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SAMPLE, DESIGN, & INTERVENTIONACHIEVEMENTMEASUREOUTCOMEFredriksen(2004)Sample: N = 2,259 Illinois middle schools students whobegan sixth grade in 1995 and completed eight grade in1997Sleep Measures: Self-report questionnaire, “How manyhours of sleep do you get on a typical school night?”Self-reportquestionnaire, “Whatkinds of grades did youearn in school lastyear?”Students who experienced lower levels of sleep at the beginning of 6 thgrade also exhibited lower grades at that point.Study Design: LongitudinalGozal (2001)Sample: N = 1,588 13- to 14- year-old childrenattending Jefferson County Public Schools who wereranked among the top or bottom quartiles of their classbased on the computerized school database and whowere matched by age, gender, race, school, and street ofresidenceSleep Measures: Parent questionnaire assessing 1)Doesyour child snore now? 2) Does the father snore? 3) Doesthe mother snore? 4)Did the child snore between theages of 2 to 6 years old? 5) Did the child have his/hertonsils and/or adenoids surgically removed? If yes, wasthis because of 1. recurrent soar throat infections? 2.snoring?Parent questionnaire:What are the grades ofyour child in his/herlast report card?Frequent and loud snoring during early childhood was reported in 103 lowperforming children (12.9%), whereas only 40 high performing childrenhad frequent and loud snoring as young children (5.1%, OR: 2.79, CI:1.88, 4.15).Tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy was reported in 24 low performingchildren and 7 high performing children (OR: 3.40, CI: 1.47, 7.84).Surgery for recurrent tonsillitis was reported in 21 low performing and 19high performing children.Study Design: Cross-sectionalGozal (1998)Sample: N = 297 first-grade children from urban publicelementary schools whose school performance was inthe lowest 10 percentile of their classSleep Measures: Questionnaire w/13 items (i.e. Doesthe child stop breathing during sleep? Does the childstruggle to breathe while asleep? Do you ever shakeyour child to make him/her breathe again?); Overnightrecording of pulse oximetry and pulse signal andtranscutaneous carbon dioxide tension at home; Parentsdocumentation of the time at which their child seemed tobe asleep and any obvious nighttime arousalsAcademic grades fromthe school for theschool year precedingand the school yearafter the overnightrecordingsChildren with sleep-associated gas exchange abnormalities (SAGEA) whohad surgical removal of hypertrophic adenoids and tonsils showedsignificant grade improvements from the first to second grade.Children (1) without SAGEA and without snoring, (2) with primarysnoring, (3) with no snoring did not show significant grade improvementsfrom the first to second grade.Study Design: Cross-sectionalGray (2002) Sample: N = 334 undergraduate students (121 men, 213 Self-reported estimates Only average rising time was significantly correlated with GPAE-90