermarono.L'uomo che stava dietro albanco tra una fila di bottiglie,presso un bottazzo di vino, appeflavide il pastore poggid le mani albanco, si sporse, e disse:pare Argird, - O corn-che cosa succede ?La mia sfortuna, compare Fermo. -Che s's ?-IJ6 perduto il mio- bene. I buoi che avevo in crlstodiadal signor Filippo \'{ezzatesta, sonoprecipitati giu nel burrone. E' finita.Questa d la rovina deila casamia. O quando? Oggi stesso,dopo - mezzogiorno. Be1la -f esta deilaXlladonna che d per me. E leavevate a meti le bestie? -- Sissignore,col signor Filippo Mezzatesta,Perchd non ie comperate voi ? Lapelle d truona, la carne d come macellataoggi. Non sono morte dimorbo" Con tutta questa gente chepassa si vende. Carne di bestiamorta, d sempre. Come macellata,-r-i dico. Questa osservazione nonme la dovevate f are pt oprio voi. Tradi noi... -Andiarno a vedere?-Sono qui sotto al burrone del N{onaco.- Quattro animali, avete detto? Si; e c'era una giovenca cheera - una bellezza, tenera come illatte. Tu aspettami qui.padre ad Antonello. Se-qualcunodomanda della bottega, - -iggiunseil Fermo, digii che -torno-subito.Non far toccare niente a nessuno.Che rovina della mia vita, compareFermo -!Si awiarono. Antonello sedettedavanti alla bottega e chiamd il canea sd tenendolo pel collare. Maquello gli sfuggi per correre dietroal padrone. Antonello, rimasto solo,aveva paura. Sentiva l'odore del vino,odore nuovo che gli piaceva, eguardava quelle bottiglie in {ila contanti colori. "Rosolio" : questa parolagli venne alla mente. I pellegrinisi facevano pii rari; una comitivasbucd suonando e sparando inaria. Andava avanti uno con unazarr'pogna, e un altro batteva orai1 pugno ora 1e cinclue dita a nntamburello. Altri ii seguivano apasso di ballo, per voto, come potevano,uornini e donne. Uomini erlonne si davano a tratti, ballando, digran colpi con le natiche, senza ridere.La luna si faceva pir) rossa,i'ombra cadeva come un mantello.Gli alberi, quasi tutti col soico e 1osquarcio del fuimine, si ineigantivancrnell'ombra. I-a compagnie deisuonatori si ailontanava. Una ragazzaa piedi nudi passava davantial ragazzo. Egli le vide un filo disangue che le colava sul piede.-Ragazza, _- le gridd; -quello dsangue.- Ella lise: - I-o so. -Un'altla frotta di pellegrini sbucdcoi fr-rcili sulia strada. Avevano acceseie fiaccole. Uno si ferrnd ai piedidi una quercia spaccata in duedal fuhnine, gialla e morta, le accostduna fiaccola di resina ai rami:una fiammata avvolse la querciache ,livampo Luite come una torciagigantesca crepitando veloce. A11orail ragazzo chiamd a gran \roce:"Fido !". I1 cane apparve sui cigliode1la strada coi suoi occhi stupiti.Dalla folla allora parti un coipo,un grido: "Eccolo ii cane arrabbiato!". I1 cane stramazzd al suologuardando all'ingiro che parevaparlasse e domandasse perchd. 11ragazzo battendo i denti si accovaccidsulla soglia della bottega. Lacompagnia era dileguata ridendo"Antonelio si toccd la bisaccia, vi sisedette sopra, e non aveva il coraggiodi guardarsi intorno.

