INUPIAT ESKIMO DICTIONARY

INUPIATESKIMODICTIONARYbyDonald H. Webster and Wilfried ZibellIllustrated by Thelma A. WebsterForAlaska Rural School ProjectDepartment of EducationUniversity of AlaskaCollege, Alaska

@1970 Summer Institute of Linguistics, Inc.Box 1028Fairbanks, Alaska 997013,000 copiesLibrary of Congress Catalog Card No. 76-632478

FORWARDOf the making of books there is no end, said the great KingSolomon of old. To the making of a dictionary there is no end, isthe feeling one gets when he sets out on such a project. This workis by no means exhaustive. It is but a beginning.The Eskimo is admired the world over for his ability to livecomfortably on the very edge of human habitat. His languagereflects this genius. This dictionary is sent forth with the hopethat something of this genius is displayed, both to the Eskimo(and particularly the young people who are loosing their culturalheritage), and to interested non-Eskimo.Unlike most dictionaries, this is compiled according tosubject matter. By so doing, the authors feel that languagefeatures (such as how words relate to each other) can be displayedbetter. Also, new literates will find this system easier to followand more interesting.These words have been gathered over a period of ten yearsand drawn from various Eskimo living in the villages of Northand Northwest Alaska. To these many Eskimo friends our debtof thanks is due. They truly deserve the credit, while we assumethe responsibility of any errors.iii

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IMPORTANT NOTES TO THE READER1. When looking for a -word (in the Eskimo section), think ofwhat it might be linked with, (e .g. "think" - -mental activity;"spoon"--food, eating; "rifle~-hunting etc.), then look at theindex to see the subject categories. If the word is not suitablefor simple categorizing, it may be in the section entitled "OtherWords", such as "gift", "ouch! 'f etc.2. Since this dictionary is a compilation of the Kobuk Riverdialect and North Alaska dialect, many entries consist of two ormore words. Such sets of words may vary on the basis of pronunciationor meaning. This dialect division is indicated thus:(N) after a word or meaning indicates use in the NorthSlope villages(K) after a word or meaning indicates use in the KobukRiver villages.A word entry which is not followed by a letter means that theword is used in both dialects. Some words have a more restricteduse, being commonly used only in certain villages. Wheresuch restrictions are known, they are noted thus:(a) after a word indicates it is used in Anaktuvuk Pass(b)" "" "" " " "Barrow(d)" "" "" " "" Deering/Buckland(no) " "" """"" Noatak(ki) " "" "" " " "Kivalina(p)" "" "" " " "Point Hope(q)" "" "" " " "Kotzebue(s)" "" "" " " "Selawik(sh) " "" "" " " "Shishmaref(w)" ,.,,, """" 11 Wainwright(u) 11 "" 11 11 " " "Unalakleet3. Information is also available from the way words are placedon the page, from their endings, and from their English glosses.Look at the following sample entry.aatchui ruk (K), aitchui ruk (N) 1aatchugaa , aitchugaa 2aatchuun, aitchuun 3gives 1gives it 2gift 3First, we know how the word is said in the Kobuk Riverdialect (K) and how it is pronounced in the ~orth Alaska dialect(N).v

Second, we know that all of these words are related becausethe' last two sets are set to the right of the main word. Thesewords are related semantically. Some insets display categoricalrelationship.Third, verbs are indicated by the ending" -uk" on the Eskimoword and" -s" on the English gloss. Look at the words marked 1.(Some English glosses need a helping verb as "is happy").Fourth, verbs are also indicated by the ending" -aa" on theEskimo word and -generally "it" in the English gloss. Look atthe words marked 2.Other words are nouns. Look at the words marked 3. (Someentries are conjunctions and interjections, but these are clearlydisplayed).(Eskimo does not distinguish gender in the third person, therefore"aatchuiruk" may mean either "he gives", "she give s'", or"it givea". Similarly, "aatchugaa" may mean "he/she/it" ~ives"it/he/she". This is why no subject pronoun is listed with' -uk"verbs; and "it" has arbitrarily been chosen to signal" -aa" verbs.Infrequently, meaning demands that it be replaced by "him" or"her" as in "kunikkaa- -kisses her". Both Intransitive verb forms(-uk) and Transitive verb forms (-aa) have been included becausea student of Eskimo must know both forms and there is no simplerule for deriving the one from the other.)4. SECTION II is a list of Eskimo Post Bases. Post Bases areadded to bases to modify meaning. Their function is similar tothat of English adverbs, adjectives, auxiliary verbs, tenses, etc.5. SECTION III is an index of English words that equate to theEskimo entries of Parts I & II.vi

1. PEOPLECONTENTSEskimo Writing Key ixSECTION1.11.21.31.41.51.61.71.81.91.101.111.121.131.141.15Persons and Titles .Relatives .Body Parts .Head .Body .Organs .SkeletaL .Body Actions .Life Processes .Sickness and Debilities .Medical, Healing .Mental Activities .GeneraL .Love vs Hate .Attitude .Nervous Reaction .Confident vs FearfuL ..Reasonable vs Unreasonable .Good vs Bad .Clothing, Ornamentation ..Dwellings .Types .Parts .Contents .Religion ..Old .General .New - Christian ..Activities · .GeneraL ······..Men .Ladies· .youth .Amusements .Food, Eating .Food, Gathering .Hunting .Trapping .Fishing .Travelling .Land .Sea .vii1366811121517192223232526272829303336363738414142444747485052535457576061626264

2. CREATURES2.12.22.32.42.52.62.72.8General. .Land Animals .Small Creatures of Land and Sea ; ..Insecta .Sea Animals .Animals of History and Legend .Fish .Birds .69697778798282843. HEAVENS, EARTH, ATMOSPHERE3.13.23.33.43.53.63.7Heavenly Bodies Etc., ..Earth (Minerals) .Plants .Trees .Mountains and Hills .Lakes, Rivers, Oceans .Weather (includes snow and ice conditions) ..9697981011021031044. PLACE, TIME, DESCRIPTIVES4.14.24.34.4General. .Place .Time .Descriptives .Opposites .Colors .Numbers .1101101171201201221235. OTHER WORDS . 125SECTIONIIPOST BASES.................. 167SECTIONIIIENGLI SH INDEX.......................................... 186viii

ESKIMO WRITING KEYAn English PronunciationGuideaamaakrootaatkanmittena is pronounced mostfrequentliY, like thevowel in t fun" and"the". When next to"k" or "s". it soundslike "a" in "father".Double aa and anyother double letteris held longer thana single letter.ch natcniksealch resembles" ch" in"church".givgichgrassaglaunpencilivguntoweltaggakshadowg before another consonantis like "g" in"go" .Elsewhere it is pronouncedmuch softeras a continued sound.not as a stoppedsound like the oneabove.g is similar to "g"above, but is spokenfarther back in thethroat. Between vowelsit is sometimesvery soft and easilymissed.h ahaal.ikOldsquaw, ixh resembles English"h".

ikunmatchsiilikpike.'is pronounced like"I" in "police". Nextto g and k it soundslike "i" in "tin"kkukikfingernailukpikSnowy Owlk sounds like "k" in"ski" or "skill" . Itlacks the puff of airthat follows "k" in"kill"kukpikwillowk like g, is soundedfarther back in thethroat than k and g.1 uluwoman'skalluncup1 paluktakbeaverkamikluukpantsknife1 resembles "I" in"leave"1 is like "I" in"cleave", only more"breathy". It isvoiceless.1 killikcutki ltgnikknot1 is pronounced somethinglike the letters"Ji" in "peculiar" or"million", (is thesame as Spanishcaballero).m mannik 1/ __ ?m sounds like Englishegg7 ~' 1, ,~ "m".I{r--~n nanuk v" ~ f n is pronounced likepolar bear English "n".n inuk (--~\ ~~ n is pronounced likehuman being the letters "riy' in"canyon", (is thesame as Spanishsikinikmanana).suna:1

IJptnjrni suunlJ is pronounced like-~airplane the letters "rig" in"king" .arjunmale beingIj,papikP sounds like "p" inbird's tail " spot". It is pronouncedwithout theputupuff of air thathole accompanies "p" in"pot".@r argaich r sounds like "r" andhand, fingers "z" pronounced atthe same time.ugrukbearded seal ~~=s suluk ~ s is pronounced bewingfeather tween English" s"and "sh".~\~#/ )4sr siksrik sr sounds like "r" and~("ground squirrel"sh " pronounced at- /I )the same time.Where Kobuk Rivert>ill:srall:cheekpeople use" sr" be-/~y tween vowels, coastalEskimos pronounce"s".t tuttu t is pronounced likecaribou"t" in" steam" . Itlacks the puff of air.... \\\_ » ~"- that follows "t" in~-(Ar"team".~ ~,"u ull:all: u sounds like "u" intongue/~~ "rule" . Next to g-f~ and ls:. it sounds liker0;.~ "u'' in "pull" or "0"uuktuuna measurein "okay".xi

v nuviivak v is pronounced someflywhat like English"v" but with lipstouching.y nauyals: ~ -"~ y is pronounced likeseagull English11"r" in "yes".aiiaauuauiiuaivils:walrust:ilJmials:goosekaukforeheadkuals:frozen foodkugruichswanssiunearai is pronounced like"ie"" in "pie" andia is pronounced like"ea" in "area" inNorth Alaska dialect.In Kobuk Riverdialect, they arepronounced alike, asin "air".au is pronounced like"ow" in "pow" andua is pronounced like"wa" in "how about"in North Alaska dia-1ect. In Kobuk Riverdialect, they arepronounced alike, as"au" in "caught" .ui is pronounced like"ui" in "quick" inboth North Alaskaand Kobuk Riverdialects.iu is pronounced like"eu" in "mew" inNorth Alaska dialect,but like" ee" in"seen" in KobukRiver dialect.In some places where coastal dialects use a "k", Kobuk Riverpeople use a glottal stop spelled (I) as in the following sentence:Ani rami tautukkaa."As he went out, he saw it".xii

SECTIONI

1. PEOPLE11.1 PERSONS AND TITLESJPtun~aura~, paipi.ir-ak (N)i1ilgaa~, krtungak, rlaalugruak (K),mikriktuk (b), uivtflak (sh)nukatpia.lugr'uak , arJugaura~ (K),anutaur ak (N)nukatpiagrukbabychildsmallboyboynukatpiakanun(cf. inuk)young man (marriageable)manarjayu~aksra~, arJugaatchia~ (K) old manniviaksralugruaklittlegirlnivi akaiagrukniviaksraka~na~girl (before puberty)young lady (marriageable)womanaakuaks r ak , aakuaks raatchiak (K) old womannutakkatutukkanaatanayukaakyoung peopleold peopleparenttrguak adopted childinuguktitak child raisedbut notadopted

2aIJ ayukaagi itchuakarjayukaarj ilaur-ak(N),(K)orphanPersons& TitlesIlrappakpoor,orphanilakatai ksuak- (K), tuvakataignik(N)widow, widower(lit. without apartner)nulifksuakui lgagnaak(K)(K)widowerwidowuiksraun, ilakatntglaktuak (K)bridegroomnuliaksraun(N), ilakrrigi aktuak (K)bridei.Iakatni.gut lai lak (K)bachelor,spinstertuvakataitchukui Iauktak(N)bachelorspinsteri.lannak (K), avflaitkan (N)friendmy namesake(relationshipupon sharingof deceasedbasednameperson)inuukati gifkinuukantwo born on same day(special friendship)one who is born onsame dayuumaga (N), i.lakatiga (K)my namesake'swifeilukaaninukinupiakeveryone,person,Eskimoperson)Indianallman(lit. realna.luagmiu , tanik (N)white person

Persons & Titles; Relativesranaiya aktaaks ipaktaakstpaiyaakhalf-whiteNegrohalf-Negro3agaayul.ikai (K), arj aayul.iks.i (N) pastor, missionarytaaktimedical doctoriIi saur-r i (N), i.Iis aut r i (K) teacherirninaur ak (N), ki maktuak (K) fugitiveiriuakt imurdereriglaak traveller, stranger,visitoruvaij auvagukuvagutilivich (N), ilvich (K,q)iliptik (K), ili vsik (N)ilipsi (K), ilivsi (N)ilaaililJiki.Iirji chI, mewe (two), uswe (pl), usyouyou (two)you (pl)he, she, it, him, herthey (two), themthey (pl), them1.2 RELATIVESilaur-aatka , iIatkakirjuvaa.tkaarnauga-ksragaaapa-ksragaign.i-ks ragamy relativesmy ancestorsmy great grandparentmy step----my stepfathermy stepsonataataga (N, q), taata ruaga (K) my grandfather,great uncle

4aapaga (N, q), taataga (K)my fatherRelativesakkaga (K)aIJ aaluga (N)aIJ atchiaga (K)atchagaaya~ruksaa~amy uncle (father'sbrother)my unclemy uncle (mother'sbrother)my aunt (N), father'ssister (K)my aunt (mother'ssister)aanaga my great aunt,grandmother (N, q),mother (K)aanaruaga (K)my grandmother,great auntaakaga(N, q), aanaga (K)my motherilakat iga (K), tuvaakatiga (N)uigamy partneror wife)my husband(husbandnukaalugaaapiyaganul iaga,ukua~atN)agnagamy brother-in-law,my son -In -lawmy younger brothermy older brothermy wifemy sister-in-law,my daughter-in-lawanikatrga my sibling (my brotheror my sister)nukatchiaga my younger sibling (K),my younger sister (N)

Relativesaakauraga (K), ataur-aga (N)kataquti.gamy older sistermy illegitimatesibling5-iikanil$atig-iikafifia~-iikaanarua~-iikati~-iiksunaa~aaIJutikati gaafifia~a (N, q), uumaaga (K)agnakatigaiIlugi ga (N), iUuga (K)panigapair of, couplesibling pairfemale cousins,couple of girl friendsgrandchild living withgrandmothertwo people bearingsame namemy friend (male tomale)my cousin (by myfather's brother)my female cousin(female to female),my girl friend(female of same Cl.ge)my cousin (by mymother's sister)my cross -cousin,my joking partnermy daughtermy sonaq ayukh ganukakrigaaIJ aukaagaitka , kitungaagaitka.nukagi itkamy oldest childmy youngest childmy familykataga my illegitimate childuyuguga my nephew, my niecetutaaluga, tutitchi aga my grandchild

61.3 BODY PARTSHEADni akukkavraktunis uk (N), tunusruknutchatiksuusiunsiutikaiunqur-ak(K)kiinak (N, q), kiginak (K)kiinagiilirul>kiinagul;s:head,skullcrown of head(skull cap)rounding of back ofhead (occipital)head hairdandruffearears (2)ear cavityfaceblushesmaskforeheaduluak , Iks r aktavlutavlugunag likkukagligukumni chuIU!Jiyaktukkavlutakungakcheekchinchin tattoolower jawbone(both sides)lower jawbone(one side)beardshaveseyebrowridge betweeneyebrows

BodyPartsl$;arunaal$;eyebrowridge7slkpiichsikuruksiki ru kiriir'iktukeyelasheseyes are closedmoves head forwardand downeyehidesirakumakirisof eyeirisiftikl$;ulvichkulvir ukl>iIJakeye cavitytearsweepsnose (house ventilator)nUIJIJak (N), akul iak (K)sugluknosenasalnosebridgepassage,cavitytakpaak (N), takparuak (K),l$;iIJIJ ak (K)kakki viakkakikkakki r uknostrilsgroove under nosemucousblows noselipslipcornerof the mouthkanikmouthpalate,roof of mouthgumskigunkigutitkirjrnaktuktoothteethbites

8u~a~ukaktuk

Body Parts 9nail (finger, toe, claw)-tikil,

10BodyPartstimituikkak , tui (K)saasaattuks atkakmilukmillukmilumiluktukki tiknarraknar-raagittchukna r.r-amju rukbodyshoulderbody frontturn to face someonechestbreast, nipplemilk (K)both breastsnipplenurseswaist (middle)abdomenstomachache (chronic)stomach cramps(acute)kalaaikku ligil~ (N), kuliik (K)umbilicusback(naval)kutchingaativalu Iini.kaagiaktunutunuanitunuttuktunutkaasangaksanikkakikkukukpatiksmall of back(lumbar curve)large back muscledepression betweenshoulder bladesback, loinin behind,to his rearturns his back toturns his back on himsideboth sidesbuttockhips

Body Parts~uktug;aJs.mitkutthighbody hair, pubic hair11ORGANSbrainuvifii~silJlJikskinany large arm orleg musclenukiktendon,muscleuuliutikaukauk igliJs.tukauktukaukkun , augavik,tenderloinsbloodblood flowsnose bleedsblood vessel(N)takak , tagakpakpuvaichvein, artery, bloodvessel (K)lungsuumman (N), uuman (K)uumarukuum akuumauumalaaktukkanivaun (N), mulik (K), simik (K)tilJukakiaguki!Jaluat , paal.aak (n)ikhii!Jaluakt akheartis alivegreen woodlive coallively childdiaphragmliverstomachsmallintestinescolon, large intestineumbilicalcord

12saglupkutak(N), uksi (K)appendixBodyPartstaktukidneynakasuk (N), nakasruk (K)surjaksurpj aksurjaktaakiIurnrn ikbladdergall bladderbladdergreenfetusafterbirth,placentaitikanususuk (N, q), usruk (K) penisiksruukutchukusuurakaalgunakaa.lguruktesticlesvulvaclitorismenstruationmenstratesSKELETAL(Some words listed under BODY apply also to the SKELETALsection, ego niakuk head, skull)saunikbonepatikmarrowisugluk (N),isrugluk (K)bone end

Bodyni akukPartsskull, head13igurvik.---- (/~ ~-temporal~ ~~~-; ~~~)i.ris inik --\----rTf-.suglu --------'\1;------7-"~-~---'--+---nasal cavitykanik -----__+__~ ~_+--- oral cavity,mouthkigutit -----+--'~~-I[..4;L...---if----:;#---.-teethuniagak, agl ikkuk ,4-.-------+-lower jaw(mandible)kigapikkat (K), kuyipitkat (N)pikusuk (N), ikik (K)kivialuktukkiviaktuk (N), kirjiaktuk (K)pamialuk (K), pamiugayuk (N)backbone, spinevertebra1st vertebra (atlas)turns head, looksbehindtailbone (sacrum)

14 Body Partskutuk collarbone (clavicle)kiasik shoulder blade(scapula)tulimaat ribs (costae)mnj ich (K), nuvuliksrat (N) floating ribssakiagichbreastbone (sternum)kayuutauraklower tip of sternumulna,fibiaaminniksr ak radiuskutchik (N), kuutchuk (K) hip bone (ossa coxae)kirrigriikfemursrtkuk (N),srtkuakkneecap(patella)kanagak, kanaak tibiaisigaich nugaur arj ich bones of foot,(metatarsals)isigaich napyaarj ich bones of toes,(tarsals)inugaur-at fingers (phalanges),four small toesputugukbig toe

14 BODY ACTIONS15(See also under "Body Parts" where some motion words arebuilt upon the same base).looks up, raisesheadkiviaktuk (N), kin iaktuk (K)turnsheadl$:iviagaaktuk(N)turns head right andleftkuraktuk looks down, lowersheadsikiruk moves head forwardand downtusaaruk (N), tusr-aaruk (K) hearsnaal.aktuksrkungipaktaktukaikuni gaktuklistensbl.inks,winkstautuktuktautukkaaseesseesitkiniktukl$:ifiigaakiar ukwatcheswatchescriesittakprksuk sees keenlynai ruksmellsiksuktaktuk wrinkles nosetagiuktukukaktukatuktuksneezestalkssings

16srvruur-aktukwhispersBodyActionskal.aktuk clears throatnipinipliksuk (K), nivliksuk (N)nipitur-ukrrip ai tchuk , nipi aksukiglaktukiglaIJ aaktukur-r aaktukti kkuaktukvoice, soundsays, sounds, voicesis noisyis quietlaughssmilesgesticulatespointsLsaarj aruk reaches forthakaikkaa,aktugaapuyyukkaa (N), putyukkaa (K)touchespinchesitittiguai ruk (N), tigus r-i r-uk (K)tigugaapati.ktukputtukaitkuktuktakes, lays hold of,picks uppicks it up, takes itslapsbowskneelsakuvrttuk , akavittuk (N)sitsdownmakittukpi suaktuk , pts ruktuk (K)akpattuk (N), akpaksruktuk (K)arises, stands upwalksrunsaki rukakigaakickskicks itmaiyukrukclimbs-m i.ngi kauk (N) jumps

