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SAMPLE, DESIGN, & INTERVENTIONACHIEVEMENTMEASUREof current college andfinal high school gradepoint averagesOUTCOMEwomen) at the University of Iowa during the spring,summer, and fall sessions of 1998, and the springsemester of 1999 with a mean age of 19.2 years (sd =1.8)Sleep Measures: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(assesses subjective sleep quality, sleep latency, sleepduration, habitual sleep efficiency, sleep disturbances,use of sleep medication, and daytime dysfunction); Sleepquestionnaire (assessed perceived sleep quality andquantity, and attitudes about sleep and current symptomsof sleep deprivation; Sleep logs(sample cross-checkedwith scores from theregistrar’s office, .84correlation foruniversity GPA and .92correlation for highschool GPA)(University of Iowa: -.19, High School: -.17).Study Design: Cross-sectionalHawley (2003)Sample: N = 1,010 preschool students enrolled inJefferson County, Kentucky, Public Schools’ Early JumpStart Programs for children 5 years of age and underwho are financially at-risk or developmentallydisadvantagedSleep Measures: 38 questions addressing sleep time,duration, and behaviors with 10 of the questions relatedto sleep-disordered breathing that were to be completedby the parent/guardianStudy Design: Cross-sectionalSchool Performance &Behaviors: 12 questions(10 from ChildBehavior Checklist); 4questions regardingparent’s opinion of thechild’s schoolperformance (i.e. Howis your childperforming in school?How hard is your childworking in school?)Those at risk for sleep-disordered breathing were more likely to rankbelow average in school performance, less likely to rank above average inschool performance, and less likely to rank above average in how hardthey were working in school.Kaemingk(2003)Sample: N = 149 children who attended Tucson UnifiedSchool District and who participated in the TuCASAstudy (prospective study examining sleep in childrenages 6 to 12) in the 1999-2000 school year or 2000-2001school yearSleep Measure: Polysomnography conducted one nightin the child’s homeStudy Design: Cross-sectionalWechsler AbbreviatedScale of Intelligence;Letter-WordIdentification, AppliedProblems, and Dictationfrom the Woodcock-Johnson Psycho-Educational Battery-Revised Tests ofAchievement; theChildren’s AuditoryVerbal Learning Test-2Conner’s Parent RatingScale (attention)Those with an apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) of 5 or more had weakerverbal learning, lower levels of learning, and delayed recall. Differencesdecreased when arousal was controlled for.Those with an AHI of 5 or more had a greater percentage of Stage 1 sleep(difference = 1.99, p=.05), which was negatively associated with learningand memory.There were negative relationships between AHI and immediate recall (-.12), Full Scale IQ (-.16), Performance IQ (-.15), and math achievement (-.14).Hypoxia was associated with lower Performance IQ.E-91