INTERPOL HANDBOOK ON DNA DATA EXCHANGE AND PRACTICE

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appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83appendix 1 - interpol standard set of loci: issol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84appendix 2 - interpol red notice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85appendix 3 - what is forensic dna profiling? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87appendix 4 - questions around an intelligence-led screen (ils). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .94appendix 5 - dna fact sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .96appendix 6 - interpol dna search request form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98appendix 7 - recommendations from the enfsi working group. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100glossary AND ABREVIATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103references and credits. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .109tables and figurestable 1 - biological materials and how dna can be isolated and analysed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21table 2 - potential dna sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23table 3 - str multiplexes commonly used in forensic dna profiling... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31table 4 - number of profiles in dna databases for interpol member countries... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54table 5 - commercially available y-chromosome tests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79table 6 - commercially available str kits - chronological overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92table 7 - example of a dna profile in compliance with international standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93figure 1 - flow chart of the five steps of dna profiling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .30figure 2 - the 16 loci amplified using the ampflstr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32figure 3 - dna profile for entry in a dna database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34figure 4 - potential-match report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37figure 5a - world map of countries performing dna profiling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52figure 5b - world map of countries with a national dna database.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52figure 6 - global increase in dna profiling and databasing over the period surveyed (1999 to 2008). 53figure 7 - structure of nuclear dna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .87figure 8 - structure of strs (th01) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89figure 9 - electrophoresis of strs (th01). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89figure 10 - electropherogram of eight str loci . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89PAGE 4CONTENTS
INTRODUCTIONby ronald k. noblethe secretary general of interpolGlobalization and advances in technology allow criminals to commit crimes acrossinternational borders with greater ease than ever before. With criminal methods andtactics changing continuously, the tools used to fight crime also need to keep pace.One area where cutting-edge developments have emerged is that of the use of DNAevidence, meaning that ethics and best practice of DNA profiling now need to beaddressed on a global scale. At INTERPOL, we are doing just that; assisting the lawenforcement and forensic community by supporting, facilitating, and promoting the useof DNA analysis on a national, regional and international level.In order to meet the growing need for INTERPOL member countries to exchangeand compare DNA profiles, we have developed several DNA data-sharing tools,known collectively as the INTERPOL DNA Gateway. These include an internationalDNA Database, an international search request form for bilateral exchange and ameans for secure standardized electronic transfer. Since the introduction in 2003 ofthe INTERPOL DNA Database, over 50 member countries have contributed profilesfor international searches and storage. This number is remarkable given that today nomore than 54 member countries operate a national DNA Database. However, thesetools cannot function in isolation, which is why we back up our high-tech data exchangesystems with promotional workshops, DNA conferences and resources such as thispublication.The INTERPOL Handbook on DNA Data Exchange and Practice was first publishedin 2001. Translated into seven different languages, and available via the Internet andseveral intranet channels, it has become popular with investigators all over the world.Since its initial publication, the number of national DNA Databases in existence hasmore than doubled, and techniques, standards, applications and experiences in all fieldsrelating to DNA profiling have changed considerably. In response, the INTERPOL DNAMonitoring Expert Group has reviewed and updated the Handbook, with the aim ofproviding state-of-the-art recommendations to police and forensic science servicesand maximizing the benefits of using DNA profiling techniques worldwide. It is ourhope that this handbook will help define global standards in relation to DNA profilingand will further enhance the capabilities of INTERPOL member countries.Lastly, I would like to thank everyone who has contributed to this manual, makingit an essential reference for investigators across the world, and to encourage anyfeedback. Your comments, experience and professional insight will help us keep theINTERPOL Handbook on DNA Data Exchange and Practice as up-to-date and relevantas possible.introduction PAGE 5
Page 1 and 2: INTERPOLINTERPOL HANDBOOK ONDNA DAT
Page 3 and 4: INTERPOLINTERPOL HANDBOOK ONDNA DAT
Page 5: dna investigative considerations .
Page 9 and 10: •back to basics: the use of dna i
Page 11 and 12: •the dna databaseThe INTERPOL DNA
Page 13 and 14: PART i: CASE SCENARIOFICTITIOUS SCE
Page 15 and 16: He cautiously pushes the door open
Page 17 and 18: The only obvious item of evidential
Page 19 and 20: • Consider physical evidence that
Page 21 and 22: DNA SAMPLINGAND EVIDENCE COLLECTION
Page 23 and 24: •crime scene investigator (csi)Wh
Page 25 and 26: •potential sources of dnaThere ar
Page 27 and 28: Open the sampling kit and ensure th
Page 29 and 30: If at any time during the sampling
Page 31: IN THE LABORATORYOnce evidence has
Page 34 and 35: INTERPRETATION OF THE DNA PROFILEAs
Page 36: THE MATCH REPORTTo get to step 5 of
Page 43: QUALITY ASSURANCEQuality principles
Page 47 and 48: to ensure the best possible results
Page 49 and 50: •in-laboratory trainingAnother as
Page 51 and 52: •key education requirementAnother
Page 53 and 54: PART II: an overviewdna databasesPA
Page 55 and 56: With the increasing use of DNA prof
Page 57 and 58:
INTERPOLMember CountryCrimeSceneRef
Page 59 and 60:
THE VALUE OF A NATIONAL DNA DATABAS
Page 61 and 62:
ESTABLISHING AN EFFECTIVE DNADATABA
Page 63 and 64:
•need for a dna databaseOnce the
Page 65 and 66:
PublicityOnce a database has been e
Page 67 and 68:
It is not only the individual who i
Page 69 and 70:
LEGISLATIONSpecific legislation is
Page 71:
In conclusion, legislation has to f
Page 74 and 75:
THE USE OF POST-CONVICTION DNA TEST
Page 76 and 77:
FAMILIAL SEARCHINGThe idea that a D
Page 78 and 79:
“Familial searching” has its ad
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Recent progress in the forensic use
Page 82 and 83:
The most informative target loci fo
Page 84 and 85:
Another obvious issue associated wi
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APPENDIX 1INTERPOL Standard Set of
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1 16 DNA CODE:VWA THO1 D21S11 FGA D
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the process of dna analysisThe biol
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AnalysisThe data generated by elect
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NameTH01, TPOX,CSF1POmonoplexes(sil
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APPENDIX 4questions around anintell
Page 98 and 99:
APPENDIX 5DNA FACT SHEETDNA Profili
Page 100 and 101:
APPENDIX 6interpol dna search reque
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APPENDIX 7recommendationsfrom the e
Page 104 and 105:
21. As a national DNA-database regu
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Glossary1-24/7AlleleAmelogeninBiolo
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Member CountriesMitochondrial DNA(m
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ABBREVIATIONSaimsascld/labasipbelte
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eferences1 Retrieved from: www.iso.
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40 Sibille, I., Duverneuil, C., Lor
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OIPC-INTERPOL200, Quai Chales de Ga
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INTERPOL HANDBOOK ON DNA DATA EXCHANGE AND PRACTICE

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