Body Actions; Life ProcessesmisiksuJs:leaps straight up,jumps down fromlow height17misigaktuknautkiaktuknutiktuknuttagrgaahopsjumpsleapsleapssiiksukaktuk (K), maki ruk (N) sweatsnal.iktuknalikanaktukanakkusuuruk (N), kui ruk (K)kukt ak (N), itrguak (K)downat himexpels flatus (gas)flatusdefecatesstool (feces)urinatesurine1.5 LIFE PROCESSESani rukis born (lit. exits)igniruJs: gives birth, has ababyaniktrgir-ukani grrikaglirukbreathesbreathgrow s up, gets bigaglintgaktuk reached pubertyinuguktuk grew up (lit. became aperson)sirjaiyaur-uk (N), naaktu ruk (K) is pregnantinuu rukinuggun (N), iriuuhik (K)inuuni aktukliveslifemakes a living, lives

18kaaktuk (N), nigisuktuk(K)is hungryLifeProcessesImrguktukis thirstykuluularuk stomach growlsnigi rukirniktukuinagl.iksukeatsdrinksis sleepypi lai ksuk (N), iniktuktuk (K) is tiredaatchauktukyawnsnal.laktuk lies downtut t aa.ktuk (N)goes to bedaikuruk goes to sleep, closeshis eyeskivsfruk is startled awakewhile dozing offaintktukkammui ruk (N), kamrjuir-uk (K)s.innaktuktukainnaktukitivli rukuitchukItiktuksleepssnoresdreamsdreamis sleepwalking,talking in his sleepopens his eyeswakes upitkumar-uk is awake, is notsleepingtukurukIg rugaadiesgets stiff (of a deadbody)

191.6 SICKNESSES AND DEBILITIES-(g)iit -a~iagug-iit-cnukiggiag -iit -chukchronichas a chronicstomachachehas a chronicthroatsore-nrJU -akiagu -ruju -r-ukiggia -ruju -r-ukacutehas an acutestomachachehas an acute sorethroatamiigruktu~ (N), ami iks iktuk (K) has skinned selfanaaktrttukanaagnikatnignaktuk (K), anrugnaktuk (N)atnigfia~ (K), anni.gnak (N)is bruisedbruisehurts, pains, is sickpainatnii taktuktuk(K)has painanniiyaruk (N), atni.iya.ruk (K) is soreaunaaktuk (N), aunaaksruktuk (K)bleeds,menstruatesauttak (N),ayaul$.kapugaur aitchukkapugaural$.auktak (K)ayauijaruk, kinit laitchuk (K)ayaurul$.iIluktukIhiitchukitiktaktukmole, Mongoleanspot (Mongol geburtsfleck)boil (sore)is blindgot blindis snow blindedis sickhas diarrheakakkiruj uruk has a stuffy noseextractedsplintera splinter

20kasurjar-uk (N), kasz-uruk (K)kigutinnurukkiguta.iksukkiiks iuktukkiiksiugunkiIikaukki.li igr'uktukkillikkinnan aakair-ukkaugz-imaitchuk (K),kaur-imrnagi.itchuk (N)Sioknessesis witheredhas a toothachepulls a toothis painfulpain& Debilitieshas cut selfhas skinned self,abrasedcutis becoming senileis numbkarvanaruk(N)is dizzykapyaltksuk (K)kaugr-immaiksukkaur irnmi aktuksayyaiksuk(K),(N),worries, gets dizzy,has a headachefaintedkikkitigaakigittik (N), ilguk,Ig rul.igaakiiks ruktuk(K)Igruk (K)has frostbitefrostbitehas chillshas convulsions,epilepticis ankilur-ir-uk, ki luruk has a muscle cramphas a stiff musclekilgukkugiksuk (N), kukhiksuk (K)scarcoughsrnaki ruk drains (of ear, soreetc.) sweatsmigi aktukvomits

Sicknesses & DebiLitiesnarjittuk, atni gnaktuk (K)napnj aruk (N), napurj aruk (K)is sick (malaise)is hunchbacked21nar-r aagi.itchuknar-r-amjurukni akunq uruknia~ugiitchu~nuvaktukpirjukpiyakkuktuksiglanguli~su~ (N),s iig.lanrju ruk (K)sukkit chuktagiuktuktal.li akniigaak (K), niugaak (N)ar gigaur-aak (N), ar gaaktuktigga~tu~tigli~ta~tu~tusi attuk (N), tus r.iattuk (K)tu silIaktuk ,tusaalaitchuk (N), tu s r atl.aitchuk (K)u~alaitchu~ (N),ukatl.ai tchuk (K)urujukhas abdominal crampshas abdominal achehas a headachehas a severeheadachehas a coldswellinghad an accidenthas a sour stomachgets a thorn or tackinto his fleshsneezesbroken armbroken legbroken fingeris stiffis throbbingis lameis deafis dumbwart

22uunautikaktuk (N),uunakhiktuk (K),ki rr-iks ir-uk (p)uuti gnik (N), uutinnik(K)Medical, Healinghas a feveris scarred from aburn1.7 MEDICAL, HEALINGsayakturuk is healthy, stronginuuniunmedicineitrisiun (K) thermometerImmrgaunkiIaunkappun , kappugaur akiirigakaluutaur akequipment for givingenema (of ugrukintestines)divining rodscalpel (for bloodletting), hypodermicneedlepilllittle spoontulukkam asriat juniper berries (Fructusjuniperus), amedicinal drink .mamittuk heals (of sore, cut,etc. )mamittitkaahealed himIhrakai r-uknakuuks.iruk (N), nakuksi.ruk (K)uksrul$uksruktiktukrecoversis getting betterseal oil, used asliniment, medicineanoints, rub oil onbody

Mental Activitiesnanuktuk Ul$.srugmiknanuum , uks rugunpiIaktukrubs with seal oil (ason neck for sorethroat)ointmenthas surgery231.8 MENTAL ACTIVITIESGENERALilisimarul$.ilisimagaaknowsknows iti.Ii.aaur r'Lr'uk (N), iIi sautr-i ruk (K)ilisauti.gaateachesteacheshimi~itchirul$., iIitchuk learnsiIrtchug'i rukiIitchugrgaaiIi tchugunisuma ruk (N, q), isrumaruk (K)isumattu.rukrecognizes, realizesfinds it out,becomes acquaintedwith himcause of recognition,signthinksis wisepuki ksuk is quick to learn, iswise (K)kani.kai rukkarjil$.siiigitchul$. (K),makirnaktuk (N)understandsunderstandsnotnaluruk is ignorant, doesnot knowl$.augrilil$.tul$.(K), kaur ikftksuk (N) catches on

24pi saasuktuk (N), pi.saas ruktuk (K)Mentalis cleverActivitiesitkaktukitlj:agigaaitkakt igaa (K)remembersremember itit comes to mindputtulj:srirulj:(N)comes to mind, isinspiredsagviksuk (K), satapkiksuk (N) comes into view, isrevealedalga~sruirulj: exhorts, corrects,preaches (N)algakarugaaexhorts him, tellshim the right wayto behaveilualj:sruktulj: corrects person whois erring ignorantlyinfkttktukis threatening (scoldingthat bringsresults)natkiks ruktuk is correcting one whohas unknowingly erredsHgiksuktuk is correcting one whowillfully erredpir-aks rtksuksuaktukadmonishesscoldssi.imaktuk (N) arguesisumannutchautt ruk argues heatedlylj:apiktaHiluurulj:arguesheatedlykaptkt ai Ii suuruk argues incessantlykukuula.ruk (N), tulj:hlga~tulj: (K)nipaal.aruksakraktuk (N)shoutsscreamsshouts

MentalpitkurukActivitiescommands25praises,boastsLOVE vs HATELovenagli ktuk is merciful, compassionatenagligigaahas compassion onhimnakuaksr-iruk likes, lovespiviuttaktuk (N) loves (of marriage)pi.kpaks riruk loves, preciousHateHUnlJut chaktukisumangu ruk (N), isrumamjur'uk (K)kinnaktukis deeply angry,hurt, disturbedholds a grudgeis angrykivguruk (N) leaves becauseangry (b),leaves homebecause angry (ap)kivittukgoes away becauseangryiluagfingi.tchaa (K) dislikes him, isprejudiceduumikh.ksuk (N), uumiks rt ruk (K) hatespl saayugagaa, uumis aagur agaa (K) provokes him

26ATTITUDEMentalActivitiesPleasantaggallaagiktu~al.ianartchuk(K)enjoys himselfis cheerful, happy,jollyaIJuyautaitchukis peaceable,hostileis notka am as r aaktuk (K), kaamatchaktuk (N)is buoyantly joyful .kuvi.asuktuk (N, q},~yaru~tagialanaitchu~kuviasruktuk (K)is happythanks, praises,expresses appreciationis hospitable (enjoyableatmosphere)talugnaitchuk,attagnaitchukis friendly, kind,communicati vetutkiksukkapirjai.s aaktukkapirja.Ls aaga.aUnpleasantis content,(within)encouragesencouragesis at peacehimal.ianaktukis quiet,sadlonesome,al iarriuktukis lonesome, quiet,sad, not communicativeiprktusuktuk (N), alfas ruktuk (K)is despondent,sadHummaagiitchu~ (N),ihrarnrna.ag'i.itchuk (K)does not feel well

Mentat ActivitiesIsumaaktuk (N, q),isr-umaa luktuk (K)mourns (not expressed)'worries (K)27alianiili~ (K) sorrowki gluktuksorrow s , mournsanuksruruk(K)endures,suffersUIJiarriru~ (N), is rurnaaluktuk (K)kinunguur'uk (N), kinuvgur-uk (K)saingitchaktukworriesmournsregrets(as in death)saingi suktuktagialar ukis chagrinedmoves out of a homebecause not wantedtagi al anaktuk inhospitable, unenjoyableatmospheretalu gnaktuk, att agnaktuk is stern, unfriendly,non-communicativetaluker-al'lraktukbrowbeatsui ruk panics, is excited(too eager)kaprktukis discouragedNERVOUSREACTIONPleasantIki.aktaal aaktuk body tingles becauseof emotional stimuluskiunnal.aaktuk (N),kuinnal as r-aaktuk(K)is spine tingling

28uki giyumrniktukukrgi.ruk (K)(N),MentatAetivitiesheady, giddy, feelinglight of bodyUnpleasantkakuaglaagnaktukkakugauglaaktuk(N),(K)is tense because ofimpending unpleasantnesssttkukstmanaktuk is "tied up in knots" ,tense because of impendingunpleasantnessCONFIDENTvs FEARFULConfidentattaks rarj itchuk (N, q),attaks r-angitchuk (K)iglutuirul;$.nalupl;$.isuIJitchul;$.(N, q),nalupki s rungit chuk (K)is bold (sure of notbeing refused, freelyhelps himself toother's things)enduresis confident, is sure(not doubting)nan iitchuk is daring, braveni kait chuk perseveres, does notgive upisiksu ruk (K), sfksuruk (N) is daring (strong),is enduring (persistenthunter)suamrnaktuk (N) is enduring

MentalFearfulActivities29al.iuktuk marvels, fears (N),hauntsal layuaktukat layuaktuk(N),(K)fears because of anunusual event, shynessof toddleranaya.suktuk (N), s.ivuugaruk (N)fearsthe consequenceayaagittukikai ruk(N)is undecided, desiresto but can't beginfears (general, mostcommon)ki.ksikar aktuk (N), attaks raktuk (K) respects, fear of aperson who is notwell knownnarj i.atchaktuk fears a situationtaluks r aktuk is afraid of someone'ssternnesskarujusuktuk (N), kannusruktuk (K)kaIUJusuurul,.kaIUJut chiaktukis ashamed, bashfulis shyis embarrassedREASONABLEvs UNREASONABLEReasonablear-aks igiaktuk (N),ukakstg.iaktuk (K)ukauti sugnaktuk (N, q),ukau ti s r-ugriaktuk (K)ukayunaktukis open to counselis easy to talk to,amiableis receptive

30sivunmuuruksivutmuuruk(N),(K)MentaZ Activitiesis steadfast, continueson regardlessUnreasonablealaprttuk inattentive, foolsaround, is confusedalapittaktukis crazy, is drunkar-aks igi.itchuk (N),ukaks igi.itchuk (K)maliksuktitaurukis not open to counselis convincedsikkuktuk is opinionated, noteasily persuaded(lit. is hard)srvunmuuruksivutmuuruk(N),(K)is stubborn, continueson regardlesssivuniktuuguurukstvutmuus ruuruk(N),(K)is obstinateGOOD vs BAD-gikinu- gik - suksila-gik-sukis good, is prettyis a good or prettypersonis good weather-Il autak , -Iluatak (b) is good, dependable,pi -Ilau tak -tuk, pi -Iluatak -tukprettyis good, dependableagna -Llautaka pretty womansavakti -Llautaka good workernakuurukinurjntksukis goodis a gentleman

MentaZ Activities 31iluaJs;Js;uguuruJs;iruagi tchiihkis proper,respecthonestisumatturukis wiseatchi ksuk (K), kimmaksalryaitchuk (N) is lowIy, is humbleatvaktaktuk (K) humbles himself muchkinui.tchuk is patient (not hasty),is peaceful (K)anniksui ruk (N)anniksugaapi akruktarj itchuktalugnait chukpiuni arjitchuk(N),helps, is beneficialbenefits himis kindis meek (retiring)srgnataitchuksikn at ai tchuk(N),(K)is generousstingy)(notsigniksrauruli:is devotedsi ksuruk capable, enduring-{g)iit -pi-giit-chuJs;iggiag -iit - chukinug -iit - chukaaktuk (K)is bad, evilis badhas a sore throatis uglyis self -asserting,proud of himselfis stubborn, actsagainst better advicethinks he know severythingis egotistical(can do anything)

32aiyui li suur ukMental Activitiesgets carried away,goes to excesspi.Iuktuk(N)is bad,sinsatangusuktukatangutur-ukiki asuktuk(N),(K)is crankylazyHuilUu~tu~ is troubled, badconscienceiluilliilil$:, (K),affliction, agony,iluilliugun (N)discomfort, troubleinumj unaktuk (K) is naughty (lit. evokesa person to pain)iI.J attaktikpaitchuk veers away, goesto excessisumalluagiitchul$: is foolish, unwisekarna sa.aktuk (N, q),karn as r-aaktuk (K)iglituru~ (n, K)srgnaruk (N), sikfiaruk (K)is boastfulis stingyis greedypi guktuk (N) is haughtysagluruk lies, prevaricatessaIJiaktuk is jealous (suspectingmarital unfaithfulness)savituuruk (N), savi tu ruk (K) sly, foxyis carousingsuur-imaangiksuk (N) is not concerned forlaw or other peopletiipaktuktusuruk (q), tus rur-uk (K)tusugaa (q), tusrugaa (K)coquettishis enviousis envious of him

331.9 CLOTHING AND ORNAMENTATIONannugaak (N), atnugaak (K)ukilhaak (N), nukifhaak (K)al.iktukkiluaktukgarmentclothis tornis rippedbraidshairanmaluak,tuutaklip-plug,labretimigluktukearringssiutrguntupitna sak (N), nas rak (K)nasautak (N), nasraun (K)nasagaur ak (N), nas r agak (K)earpendantfacial tattoo lineshoodcapkerchiefisigvik,kusurpjak~uppikas ikai gunainikilupaaksini (K)(N), kus.rurpj ak (K)fur ruff of parkaouter fur parkaoutside garment,coatsleevecuff of a sleevepocketinner fur clothing,underwearkitau r ak (N),kal ikatar aak (K)dressshirttagiksr-ak (N), tavsi (K)tapsi (K), tapsi (K)man's beltwoman I S belt

34atigiati girukatiklukkuglunni.k~upakCZothing& Ornamentationpullover parkaputs on parkaparka coverhemfancy trimaku~argaakaatkatik , aitkati k (b)fancy fringe ofparka (K), skirtcoat (lit. split)glovesmittens(N)pauluktikilik (K), tikalaakikpiagrukkamikluuk(N)trail mittensthree finger mittenshandbag (lady's)pants, trousersul iqnaakfur breechesfur trousersbelow calf)(fur in)(extenduttaak (K), kuliksak(N)caribou or reindeerskin pants (fur out)natchiagrukseal-skintrousersilJalukal.i ks i.ktuttulikugrulikrain gear made fromugruk intestinessocks (K), cariboufur socksboots with caribousolesboots with ugruk soles

Clothing & Ornamentation]s:aglik (N), mamilik (K)Eskimobootswaterproof35paurj aak rubber bootskamik mukluk, bootku liboot fancy trimboot fur trimtimi"",.."'~\\\,1tugnaal;>:(N),kill.iguak (K)aturj aksilJiil;>:(N), s irjik (K)siIJ iksukboot strapties mukluk strapresolesa bootivalu sinew, threadaruj ik (N), annik (K),kar-vi akpifiil;>:alugunsale patchinsolesandal

361.10 DWELLINGSTYPESaimagvik (N) home, householdigluhouse (N), beaverdam (K, q)tupi ktuppi ruk (K),iks ruktuktuk (K),rglukpi ruk (N)house (K,q,n),builds a housetent (N)pal.apkaak (K), panapkaaktupi k (N)pauga~itchaksralik(q, s),tenttent peg, stake12' x 14' wall tent(lit. with six, meaningsix panels long)winter tenti;\frame for winter.~\ skin tent8' x 10' wall tent(lit. with four,meaning four panelslong)tallimalik (K, q) 10' x 12' wall tent(lit. with five,meaning five panelslong)apuyyak (N), aputyak (K) snow block shelterivrulikmapt igak (K),s anni.ks ak (q)kasimmaviksod houselog cabinmeeting place

Diae l.L inq ekargicommunity house37nifuJi~simaru~is insulating a dwellingby building a wall ofsnow blocks about itand placing soft snowbetween the wall andthe dwellingundergroundcold storagecache,saiguturj alutukuutakcache on the groundcache on poleswind breakPARTS OF DWELLINGSkatchisanuki gaawallputs siding on it(house)ayak post, pillarki IakceilingkiIam ~aalJa roof (lit. ceiling's top)kaal iks irukigUgichtuutr aknariknatchi tchi gaai.ki r-gakroofs a houseraftersridge beamfloor (lake bottom,valley floor)lays flooringcornertallu (K), upkuak (N) doortaluks r ak (K)door materialbear skin door

38 Dwe Z Zingsupkuagaaupkui gaacloses itopens itki lui s ak , ki luus ak (K)ki luit.chak (N)I$:iluusal,

Dwellingsigli~bench along the wall39siigruk (K), siugruk (N)pressurestoveapplianceigni gvi.k (N), ikrrigvik (K)ignil;s:(N), iknik (K)punnilivik (N)ikuni.ku al.Iaktu kikual laur aktukaluak (N), kalluk (K)aluakagvikkirukki ruiksukki rukai rukki ruktaktukkirr-iuktukuumakagrastovefireoven (lit. bread-makeplace)matchbursts into flameis burning a little,smolderingcoalcoal scuttledry fire woodran out of woodcarries wood insideobtains fire woodchops fire woodgreen woodashesauma (K),uunal;s:saunauma r-ak (N)charred wood,charcoalheateruks rugr-uak (N),uks ruagruk (K)uks ruklukfuel oil,oil)kerosene(lubricatingisi~smoke in a buildingpuyu~puyugvik , tukluak(K)smoke fromsmudgechimneychimney,paulasootwater containerwith cover

40kattakkuukpi aktugvik (K),kavifiugun (N)saiyutugvik (K), ti.i.liugun (N)utkusik (N),uunakai ivikniggiviksifiigvikikuvgak (N), kaatchiak (K)water containerwithout covercoffee pottea potcooking pottea kettletable (lit. eatingplace)bed (lit. sleepingplace)Dwe l l inq emattress, (upper oftwo caribou skins,fur facing up)kar-r-ak (N), Ikivgakakisi (N), akin(K)mattress, (lower oftwo caribou skins,fur facing down),ground sheet (K)pillowulrgruak (N), ulttchiak (K)nanik , kul Iik (N)igitchivikanagvikcover,lampgarbagetoilet,blanketpailout-houseikuuti ks r-aktoilet paperkugvikaguummak (N), airnmak (K)chamberbasketpotpugutakiggugviiraJs.dish pan (any bowllikecontainer)wash basin

ReZigion 41l~a~~un (N), mifl.lak (K)soapkigusri~utittooth brushtaggaktuun mirror, reflector~ifiigaa~ (N), agl.iit rak (K, q)picture1.11 RELIGIONOLD RELIGIONaIJatkukaIJatkugnakiIi ai.iIakshaman, medicineman, witch doctormedium, (communicateswith the spiritworld), (lit. resemblingan aij atkuk)one who casts spells(considered strongerthan aIJatku~)atuutluk(K)evil magic-workingsongl$iJ.aunki.Laki launki.la ruksiIarn inuadrumshaman's power orfamiliar spirit,conjuring spiritdivining rod (used bydiviners, e.g. toforetell death or lifeof a sick person)conjures, divinesspirit governor ofthe atmosphere (lit.person of the air orsky)