Iointhe Bo ok' of . the,Month Clubnow-while you can getrheFirstBookFREEA special offer-see reason for it belowili*{IGREAT many people (rve know) havebeen on the r.erge of joining the Book-ofthe-MonthC1ub, but have neglected todo so largely through oversight. This specialofer is made, frankly, to overcome this procrastinationbr- n'raking it worth while for you not to delaylonger. \\'e suggest simply that you get full informationat once about what the Book-of-the-Month Club doesfor r-ou, and then decide once for all whether you wantto join. The mere fact that more than 100,000 judiciousbook-readers already belong to the organization-thatthey represent the elite of the land in every professionand every walk of life-that not a single one was inducedto join by a salesman or by personal solicitationof any kind, but did so after simply reading the factsabout what the Club does for book-readers-all theseare indications that it is worth your rvhile at least to gerthese facts as quickly as possible, and then (if you wantto) join and get your first book free. You assume noobligation in sending the couoon below for full information.#€+il'Six distinguished foreign au.thors now scrve as an InternationalAdvisory Comm itreefor the Book -of-thc-MonrhClub. The function the individuelsin this forcign grotrppertorm is tc keep orrr juJgesedviscd abour whit th.v c.nsiderthe significant newbooks published abroed. eachin his own counrry..Th. Com.mittee consists of :Ion ENcteNn,H. G. lVellsandArnold BennettFon FnaNcr,And16 MauroisFon GnRvaNy ANDAus.rnIe,Thomas MannandArthur SchnitzlerFoR ScaNorNnvre,Sigrid UndserIHcnry Seidel CanbyHeyrvoodBrounDorothr'lqri € #Christopherrvroil cyITHE EDITORIAL BOARD OF THE BOOK-OF.THE.MON IAI CLUB

A1\ EXECT]TIVETRAII\II\G PLAI\fo, merl who usant completeFINANCIAL INDEPENDENCEin, the next firn yearsFIVEyears from today, this conversation will takel' place over thousands of luncheon tables:"I wonder what's going to happen in business?" oneman will say. "The next f ew years are going to be hard. "His companion will laugh. "That's just what theysaid back in 1930," he will reply. "People were apprehensiveafter the crash, yet since then more businesshas been done, bigger fortunes made, than ever before.They've certainly been good years for me."This conversation is imaginary now, but be assuredof this-it will come true. These two men representthe two groups into which business men aredividing themselves now. In 1935 the men in onegroup will say to themselves, "I have got what Iwanted." The others will say, "I wish I had thoseyears back."The new Executive Training Plan of theInstitute was designed for those whowant to make their mark in the nextfive years.The plan is new-so new that the finalseetions are only just now coming ofithe presses.Itis authoritatioe, for it numbers amongits contributors such business leaders asWill H. Hays, Joseph P. Day, BruceBarton, Dr. Julius Klein, David Sarnoff,and scores of others.Il is complete-a comprehensive, common-senseplan for your personal financialprogress. Said one of our subscribersonly the other day, "I have been on theup-grade ever since I enrolled. My $2a0Send for the new booklet announcing anentirely new Series of Business Coursesa month has jumped to $700. And Iblame the Institute for it !"How the plan worksThis training gil'es you the most valuableequipment that a business mancan have-a knowledge of the fundamentalprinciples ot all d,epartments oIbusiness.It teaches you the up-to-date methodsof successful men whose authority isproved by incomes of $50,000, $100,000and more.It gives you new and valuable 'id,easideasthat speed sales, ideas that cutcosts, ideas that will increase the netprofits of your company.It shows you how to focus all yourefrorts on a definite goal-financial independencefor yourself and your family.It shows you how to invest your moneyprofitably after you have made it."What an ExecutiveShould KnowttTake the first step toward real independencetoday by sending for yourcopy of the newly published bookletoffered in the coupon below. ft willcome to )'ou by mail, without obligation.Many men have said that in 30 minutesit gave them a clearer picture of theirbusiness future than they ever had before.ALEXANDER HAMILTON INSTITUTE?o tlie Alexander Hamilton Institute, t?. Astor Place, New York City. (In Canada addresAlexander Hamilton Institute, Ltd., C.P.R. Bldg., Toronto.) Send me, without obligation.the nerv bmklet, "\ilhat an Executive Should Xnow."t'b