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SAMPLE, DESIGN, & INTERVENTIONACHIEVEMENTMEASUREFigures Test, HooperVisual OrganizationTest, Road Map TestOUTCOMEParticipation voluntary and children had not sufferedfrom other neurological or psychiatric disorder.Diabetes Measure:Study Design: Case-controlSymbol digit LearningTest and Ryan’s Verballearning TestAttention & SchoolAchievement (WAIS orWISC-R Digit Spansubtest; Spelling,Reading, andArithmetic subtestsfrom the Wide RangeAchievement Test)group included: Intelligence (Vocabulary, Information, Comprehension);Visuospatial Ability (Block Design, Embedded Figures, Road Map);Learning and Memory (Delayed Visual Recall, Immediate Visual Recall);Attention and School Achievement (Reading, Digit Span); Mental andMotor Speed (Grooved Pegboard Dominant Hand, Digit Symbol, GroovedPegboard Nondominant Hand).Multiple regression analyses demonstrated that the duration of diabetesand age at onset best predicted scores on neuropsychological tests.No evidence that poor score test in children with diabetes were related topoor self-image.Trail Making test,Grooved PegboardPiers-Harris Children’sSelf Concept ScaleRyan (1984)Sample: 40 children with IDDM who were in treatmentat the Diabetes Clinic at the Children’s Hospital ofPittsburgh; age 12-19 yrs, Diabetes duration at least 3yrs, 50% males, all White40 controls, (75% were siblings and othersdemographically similar controls similar on age, gradelevel, sex ratio, handedness , race or SES)Diabetes Measure: Glycosylated hemoglobinStudy Design: Cross-sectional with controlWechsler intelligencesubtests: Information,comprehension,similarities, digit span,vocabulary, picturecompletion, and blockdesign (WISC-R andWAIS)The Symbol-DigitPaired-AssociateLearning TestPatients with diabetes performed within normal limits on all tests.• Children with diabetes scored lower in Verbal IQ than the rest ofcontrols (p=0.023)• Visuomotor coordination: Children with diabetes scored significantlypoorer than those without diabetes on the Digit Symbol substitution test,Grooved Pegboard (Dominant Hand), Grooved Pegboard (Non-DominantHand)• Critical flicker thresholds are as well altered in children with diabetes(p=.049)Short form of Ryan’sVerbal Paired-Associate Learning TestChildren with diabetes performed worse in Wais Comprehension (p=.003and WAIS digit span subtest (p=.01). A similar trend was found for WAISpicture completion and Block design subtest but not for WISC-R picturecompletion and block designFour-Word Short-TermMemory TestAssociative learning ability and verbal and visual memory processes werefound intact in children with diabetes compared to controls.E-76