42uvaksaat (K), uivaksaat (N)Religionsouls of the deceasedgoing around andaround (lit. roundinga bend)inuguluur ak little person, elf,dwarfinukpas rugruk(K)giantiminaur'ak (N), inukun,inniJs,un, iks i (K)prowler {unknownperson who is sometimesseen from afarand is blamed forotherwise inexplainableoccurances )GENERALaanguaJs: charm, amulet,idol (K)agl.ignaktukagltgtgaaa1JiruJs:an ipkaq agaa (N), a1Jipchagaa (K)a1JitJs.iksuJs,is tabooed, forbiddento eat or do forreligious reasonsabstains from it,avoids itarose, resuscitated,revivedresuscitatedresurrectedhim,himresuscitated again(of one shot andbrought back tolife again by ananatkuk) , He aroseagain (of Christ)atuktakerak (K)law (what ought to bedone, used)mal igutakar ak (K) law (what ought to befollowed)

Religionpitkun , pi chkun (K),pitkur-ak (N)law (what is wantedto be done),commandment43tillii'i commandment, orderkillu~, pi luun (N)ki.lluksaktuk (K), pfluktuk (N)ki.l.Iuliki r-i , kiIli kir-i (K),pi luustkir-i (N)error, crime, sinsinnedsinner, wrong doerilitkuaik(N)spiritir-rusfkirrutigaa(N, q), irr-us r-ik (K)personality, innerman, motive,spirit (K)treats him properly,rightinuus ik (N, q), inuuar-ik(K)soul (immortal)pi irjiIak , piiIJilaa~ ghost, hauntingspi r it of a departedoneal.iuktukaltuktuktukhauntsis hauntedpi Iiun blessing (passing ofpower from a shamanto his disciple)si vuni ks r iki r-iHc)tunl.l.laktufik , tuni l'lafik (K)tuntglaktugviktuungaktuungaktaltkprophetsacrificeoffering place (gifts_of food set out tosecure good luck)helping spirit of ashaman, devil,Satanshaman suppliedwith a helping spirit,a demon, evil spirit

44ilit~usi~luk(N)bad spiritReligionukpiktukukpigigaabelievesbelievesitNEW - -CHRISTIANGod (N), Agaayun (K)anaayur'uk (N), agaayuruk (K)arjaayyun (N), agaayurik (K)arj aayul ikai (N), agaayul.ikai (K)arj aayyuvfk (N), agaayuvik (N)au aayyul.iki ruat (N)ukpiktuak (N), ukpiksr-Iruak (K)ukpiksr-i ruat (K)ukpi gun (N), ukpiksr ifik (K)Godpraysprayerminister, pastorchurch (building)church (lit. prayingones)believer, Christianchurch (lit. believers)faithIlit~usigiksua~i.Litkusfk (N)(N)Holy Spirit (lit.good spirit)spiritHoly-Spirit,Atanikatanikki.Ia.lautak (K)Holy SpiritLordleader, boss, master,president, kingAnnaurri (N), Armiksukti ,Anniksuun (K)annaktuk (N), anniksuktuk (K)annautrgaaanni.ksui rukannaun (N), anni ksugiak,anniksuktiksr ak (K)Savioris savedsaves himbenefits, helpssalvationaki.ks ruun (K), unniksukciun (N) promise, covenantakugluktuk , avi luktaktuk ,~asra~tu~ (K)bell rings

Religionakugluk , avi luktaun ,kasraun (K)bell (lit. instrumentfor repeated noiseby striking)45a.IJ ar r-aur-ak (N), sannigutak (K)kikiaktuutigaaisagul ik (N, q), isnagulik (K)tcrosscrucifies him(lit. nails him)angel (lit. suppliedwith wings)ilitchitkur-ak(N)disciple,learnermal iguakti(K)disciple,followeriluakkun (K, q, n)nagliktuutil$.pak (N)nag.liktak(K)naglikkun, nagliktuun (N)pikpaks r-ifi k, pikpaktak (K),piviuttakkun (N), nakuaks r-iuninuur akpak (N)minguil$.sigvik, minguiks.lrik (K, q),savainnakpata (N)pi Iuun (N)grace (lit. cause forwhat is right, good,correct)gracepity, grace, mercy,lovemercyloveidolSunday, Sabbathsinnatkikaruun(N), nalguks ruun (K)discipline,correctionnatktgutrgaa(K)forgivescorrectshim (lit.him)sul.ikuti girj ai kauk (N)forgives, (ignores,overlooks)isuit chukis eternal,heavenendless

46pakma , pakimna (K, q, n)Re Li qi onheaven (lit. up there)nagliksaagviktammagvikpiyakkugviknaIJ innak (K)algaJs.sruiru~(N)hell (place of suffering)hell (place of loss)hell (place of accident)hell (suffering)exhorts, reproves,preaches (N)kul.iaktuaktuk relates, confesses (N),preaches (K)ukaktaaGod -improphet (N), .apostle (K), (lit.God's speaker)satugaa (K), tasugaa (N, q) ransomed, redeemedhimiIJi~sruli~ipkitchukipJs.ili~(K)prayeris pure, is holy (K)purity, holiness (K)salummaun cleanness, holiness (N)isumafitki.gaa repents of it (lit.rethinks it)mumi ksuk changes, turns over .. repents (K)mumirtk (K, q)kamaker-inik (N), tupiksr-ihik (K)repentanceobediencetu saayugaagikauaktus r-aayugaal.lautak(N),(K)Gospel (lit. what isgood to hear)tutkiun(N), ~ifiuifiaJs.(K)peaceukafik (K), ukalfk (ki , n),ukaluk (N)word

Religion;Aetivitiespasigigaa (q), pasrigigaa (K) suspects him, blameshimpatchisigigaa accused, blamed him,condemns him, findshim guilty47atanmgaa(K)judges himiatvgti ruk (N)atanniurik (K), atanniun (K),isivgiun (N)atanniutiks rak (K)atanniksugaatinumialik (N). umi al.irjnak (N)judgesjudgmentjudgment to comeorders you to do itand you must do itking (lit. boat captain)church elderalJ alatagaa directs him, controlshimarj al atidirector, governor,'officerarj al.atchikikrule, reignalJ al atchrr-ukrules, reigns, directsarj aayukak leader, bossalJ aayukauh kalJ aayukkaunarj ala.ruti , arj alatchi airuling powergreatness,kingdom (God's)authority, powersavainnik (N), minguiks ib.k (K) Sabbath1.12 ACTIVITIESGENERALsavaktuksakuuktukapta ruk (N)(K), siggal$:tu~ (N)works, makesworks hardis busy

48alJivsiruknimaksr'ugaaaki gaktukakigagaaakiyaun(N), aIJivraktuk (K)Aativitiesdisassemblesfits it togetherbears, carriesbears it, carries itstretcher to carrythingsiksrukkaa carries it on theshoulderkakaaktuk carries on head orshouldersnanmaktuk (N), natrnaktuk (K) carries on the back,back packssaagaktuk carries by hand, byarmti gumi aktuk (N)tigumivikhand carrieshandleagl.aktukaglakaglagvikaglagviksrakagl.auti tak, aglautitaun (N),aglaksruutit (K)agrautitaktif'N). aglautiti (K)aglautitaktuk (N), aglautiruk (K)aglaunwritesmark, pencil line,letter of alphabetschool desk, paper padpape r , writingmaterialtypewritertypisttypespencilaglikiruk (K), tai guaktuk (N) readsMEN'S ACTIVITIES AND EQUIPMENT(see also Hunting, Fishing, Trapping 1.14)-liukniksi-Liuk-tukumia -Iiuk -tukmakemakes a hookmakes a boat

Aetivitiesanautak (N), ipigauta~(K)axe49ivruJ.>sifi (K,q),siklaJ.>(N)pickaxesanlugun (N), aavalgun (K)sanluguvik (N), ikligvik (K)ikuun (N), itchuun (K)tooltool kitplane,skin scraperkar-ruutak (K), kaugun (q),kautak (N)kauktuk (K), kautaktuk (N)kikiakaagluhammerhammersnailtackkigisiksavik(K), kilJmautik (N)pliersknifepitnuktak(K), pilJlJu~ta~ (N)folding or pocketknifemitlikputtuncarvingpiercingtooltoolagiaJ.>agi aktukagiksukagikkaapiksrun, paulgifi, paufhi.n (n)pfks rutrtaktukfilefiles, rubsfiles, rubs(continually)files it, rubs itshovelshovelsni igauns ikukdrill,bitbraceuuktuunuluunkipluun (K), kivluun (N)ruler, measuringdevicesawcross -cut saw

50 Activitieskivluktuki.kai.ks in (K), kuvluun (N)cuts acrossrip sawulimaunadzeLADIES' ACTIVITIES AND EQUIPMENT(see also Trapping, Fishing 1.14)ka rvaktuk (N), katvaktuk (K~ fleshes sea mammal_ (and polar bear), tansulu ~ ~ woman's knifeikuuktuk (N), it chuuktuk (K) fleshes animal skin,tansikuun (N), itchuun (K) skin scraper, planeIrnakai ruk moistens skinputchimaal.laktitchagaa stores moistened skinfor short whileputchimaapka~saagaa stores moistened skinovernightuluktuk rubs and twists hideto soften itinni akai ruk stretches hide onframekiir-aktuk (N), kigi raktuk (K)is crimpingsoleskuki ruk (N), nikniaktuksu li.iktuk(K),is cookingkakki ruk (K), punni liuktuk (N)bakes breadalf.iktuka lgun(K)cooks dog fooddog soup potka Iii ktuk (K)cooks fishur-r iuktuk (N), ni kipi alfiktuk (K) boils meat

Activitiesigaapial$tul$boils meator fish51Ir ai liuktukfriesmeatar giksukar gi kpayuktaktukcooks over open fireroasting spitgives gift of foodkill.aiyaktukmends,sewsmi kuktukkiluk(N)sewsstitchivalusinew,threadkipr-i ruk (K)tikikkakiviktwists sinew, makesthreadthimblepincushionmiksrunsallisik(N), rrritkun (K)needlescissorstilaggirul$ (N), sa.Iikkuktuk (q),samj iyaktuk (K)tflagi stch (N), s aruj iyaut it (K),salikkuun (q)Ikaks r-ir-uk (N), iggul$sirul$ (K)tilaktuk (N), natchikrruk (K)pugutchikir-uk (K), pugutchi ruk (N)Jkal lugaur-aki ruk (N)sweepsbroomwasheswasheswashesclothesfloordisheskuvigaapoursitnaavitkaa (N)igitchal$tukaviktukdumps it (non -Ii.qui.d)plucksfowlcuts, divides (meat,bread etc.)

52amaaktukamagaaActivities'----~.~carrybaby on backputs him (baby) onher back (inside theparka)miluktitkaam akkatk'i.kaukmakkakbreastchangesdiaperfeeds himdiaperscaresfor babysaglial$tul$holds baby on kneeYOUTH ACTIVITIESAND EQUIPMENTlII~j~\'hanii ksuaktuk -

Activities 53alJilgis aktuk (n),alJiHiisa~tuk (K)swingsitluk (K), iIluk (N)~agrupiatpisiksi (N), siksi (K)~agru~slingbow and arrowbowarrow, shellai sugaktuk (N), s is ur-agaaktuk (K)slidesdown a hillpuuvr-aktukpuuvr aaktukswims (human swimmingonly)plays in waterkinriaktuk , agaktukfights,plays roughlyal.Iayuaktuk (N), atlayuaktuk (K)is shy, bashfultoddler)(ofal Iayu al ai.tchukatlayuatlaitchu~(N),(K)is friendly, notbashful (of toddler)AMUSEMENTSaggirukparticipatesaularuk (K), uamittuk, dancesasiktukki1aunki1ausira~tiis nodding (with headwhile others dance)drumdrummeraks r-aatchaun high-kick balltikitkaur-aktukakpalfi.r-ak, akpa.Iiu r ak (N),akpa.Ii itr ak (K)akpalrgaaktukakirnarukracesrace, footraceruns a racewins

54aki itchukakiiJ,igaaatuktukatuktuur akatu ktuur-aktukActivities; Food, Eatinglost (contest)beats him (in contest)singsmusical instrumentplays instrumentigluktsaaktuk ~ jugglesiglukisaaksral$. . juggling pebblesnalukataktuk ~~ ~ X- ~.4 is blanket tossingnalukatak ~a7 ~1 blanket toss~.~,.rfI1Ifir.1.13 FOOD ,EATING(for fowl, see BIRDS 2.8; for berries see BERRIES 3.3; for edibleplants, see PLANTS 3.3)akaluk (kiv .»). Ikaluk (N,q),kaluk (K)akutukakutkaaavu, kapsitaak (K)imaks rakimigal$.immuk (N), milukipkakkiriiktukfish"Eskimo ice cr-eam"(of cooked fats, meatsand berries)stirs itsugaryeastbrothmilkboiled ribsthick soupkaituktuk intestine that isturned inside out,cleaned and eatenkumaaratbeans

Food, Eatingkuukpi.ak~a~~ia~, kakuk (K),~a~ulaa~ (N)kakkuayaak (K), kakulaar ak (N)coffeepilot breadcookie55kaukkuakwalrusskin (for food)raw frozen meat orfishmaktak (N, K), maptak (q) whale skin withblubbermannikeggmukkaak (K), palauvak flourmukpaar akbiscuitmatchaak (N) oatmealmi.ki gak blubber strips agedin seal skin pokemi stgaak (N) meat dip of seamammal oilni~ meat, foodnikipi.akparriktakpapapunnik (N), puvl akak (K)meat (vs. food)dried meat or fishpepperyeast breadsaiyu, tii teasilaavyak hotcake (pancake)tuktak fermented walrusmeat rolled in walrusskintagiuk salt, ocean

56uJs.sruJs.Food,sea mammal oilEatinguJs.srugaaJs. blubber strips inuJs.srul,.

Food, Eating; Food, Gatheringka laktuk (N, q), nikaaaktuk (K) burps57iigaaswallows ititkutak (N), itkutchik (K) breakfastaiJ.ili~ (K), kit ikkutak (N, q)nul.lautak (N), nul.lautchik (K)noon meal (lunch)suppertakuak trail snackniukkak (N), yuukak (K) snack time, refreshment-naksfrukitkutchig -nakstr-uknul lautchtg -naksfruk~iti~~utchig-na~siru~aili -riaks ir-uk (K)-tuktuttu-tuk-tukkuukpiak-~ -tuk(N, q),is time tois breakfast timeis supper timeis lunch time (noonmeal)IS eating, drinkingis eating caribouis drinking coffee1.14 Faa D, GA THE RINGHUNTINGtuvaak (N), arjuni akt ituvaaktukarjuni aktuk-Ii ak -tuttu -liak -tuksatkutsavikhunterattracts caribou byholleringis huntingis huntingis hunting caribouhunting equipment,weaponshunting knifeiyagi lhak (K), yagir hak (n) knife sheath

58sHUnayakpanaFood,knife sharpener(emery stone)Gatheringspear pole, whalingharpoonspear, two edgedcutting tool~~;;_~/~~~==~::=:::==""",,-;;;;BoJ-II--~kapusiut wooden shaft igiinaJs; tukkak aklunaakiron rod toggle head ropeunaakaiyauppi aksippun (K), suppun (N)kagruuraktuun (N), saatkaak (K)Js;agru1$.aggififiaJs;(N), aggitnaJs; (K)satkuun (N), kagrukagvik (K)harpoon (pole withmetal point to checkice thickness, hookedat the other end)staff, walking stickgun, rifleshotgunarrow, shellknapsack, storagebagammunition casem anak (N, q)m.ana.ktuktukirigruakpuksraa1$.(q)hook (multipronged)for retrieving seal,a fishing tackle forjigging tomcodis hooking fish(torncod)binocularssleepingbagkilami.tautitbola

Food, Gatheringkuyapigaurutavatakpak (N), puptagun (K)block and tacklefloat (buoy)59at aaktuktuk(N)goes to set up whalecamp on the iceit chuktuk (K), nikpaktuk (N) waits for an animalto appearsaavittuk launches a boat inchase, comes forwardpiyugaktuk (N) is approaching a seamammal by crawlingpuyuaktuk (K) stalksauktuk stalks seal, crawlingand scratching on iceat the same timepinrgli ruk inadvertently startlesanimalunulugusaaktuk (N), Iks.is aaktuk (K) frightens away anattacking animalnas ittuk (N), nas rttchuk (K) ascends to a highspot for scanningal atkaktuktuvr aktukpisikkaa (N), sikkaa (K)scans the landscapefrom an elevatedpoint, looks intowater for signs offish.is trackingshoots it, hits itpi s iks aktuk (N), srksaktuk (K) tries to shoot, triesto hitpakiksuksqueezestriggermapkaktukreport of a gun, soundof an explosion

60anurukalJugaaFood,Gatheringprocures game, fishprocures italJiitchul$. (N), alJiiiial$.tul$.procuresfishno game,kavra~ami.ikai rukarni kpilaktukwounded caribou thatruns away while unobservedskins an animalhide, skinbutchers an animal(performs surgery)urjur-akU1Jugaarabbitdrivesdriveit (an animal)TRAPPINGnarii gi aknarriktuknani giaktuktuksautaakni gaknigaktukni.gaktuktuknigatchial$.napittuknigatchia~tul$.tu~.-._,"""__~

Food,Gathering61FISHING(see also FISH 2.7)akalugniaktuk (kiv , n},ikalugniaktuk (N, q),kalurjni aktuk (K)is fishingakaluktukkaluktuk(kiv, n), il$;aluktul$.(N, q),(K)catchesa fishnikstksuktukniksikal luakis hooking (jigging)fishhook, fishhook, lurefishing or sealing holeaulasraunjiggingstickIpi itakil$;lal$;(K, q)al$.l$;augaafish lineis jigging, is hookingmudshark (K), ishooking tomcod (q)multipronged fishhookangled a fish(fish) bit on hookakihook,gafftuuktuugaatuuktukkuvral$;kuvr-aks ruktuk , kuvr-iki rukkuvr-aktukkuvr iksuk. niI]itkaa kuvr akkuvr irukamumarukice chisel (metalpoint on long pole formaking fishing holesin ice)chisels itchiselsnet, fishing netchecks netnetted fishis setting netmakes netis pulled out (e.g. anet)

62arnrnunpuptaunkalukaluuktuk , kaluruk.kaaktuunkaaktuktukall.aiyagaainigaasi.iksuknuviratuuyuratkalugaaFood, Gathering; Travellingnet ropenet floatdip netis dip nettingseining netis seiningis mending netnet lashinghangs (fish or net fordrying) over a poleis cutting fish(for drying)fish strung on awillow stickeight dried fishlinked together1.15 T RA VE LLINGLAND(see also Directional- Locational Pronouns 4.2)Ig liktukIglaaktravels,traveller,visitormovesstranger,tukkuktukkumavik (N), nul.lagvik (K)hosthotel,innuvlf ruklayover, rests betweenperiods oftravel or otheractivity

Travellingaul laktuk departs, goes away63kuki luktukkasui rukgoes about from placeto placemeet (by chance)while travellingkasuuti ruk meets, rendezvoustikittuk (N), t.ikitchuk arrivesapkunapkus raagaa (K)trailpasseshimtalgaktuk (N) travels up river bysledtagr aktuk travels up river byboatati ks aaktuk travels down river bysledataaktuk travels down river byboatat aaktuktuk (N) goes down to thelead to camp forwhalingtul aktuk returns from thewater, landsnalautchaagaa(N)travelspastapkus r aaktuk(K)travelsthroughaval laktuk travels straight outfrom the shorear guktukatkas al.iktravelstravelsinto the winddown windtilJiru~ti!Jmiru~fliesfliesaway, takes off

ni ir-i(K),64tiIJIJun (N), tirj mi suun (K)airplaneTravellinguivaktuk (N), iivaktuk (K)taglukcomes around a pointsnowshoesnuluksnowshoewebbinguni agaktuksleds, travels by sledus rilfi ruk (K), ikuktuk (N)usiat (N, q), usriat (K)loadsloadsledrukniurfruk (N)unloadssledka.ivluktuk, kairnugaktuk (N)pushesheavy sledkamutit(N)sled for transportingumiak over iceuniat (see picture 2)ij:ilgich (see picture 1)anutanuksraij:sledbasketharnessharnesssled(one or many)webbingki mmik (N), kipmtk (K)kimmich, kiprni chkimuktukdogdogs,pullsteam(of an animal)is tanglednanmaundog packSEAtiIJilgairuls: (N),tiIJilgaij:sils:suls:(K)tilJilgautals:napals:tiniuruksailssailmastdisembarks

