INTERPOL HANDBOOK ON DNA DATA EXCHANGE AND PRACTICE

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THE HANDBOOKThis handbook aims to highlight the importance of the use of DNA in police investigationsby demonstrating the use of DNA in a fictitious case and also by addressing the factorsaffecting DNA profiling and databasing in the world today.The handbook is in two main parts, with the first covering an investigation all theway from the murder scene at an international airport to the successful arrest of theperpetrator after extradition. Practical elements of the case, including DNA samplingand evidence collection and the procedure to be followed, are addressed and can beseen to serve as guidelines for best practice policy. There are also chapters in thissection dedicated to the work done in the laboratory, showing the stages of DNAanalysis that are undertaken before it can be used as evidence. At the end of this sectionis a case conclusion, using the example of an international criminal taking advantageof the freedom of travel to commit his crimes. There is then a sub-section, entitledDNA Investigation Considerations; this includes chapters on media relations, qualityassurance and training with regard to an investigation using DNA. This section aims tohighlight the value of DNA evidence, efficient best practice guidelines and internationalcommunication to ensure that dangerous criminals are apprehended even when theycross national borders.The second part of this handbook concentrates on the factors that affect the useof DNA evidence in police investigations, including DNA Databases, legislation andprivacy concerns. A global overview of DNA Databases is given to demonstrate thenumber of countries using this investigative tool and the value of a national DNADatabase. Finally, this section aims to address the scientific aspect of DNA evidenceand its potential with a description of post-conviction testing, familial and geographicalsearching and the issues raised when using DNA evidence in this way.Note: This document is also available on the INTERPOL website and relevantsections, such as training and references will be updated electronically in the webbasedversion.PAGE 6THE HANDBOOK
•back to basics: the use of dna in criminalinvestigationsDNADuring the commission of a violent crime, it is reasonable to expect that body fluidssuch as blood or semen will be transferred between the victim, the suspect and thecrime scene. This concept of “Every contact leaves a trace”, the cross transfer of physicalevidence, was first stated by Dr Edmond Locard, who was Director of the first crimelaboratory in Lyon, France, in the early 20th century. This statement became knownas Locard’s Exchange Principle, and established the foundations of forensic science.Physical evidence recovered from the crime scene can be used to associate an individualwith the crime (for example through DNA profiling or fingerprints). It is also possible toreconstruct the events of the crime through techniques such as blood pattern analysisand other crime scene reconstruction techniques. It is the decision of the investigatingofficer to identify the need for forensic examination and the responsibility of trainedforensic personnel to successfully recover this physical evidence from the crime scene,undertake the subsequent scientific examination and report the results of the analysisas a statement of evidence or as court testimony.DNA can be used as evidence due to a few basic scientific facts.DNA is present in every cell (excluding red blood cells) and for the purposes of DNAprofiling is unique to every individual (except identical twins). The analysis of cells leftat a scene allows for the DNA present to be profiled and a unique sequence for aparticular individual to be determined (see Appendix 3 for detail). Cells containing DNAcan be found in many different sources of biological evidence (see DNA sampling andevidence collection).•why is forensic dna profiling important forlaw enforcement?DNA profiling first achieved public recognition in 1987 when it was used in a highprofilecase where DNA evidence led to the successful conviction of a dangerous sexoffender and the exclusion of an innocent suspect. The continual emerging strength ofDNA profiling is its ability to allow a large number of samples to be compared witha high degree of reliability. The profiling techniques being developed fit more closelywith standard specifications and are more applicable to the routine analysis of crimescene samples, often obtained from high-volume crime. The increasing number of DNAprofiles that are sent for comparison has required the development of DNA Databasesso that we are able to accurately and efficiently match and manage the data.DNA PAGE 7
Page 1 and 2: INTERPOLINTERPOL HANDBOOK ONDNA DAT
Page 3 and 4: INTERPOLINTERPOL HANDBOOK ONDNA DAT
Page 5 and 6: dna investigative considerations .
Page 7: INTRODUCTIONby ronald k. noblethe s
Page 11 and 12: •the dna databaseThe INTERPOL DNA
Page 13 and 14: PART i: CASE SCENARIOFICTITIOUS SCE
Page 15 and 16: He cautiously pushes the door open
Page 17 and 18: The only obvious item of evidential
Page 19 and 20: • Consider physical evidence that
Page 21 and 22: DNA SAMPLINGAND EVIDENCE COLLECTION
Page 23 and 24: •crime scene investigator (csi)Wh
Page 25 and 26: •potential sources of dnaThere ar
Page 27 and 28: Open the sampling kit and ensure th
Page 29 and 30: If at any time during the sampling
Page 31: IN THE LABORATORYOnce evidence has
Page 34 and 35: INTERPRETATION OF THE DNA PROFILEAs
Page 36: THE MATCH REPORTTo get to step 5 of
Page 43: QUALITY ASSURANCEQuality principles
Page 47 and 48: to ensure the best possible results
Page 49 and 50: •in-laboratory trainingAnother as
Page 51 and 52: •key education requirementAnother
Page 53 and 54: PART II: an overviewdna databasesPA
Page 55 and 56: With the increasing use of DNA prof
Page 57 and 58: INTERPOLMember CountryCrimeSceneRef
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THE VALUE OF A NATIONAL DNA DATABAS
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ESTABLISHING AN EFFECTIVE DNADATABA
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•need for a dna databaseOnce the
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PublicityOnce a database has been e
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It is not only the individual who i
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LEGISLATIONSpecific legislation is
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In conclusion, legislation has to f
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THE USE OF POST-CONVICTION DNA TEST
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FAMILIAL SEARCHINGThe idea that a D
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“Familial searching” has its ad
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Recent progress in the forensic use
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The most informative target loci fo
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Another obvious issue associated wi
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APPENDIX 1INTERPOL Standard Set of
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1 16 DNA CODE:VWA THO1 D21S11 FGA D
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the process of dna analysisThe biol
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AnalysisThe data generated by elect
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NameTH01, TPOX,CSF1POmonoplexes(sil
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APPENDIX 4questions around anintell
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APPENDIX 5DNA FACT SHEETDNA Profili
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APPENDIX 6interpol dna search reque
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APPENDIX 7recommendationsfrom the e
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21. As a national DNA-database regu
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Glossary1-24/7AlleleAmelogeninBiolo
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Member CountriesMitochondrial DNA(m
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ABBREVIATIONSaimsascld/labasipbelte
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eferences1 Retrieved from: www.iso.
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40 Sibille, I., Duverneuil, C., Lor
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OIPC-INTERPOL200, Quai Chales de Ga
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INTERPOL HANDBOOK ON DNA DATA EXCHANGE AND PRACTICE

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