COD E R E D

SICKLE CELL ANEMIAArmstrong(1996)SAMPLE, DESIGN, & INTERVENTIONSample: N = 194 children with sickle cell disease (SCD)between 6 and 12 years of age (135 homozygous forHbS)Sickle Cell Measures: MRI (normal MRI, silent infarct,and clinical history of stroke (CVA))Study Design: Cross-sectionalBrown (2000) Sample: N = 63 children and adolescents (aged 6.33years to 17.00 years) with sickle cell disease (SCD) whowere receiving treatment at a comprehensive NIH sicklecell centerSickle Cell Measures: MRI (no cerebral vascularaccidents; overt cerebral vascular accidents; silentstrokes)Study Design: Cross-sectionalACHIEVEMENTMEASUREWechsler IntelligenceScale for Children-Revised (WISC-R);Woodcock-Johnson-Revised, Tests ofAchievement (WJ-R);Purdue Pegboard; ChildBehavior Checklist(CBCL)Neurocognitive Battery:Wechsler IntelligenceScale for Children-III;Woodcock-JohnsonPsychoeducational TestBattery: Tests ofAchievement-Revised(WJ-R); CancellationA’s Task; Trail MakingTest; Freedom-from-Distractibility; BostonNaming Test; RapidAutomatized Naming;Perdue Pegboard; ChildBehavior Checklist;Vineland AdaptiveBehavior ScalesOUTCOMEAge and average hematocrit levels were significantly associated withneuropsychological functioning—Used as covariates.Children with a history of CVA scored significantly poorer on intelligence,academic achievement, and motor function than their peers.Children with silent infarcts performed significantly poorer on vocabulary,arithmetic, and visual motor speed and coordination than children withnormal MRIs. There was also a trend for these children to score lower ongeneral knowledge (information).Children with overt cerebral vascular accidents (CVA’s) performed morepoorly than their peers on tasks requiring sustained attention and effort oron tasks that were associated with frontal lobe involvement.There were not significant differences on measures of academicachievement (WJ-R).Chua-Lim(1993)Sample: N = 20 (10 cases, 10 matched controls); Caseswere identified through the Sickle Cell Clinic and theAmbulatory Clinic of the Department of Pediatrics,University of South Alabama; Controls were matched onage, sex, and race and were recruited from theAmbulatory Clinic of the Department of Pediatrics,University of South AlabamaStudy Design: Case-controlThe PediatricExamination ofEducational Readiness(PEER)The McCarthy Scalesof Children’s Abilities(1. General CognitiveIndex 2. Scale Indiceson verbal, perceptualperformance,quantitative, motor, andChildren in the sickle cell group demonstrated significantly lower scores inall categories except somatesthetic input. Categories included Input(visual, verbal, sequential, somatesthetic, subtotal); Storage (short-termmemory; experiential acquisition, subtotal); and Output (fine motor, motorsequential, verbal sequential, verbal experiential, subtotal).50% to 70% of children with sickle cell disease have deficiencies in theareas of visual input, sequential input, short-term memory, experimentalacquisition, fine motor output, and motor sequential output. Some of thesepatients, however, had no deficiencies and had scores within the normalrange.E-83