Travelling 65..... Picture 1kilgich basket sled1 aglu runner shoeagluvinik bone runner piece(old time use)2 s iku , sikuk (K) runner rod, runnerbase3 napagiak upright4 ayagun, ikaa]s.saun bed crosspiece5 kitgur'ak outside stringer6 satguuk central stringer7 pigiaga]s. rounded portions8 usi aguat loading platform9 nu]s.agun lashings for lowerstands10 apugaikut ak, stvugun front bow11 apugun front crosspiece12 sani gaagun crossed ropes13 nakitaagun tie-down rope14 ]s.imugviita]s., kimugvik bridle (sled to dog)15 ]s.ilgun upper lashings16 ]s.itigagun tug17 i.tkir vi k , akugun sled bag18 ]s.i]s.aagvik stands at the back19 kinatagun sled brakekinataktuk brakes sled20 kiavluutit handle bar21 kivluutak handles

66Picture 2Travellinguniat1 kiavluun2 igilaat3 nakittagun4 nakitakpik5 ij:itigagun6 anut7 pauktaun, niksikpak8 aglusledstanchionscrosspieces (formingthe platform)rope lashesrope tie-downsmain tugharnessanchorrunner

'I'r av e l l i n q 67Picture 3umi akskin boat1 kul ik gunwale2 ~UIJialik seat in front of pilot3 iksugak seat4 naparu~ rib5 niutak stern or bow6 a~u stern7 sivu bow8 kiglu bow deck9 kuyaa~ keel10 akkuk bottom formers11 tulvik fore and aft framingmember to whichskin is lashedtuutuk is lashing skin to theframetugrun skin's lashing ropes12 amiun thread for sewingskins together13 ami~ skin coveringamtksuk covers a frame withskin14 amj un pitch (caulking)

68ilJiuliulj:tukpitches(boat)Travellingki tnu ruk , pahrktuk (K), kinuruk (N)Iki rukni ur-i r-ukukamrnaktukkayakcapsizesembarks (boat, sled,airplane etc.)unloads,longshorespulls a boat alongshore with a ropedecked -in skin canoepaagur'r-aktuk (N)paaijuutik (K)umiak (see pict. 3)urni aktuktukumialikumi aktukt.iumi akpakumi akpaar-akumi ahaar-ak(N)(N)ipuniputtuk (K), Ipuaktuk (N)anuunanuaktukl$;allunkitchak (N), kis ak (K)akuttuakpaddles (kayak)kayak paddlelarge skin boattravels by umiakboat captain, richman, kingwhalershiprowboatsmall skin rowboattransportable on asledoarrowspaddle (single bladed)paddlesbailer,anchorcupship Is pilot

2. CREATURES692.1 GENERALaJ]lJunaJ]usallu~ (N, q), arjus ra lluk (K)game animalmale (animal)agnasallu~(N, q), agnas r-al.luk (K)female(animal)pi ayaakauIlastkni guaktu ktuk (N),nuyuaktuk (K)pan alrktukoffspringinstinctis warygallopstumitrack(trail)2.2 LAND ANIMALSGeneralaktakbrown bear,bear (Ursushorribilis)grizzlyblack bear (Ursusamericanus)polar bearmaritimus)(Thalarctoswolf (Canis lupus)fox

70kaiyuktuk (N), kavviak (K)red foxLandAnimalskiangakcrossfox, blue fox (K)kiangaktuluk (N), kiangak (K)~gfii~ta~blue foxblack or silverfoxkusr-haak , kulhaaktigigannia~ (N)niituuyi k (q), niutuiyiknuutuuyik (K)immulivik(K),(N),arctic fox (Alopexlagopus)lynx (Lynx canadensis)domestic cow (lit.milk place)Imriaik (N),sheep,dall sheepreindeer (Rangifertarandus)nanmakti (N), natmakti (K)tuttukhrk (N), paikinak (K)donkey (lit. burdenbearer)pig (lit. queer deer)tuttukpakhorse(lit. big caribou)tuttuvak,tinniikatmni ikak (q, n},(K)moose (Alces alces)

LandAnimals71kirnmi k (N), J,s.ipmiJ,s. (K)IPmmiagru~ (N), kipmiurak (K)dogpuppyipiga~tuun(q), IPpmiJ,i.~un (K)dog whip~UIJisigundog collar,neck bandpituichprtui.tchukpitukkaaavaal.aruk(K, q), magaararuk (N)chainis loose, untiedties it (dog, boat)yelps with painanignitchia~tu~. ki.IuktukmagurulsiIIllJ aluktukkimuktukaluktukkusauktukpaki ksuk (N), rrivaktuk (K)is pantingbarks (dog, fox)howls (dog, wolf)whinespullslickssitspawsCariboututtututtu agr-ui ch (N),tuttugaurattuttukpaur agatat (N),tuttugaagruich (K)caribou (Rangiferarcticus)herd of cariboua few caribouhuge herd of caribou

72tikitugaur at , tikitutLandherd of cows andcalvesAnimalspagnik (N), pannik(K)cariboubull (mature)arj ayukfitkik (N), nukatagak (K)three year old bull3lJ ayukh agruk (K)arj ayukriktwo yeartwo yearone yearold bullold bull (N),old bull (K)pagni.agr-uit.chtak(N)very old bull (withworn teeth)nukatagaurak (N)young bull (2 - 3 yrs.)nukatagaaluk (N, q)bull nearlyfull grownnukatagagruak (N), nukatagaagruk (K)nuliagniklarge bull (justmatured)stinking caribou bull(after breeding)kulavakcariboucowkulavaura~young cow before conceiving(in 2nd year)kulavagr aitchiaklargecowkulavagruitchaur-ak (N, n)very old skinny cowkulavagruitchiakold cow (over20 yrs.)nuggaila~nuggaliknugga~nuggaiyaa~,cow without fawncow with fawnfawn, colt (less than1 yr.)newbornfawnnuvak(N)male fawn

74kiasik *sat~a~*Land Animalsshoulder bladechestsakiak * breast boneisatigichconnecting cartilageribs to breast bonetultmaak * ribkuutchik (K), kutchik (N) * pelvis (one side)kuutchiriaak (K), kutchinaak (N) * whole pelvispamiukniu *kinigniki.kiipkuk (N), sivugagluk (K)s ivul Iiktailleghip jointforelegforeleg (lower section)kukiilik (N), kukik (K) *hoof(fingernail)kuvlugukmumi kanautak (N), anautaks rak (K)ptagnik (N), piannik (K)ni akuk ,-iri *siun *Imrlguk (N), umi.lguk (K)kuniunkakiaak *dew clawhind leg, hind quarterhind upper leghind lower legheadeyeearnosenose tipbrain

Land Animalsukak *uniagaak *agltkkuk (K)kigun *stvugat *tonguelower jawlower jaw (both sides)toothcutting teethkullimagaat * upper teethal'limagaat * lower molars75puvaichuuman *lungsheartkanivaun (N), mulik (K) * diaphragmtilJuk *livertaktuk '"kidneysmapsa * pancreaskivvi.g ruak caribou appendixkisaguak (K), ki s ag ruakfirststomachnigukkakstomach with contents,anything in the abdominalcavitytunus is ak hard covering ofsmall stomachi1Jaluat *intestinesItchaur'ak mesentery apronamaniilikmamaunmiluk *edible intestines(with fat, cooked)uddernipple

76 Land Animalsnuggal$:mi luktukfawn sucksnuggal.ik miluktitkaa cow nurses fawnal$:iaviilikoutermeat of bodyRodentsilukutak(K), l$:i.JJaglukpanaquill of porcupine(two-edged knife,sword, spear)paluktak, aku (K) beaver (Castorcanadensis)mapkuti ttuk , aikifhat'ittuk slaps the water withhis tail (beaver)ki vgaluk (N),ukallisugrukmuskrat (Ondatrazibethicus)Alaska hare (Lepusothus)ukallik (N, s), snowshoe rabbit,varying hare (Lepusamericanus)siksrikpakhoary marmot(Marmota caligata)siksrik ground squirrel(Citellus parryi)sakta.taiyak (N), sakalataayik (K) tree squirrel, redsquirrel (Sciu ru rhudsonicus)avinnak (K) mouse, vole (Microtusoperarius), lemming(Synaptomys borealis)

Land Anima~s; Sma~~ Creaturesavirjak (N)l;P.laIJmiutaura~brown lemming(Lemmus trimucronatus)collared lemming(Dicrostonyx rubricatus)77ugr urjnakWeasel Family~~:rkapvi.k (K), kavvik (N)wolverine (Guloluscus)kapvai tchi a (K) marten (MartesIi..~i?~\\\11 ~j -f'americana){{f;, f,UJpamiuktuuk (K) I ~/ ~-.;;:;~~tigia~pak (K, q)shrew (Sorex cine reus ,Sorex tundrensis)otter (Lutra canadensis)mink (Mus tela vison)tigia~ (K, q), itigia~weasel (Mustelaerminea)2.3 SMALL CREATURES OF LAND AND SEAi.Iar-i, silu (K)ivi luk (N, q), uvi Iu (K)jellyfishclam, shellfish,bivalve, mussel,snailki ir-aur-akscallop,clamedible sea wormnaagaayiknirnrgi akwood frog (Ranasylvatica)water worm, eel,serpent, snake

78niprtchakputuguks iuyukputyuun (K)Small Creatures; Insectsoctopusshrimp (lit. going forbig toe)crab (lit. pinchingtool)srutukuyukmollusk,shell2.4 INSECTSIgutchakkiktugiakbumble beemosquitopamiuktuur akkiktuks r alikmosquitoantlarvakirgavaitchauraJs:kaluki sak (K)gnat, "no-seeum"(colored like a hawk)butterflymilugai tchiaktiny mosquito,socks""whitemtluyuukkumakitJs:iJs:mirnjukniilgiJs:anaks iugayuknuviivakcaribou bot fly(Oedemagena tar andi )louse, larva of thecaribou bot flylouse eggbeetledragon flydung fly (Museastercoraria)fly, blow fly

Inseats; Sea AnimaZsku pi.lguks r ak ,nuviivaum kupilguksr anaegg79kuprlgukkuglugiaklarva,pupawormptgli gai lfk (K), prgl.igayuk (n) , ~nuttagayuk (N)putuguks itgayukgrasshopperstag beetletuggayuuk"--wasp, hornet,jacketyellowaasrivak (K), aasivak (N, q)spider25 SEA ANIMALSGeneralkilled a whalenaluktukswims (of sea mammalsand polar bear)nakkaktukdives,sinkspui rukkavaktuk (N, q)sHupuktaktuk (q),puktuktuk (N),puptaktuk (K)surfacessleeps on back inwatercarcass of a seamammal driftedashorestinker (dead animalfloating after havingfirst sunk)

80WalrusSeaAnimalsaivi~isavga~walrusyoung walrusnunavakwalruson icetuugaakwalrus tusk, ivoryWhalesbowhead whale(Bal aena mystecetus)aaglu (K), aagluk (N)killer whale(Orcinus rectipinna)kilalugak(N), ai suakgray whale(Rhachianectesglaucus)beluga whale(Delphinapterusleucas)iJ.lutu~iJ.lutuvakyoung female (choicewhale, soft muktuk)large whale with rolledblubber on backus tnautchtakmediumsize whalei.sirjuatchaur-akmale whale

Sea Animal.s 8141621 aglu2 mamaak3 sukkak4 suppuktagvia5 akikkak (N), avatr ak (K)s itkuak6 tal'igukjawbonegums, material holdingbaleenbaleenits blowholeflukerear flipper of seal,walrusforeflipperSealsnatchikl;s.aigutlik (K, q), kaya.gul ik (N)kas igiakhair sealringed seal(Phoca hispida)spotted seal, harborseal (Phoca r-ichar dii )ugruk bearded seal(Erignathusbarbatus)kiinaakmale seal in matingseasonti ggaqriik strong smelling bullseal

822.6 ANIMALS OF HISTORY AND LEGENDkiligivak(N), kiltgvakmammoth,mastadontl r-itchi kuminmak, imummak (K)monsterous reptile,dragon (with fourshort legs -originallysix -w ith alligator -liketai l , rocky scaledskin, long neck andsmall head)musk ox (Ovibusmoschatus)2.7 FISHakaluk (n, kiv), kaluk (K),ikaluk (N, q)ifhuagnikHuu~ifii~ (K)kanayu~ikalugruak (N), kalug ruak (K)fishrainbow smelt(Osmerus dentex)blackfish (Dalliapectoralis)bullhead, sculpin(Oncocottus quadricornis)salmon, chum, humpbacksalmonakalukpi k (n, kiv), Ikalukprk (N, q),~alukpik (K)trout,arcticlake trout,charkalupi at (K)whitefish(Coregonidae)anaakrik (N), kaus rIluk (K)whitefishnosed)(big round~aalgi~ (K)whitefish (smallersharp nosed)

Fish~uptik (K)whitefish (small sharpnosed)83ikalus aak (N), kalus raak (K)whitefish(smallest)~avi~sua~ (K),mi lugi ak (s)northernsuckernatagnakfloundersii sheefish (Stenodusleucichthys nelma)siiliknorthernlucius)pike (Esoxtittaal.ik mudshark, ling-cod,burbot (Lota Iota)sulupaugak grayling (Thymalussignifer)uks ruktuuk ___ -~ herringuuga~tomcod (Boreogadussaida)Fish Partssuluunsipikataaaquunkavi s ikkavitchichmasriksuvaichoits topside, dorsalareadorsal fincaudal fin, fish tailits underside, ventralareafin (lit. paddle)fish scalescalesgillsfish eggs, spawn

842.8 BI RDS(All of the following birds except sea ducks are common to theKobuk River area. Birds marked with * are known to be on theNorth Slope, others may migrate there.)Swans, Geese, Duckskugruk *karjuk *kigiyuk (K), mgl ivatluk (N) *i~sra~tilik *rmttlugruak *ni~li~ak (K), nigltngak (N) *ahaal.ik *al.Iuutakivugak , kurugak (N) *ivugasrugrukkillalikwhistling swan(Olor columbianus)snow goose(Chen hyperborea)white -fronted goose(Anser albifrons)Canada goose(Branta canadensis)emperor goose(Philacte canagica)pacific black brant(Branta nigricans)old squaw(Clangula hyemalis)shoveler(Spatula clypeata)pintail duck(Anas acuta)mallard duck(Anas platyrhynchos)white -winged s coter(Melanitta deglandi)green -winged teal(Anas carolinensis)kakhikpaltkgreater scaup duck(Aythya marila)

Birdskakluktuuklesser scaup duck(Aythya affinis)85mit'ik (q),kirj al ik *amaulrgruakrgnikauktuk~avaasukkaugaknunuks igi.i.lakpaisugrukduckking eider duck(Somateria spe ct.-abilis)common eider(Somateria mollissima)Steller's eider(Somateria stelleri)spectacled eider(Somateria fischeri)buffle-head duck(Bucephala albeola)red-breasted merganser(Mergus serrator)sagvaktirjm.iakharlequin duck(Histrionicushistrionicus)tuungaag ruktuungaagrupiak , uvinauyuk ,nayarpjakugiihiksurf scoter(Melanitta perspicallata)common scoter(Oidemia nigra)baldpate or Americanwidgeon (Marecaamericanas)Loons and Grebestaatchirj ikcommon or blackbilledloon (Gaviaimmer)

86tuutlik *yellow -billed loon(Gavia adamsii)Birdspacific arctic loon(Gavia arctic apacifica)kaks r-auk * red -throated loon(Gavia stellata)horned grebe(Podiceps auritus)suglitchaurak red-necked grebe(Podiceps grisegena)Grouse,Ptarmiganakar gik *, akalgik (p)willow ptarmigan(Lagopus lagopus)napaaktum akar-gik hudsonian sprucegrouse (lit. spruceptarmigan) (Canachitescanadensis)urgiilgim akar gia sharp-tailed grouse(lit. birch ptarmigan)(Pediocetes phasianel-Ius)ntksaakturjikrock ptarmigan(Lagopus mutus)tattirgak * lesser sandhill crane,little brown crane(Grus canadensis)

BirdsMurres!Puffins87akpak *l>HaIJ ak *common murre(Uria aalge)common puffin, tuftedpuffin (Lunda cirrhata)black guillemot(Cepphus grylle)Hawks, Falcons, Ospreykirgavikgoshawk (Accipitergentilis),peregrine falcon(Falco peregrinus)rough -legged hawk(Buteo lagopus)papiktuukmarsh hawk (lit. longparka tail) (Circuscyaneus)tirjmi akpak '"tinmtagruumkirgaviaeagle, golden eagle(Aquila chrys aetos),bald eagle (Haliaetusleucocephalus)pigeon hawk, (lit. duckhawk) (Falco columbar-ius)kalukairgayuk (K), akaluksrtgayuk (n)osprey (Pandionhaliaetus) (lit. goesfor fish)

88Plovers ITurnstones,SurfbirdsBirds~urrakura~tulliktul lignakgolden plover(Pluvialis dominica)ruddy turnstone(Arenaria interpres)tullikpakSnipes,Sanderlingssanderling(Crocethia alba)(lit.' runner)iks rfktaayuukkuukukiakIi vi.Ii vi.Il.aur-akli vili villakpakpuvi aktuukspotted sandpiper(Actitis macularia)common snipe(Capella gallinago)least sandpiper(Erolia minutilla)semipalmated plover(Charadrius semipalmatus),killdeer(Charadrius vociferus)ploversquata-black-bellied(Squatarolarola)semipalmated sandpiper(Ereonetuspusillus)pectoral sandpiper(Erolia melanotus)(lit. inflating thechest)puviaktu uyaakbaird's(Eroliasandpiperbairdii)

BirdssatkagtrlaksiituvaksiyukpaligauraJs.siyukpaliktiIJmiam kipmiarur r-aatur-akbuff -breasted sandpiper(Tryngites subruficollis)(lit. roughbreasted)whimbrel (Numeniusphaepus hudsonicus)dunlin , red-backedsandpiper (Eroliaalpina pacifica)long-billed dowitcher(Limnodromus scolopaceus)lesser yellowlegs(Totanus flavipes)(lit. goose's dog)pacific godwit, bartailedgodwit (LimosaIapponic a)89Phalaropesauks ruak *kayyi igunred phalarope(Phalaropus fulicarius)(lit. blood-like)northern phalarope(Lobipes lobatus)(lit. like a person ina kayak)JaegersisuIJIJaglukpomerine jaeger(Stercorariuspomarinus)long-tailed jaeger(Stercorarius longi -caudus )

90mtgi aks aayukBirdsparasitic jaeger(Stercorarius parasiticus)(lit. goes forvomit)Gulls,Ternsnauyak *nauyatchi akgullmew gull (Laruscanus ) herring gull(Larus argentatus)nauyavasrugrukglaucus(Larusgullhyperboreus)akar gtyiakrnitkutai lak *Sabine Is gull(Xema s abini )arctic tern(Sterna paradisaea)(lit. without needle)naataknaatakpakni akuktu ag ruknipai hrktak (K), nipai luktak (n)nukisugakrakpii laagrukgreat gray owl(Strix nebulosa)barred owl(Strix varia)hawk owl(Surnia ulula)short-eared owl(Asio flammeus)(lit. flies soundlessly)horned owl(Bubo virginianus)boreal owl(Aegolius funereus)

Birdsukpik *snowy owl(Nyctea scandiaca)91Kingfisher,nukuutchikikbelted kingfisher(Megaceryle alcyon)nagrulikpallid horned lark(Eremophila alpestrisarcticola) (lit. hashorns)Woodpeckerstuuyuktuuyukpa ktuuyus rugrukdowny woodpecker(Dendrocopus pubescens)hairy woodpecker(Dendrocopus villosus)yellow-shafted flicker(Colaptes auratusborealis)Swallowstulugagnakbank swallow(Riparia riparia),cliff swallow(Petrochelidon pyrr -honota) (lit. resemb-1es raven)tulugagnauraktree swallow(Iridoproenebicolor)tulugagnasrugrukbarn swallow(Hirundo rustica)

92 BirdsJays,Crowskiiri~ * Canada jay, camprobber (Perisoreuscanadensis)tulugak * raven (Corvus corax)Chickadeesikni aai lakboreal or browncappedchickadee(Parus hudsonicus)mi.sikaakkaur-ak , mtaikaagak black-capped chickadee(Parus atri -capillus)Thrusheskanayuur ak * robin(Turdusmigratorius)piiga~, s avtigavifk gray-cheeked thrush(Hylocichla minima)sujutlul.luuk varied thrush(Ixoreus naevius)European wheatear(Oenanthe oenanthe)(lit. little eagle)Wagtails,Pipits,Ikar-iktaayuukyellow wagtail(motacilla navalputukiHuk American water pipit(Anthus spinoletta)

