Bt Brinjal The scope and adequacy of the GEAC environmental risk assessment

More documents

Recommendations

Info

6 Bt Brinjal: The GEAC environmental risk assessmentpossible to estimate how insecticide use might change if Bt brinjal were used by small-scale resource-poor farmers, but it is likelyto be a reduction of 6.5 applications or less. For the purposes of estimating profitability, an average of 6.5 applications was usedfor both large- and small-scale farmers. By doing so, it is likely that profitability will be overestimated.Hybrid Bt brinjal may improve profitability of large-scale commercial farmers by at most Rs.23,439/ha and of small-scaleresource-poor farmers by at most Rs.3,250/ha. In comparison, brinjal IPM has improved net returns of small-scale resourcepoorfarmers by Rs.66,794/ha.The increase in profitability will not accrue in full to the farmer. Some will be passed on to the consumer and some will beretained by the seed company. Farmers are likely to receive only a small part of the economic benefits from hybrid Bt brinjal.Summed across all farmers expected to use either brinjal IPM or hybrid Bt brinjal, the total profit (= economic surplus) forbrinjal IPM (Rs.326 million for the Birbhum District of West Bengal only) is significantly proportionately larger than for hybridBt brinjal (Rs.1008 million for all of India). More significantly, farmers are expected to keep 63% of the economic surplusfrom brinjal IPM but only 10% of the economic surplus from hybrid Bt brinjal if Mahyco charges a seed price that optimisestheir profits. About 48% of the economic surplus from hybrid Bt brinjal is expected to be retained by the seed company. Theremaining economic surplus is expected to go to the consumer.The social economic benefits from brinjal IPM will be much greater than those from hybrid Bt brinjal. Increased publicinvestment, greater promotion, and strengthened public policy for brinjal IPM relative to investment in hybrid Bt brinjal willresult in greater social benefits in India and a major increase in actual net returns for small-scale resource-poor farmers.Conclusion 9. No analysis of the effects of Bt brinjal on the economic security of Indian farmers has beenconducted or cited. Small-scale resource-poor farmers using hybrid Bt brinjal may have increased risk ofeconomic failure. An analysis of the effect of hybrid Bt brinjal on the economic security of brinjal farmersshould be conducted.Economic security is important for Indian farmers to enable them to continue with their livelihood from year to year and alsoto meet financial obligations throughout the year. The high suicide rate among Indian farmers is an indication of the lack ofeconomic security provided by society. Brinjal farmers in India have a quite low suicide rate, because brinjal helps cash flowand buffers income variation in other crops. An analysis of the effect of hybrid Bt brinjal on the economic security of large-scalecommercial farmers and small-scale resource-poor farmers is essential.Conclusion 10. There are many important human values outside of utilitarian values that are important foreconomic development. Hybrid Bt brinjal may adversely effect human health, religion and culture throughthe economic system. These potential concerns should be assessed.Nobel prize winner, Amartya Sen, has eloquently argued that utilitarian values are too narrow a guide for economicdevelopment. He suggests that other factors associated with human freedom are essential for humans to flourish undereconomic development. Three such elements have emerged in the environmental assessment of Bt brinjal, effects on humanhealth, religion and culture. If utilitarian values are allowed primacy, the resulting economic development could have indirectadverse effects on human health, religion, and Indian culture. None of these have been assessed ex ante as a potential effect ofBt brinjal.
Summary and Conclusion 7Conclusion 11. Bt brinjal will require extension support to maintain any social benefits, and it may lead to lossof local brinjal varieties, and inhibit government plans to creates a strong vegetable export market. These risksshould be considered prior to commercialisation of Bt brinjal.Bt brinjal is not a panacea and will require new scientific information to maintain benefits for society even over relatively shorttime periods of 5-10 years. This implies that India will need a geographically extensive extension service that is prepared toprovide timely information about new demands for pest control as Bt brinjal is commercialised. Without this support, many ofthe potential social benefits of Bt brinjal will likely be lost soon after commercialisation.Bt brinjal may also have several indirect socioeconomic effects that merit assessment. These include and indirect loss of brinjalvarietal diversity, interference with vegetable export market expansion, and increased economic risks to brinjal farmers.Timing of Needed Environmental Risk Assessment ActivitiesAlthough the GEAC and Mahyco have already invested considerable time and effort into environmental risk assessment (ERA)for EE-1 hybrid Bt brinjal, much of the effort was misdirected and did not assess actual adverse environmental consequencesin India. The needs for ERA that are outlined here are developed with an eye towards improving oversight of geneticallyengineered crops in India, and redirecting efforts to issues that actually matter to India.Nearly all of these needs can be assessed without releasing Bt brinjal into the environment. Even those needs that require therelease of Bt brinjal in the environment are conditioned on certain results being found in prior tests conducted in the laboratoryor greenhouse. Thus, there is little need for additional exposure of Bt brinjal to the environment to complete an ERA thatevaluates serious concerns for India.This report does not cover post-commercialisation monitoring because this is a very complex issue. There are two main classesof justifications for monitoring: 1) a need to monitor specific, anticipated adverse environmental effects with significant risk,and 2) a need to compensate for uncertainty about specific or undefined adverse environmental effects. If one is not sure thatsomething bad will happen, monitoring can substitute for this uncertainty because by monitoring, one can detect the bad thingin time to mitigate, avoid or remedy the situation. However, there will be continual pressure to reduce the cost and effectivenessof this second kind of monitoring rendering it unstable even on medium-range temporal scales. An in-depth analysis of theseissues would be a welcome addition to the literature on ERA for genetically engineered organisms.
Page 1 and 2: Table of Contents 1Bt Brinjal Event
Page 3 and 4: Table of Contents iBt Brinjal:The s
Page 5 and 6: Summary and Conclusion 1Summary an
Page 7 and 8: Summary and Conclusion 3The EE-1 t
Page 9: Summary and Conclusion 5Event EE-1
Page 13 and 14: Context and Need 9standards for ER
Page 15 and 16: Context and Need 11and seek to incr
Page 17 and 18: Context and Need 13the reported yie
Page 19 and 20: Characterisation of Transgene 15Cha
Page 21 and 22: Characterisation of Transgene 17wor
Page 23 and 24: Characterisation of Transgene 19In
Page 25 and 26: Characterisation of Transgene 21Sci
Page 27 and 28: Environmental Risk Assessment 23Gen
Page 29: Environmental Risk Assessment 25thi
Page 32 and 33: 28 Bt Brinjal: The GEAC environmen
Page 60 and 61:
56 Bt Brinjal: The GEAC environmen
Page 62 and 63:
Page 64 and 65:
Page 66 and 67:
Page 68 and 69:
Page 70 and 71:
Page 72 and 73:
Page 74 and 75:
Page 76 and 77:
Page 78 and 79:
Page 80 and 81:
Page 82 and 83:
Page 84:
Sunray HarvestersBungalow 69Mhow Ca
show all

Bt Brinjal The scope and adequacy of the GEAC environmental risk assessment

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?