Birdsaanaruumki vir ukwater ouzel (CinclusMexicanus) (Iit .grandmother sank)93Waxwing,Shrikesuluktaatchialikir-aiyayuukbohemian waxwing(Bombicylla garrulus)(lit. with pretty wingfeathers)WarblerssUlJ akpaluktun iksi lalukaityau rakshrike (Lanius excubitor)(lit. eye extractor)arctic warbler(Phylloscopus borealis)yellow warbler(Dentroica petechia)myrtle warbler(Dentroica coronata)(lit. rain again)Blackbirdtulukkam i.ttuk,tulukkatun ittukrusty blackbird(Euphagus carolinus)(lit. like raven)Grosbeaks, Finches, Sparrows,amautl igak , amautlikkaurak (K), *amauhgaaluk (N), avatal.iguuvak (p)snow bunting(Plectrophenaxnivalis)

94aanaruinikhgvikkayuuttaaksultikpaBirdsfox sparrow(Passerella iliaca)(lit. tool bag)pine grosbeak(Pinicola enucleator)kayuutaayuuk, taatchintr akslate -colored junco(Junco hyemalis)kianarutuuknUIJ aktuagruk, ki ar anatuukgolden -crownedsparrow (Zenotrichiaatricapilla) (lit. is tobe mourned)savannah sparrow(Passerculus sandwichensis)(lit. whatis your grandmothercooking? )white-crowned sparrow(Zenotrichialeucophrys)pi sikpi sikpi.i.srhaktree sparrow(Spizella arborea)putukii.hrk, kupahik *,putukiilukpaksaks akikAlaska longs pur(Calcarius lapponicus)smith's longspur(Calcarius pictus)common redpoll(Acanthis flammea)hoary redpoll(Acanthis hornemanni)siyyuumkipirjarukwhite -winged crossbill(Loxia leucoptera)

BirdsBird Parts95uvluutitiva rukmannikmanniimsauninanestis nestingeggegg shells (lit egg'sbones)satkatiktaak (N) egg whitekuksuktaak (N) egg yolkpuvi akcropIsaguk (N, q), Lsr-aguk (K) wingsulukwing feathermitkuk feather (fur, bodyhair)kiviutsigguuk (N), siyyuuk (K)sigguk (N), siyyuk (K)papikdown, musk oxen woolbeak, billone mandibletailtuttuk (N) upper leg (drumstick)

963. HEAVENS. EARTH. ATMOSPHERE3.1 HEAVENLY BODIESkiIak sky, heaven, roofstkinikstkinaagiksuk- - nsunsun shinesnipi ruk ~=:;;;ii~_:";~!iil=lII!i~.~_~~(sun, moon) setsnui ruk(sun, moon) appearsfrom behind cloudtat~iJs.:tatkigiksukmoonmoon shinespularuJs.: is eclipsed (lit. slippedinto the brush)uvlugi akstaruvlugi am anarj a shooting star,meteorite (lit. star'sfeces)srkupsfkkatPleiadesconstellationtuvaurat (N), uuyurat (K)ki kuyat (N), kirguyat (K)kikuyalfksukni gritchtak (N); kinnaumnigilJa (a), nigak (K)three stars of swordin constellation Orion(N lit. little huntersK lit. linked ones)northern lights,(Aurora borealis)northern lights areshiningrainbowtgniguukpatittuakiknikpaltk (K)Ignrgukpatittuk(N),(N), kaummai'liksuklightningis lightning

Heaventy Bodies; Earthkallukkal lularukthunderis thundering973.2 EARTH (MINERALS)nuna land, earthaula ruk nuna (N),il,i~sa~tu~ nuna (K)earthquakeakaiya (N) mudtuvi at chi akmaggaksolid groundsanduyagak , iyagak (K)stone,rockapyuk (K), avyuk (N)apyularuk (K)~ikkuaijmaak (N), akrnaak (K)dustis dustyclayflint, shert, firestonealuak (N),kalluk (K)jadecoalkannuyak , kannuyak (K)ivi s aaksaviks rak (K), savi lhaak (N)tagiuktagium smaun (K), tagium s inaa (N)uls:hals:copperred stone (used forpaint)ironsalt, oceanbeach (lit. placebetween ocean andcliff)leadls:aYUlJnilik crystal (rock crystal,bead)I "

983.3 PLANTS(Plants marked *. are edible)nauruls:nautchtakar gaignakgrowsflowermushroomhandle)(lit. don'takutukpak broad -leafed plantnikaakplant stemiJJalugaaluk * seaweed (Perphyralaciniata)ivr uiyakivrukivgichnakaatnakaaguurutpa.Ili ks r akgreen mosssod for house buildinggrassswamp grasspatch of swamp grasscotton (used for tinder)(from cotton grass,pussy willow buds,cotton wood buds)mani k tussock (moss usedwith stove lamps),clump grassugru~ spongy moss (diaperliner when dried)tilJaura~ (N) dried black moss(used for tinder)ni kaatlichentaki Iaki saak northern buttercup(Ranunculus affenis)

Plantstilaaki k *masu (N, q), masru (K) *masukutakmasu ai gak *~uIJuli~ *~uaga~ *Ikuusuk (K) *Hudson's bay tea(Ledum decumbens)Eskimo potato(Hedysarum alpinum)plant of Eskimo potatoedible root,Wallflowernudicaulis)Parry's(Par rya99wild rhubarb, sourgrass, mountainsorrel (Oxyria digyna)sour dock, wild spinach(Rumex arcticus)wild celery(Angelica lucida)kupp ikutak *ikugutigiksut~usrimmak (K) *paatitaak (K) *~II/~- ~~/\\::.~fireweed (edible youngshoots) (Epilobiumangustifolium)heather (Cassiopetetragonal (good firestarter)wild rhubarb,(Polygonum Alaskanum)wild chives (Alliumschoenoprasum) ,onion~immiurattulukkam(N)naultgaanatundra cotton (lit.little dogs)parasitic plant onalder roots(Boschniakia rossica)(lit. raven's spear)

100BerriesPtantsau Ilaks rugniaktukpicks berriesas iak (q), asr-iak (K)berry,fruitas iak (N), as iavi k (q), asriavik (K),sugak (sh)akpi kigrUlJnak (K)blueberry (Vacciniumuliginosum) -Salmonberry, cloudberry(Rubus chamaemorus)rose hipkakrtlarjnakka vl ak(K)tinnikkikminak (K), kipmujnak (sh)"unm= as r-iak (K)4niviI,]akutak (K)paunga~lowbush cranberry(Vaccinium vitisidaea)bog cranberry(Vaccinium oxycoccus)red current(Ribes triste)wild rose (Rosaacicularis)bearberry (Arctostaphylosalpina)(Arcto-uva-ursi)bearberrystaphyloscrowberry, blackberry(Empetrumnigrum)tulukkamas r-iak (K)juniper berry (Fructusjuniperus) (lit- raven'sberry)tuungaumasr iak (K)trailing raspberry(Rubus pedantus)devi.L' s berry)(lit.ukpinnak(K)highbush cranberry(Viburnum edule)

1013.4 TREEStikigaij:napaaktuknapaaktumkiprniu ranaforesttree, spruce treespruce cone (K),(lit. spruce's puppy)akutuk , akutukpa.li kaki guk (K), ki siks iun (N.n)aki agukami.gakleafbranchtree heartbark(stomach)ikki.kikikirregular hard sectionin the tree rings (K)block of wood(vertebra)mumrgnakamaaktreerootstumpuurnakgreen woodki r-ukdry,dead woodnaungatyoung tree growingfrom old rootnimjukcottonwood tree(K)nunarj iakkanun ikukpi kpalliksratij:igaichalder tree, rustcolored dye fromalder barkdiamond willowwiIlowpussy willowswillow stumps

102 Trees; Mountains & HillsurgiiJ.ikbirch treekutchuk resin, spruce gum,chewing gum3.5 MOUNTAINS AND HILLSig~ils: (N, q),uvaagni kkimi alu kmountainmountain base withgradual slopefoothillipnak (K), imriak (N) cliff (where landslides are possible)ikpikIkp ikt it aktukcliff (where landslides are notpossible)water is undercuttingbankipnagruich (K), imnagruich (N) canyonpirjuk (N), pinuks rak (K)iiguk (N)kirni gaakindividual round hill(swelling)high hillridgemanagaar ak steep risekipaluakkimugrukIs irnrjaaktuksteep undercutriver bankstepped riseline of gently slopinghillskavlunak brow of hill (also ofhuman)

Mountains & Hills; Lakes, Rivers, Oeean 103katcni ruakslope(wall)aagiak (K), kattagnik (a) valley, passnati knati gnaknunavikvalley floorflat tundraundulatingtundra36 LAKES, RIVERS, OCEANnarvaklaketaksrukoval- shaped laketas ik (N) lagoon, lakekuugaatchial>.rivulet linking a laketo riverkuukkuugukkuuguural>.irnikimakimmaktmmkikkattukrti rukkiur-i rukki ki kt akI>.ikil>.tasugruk(N), k.ikiktag ruk (K, q)ikalguknuvukrivertributary rivercreekwater (drinkable)water (undrinkable)puddleis shallowis deepfreezesislandbig islandsubmerged sandbarpoint, promontory

104atani!5:Lakes, Rivers, Ocean; Weatheristhmustagiuk ocean, saltpuvi aknati kbaybottom.in iul ik wave, swellul ivr-ik (N), i1Jiulikpak (K)kaaktakbreakerbreakeron oceanon shorekai li ksukkuuniks uksagvaktukis rough wateris calmflowssupi ruk flows, rushes (riverat break-up)sinaa shore (it's edge)3.7 WEATHER(includessnow and ice conditions)itrisriun (K) thermometersilas i.Iagi.kauks i.Iag.i itchuksi!5:ifii~stkinaagiksuks ikini agi ksukuunaktukuunagugaa(N),(K)weather, outside,atmosphere, airis good weatheris bad weathersunsun is shiningis warmit's warmir r-aitchuk (N), itraiksuk (K) has moderated (havingbeen cold)

Weatherniptaktukniptarul$.niptai tchuk(N)(N)nuvuya (N), nuviyanuvuya.li kauk ,nuviyaltksuknuvuyal.aktukkunikrukis clearing, cloudsare dispersingis bright weatheris hazycloudis overcast, isgetting cloudyis cloudy (broken)indistinct horizon,hazy105uyumi.ksuk (K) is misty, blurredI$.uvyugagnil$.su~,I$.upyugagnil$.sul$.(K)t aktuktuktaktugugaais white outis foggyit's foggyal appaa , alappuu (N) is coldki yarraktukir-rirjugaa (N), it r-irjugaa (K)sf aluktuk (N, n), siIa.luktuk (K)mirii iksukis coldis icy coldis rainingis mistyis wet fromdewis dampul.iktukanugianukl iksukanukkan arukni gikpak , ni.gikis floodedwindis windyis windy (gale force)north,windnortheasterlykiluagnak {N), kivaknak (K) east, southeasterlywind

106atchagrrik (noa, ki ), kivaknak (K)easterlywindWeatherpamarjna(p)wind from landUIJ al.ak , uIJal lak southerly winduannagruk (N) southwesterly windkanagnaJs., kanaknal> westerly windikagnak (N) north, northwesterlywind paralleling thecoastlineatuagnak (N) northerly wind (notparalleling coast)iJ.alulasraal$ (K),uiyula (N)whirlwindagrrik (N), arjni.k (K)agniksuk (N), anniksuk (K)agnigiksuk (N), annigiksuk (K)blizzardhaving a blizzardblizzard has ceasedpi ks iksuk(b)is snow stormingnati gviks ukis ground driftingSnow Conditionskarmi kkanni.ksuk (N), kani.gr'uaktuk (K)snowflakeis snowing (no wind)karri kkanig ruakfrostfrost on face,etc.tree,pilik (N), s aviguk (K) ice crystals in airapunapi rukapigaasnowis snow coveredit is snow coverednutagak fresh snow, powdersnow

weatheraniu packed snow (N),any snow (K)aniuvaksnowbank107natrgviknatigviksukdrift-snowdriftsnow is groundingkimaug ruk snowdrift blocking atrail or in lee of abuildingmavsa (N), mapsak (K) snowdrift overhang(ready to fall)kaiyugl.ak, kaiyuktak rippled surface ofsnowpukak sugar snow (nearground)misulik (N), misrulik,misruligrua]s. (K)auks al ak , auks atak (K)sleetmeltingsnowakillu~]s.a]s.milikmi tai laksoft snowvery soft snowsoft snow on ice floecovering an open spotisillik (N), s itIik (K) hard crusty snowkika rukak glazed snow in thawtimeImauya break through snowconditionkatiksunik (N), katfksugrrik (K) light snow, deep forwalkingapuyya~, aputya~, apuya]s. snow patchai suuk snow slide, avalanche

108Ice ConditionsWeatherkiuvi r'ukaunni.kmapturukmaptugitchuksikusrkult.ir-aksikuliakstkul.iagruaksrkurukwater freezesrotten ice (unsafe)is thickis thinicenew formed iceice thick enoughto walk onice about 1 1/2 inchesthickis frozensfkulfki ruk is in process ofbreak-upsikuigvik ice break-up timekus rulugaksikuk Iak , natatkugnakpi kaluyikmugattikkinukinur-uksarriuifii~iciclehailstoneglacial ice (blueappearance)slush icebroken chunks ofslush iceslush ice is forming,floating downstreamice packlead (open water betweenlandlocked iceand pack ice)

Weathertuvaklandlocked ice109kaigarlak siku rough ice causingdifficult travelki s rs akgrounded ice pile(keeps landlockedice from floatingaway), £Ioebergivuni k ice pressure ridgeivuni.gaur ak little pressure ridgeagiukpak, aayugak (K) perpendicular pressureridgepuktaakicebergi.vsargutipkak. mukutipkak ice-bound boatbrightness on horizonindicating presenceof ice on oceankisukdark cloud over openwater

1104. PLACE. TIME. DESCRIPTIVES4.1 GENERALAlthough "place" and "time" concepts are carried by the samemorphemes, the concept of "place" seems to be primal. "Time"is not abstract but rather" occasion for ... .'I-vikpi-viknarjir -vikigni -vik-viks r akpi vvik s r aktumja -viks r akiglig-viksraksi vikitchukplace, timeplace, timehospital (lit. place forsick ones)birth time, month ofJuneplace for, occasionfor, time forplace for, occasionfor, time forplace for foundation,place for trustingoccasion, time fortravelis a short distance,is of short durationaivi su ruk is a long distance, isof long duration4.2 PLACEiniini kit chukiriikpaki.ni.Il.aktukinillakkaanunaakkikplace, roomsmall place, roomcity (N), big place,big roomis placingis placing itcity, town, village,nation

Placenunauruat country, nation (N)111kanittuk is near, is closeUIJ as iks uk (N), UIJ as riks uk (K) is farsaumiktal ikpikalj:usivuleft sideright sideback (stern)front (bow of boat)ataaniataani ittukataaunderis underit's underside,area of fishventralkaarj anikaan anii ttukkaanaon topis on topit's top side, dorsalarea of a fishDirectional- Locational PronounsEskimo directionals and locatives are not based upon thecardinal points of the compass but relative to the area, beingbased upon reference to the direction of the sea coast, orriver's flow (if inland).(Directional-Iocational and demonstrative pronounsmay be prefixed with ta- on words beginning with a vowel ortat - on words beginning with a consonant.)ta-, tat- adds emphasis orextends directionrriaanita-maaniherehere indeed

112 Place(Pronouns which are commonly inflected are displayed withtheir postposition forms)With the speakerinside the same room:kivva there (inwards, visible),(upriver, inland)pinna, pitcha up there (above, visible)taugga the re (doorw ards, visible)uvvauvaniuvakq a (K), uvarpj a (N)uvunauvuunauvani ittukuvun aktukhere, now, as followslocated herefrom here, hencehither, to herethrough here, by wayof hereis herecomes here, hitherWith the speaker inside a different room:kakma (K), Js.aIJma(N)kamrnaJs.amanikamakn a (K), Js.amaIJlJ a (N)kamurjaoutsideinside (further fromentrance than speaker),(upriver)on the inside, at theinsidefrom insidetoward insidesakma (K) in front of (closer toentrance than speaker)When referring to locations within sight or reach of the speaker:agga across there (visible)

Placeitcha on the other side,over there113avvaavaniavakna (K), avarpja (N)avunafar off (in place ortime), over there(shoreward)located over therefrom afar off, fromover theretowards there (overthere)kanna down there, downriver,in front ofkananilocated down therekananii ttukis down there (visible)kanakrj a (K), kanarpja (N)from down therekanurj atowards down therekanaknak (K), kanagnak (N)wind from downriver,from oceankanakntgniksuk (K)wind blows from thedownriver directionkivva upriver, inland,further insidekivaknak (K)klvaknigniksuk (K)wind from upriverwind blows from theupriver directionkavva over there, upriver,(visible)pagga up there (above andbehind speaker),away from shore,paanipaakrj a (K), paarpj a (N)paurj apaunapaurjaktukmountain-landwards,wardslocated up therefrom up theretowards up thereby way of up theretravels inland,IIIpavva back there (behindthe speaker), awayfrom shore, landwards,mountainwards

a (K),114pavanipavakrj a (K), pavarpjapavurj a(N)located back therefrom back theretowards back therePlaceunnaunaniunaloja (K), unarpj a (N)unun aunUIJaktukWhen referring to locations unseen by the speaker or beyondreach of the speaker:ammaamaniamakrj a (K),arnurj aamani ittukamarpja (N)far down there, downriver,down at sealocated far down therefrom far down theretoward down theretravels downriver,travels out on sea iceover there, outside,downri ver, then(somewhat distant inplace or time, intermediatebetween uvvaand imma)located over therefrom over theretowards over thereis there (out of sight)imma there, then, when,(remote in place oror time, beyondamma)taimmataimanit aimalojtai.murj ataimarpja (N)there, then, when(very distant in placeor time, beyondtaamma)located there (overyonder), at that timefrom yonder, fromtime immemorialforeverl>ammakamaniupriver, inside (furtherfrom entrancethan speaker)located inside

Placekamakrja (K), karnarpj a (N)karmnjafrom insidetoward inside115pamma back there, behind,landwards, mountainwards(absent, beyondreach, invisible)sarnrna , tasramma (K), tasamma (N) down there, downriver,oceanward, infront ofsamani, tasramanilocated down thereaamakrj a , tas r-amaloj a (K),s amarpja (N)s amurj a , tas r amurj asamuunaaamani.ittukfrom down theretowards down therethrough or along downthereis down there (out ofsight)travels downriver,travels coastwardDemonstrativePronounsunauumauumirj auumaniuurnakrj a (K), uumarpj a (N)uumurj auumuunauumatunuumani ittukthis onethis one's(with/ about) this oneat, in thisfrom thisto, for thisthrough, by thislike thisit is this one hereukuaukunirj aukunaniukunakn a (K),ukunun aukunuunaukunatunukuakukunarpj a (N)these(with/about) theseat, in, on thesefrom theseto, for thesethrough, by theselike thesethese two

116 Place(The rare dual case forms are built on the base ukuplus-IJ- and the pertinent case ending, e.g. uku-rj-muunathrough these two)mannamaanim.aakrj am aun amaunamatunmakuakmakuamakunirj amakunanirnakunakrj a (K),makunurj amakunuunamakunarpj a (N)this one around herearound herefrom around herehitherthrough herelike this one herethese twothese herewith theseat thesefrom theseto thesethrough thesetaamnataavrumataa vrumiIJ ataavrumanitaavr-umakna (K), taav rumarpj a (N)taavr umurj ataavrumuunataavrumatunthat one (personthing)that one's(with/ about) thatat, in, on thatfrom thatto, for thatthrough, by thatlike thatoramna (usually with prefixcf taamna)ta-,this one, that one(person or thing)(somewhat distant inplace or time, intermediatebetween unaand irnna , or mannaand imna)taapkuat aapkunirj ataapkunanitaapkunakrj a (K),taapkunurj ataapkunuunataapkunatuntaapkunarpja (N)those(with/about) thoseat, in, on thosefrom thoseto, for thosethrough, by thoselike thosetaimfiathat one (remoteplace or time)in

Place;Timeimfia that one (remote inplace or time)117taipkua (N), taipchua (K) those (remote inplace or time)kamna that one inside, thatone upriverpakimnathat one up there,(invisible)pamna that one behind, backthere (invisible)samnathe one down there,the one there in front4.3 TIMEsil$.ifigural$. (N), tuktuktak(K)timepiece,clocksassak(K)clock, watch, hour,(Russian loan)uvlukuvlui lgitchukuvluktus ir'uk (N, q),uvluktus riruk (K)uvlaakuvlaakunkitikaktukdaydays are getting shortagaindays are getting longermorningtomorrow (lit. by wayof morning)noon (lit. has middle)kiti~usianikpata afternoon (lit. whenthey passed the middle)unnukeveningunnual$. night, last night

118urj alragu(K)day aftertomorrowTimeurj al.i arri (K)ikpaksral$.day beforeyesterdayyesterdayunnumman (b) yesterday (lit. whenit was evening)ikpaksraal$.sugrukmany days agoikpaksraal$.amik three days agoakkuakkupak (N), akkuvak (K)akkupaur'ak (N), akkuvaur ak (K)a short while agoimmediately, rightnowa little while lateriJ.aanni sometime (in future)'l$.akuguanytimeaippaapak (N), aippaavak (K) distant memorablepastiIJilgaa!l indistinct pasttaimani(cf taimma 4.1)ikarr ak (N)then, at that remotetime (past or future)hour (lit. a crossingplace)sas sak (K, q) hour, watch, clock(Russian loan word)-pak (N), -yak (K)(cf -pak- Sect. II)anaka-pak (N), anaka-vak (K)ukiu -pak (N), ukiu -yak (K)unnua-pak (N), unnua-vak (K)uvlaa-pak (N), uvlaa-vak (K)uvlu -pak (N), uvlu -vak (K)-t kik .(cf -fki k- Sect. II)ukiu-t kikimmediate, entire(lit. big)tonight, this eveningthis winter, this yearlast nightthis morningtodaythe second of twowinter before last,two years ago

..• Time119upingaa -t ki.kuvlaaku -tkikikpaksra -t kiksummer before lastday after tomorrowday before yesterdayukiuk winter, yearukiak, ukiaksrak autumn, fallupinga~, upingaa~, aura~ summerupingaks r ak spring (lit. potentialsummer)tatkikiki.atchaktukkupaguktuknaaguktukmonth (moon)(moon) begins to wane(moon) is half(moon) is fullt atkik nui ruk new moonNames for Eskimo moons (months) vary from village to villagebased upon location and seasonal events.,Januarys ikinaatchi ak (N)stktnaas rugruk (K)new sunshineFebruaryaikinaasugrukkus rugaktugvik(N)(K)longer sunshineicicle timeMarchpanikstks iivik (N)kilgit t atki at (K)Aprilkilgich tatkiat (N)tinmi r-at tatki at (K)skin bleachingwhite hawks comingwhite hawks cominggeese are comingMaysuvlugvikaikuigvik(N)(K)rivers flowice break-uptimeI

120 Time; DesariptivesJuneigf'iivikJulyinukkuks ai vik (N)itchavik (K)Augustakavir-vik (N)ami gai.ks ivik (K)SeptembertilJlJivikmi Iukatai.ks ivfk (kiv)birth timeraising timemoulting timemoulting timecaribou lose velvetbirds fly (migrate)leaves fallingOctobernu li agvi k (N),sikuvik (K)Novembernippivik (N)Decembersrkingf lak (N)aikinaatchiak (K)nul.li guvi k (kiv)breeding time (caribou)ice timesunset timeno sunshine4.4 DESCRIPTIVESOPPOSITESs ivul li k first one, foremostoneakul l iklast one, hindmost onekul Iikallikuppermostbottommostnutauruknutaakutukkau rukis newnewness,is oldfreshnessparjrnapak (N), pakma (K)ilaanni (N), ilaatni (K)nowlater,sometime

Descriptivessivuani before (lit. at it'sfront)akuanibehind (lit. at it'sback)121arjirukmi kiruktaki rukna itchukkumi ruk (N), uvinaktuk,uks ruu ruk (K)pannaur-uk , pani ktuksaattukm aptu ru kis bigis smallis longis shortis fatis thin,is thinis thickskinnyiki ktu ruk , siLiktuk (K)ikiki itchuk , arnit chuk (K)kutchi ksukal Ii ks ukis wideis narrowis highis deepnakuurukpiIuktuk (N),siignaaktuksurj agni tchukpigiitchukis goodis badis sweetis bitteratugriaktu katUIJai ks uk , atuguiksukkiriiyunaktuk , pinnaknaktukinugi itchukis usefulis worthlessis prettyis ugly (lit. not agood person)aki su r-uk , pi kpaktuk is expensive, precious,valuablepalagniksukworthlessinugi aktukinukit chukakirukatirukal.larpjuktuk (N), at lagi.iksuk(K)are manyare few.are opposite (of 2)are identical (of 2)is different, other

122salumaruks a lum ai tchukipki tchukipkur ukipiktukipkrtchukis cleanis dirtyis pureis dirtyis sharpis dullDescriptivespani ktukai Laktukag itchukuunaktukni glinaktukki vl iktu kki.vl.in itchukagvaluktuk , ahaval uktuk (N),aks r avaluktuk (K)ikiraalikki sirn.gi uktuk-lhinakpika.ti gikautsikkuktukag ina ktuksig~ignaktuk (N), sapignakai ruk (K)srg~ignaitchuk (N), sapigna.itchuk,kaganaktuk (K)uki tchukukumait chukis dryis wet (N), damp (K)is wet (K)is hotis cold (not weather)is shinyis dullis roundsquare,cubeis alonealoneare togetheris hardis softis difficultis easyis lightis heavysayaktu ruks ayait chukis strong,is weakhealthyCOLORSkati ktaakkati ktukwhitenessis white

•Descriptiveskaviks aakkavi ksukkuksukt aak (N)kirgia~taa~rednessis redyellownessgrayness123marj aaktaak (N) light graynesskigniktaakmarjaaktuksurj aaktaaksurj aaktuk(N), kigi'iiktuk (K)blacknessis black.greennessis greensunaur aaktaak (N), silagiks aak (K)bluenessNUMBERSat aus ik (N, q), ataus rtk (K) onem a.lguktwopilJasut (N), pinas rut (K) threesisamattallimatitchaksratfourfivesixtallimat malguk sevenItallimat pirjasut (N),tallimat pifiasrut (K)kulirpjutai lak (N), kulirjugutai Iak (K)kul.itkulit ataus ik (N),kulit ataus r ik (K)kul it rnal gukeightnineteneleventwelveI

124 Descriptiveskul it pirj a.sut (N),thirteenkul it pinas rut (K)ak irni arpj utai Iak (N),akirn iagutai lak (K)akimiakak irni ak ataus ik (N),aki.miak atausrik (K)ak irni ak rnal.gukfourteenfifteensixteenseventeenak irni ak pujasut (N), eighteenakirni ak pinasrut (K)inuinnalJlJutai~aJs. (N), inuinaguutai lak (K) nineteeninuinnak (N), inuinak (K) twentyinuinnak kulit (N), inuinak kul.it (K) thirtym al.gukipi.akm al gukipi ak kul itfortyfiftypirjasukipi ak (N), pinas rukipiak (K) sixtypilJasukipi ak kul it (N),pinas rukipi ak kuli.t (K)sisarnakipiakseventyeightysisarnakipiak kul it ninetytallirnakipiakav vakiIlatt ruk (N), iIa ruk (K)HalJlJaaktaaktukone hundredone halfis addingis subtractingilarj a pi igaa is subtracting (lit. itspart he takes away)

5. OTHER WORDS125aaannagu (N), maatnagumaatnugu (K)aasii, aasiifi (N,q),aasrii, aasriifi (K)(K),wait a minute!and, and then, (usedconsecutively, contrastwith r suli I,which is used in anadditive sense)aa.s n.n-uvva, uvva-aasii (N),aasriifi-uvva, uvva.-aasrii (K)and then this (introducesa change ofsubjectaarigaa good! fine!aarj (N), aa (K), iiaat chi kk aarj (K)aatchui ruk (K), aitchuirukaatchugaa , ait chugaaaatchuun , aitchuun(N)yesdanger! exclamationof warninggivesgives itgiftaatigaa, aatkaa (K) snatches it awayagalJIJait chuk is gentle, kindagg-iksuk (K), kai ruk (N)aggun (N)comescorruptionaglaan-aglaan(enclitic)butup to, as far asagiis r uknaga.aagliitr ak (K)is offended by itpicture

126agliitigaa(K)Othertakes one Is pictureWordsagi ur-uk (N), kas ruktukaiaigaa (K), aitkaa (N)(K)ends, quits, stops,is satisfiedwhat? eh? well?okay?fetches it, goes toget itai ruk (N), aqi Iaaktuk (K) goes homeaitchuiruJs. (N), aatchui r-uk (K)ait chugaa , aatchugaagivesgave it,gives itaiyugaaktukaiyugaagunaki.agaktaaktukinvitesinvitationthey (2) alternateakit laaktuk is free, without costaki.i Iakakii Iaktukdebtis owingakiitchua1uk (N), akiisruk (K)harlotaki ks ruktukakiks rugigaaakiks ruun (K), unnikeukriun(N)promisespromisespromise,itcovenantaki.Ii.gaaaki Iiunaki.Ii kakiUiliJs.suJs.akihigak (N), katr ak (K)paid it (lit. counteredit)wage, pricerewardopposesechoaki s aktuk revenges (lit. triesto counter)akitchaktuk trades, bartersakl:aa (N)Oh my! (having madea mistake)

OtherakpaktukWordssteps up (from lowerto higher place)127akprttuk starts to singaksikkaa touches itak s r aktukis rollingakt igiruk is so long, is thismuchakti laanaits sizeakugluk , kas r-aun (K),avi Iuktaun (K, q, p)akugluktuk , kas r aktuk (K),avi luktaktukbell (an instrument tomake repeated noiseby hitting)bell ringsakuktukakuktugaareceives,accepts itacceptsakunikakungannimiddle,among,betweenin betweenakkaa smells bad!akpaksruktuk (K), akpattuk (N)runs (of human)alai (K)exclamation ofsurprisealaitchukis not tornal akaa al.akkaa exclamation of sorrowI!artifactaliik tear, ripaliitchuknot lonely thoughli ving alonealIa (N), atla (K) another one, differentoneallaktigiruk dries, wipes(e.g. dishes)

128al Iaktukal Iarpjuktukclear weatheris differentOtherWordsallatuunal latuktukadultery, fornicationcommits adulteryalluvak seal's breather hole(suitable for placingnet)amai (p)amiundon't knowthread for skinsanas rmnuks ak (K) punishmentanaugaaanautakhits him, beats himaxe, beating tool(upper hind leg)ani ruk exits, is bornannaa, annii, arrii! exclamation of pain,sorrow or disappointmentannaktuk is sheltered, is safe,savesaq iktuk agrees, assents,says yes with raisedeyebrowsagrees with him,assents to itarj ikus aun (kiv , q),arj ikus r aun (K)temptationarji.Laaktuk (K), aggi ruk (N) goes homearjirukanirukis bigresuscitated,aroserevived,arjisitkaa tempers it

OtherWordsarj ivr aktuk loosens, unravels,untiesanivr agaaunravels it, unscrewsit, unties itis open, turned on(radio, tape recorder)129anularukanuyaktukarjuyarik (K, q), arjuyaun (N)arjuyi ikti (K), arjuyakti (N)arjuyaunnatalJ uyautairrunchewsfightswarsoldier,armorpeacefighteraijuunarjuutaaapaiksukapaipaddle, propellerhis paddle, a fin(anyone of the pairedfins of a fish)is enough, had enoughplenty! enough!apiks r-i rukapiks rugaaapigigaaapi.ks ruunasks, questionsis about to questionhim, ask himquestioned him, askedhimquestionapluktuk steps, takes a stepapuktuk meets, bumps,strikes againstapugaa, apuktigaabumps, strikesagainst it, meetshimI1Iarakaaargua~tugaaarraacomfortsdoubts itI've had it! exclamationwhen somethinggoes wrong

130ar r-ikaktuk (N), at r-ikaktuk (K)arri, atriarriligaa, atriligaaOtherWordsis like, is comparablelikeness, parabledraws, sketches itslikenessarruk dampness around floorarrii, annii, annaa! exclamation of pain,sorrow, disappointmentasikatakkiat alJ 'uvva-takkuat akai rukatchitkaaatakkii,(K)dear onebecauseborrowslends himatai exclamation ofsurprise (K), cute(of baby) (N)ataramikat ar'ukalwaysis connected withat angusuktukatangi ks aur-ukatangi r runatauttukatautkaaatchigaaatchuu! (N)atigaais crankyis freelibertygoes beneathgoes beneath itnames himI don't know!wears it, puts it onati ruk is the same, thereis no differenceatkaktukatkunaktukdescendsis much, too much,plenty, there is anabundance

OtherWordsatkunak plenty, abundant131atuktukatugaaatuktukatugaaatuunatuktuur akatuktuur aktiatunimuses, acts immorallyuses itsingssings itsongmusical instrumentmusiciantogetherataa, atta hush! be still!aularul$:au Ilagnii rukaul.laktukaullautigaaaul Iakti tkaamoves (N, s).dances (K)beginsgoes awayleads him away,takes it awaysends him awayaullasik habit, unconscioushabit, instinctauruk is rotten, is rotting,agingaukkaamelts it (ice, snow)auniktukhas a rotten spotauni krotten spot, rottingsubstanceaunrrikrotten iceaur ak, upirigak summerautaaktukautaagaadivides, sharesdivided itavallik the farthest overavaTIlJagaaavanmun (N), avatmun (K)all around himtoward each other

132 Other Wordsavi Lruk shouts, raises acheer, his ear ringsaviktukavikkaacuts, breaks in twocut it up .avittuk is separated, isdivorcedavi Iai.tkan (N) friend (lit. neverseparate)avr iaktukis in the way,blocking the wayavugaa salts or peppers it,mixes itavuavulikavvarj aayaktukayakkaaayakayaupi ir ak (K), ayauppi.akayakhaaktukayal$:haal$.ayyai rukayaurul$:ayual$:ayurul$:ayugaa(N)sugargas mixed with oilhalfpushes off, departs byboat (lit. poles)pushes it off,rejects itpost, pole, pillar,spearwalking stickis doing string figuresstring figure, cat'scradleis rejectingis going blindboil (sore)precedesis beyond reach---- - ---

Other Words 133•IIgittukigitkaaigitt akIglaktukigla1)aattuk(N), igla1)arutthrows away,discardsthrows it away,discards itabandoned babylaughssmilesiglittuktravels,movesiglilJnattutig~uaig~utuirukIglutugaaigni rukis cute (of a baby)the other one,next oneendureendures it, suffers itmake fire with flintiggialarut yells, shoutsigliktukigligigaaii (cf aa)is stingyclings to it for himself,is stingy with ityesrivaks aaktuk (K), uivaks aaktuk (N) rounds a bendikaaktukikaunikautitikaagaaikayuktukikayugaaiki rukikuma ruk , rkirnar-ukikipkaivikcrosses overbridging polebridgecrosses ithelpshelps himburns, is consumedis burning, is on(of electric light)altar (in Bible)(lit. burning place)

134 Other Wordsi.ki r'ukembarks, enters, getson or intoikkiiikUgutchaktittu~ikpait chi aki.kpi.kt i.taktu kickyis tempted (lit inducedto want the other)suitcasebank is being undercutby waterikpi gak (K)ikpigigaaikt.akikugaa(K)set (foundation) ofmind, where theycome fromgets it on his mindand believes itdumploads it onIkatau ruk (K), itkatauij aruk(N)is togetherwithrki asuktuk , iki as ruktukiki atkaaiki itchukikkul.i ruki.kkul in(K)is lazydoes not want to do it,is lazyis not lazyskins muskrat (bycutting the bellysection)small pointed knifei.ksiruki~sigigaafearsis afraidof himiksuktuk responds negatively bywrinkling nosei.li.tkus ik (N)spiritHa relative by blood,marriage or name;companion, friend orpartner

OtherilaksiagaaWordsbothershimilalptniktuk is married (lit. heobtained a partner)135iIa.Li r ukilal.igaashakesshakeshandshis handilarriilasrailaruk (K)(cf nipaalaruk (N) )ilaviniklead dog, leadercries with pain,screamssome (a part of something)iJ,igaail.iks aktukil,il$.sal$.tul$. nunail,imasuktul$.ilisal$.tuklays it down, placesquakes, wobblesearthquakesuspecttries to learn, practicesitiIal.ir uk (K), iJ,J,atirul$.(N) adds, joins, shakeshands withiIi tku s ik (q), iIitkus r ik (K) habit, happening,experiencetangleill.iagur-ugaa(K)iJ,J,ial$.suktuk(N)i.lliagutitiluiluaktukiJ,umun, ilurnutuni.lumutuur'ukcombs itcombs haircombinside, abdomen,stomachputs it in, (makes abasket in basketball)true, truthis true

136iluvviktuk (N)iIuvik (K), i.Iuvviv ik (N)buriesgraveOtherWordsih~ (K)(cf Ittuk)being, existence,presenceiIuaktuk is right, good,correct, fittingiluaks i.rukheals, fixesiJ:uitchu~i.m ai.kauki.m.ait chukirriakaktukimrnaktukimmiksukirnrni gaairnni ks aktukirnrj aluktukis wrongis low (water in river)is emptyis fullis leakingis fullfills itgroanswhines (dog), hums(person)inna (N), itna (q, K) thus, like this or that,this way, that waymna s ik (N), itrias ik (q),the like of, such kinditrias r ik (K)irma ittuk (N), itnaktuk (K) is thus, is like thisinuktuk is insufficient, fails toreach it, shoots lowirriks iruk (K)iniktagigaainikti gaamade, createdmade it, created itrebuked him, permittedhim notthreatened himin iktuktukinni aktuk(K)(K)is tiredis visiting

otherinugi.ksukWordsbeauti-is handsome,ful137inugi itchukinugiilil$.sul$.is uglyfrowns (lit. makeshimself ugly)inupi atun Eskimo language(lit. like Eskimo)inukpalliktul$. comes from, originatesinuurukiJJil$.srul$.tul$. (K)iJJigaalivesasks, praysasks him, begs him,prays to himipi handle (of a bucketetc.)whips himipi gaktukipigal$.tul$.wadescuts himselfipiktusuktuk is sad, despondentipi ruk suffocates, smothers,drownsipitkaasuffocates him,smothers him,drowns himipnai ktukgoes to a cliffipun , ipuunipuoartool handleiriirigaakirigruakIs aguti rukeyeeye glassesbinoculars,beginsgogglesis iktuk enters, visits

138is iks irukis gettingfilledOthersmokeWordsisilgigaa corrects his misunderstandingisivgiir-uk (N)atanrrigaa (K)isivgiigaajudgesjudges himexamines him, trieshim outisui.tchuk (N, q), isrurtchuk (K) is endless, eternal,is clear, is not muddyrsuktuk (N), isruktuk (K) is opaque, is muddy,not clearisuma (N, q), isruma (K) mindisaaktuk (N), isr'aktuk (K)rsaguk (N), israguk (K)itirukraiseswingis deephis armsitkanai ksuk is ready, finishedit kaktukitl$.agigaaremembersremembersitrttuk exists, is, lives,staysiv aktuk (N)iv aluktuk (N), ivukutaktuk (K)searchesflapsivayaktugaa (K) defrauds, robs himivigaktul$.i.viktitag aativ iktukpleasespuzzlefitsivvaktuk(N)bathesivyangunaktuk (N), ipyamjunaktuk (K)is stuffy

OtherWordsk139kaagnak, kaaksiugun (N), nigisulJnal;,((K)ki avluktuk (N), kai vittuk (K)kaki r ukfaminecirclespricksaroundkakkaaktukkakkiiyaunkalikkaakalvi ttukkamaks rirukkamagigaakamakr irjitchukis starving,to deathhandkerchiefdrags itis stuckobeysobeys himdisobeysstarvedkarnanaktukis great,honoredis to bekarnatchaktukkarjata li ikt aktukkapi rukis surprised at another'sability, takespride in another'sabilityto rumble (as amoving sled) ,stabska.suq ar uk (N)kataktukkatakkaais loose (e.g. ropetied loosely aroundpole)is fallingdrops itIkati ttukkatitkaagathersgathersitkavi iHk (K), kaviukkun (N)kayurj iit.igaa (K)covetousnesscoaxes him,himurges

140ki a , kisum (K)ki , ki.i, kii kkaakigunnikOther Wordswhose?do it! say it! proceed!boxkiigaa (K), kiugaa (N) answers himkiirak crease, corrugationkiisaimma finally, at lastkiker akki.Ii ktukkiIiktugaakilgunki l luku aktukkillukunkinnau rukkinnakkinakilJugau tchiru~(N), kinugau tiruk (K)a path cut throughbrush or treestells news, warnstells him news, warnshimwarningerrsmistakeis foolishfoolwho?is too latekilJuvaannaktuk (N), partcnaktuk (K)ki pakfi.kauk (N), mttautu ruk (K)kipaluniktukkipalukkaainheritsmockshas helpersworks for him, helpshimkip igi ruk , ki.pi.kni.uktuk (K),kiprgniuktuk (N)kipr-i ruk (K), kt r rt ruk (N)is anxiouscuts off,toseverski pli gaacuts it in two,severs itkiptait chuk bright child,fully awake

OtherWordskirratchai~titkaakisimakisivichkisimiki s irpjugaakitakiviktukkivikkaakivi r ukshines brightlyI aloneyou alonehe aloneleft him alone,left her bereavedready!liftslifts itsinks141kivgak servant, messengerkivi lfktukkurni ktukkurrujut itkuni ksukkunikkaakunikku r aktukcan't recall word orname, forgetscratchesrakekisseskisses himkisslooks downku sr-iksuk (K) dripskuvi r-ukkuvigaakuyakkaapourspours it outlies with herk •kaaktuk (N), kaaks inti r aulgataktuk (K) bursts, explodes,readily blows histop (K)passes by

142kaarj iu laarjavai tchuk (N),kaarj iafaus r-im ar-uk (K)kaayuk (K)kaayul iksukOtherveers away, goes toexcessWordsdirtdirties himself (ofbaby messing diapers)~agana~tu~ (K), siglignaitchu~ (N)kargitchukis easy,is rough,not difficultnot smoothkaiksuk is smooth, level, flatkai ruk (N)kai tchi rukka.itchtgaacomesgivesgives it~akugu, ~akugun when? (futureinte rrogati ve)kana (N), kaagl aan (K) when? (past tenseinterrogative)kaki gaakakuktuk~a~~ugaaboxes himcrunches,cracks itcrackska.lguktukkal.i ks ikautka Iitkaacroaks, crow s , quacks ,honks, whistlestows one boat withanotherpulls it, drags itbehindka lli rukkal.li.gaaapproaches,draws nearrustnearskami ruk goes out, extinguishesitselfkami ttuk is turned off,extinguished

OtherWordskamitkaa turns it off,extinguishesit143kanittukis nearkannigaa orders itkanugvi itchukit can't be helped,too bad (that he died,is mortally ill, etc.)~anul$: how, what, for,because (N)kanus r ik (K), kanus ik (N)kanutunkanutun - aglaanwhat kind?how long, how much?how far?kan aa (K)no! used moresparingly thanEnglish 'no'~apsinik, l$:avsinik how many?kas ruagaa (K) (wind) died downkas ruktuk (K), agiuruk (N) ends, quits, stops,is satisfiedkatchaktuktuk , trgluktuktuk knocks, is knockingkati tittukmarrykatrni ksuk (K) is impatient, dislikesto waitkaugr-i rukbecomesconsciouskaugr-immaagti tchuk can't recognize onekaummagi ksukkaumarrikis brightbeam of lightkaumrnaktuk clear, translucent,light enough to seekaunaksr-i rukkaunagi gaacarescaresfor him

144 Other Wordskaunakran it chukkaur iaktukkavaktukcarelessreststo sleep on back inwater (of seal)kaviugnaksauruk glamorous, seductiveki gluktukki kirj ar-ukkiki s.itkaaki kittukkikit igaais saddened about alossis warpedwarps itis frozen (part ofbody)freezes it quicklyki ks r aur-uk (K), kikumar uk (N) is frozen (not ofbody)ki lamtk quickly, immediatelyties a knotki mrn aktuk escapes, fleeskinurukkipirj ar-ukkipi gaakipigniuktukkip igniugunto cry fitfully (of ababy)is twistedtwists itdesiresdesirekitchaktuk (K) stands uprightkitchuktukki.t chukt ig aascratchscratchesitl>:ituttu~ is soft, flexibleki tyagnaktukis bright,glaringki vl.iktukshines, glitters,sparkles

Otherl>iviul>Words145down (of water fowl),wool (of musk-oxen)kivi ktuk (N), kirrit chuk (K) commits suicide,hangs himself (K)kiviktuk (N), kivi ttuk (K) leaves another, notwanting to be togetherkivilJ aaktuk stands pr-oudly, erectkivi ruk (N), niviktuk (K)kuaktukkuagaakuaktukkuiyakttchuklays on his backsplits loose (e.g. thesole from a shoe)splits, separates,loosens it (of thingsfrozen or otherwisefused together)eats kuak (frozenfood)slipsl>uglial>tul> drools, slobbers,oozes (of tree resin)kugluktak, kugluktukwaterfallkuinaktukku ifini.ktaur-ukticklesis ticklishkukuul ar-uk (N, q), tukrularuk (K) callskulauttuk is passing overheadkuli aktuaktuk tell a true story, anexperience,preach (K), confess(N)kul iaktuak true storykumi.kauk folds arms inside ofparkakupi ruk splits, cracks

146kuppakcrack,splitOtherWordskus r auktuaktuk (K), kus auktuaktuk (N)kus ikaukkuvi aauktuksquatsis drippingis happykuvi gus r-uktuk~uyaru~kuyanaktukls:uyana~(K)is surprised, amazed,astonishedis thankfulis to be thanked, isto be praised (K)thank you!mm akp iktukmakpi.gaatrna kpigaakm al iktukmalikkaamaliksukti tau rukmanikmamaitchuk(K)rnarn ai lak CK)mami.anaktuj;m att aktukm atuni gaaopens (as a shirt,coat)book (lit. papers)page, sheet of paperfollows (another)follows him,accompanies himconvincedmoneysmells strong,smells foulsulfuris annoyed,offendeddisrobes, removesthe harness from adogcoversit

othermaurukWordsmaur agaaktukmaur agakmayuktukrnayuktak (K), mayuagautit (N)mi Iuktuksteps into, falls intoa hole, breaksthrough (of snow)crossing open waterby jumpin?\ on "steppingstone' ice panssmall ice pan usedas stepping stoneascends, climbs upladder, stairshits with a thrownobject147minitkaa missed him, omittedhimminguktukminikis tiredsplash (from a fishor thrown object)minugluktukminuglukminufiktukmi.nukkaa , minufigaamirjuaktuun (N), aglaun (K)is stained,stain, spotis paintingpaints itpencilspottedmisuit chuk (q)mi s ruguk (K), mrsugukmi suktukmisuktaunmitaa~tu~(q)is pale (lit. withoutjuice)juice, kool aid, winedipsfountain penjokesmitautigigaa mocks him, makesa fool of himmukpaktukdives (of a seamammal whose bodycurves high out ofthe water)

148mul.iktukrnurni ks ir-ukOther Wordsis closed, turned off(radio, etc.)translatesmumi ksuk turns over, changes,repentsmuluuruk stays a short whilemunagtgaa watches him, takescare of himnnaagga, (N, q), kan aa (K) no! (emphatic), ornaamarukis complete,enoughisnaarnmaktuj,naarul$.naattukna avi ttuknaavitkaana.gl.i.ks r-aktuknagligigaanaglikkunnag Iigdnni gaais fitting,perfectright,ends, runs out,finishesis ended,stopped,finished,caughtdumps out (non -Iiqui d)dumps it outpitiespities himmercyis mercifulto himnaghrjnaktuk (K), nagl ignaktuk (N) is poor, pitiablenaglfksaaktitchtruknagliksaunnagliktuutiJs.pak (N)naggugigaapersecuteaffliction,gracesufferingdespises it, rejects it

Other Wordsnaipi ktuk (N)naipitkaa (K)nairukwatch criticallywatches it closely,tests itsmells149nakiktuk goes direct(as path of bullet)naktuktukis chippednakuaks rrr-uk likes, lovesnakuru~nakuuru~nakittukis cross -eyedis good, fineis lownal.aumj aruk is right, justnalauraa~tu~restsna.l.aut ch akt.uk guesses, gamblesnalauttukis rightnalautittu~ fulfills, sights in ariflenalautitkaaaims it, focusesnalautirrungunsightitnalguks rui rukna.lguks rugaanal.laktuknallaruJs;.nallautigaacorrects, instructsstraightens it,corrects himhas lain downlays (himself) downlays him down, putshim to bednalua~ bleached seal skinnaluksri.rJua~tu~ (N), irnirujur-uk (K) has a hangovernaluna~tu~ is secret, is hidden

150nalunainnutakmark,sealOtherWordsnalunaitchuk is clear, easy to seenalupkiriaktuknalup~igigaais uncertain,unpredictableis uncertain about itnalupkiriaitchuk is certain, surena lupki auktuknalupki sundoubts,doubtis uncertainnangagaanangaunnani (K), naUIJ (N)(cf . su-)naaminakininapmunnallkunbrags, praises(himself)praises him, bragsabout himpraise, honorwhere?where atwhere fromwhere toby which way, hownani.guun (K) flashlightnaij iit chuk is daring, is bravenarj ittuknanir-runnapaaktukis sickdiseasetreenaparuB: sticks upnapagiak upright (vertical)nappai ruknatchrksuknatchikkaanatkikkaanaumi (N, sh)buildsyearns to followyearns to follow himcorrectionno!

OtherWordsnaulikkaa spears it151naurj (N), nani (K)nautchii ruk(cf. nirjit chi ruk)nautchi akagvikwhere?plantsgarden,fieldnaviagaanaviagigaanavianaktukdoes not dare itis dangerous for himis dangerousnaviktuknavikkaabreaksbreaksitnayaarj agaa (K) greets him, sends himgreetingsnayagaktuk (N), naYaIJaktuk is drowsynayuuti ruknayugaastays, remainslives with him,with himstaysnrglaktukntgiuktuk (N)nigiigigaa (K), nigiugigaa (N)nigliktu~nigvallaksraa~tu~ (K), nivaktaktuk (N)nikali~su~ (K), nikat chaktuk (N)nikaitchu~nilJitchiru~(cf . nautch iiruk)nipaalaru~(cf . i.las r ai lar-uk (K) )has cooled (of food,drink)expects, hopesexpects himchoked to deathfalls backwardgives upkeeps trying,determinedsets out, plantsscreamsnipitu ruk is noisy, loud

152nipittukni vaktuknivirj aktuknivinagaanui ruknuktaktuknuki tchi r-ug,nu~itkaanul.laktuknunuur-aktuj;nuijuz-uknut~a~tul$:nutkaktitkaanuur-uk , nuuttuknu vaks ir-uk, nuvaktukis stickyshovels,Otherdigshangs downhangs it upcomes into view,rises (sun)Wordsmoves from place toplaceraises an object bypul.Iing with a ropedraws, pulls itcampsis remorsefulis used upstops, diesstops itmoves to anotherdwellinghas a coldnuyui.ksuk is not afraid, is notscaredppaaksaaguti rukpaagaapaalaktukpaarnguktukpaarriaktukthey (2) pass eachothermeets himstumbles,forwardcrawlscrawlsfallson all fours

OtherpaglagaapaglanWordswelcomesgreeting,himwelcome153pai ruk stays behind, stayshome (when otherswent on a journey)pakaktuk , pakiktuk (K) searchespa~ittu~pakitkaapas iaktukpastaksr-aitchukpasinaktuk , patchi saur-ukpasigaa (N), patchisigigaa (K),pasrigaa (K)findsfound itwarms himself bythe fireis faultlessis guiltyblames him, accuseshimpatchi s ai ka aur-ukpatchi sargaais not guilty,frees himinnocentpi- base substitute towhich any post baseor suffix may bepi-gapi-gaatinpi-suktu~addedminehe (wants) youwantspigru~tu~piaptuk (n)pigaaktu~piiksukpiigaapiiguktu~(cf'. puuguktuk)pii~aaktu~fleessloppystaysis absentremovesforgetsdeniesup lateit

154piitchuknothing,emptyOtherno one,Wordspi iyaktukpi.iyagaaptksr agniksuk (K),pi ks r-aktaagur-uk (N)pi kas iksukis brokenbreaks itchoosesaccompaniespi.kat igifktuk are together (2)pikpaks r-ir-uk lovespi kpagi gaapi Iai ksukloves himis tiredpi Iairjiaks iaktuk takes a rest (a breakfrom work)pi lla ruk (N), pi tIar-uk (K)piIluataktuk (N), pitlauta~tu~pi.lui Ilrksuj,pi rnrn agi ks aaktukpiriaktukpifti aktukpinnagtaktukpinna~na~tu~ (K)piz-aks r iksukpi s aa suur uk (N), pi saasruktuk (K)is able to dois dependable,goodisis not as capable asused to bedoes it wellhappenedwill do, happenis earlyis good-looking,beautifuladmonishesis always trying to dopisagaluagnak (N), pisangitchikpifi (K) excuse me!

OtherWordspisuaktuk (N), ptsruktuk (K)prsukataktukwalkstakesa stroll155pisugnaitchul$: is not safe (ice)pisugugil$:sul$:(cf. nikirnjuktuk)pi suktukhungerwants,is satisfieddesirespitkur ak law, commandpituktuk ties up (as a dog to apole)pitukkaaties up, anchorspiyakkuktukhad an accidentpiyuagaa tempts him, pursueshimpumja.ruk bows low, hides fromanimal while stalking(used for nonappearanceof sun inDecember (K) )puttuk bows, bends at thewaistpuptaak floating moss (notwalkable)puptar ukpuptal$.un, puptal$:uta~floatsbuoyputtuls:srirul$: (N) comes to mind, is inspiredpuugul$:tul$:(p), puuyuktuk(cf ptiguktuk)(K)forgetsputu hole, piercingputuriruls: made a hole, drilleda hole

156puukaktukstumblesOtherWordspuugrrigaa wraps itpuul$.seal skin pokepuuksral$. envelope, wrapperpuuvr aktuk (N), puuvruktuk (K) swims, plows throughdeep soft snowpuvl.ignik resin drop (of sprucetrees, used as chewinggum)puyapuyattukpuyaurul$.sdirt, grimeis dirty, grimy,gummyis soiled, (e.g of unwashedclothes)saa huh! what's that?eh?s aattukfaces himsaavittuk launches in pursuit ofsea mammal, stepsforward from a groupaaglur-uksagluu raktukaagvi ksukaagvi ruklies, prevaricatesjoking by tellingfalse storiesappears, becomesplain, obviousis open, is obvioussagval$.tu~sagvagiksuksagvagaaflowsflows swiftlyflows swiftlyover itsal$.ulJaru~ is crooked, bent

Other Wordssalap~iksuk (N) reveals, appears157salumattchuk is dirty, uncleansalumaruksalummagaais cleancleansesitsarnrna , hamma (N) let's see!sanaturukis skilledsamjuruk is dusty, dirtysanni ruk (N), SaIJIJiruk (K) is strongsarjutkaa gossips about himsapignaktuk (N)sapigaa (K)is strong,is difficultmightysapi rukblocks it (one's way)satugaa (K) obtains it back,redeems itsavaktuksavakkaasavautigaaworksworks itserves himsavitkaa feels it, touches itaiamittuk spreads, scatterssi atkikauk is straight (as of aboard)sig~ikiraktuk works hard, is difficultsigga~irukis difficult,laborioussiigruktuk(K)hisses, whistles (ofwind, gas stove orlantern)simmausiksuksimmigaaexchangeschanges it,itexchanges

158s irnmi IigaasiirnaktukOther Wordsreturns somethingborrowedis arguing heatedlys iruks r aaktuk (K) goes around visitingfrom house to house,collects food for thepoor from house tohousesippak something left over,surplussf sug iaktukbaby has a wet burpsisu r uk slides, glides downs it kuks im anaktuks ivunrriks uks ivunni gaasivunniunis tragicsivukki.ksuk sets a straight coursesua, suna what?su - (N),(cf. nani)su-vichsu-misu-kunsu-rninsu-munsu -rnrnan , su -vaataquestion markerwhat do you want?where?how, by which way?from whence?to where?why?decides, plansdecides it, plans itplan, purpose, decisionsuamrnaktuk revitalized (as: engineworks better, workersmore diligent)s uarj aitchuksuan aruksugruichis weakis stronga group of fighters,war party

other Wordssuguktu~sukaitchu~sukattuksukpaluksuksraagaasuks raungiksukwrestlesis slowis fastsoundgives up on it, forsakeshimis destroyed159sukurni.tkaa (K) broke it up, tore itto piecessukuti gaasulitakes notice of someone,pays attentionto someoneand (used in an additivesense, contrastswith aasii/aasrii)sultkutrgir; aiksukforgives,ignoressuluktuktuk brushes clothessupi r'uksuppuktukblows (of a person),rushes (of a streamduring break-up)spurts out (of liquidsunder pressure)suur-ak (K), sugal ik (N) thing, wealth, treasuresuvalukeuvli.ktukespeciallygushes out (as oilfrom a punctureddrum)

160tOtherWordsta aktuktaarpj aktaaIJlJaktita.iguaktuk (N), agliki ruktairnrnainaktainna (N), taitna (K)tainnaittuktai ruktaigaais darkintoxicatingalcoholdrunkardreadssuddenlylikeis likeis namednames himbeverage,takpi ksuktakupkarj aruktakki ruk (K)(cf. utakki ruk)ta.Iiinn aruktamrnaktuktammagaahas keen eyesighthas a reunionwaitsgoes over the hillis lostlost ittanugaksi ruk diminishes in lighttaIJigil$.sul$.,tarj igitchuk(cf sagluruk)taIJlJiksuktaIJlJigaais false (lies)is fulfilleddoes what is told,brings it to realitytapiktuk is along side, isparalleltaputigaa takes it alongta.siks ruktuktas iks rugigaastretchesstretchesit

Other Wordstasugaa (N)(d. satugaa)obtains it, redeems it161tasritchagaa stretches ittatamittukgets very frightenedtatamnaktuk is terrible, is veryfrighteningtatigaa lays against it, leansagainst it, touches ittauksiksuktauks igaabuybuys ittavra (N, q), tarra (K) that's right! then(conj.), that's all(at end of story)tavrauvvaa (N, q}, tarvauvva at once, immediatelytiguaktukttgl.iktuktukadopted,stealsistigluktuktigluktuktuk , katchaktuktukhits with side of fistis knockingtigutaagvik (N), isiJ,.sivik (K)tikkuaktukprison,pointsjailtilirauruJ,.tilirauruaJ,.tilisiruJ,.tilJaaglutwas told to do something,was sent to dosomethingan apostlesendsthings washed ashoretilJittuJ,.tilJitkaadriftsdriftsawayhim away

162tiIJIJil$:sirul$:ti.paaktuk , tipiturul$.tipiOtherWordsgets full (of a personwho eats too muchor is pregnant)stinksodortipigaa washes it ashoretiprgiksaun (K),tivr agfks aun (N,q)tipsigigaaperfume (lit. a meansor cause of goododor), incenselaughs at somebody,mocks someonetirrak (K) sandbar, mile(measure)titiktuktitigaatitik , tittaktugaktuktuggaundraws a line, makesa markmarks it, draws aline on itmark, dot, linepokes it with a stickpoking sticktuglaugaa , tuvl augaa shields him, protectshimtugvagaaputs it awaytukkuruk stays overnight, isa guesttuklugaa calls him, hails himtukur ukdiestukpal.laktuk (K) gets upsettukuttuktukutkaatuniks irna rukkills himselfkills itis faithful

Other Wordsnmrlagaagives it, makespresent of it,sacrifices ita163tuni.si.rukselltumjarukturuj agaatupaktuktupakkaatupigigaa (K)rests firmly on,trustsrests firmly on itis startledstartles himobeys himtupsigaatuti ruktutmagaafinds an animalsteps onstepped on ittracktuttuk touches ground,bottom, landstutkiksuktutkiunis content, is solid,is peacefulpeace, contentmenttutkuktuuruk is settled in (havingmoved)tuugnikdottuungaurisaa~ a whirlwind (movinghorizontally, chieflyacross water)tuungakevil spirit,deviltuvra~tu~tuvragaatuyugigaatuyugmia~follows a trail orpatternfollows him, trackshim, imitates himsends itguesttUyuutitsent things,mail

164 Other Wordsuui ruk , uus ir-ukui s aur-ukukpi.ktukukpigigaaukpigunukpi.gnaktukis over-excited,eager, hurriesis adriftpackbelievesbelieves itfaithis faithfulon an icetooukpUJIJuaktuk hypocrite (pretendbeliever)ukukukuIJaruij:ukaaktuktuk (K)(cf. kuli aktuaktuk)uka aktuak , ukaaktuunukaal.aruk , ukagnigluktuk (K),ukamakhiktukukaksrtaakukakti tagaaukaktukukal ik (no, ki}, ukafik (K),ukaluk (N)ukal laktukukautchitukkitchukuB:umaigigaaulgurukmoldyis moldyrelates experiences,tells what happenedexperience, happening,history, true storytalks bad language,blasphemestrialasked him to speak,talkspeaks, says, tellswordis speakinglanguageis secure,shelteredsafe,sucks it (somethingheld in mouth)topples, falls over

OtherWordsul igr-ui.tchuk steady, patience forfine work165unipchaak (K), unipkaak (N),ulipkaak (no, w )uluktaaktukfable, myth, storystaggersumialtnnakumiktuk(N)church elderis closed (e.g. thechimney draft)unitchaa (K)leaves it behinduniuktuk misses, doesn't hit(as nail, bull's eye)unnikaukfi ir-uk (N)unniksukb un (N)promisespromise,covenantupaktuktuk charges (of an angryanimal or person)upaktugaacharges him, goesafter himupyakkaa (K) remarks about it,wisecracks about iturri~sugaa demonstrates it, showsit by his actionsuta~~iru~ (N, q)(cf. takki ruk)utiktukutukkuuuuktuj,uuktuunwaitsreturnsis tiny!testsparable,exampleuUktua~tu~uUktua~aatries, tests, measurestests it, measures ituUliktu~ quivers, shakes,trembles

166uuyurul$:ugaigaaugisigigaa(cf. ui r-uk)Other Wordsis linked tobites him, mauls himover-excited

SECTIONPOSTBASESII

168 Post BasesExplanationof SymbolsHyphensA hyphen before a post base indicates that it must be attachedto a base.-kagvik container agr a-Lagvik ash canA hyphen following a post base indicates that, normally, itcannot occur word final, but must have a suffix attached to it,(or other post bases with a suffix).-kayak - almost ati -kayak -tuk almost the sameBracketed SymbolsA bracketed symbol indicates that the post base has morethan one form, and its form depends upon the last symbol of thebase to which it is affixed.When the base ends in a vowel, the bracketed letter initiatesthe post base.-(g)iit - bad pi -giit -chuk is badWhen the base ends in a consonant, the post base without thebracketed letter is affixed to the base.-(g)iit- bad iggiag-iit-chu~ has a sore throatOther Form ChangesOther phonological changes occur to change the form of postbases, such as ~ becoming g, 1 becoming ~ etc. For afurther discussion of this phenomena, see" Let's Learn Eskimo",p. 31,32, by D. H. Webster, Summer Institute of Linguistics,Box 1028, Fairbanks, Alaska 99701.

PostBasesa169-Ir lakukiug-ag-immanitkagmi -r ak -tuk-(rr)a~si-(N),-(y)a~si-(K)mitchaag'-ukai -ruk~ia-rra!$:si-ru!$: (N),l$.ia-ya!$:si-ru!$:(K)-(g)alua~-,-kaluaknakuupi aq it -kaIuak -tuktainnaunnii-(g)ata!$.-nakuupi ag -at ak -tukinugug -atak -manhabitually, usually doeswhenever it is winterhe habitually remembersstarts to, proceeds to(inceptive action)is proceeding to landstarts to crythough, although, and yet (apossibility which has not orperhaps will not be realized)although not very good, it isokayvery, much (intensive action,extensive time)is extremely goodwhen he finally grew up-anik -nigi -anik -tu~atu -anik -tuk-aluksuppu -alukagna-alukalreadyhas alreadyhas alreadybig, oldold riflebig ladyeatensung-asugi- (N), -asrugi- (K)(cf . -sugnag-)tammag-asrugi -gigaathinkingthinking he is lostch-chau!$:, -chuu!$:(cr. -tau~, -tuuk)

170gPostBases-gi -pi -gi -gigapikati -gi -girjma-(g)iakivag-Lak-tuknig -Lak -tuk-(g)iit -pi -giit -chukiggiag -Lit - chuk-(g)iknuna-gik -sukkifiig-ik-suk-(g)isi-, -kisi- (K)nakuu -gisi - r-uktautuk -kisi -gaat-gu - (N), -IJu- (K), -uiglaa-gu-ruIJa(N),iglaa-nu-c-una (K)uVaIJ a -u - rUIJa-gukinu-guk -tuk-(g}uukatautchimik -suE -guukhas it forit is mineI am your companion (lit. youhave me for a companion)going in order to, come inorder tois going to searchis going to eatbadis badhas a sore throatgoodis a good landis good lookingintends to, is going to, willit is going to be goodthey will see itis (stative)I am a travellerit is Ichange to, becomebecame a man (having grown up)said, reported"one more" he said•g-guikalugnia-g-u-siptiktunclass changer or stative(verb to noun)like you have caught fish

Post Bases• I171-iikatig-iikmal.g-Itk-il>pi-Ik-aukarni vi k-jsuk-Hamitkuta-i~a-l>pair, coupletwo people with same nametwinsis deprived of, deprives ofis taken awayhe skins (it)is withoutarctic tern (lit. is without aneedle)-inrjaan (K)(d. IJaiflIJaan)siku -ifIIJaanbeforebeforeit froze-(g)innal>kiu-ginnag - aa-it -pt-Ir-chukinu -it - chuk-iyak -uniag -Iyak -tuk-kammil>- (N), -kamik- (K)mitchaal> - kammi k -suk-katta~- (N)sialuk -katta.k -tukisi -kattak -tu~ivaluk -kattak -tukonly, merelyis merely answering himlack ofis notthere are no peopleis brokensled is brokenkjust (happened)just landedrepetitivescattered rain showersis visitingis flapping (slowly)-kattaa~ - (N) repetitive (more intense than-kattak -)ivaluk -katt aak -tukis flapping (rapidly)-kkaatuchanges verb to noun-kka -IJa(nominal clause marker)his song (singing)

172-ksraanu-ksra-l;s:atuuti -ks r a-kaktuk-ks r aktaakinu-ksr aktaakpi-ksral;s:taag-igaa-kual;s:-al.la -kuak -tu!):killu -kuak -tukpotential, material forharness materialhas a song choicechosen, selectedchosen peopleis choosing himthrough, by means ofgoes by another waygoes wrong wayPostBasesk •-kagviknautchia -kagvikagr-a -kagvtk-!):al}-igni-l;s:ag-nial}tu!):rriki - kak -tukcontainer, place ofgardenash canhave, ownswill have a sonhas meat-kas ikkuviasu -kas ik -stnatogetherrejoicewithwith me!-katrgikaulla-l}atigik-sutiUsa-l;s:atigik-sut-kati -ukpiktuagu -kati -sitogether, each otherthey depart togetherthey teach each otherwith, togetheryour fellow believers-kayakativkayak -tutalmostare almostthe same-l}l}aal}-imi -~l}aag-uktun afirst,firstbeforeI want to drink-(!):)pakisumaak-pak-tukulu-kpak-~u-(cf. -(t)~u-)big, muchis sorrowing muchbig uluwants him to do

PostBasesI173-Iait - (N), -t lait- (K)iks i-lait -chuk,ikst -tlait - chuk-lgit -uti -lgit -chukani -Igft -chuk-Igatakpi-~gatall:-tuknalau -Igatak -tillugu-Ihaak- (N)(d. -tluk -)kamana -Ihaak -tuksapigna -Ihaak -tuknever, unableis never scaredagainreturns againexits againfinally, tillfinally he did ittill it is rightmoreis greateris stronger(comparative)-lhinakuv31.Ja -Ihinakmerely,merelyonlyme-li -(d. -liuk-)su-li-vaulu-li-ruk-likpr-Likumia-lik-uaukpi-Lik-suk-likaasumu-likaasu -Likaailaa-likaamakewhat is he making?is making an uluis supplied withis supplied withboat captaincome to, get tohas come to believeany, so it is! (an exclamation)anywhereanythingso it's him!-Iiki -su -liki -vi chami -lill:i - r-uk-liksi31.J aayu -Liksiinvolved in, works on, atwhat are you doing?works with skinsone involved inpreacher (lit. one involved inpraying)

176-miuUl.gurng-rniuNuurviJ]-miuinhabitant ofWainwright villagerNoorvik dwellerPostBases-rnuk-Utkiagvir;-muk -tuk(going) tohe is going to Barrow-mukti-Utkiagvnj -mukti -gaa-mutr-Utkiagviq -rnuti -gaasendis sending it to Barrowtakeis taking it to Barrow-nagrakitig-nagia]s:-tuknearlyarisesearly-nasuga- (N)(cf. -asugi-, -sugnag-)isumanasi ]s:aiJ]a -nasugaluqa ...-rias ruk- (K)tuku -rias rug -niaklugu-(n)ayak- IN), -tyak- (K)agiu -riayak -tuknigi -tyag -iii-(n)ayait- (N), -tyait - (K)tu]s:u-nayait-chuk-ngit- (K)(cf.-lJit- )paki -ngir-chuk-niak-(cf. -maak-)nigi -ni ak -tugutagaayu vi.IJ mUIJ-niak -tUIJathink (with dependentthinking-I-have-don't-thinkcome ...verb)is thought to beis thought to be deadwouldwould be stoppedwould you come to eat!would nothe would not have diednotdid not findintends to, will, is doing andwill continue (when related topresent and certain of fulfillment)we will eatI'm on my way to church

Post Bases 177-niatak- (N) try(d. -niluk-, -niur aak-, -sa~-)istg-riiatak-tuk is trying to enter-niluk-try(d. -rriatak-«, -niur aak-, -saij:-)savagvni luk-fuk is trying to work-niur aak- (N), -rriir-ak - (K)(d. -niluk-, -niatak-, -sa~-)savag-niuraa~-tu~,savan -nitr-ak-tuk-nikilakat-nik -tuk-ni~tuttu-ni~ - suksavarj -nik -eutin-IDJu -iri -IllJ u - rukIlu -IllJ u - ruktry,do what you canis doing what work he can!obtain, getobtained a marriage partnerapparently, is in state ofhas apparently caught a caribouyou are working (lit. in stateof working)hurtseye hurtsstomach hurts-mjulrktaigua-IllJ ul.ik-auksava-rnjulfk -sukto be tired of somethingis tired of readingis tired of working-lJa- (N)sava-lJa-ru~completivehe worked(past tense)-lJai~- (N)(cr. -IJ ait - )atu-lJai~-suij:nipu-lJai~-sul>-lJaifuJaag-, -rj aimjaan (N)tuku -IJ aifuJaag -manisi -IJ aifuJaanis not (having been)is uselessalert(having been useable)beforebefore he had died ....before he entered

178-rj ait - (N)(cf;-IJaik-)~ai -IJait - chukaIJ alan -IJai t -kaa-IJit- (N)(cf. -n~it-)kai -IJit-chu~Postdid not (never having)did not come (never havingbefore come)did not control himnotis not comingBases-IJlJua~pi-IJIJuak -tukukpi -lJIJua~-tu~-IJlJu~nuvuya-lJlJu~-saififia~aaimitate, play, pretendis pretendingis pretend believing (hypocrite)changeis changing to cloudy weatherp-paalluk

PostBases-paUuksava-paUuk-tu]s:-payaainu-payaa -k-piagataksava-piagata]s:-tu]s:-piaknikr-piaksava -piak -tukinu -piak-piallak - (N)(cf. -Tlapi.ak - )sava -piallak -tuk179ineffectively, inappropiatelyis working poorly (ineffectively)every, anyany/every personextremely, intensivelyis working extremely hardreal, reallyreal food (meat)is really workingEskimo (lit. real person)quite intensively, very muchis working quite hard-piangit - (K)(cf . -piaq it-}kaIJiks ina -pi angit- chuknot veryis not very understandable-pianir - (N)(cf. -ptangit -)kalJiksma -pi arj it -chuk-pkag-, -pchakkai-pkag-rnagittnnigr-pchagvaa-p~aura]s:-tusaa-pkaur-ak-arnigtchnot veryis not very understandablecausetell her to come (cause her tocome)he feeds himimmediately, as soon asas soon as he heard them-psaa-(cf'. -vsaa-lpi-psaa-mikmoremore(if you please)-(p)tau]s:(N), -(p)tuu]s.,-psuu]s:(K)(cr. -vsauk)uvan a -ptauk, uVaIJ a -ptuukilivsi -psuukuvagut-taul;>also,toome tooyou (pl.) too (K)we (pl..) too

sisisr180 Post Basesr-r-aks r agi -, -taksr agr-(cf. -ruksrau-)~aunagi-raksragi-gaasavak-takar-agt-gtga-raksrau -, -taksr au-(cf. -ruksrau-)nigi -raksrau -ruksavak-taksrau-ruk-ri (cf . -tilmust be, has to, ought to(transitive)must be caring for itI have to work on itmust be, has to (passive)must be eatenmust be worked- ruinnak - (N)ifiug-ruinnakmere,merecommonman-ruksrau -, -tuksrau-(cf. -raksrau-)nigi-ruksrau-rUksavak-tuksrau-ruk-rukimag-ruk-s ainnak- (N)agli -sainnak-tuk-sak-(cf -rii luk> , niatak -,tirJi-sak-pichsu-rsak-pichshould, must, has to (active)has to eathas to workbigbig lakescontinuing to increase, develop,expandis continually getting biggertry-niu r aak)are you trying to fly? (away)where are you trying to go?-sausiit - (N)ta vrUlJak - s aus iit -chukkanuk -sausiit -chukuncertain aboutis uncertain about going thereis uncertain as to what to do-si (cf. -ti )-siuunaket aak eer-ukukbecoming (process)is becoming hotis becoming dark

Post Bases-siak- (N), -s iik- (K)akiliu - sia -ksr-akaiaitchuu -siak , aatchuu -s iik181receiveyour future rewards (potentiallyreceived rewards)gift (received)-siakak -aitchuu -s iakak -tukhas receivedhas receiveda gift-sima-( d. -ma-)nakuu-sima-ruksavak -sima - rukin state of, assurance of somethingnow is good ( having been notgood)is working-sinnak - (N)tautuk -sinnak -tukiltaima-uugnak-tukonly, merely, simplyhe simply seesthink (similar to,"1thinknasruk- )is thought he is coming(I think he is coming)is thought to know(I think he knows)-sugnag-(d. -asugi-, -nasuga-,hi -sugnag-ruksuk-suguiknigi-auguik -aukpi-suguik -auk-suk- (N), -sruk- (K)kuvta-suk-tukenough, filled uphas had enough foodis enough (as when fillingtank)used in reflexive actionis happy (within himself)gas-(s)uupiluksisug-uu -r-ukaitchuusiagi -suu -gaaalways, habitually, incessantlyis always wanting to do badlyis always receiving it-suguninnik- (N),-susrUlJnififiik- (K)Uksruk-suguninnik-suksmellssmellslikelike seal oil-sugrukakisulhaa- sugruk -tuakukalli - sugrukbig, greatthat which is more valuablejackrabbit

182-(s)uksiku-suk-tukalutag -uk -tukwantwants to go to bedwants a spoonPostBasest-takimik-tak -tukkiruk -tak -tukgoes foris going for wateris going for wood-tai - (N)ukpigu-tai-guptaunnau -tai - ruk-tait- (N)ukpigu-tait-kupta-t aukiltk-tau-z-uk-t chai li>pi -tchai.li -kkichkarjiks i-tchafli -r-agai-tchakkuya-tchak -tuk-t.chi akatigi-tchi.akatigi -t chi.ak -tukabsence of (having had)if we no longer have faithis not now feverishabsence of (never having had)if we have no faith (never havinghad faith)passiveis being warnedstopstop (doing) those things!prevents them from understandinginduced actionis thankfulnewnew parkyis a new parky-ti, -sisavak-tialJ aayul ik -siagent (like Englishworkerpreacher-er)-tigi -, -sigiak-tigi -r-ukkuyanak -tigi -vaurj aai k-atgt -r ukis so much, to what degreeit Is that muchhow much he is to be thankedis thus far

PostBases-ti~maki-tik -luniimmediatelyimmediatelygetting up183-tilaailisimavichsumii -tilaaptirjniksavaktuk pi suk -tilaa - kti.ktun-titaullak -tit -kaa-tit- (with appositional)savak -tit -Iun apf -tktk -suk-tkikukiu-tkik-(t)~u(v)-aulla -ku -visiguttilalJ mun nigi -tku -gaiapigigiga puttuks ri -tku -vlusi-(t)~uyuma -al -tkuyuma-gtnaikuyaktu -kuyuma -galuagaaobjective phrase markeraccompanying intransitive verbdo you know where we live?is-workingas-much-as-possiblecauses to do, becomecauses it to depart, sendswhilewhile I workthe second of twotwo years ago (lit. the secondpast year)happens a second time, does itonce morewants him to dodo you want us to depart?he wants Tilak to eat them1- ask that-you-be -inspiredcommand, want that ..tell her to come home!want him to go to bed-tluk- (K)(cf . -Ihaak-)kagana -tluk -tukpigii -tluk -tuk-tualu -, -sualu -igni -tualu -niatausi -sualu -kcomparative,it is easierit is worseonlyhis only sononly onesuperlative-tuinnal$:-kipigniug-utigi -tuinnak -sigik-tullatu -tuttu -tullatu - r-ukcontinuouslykeep on desiringlikelikescaribouthem-tuksrau-(cf. -ruksrau-)

---- ----~------~---184-tuksavik-1llif -tuktuttu -tuk -tukuses, eats, drinksuses a knifeeats caribouPostBasesnigi-l;s:su-rul;s:savvak -tu -r-ukexcessivelytalks always (i .e . likes to talk),gossips (K)likes to eat excessively (N)is always working diligentlyu-umau - (N), -umu - (K)itch -umau - k,itch-umu-l;s:continuouslyis always obedientmight if .may it be-unni.isuuramik-unni ieven, lestin no wise-urakagna-uraklittlelittlewoman (i .e . girl)-uti -nayu -uti -gaauka-utf -gaa-(k)tu -, -(k)su-(base medial consonant maybe geminated)ukkak -tu - r-uk-ugakkamaksri-ugak-tuk-vaaluanugi-vaalu - aima-vaalu-a-vi nakaullaks i-vrnak -tuk-vigi -savag-vigi-gaaul;s:ag-vigi-gaaabout it, with itbrought it up (climbed up with it)talks with himvsound ofwind's soundwater's soundquicklyis departingquicklyfor, about, concerningworks for himtalks about it

PostBases-vikaglag-vikNuur-vik-viks raksavag-viksrakpi-viksra -kakpan-vsaa -(cf. -psaa - )pi-vsaa -mik-vsauk (N)(cf. -ptauk)ilivsi -vsauk-yasi - (N), -yas ri - (K)kai -yasi -ruktukutau -yasi -ruk-yuitsava-yuit -chukatu-yuit-ichurja-(y)umaak-(cf. -niak - )tikitch -um aak -tukkat-yumaak-itukplacedesk, writing padmove place, Noorvikpotential place, potential timetime for workif he has timemoremore (if you please! )also,tooyou (pl.) tooyabout, soonis about to comeis about to be killedpoorlyis working poorlyI sing poorlyis willing to, will(when disconnected frompresent and doubt regardingthe possibility of fulfillment)will arrive (someday)will come (someday)185-tun aableI can do it-(y)uminakpi-yuminak-(y)uminaitpi-yuminai.t- churj a-(y)ummakinig-umrna -tikaktuak-yunakkini-yunak -tukuka -yunak -tukunableI can'tdo ithopehe who has hope of seeingis pleasantis beautiful (lit. pleasant looking)is receptive (lit. pleasant to talkwith)

SECTIONENGLISHINDEXIII

--"=---------------- - --aabdomenhas a. achehas a. crampsable, isunableaboutabraseabsenceabsent, isabstainsacceptsaccidentaccompaniesaccusedaccusesacquaintedacross thereacuteAdam Is appleadding, isaddsadmonishesadopted, isadrift, isadulteryadzeafflictionafraid, isa. is notafterbirthafternoonagainagentagonyagreesaimsairairplanealcoholalive, isallalmostalonealreadyENGLISH10,1352121154,185185178,184,185201821534212721,155146,1544715323112198124111,13524,1541611641285032,14829,134152121171731823212814910464160112172122,141169186INDEXalsoaltaralthoughalwaysamazedamiableammunitionamongamuletancestorsanchora. for trapandangelangled a fishangry, isdeeply a., isanimala. malea. femaleankle jointannoyed, isanointsanotheranswersantanusanxious, isanyanytimeapostleapparentlyappearsappendixapproachesarguesa. heatedlya. incessantlyarisesarma. sinewa. musclea. bonesbroken a.armorarosearoundcase175,179,185133169130,181146295812742368,15560125,159,174. 456125256969699146221271407812140173,17911846, 16117796 156,157, 121422424,1582416888142112942, 128131

English Index 187arrives 63 bears 48arrow 53,58 beard 6artery 11 beats 54,128artifact 127 beautiful, is 137,154ascends 59,147 beaver 76ashamed, is 29 beaver dam 36ashes 39 because 130,143asks 129,137 become 170,183a. him to speak 164 becoming 180assents 128 bed 40at once 161 goes to b. 18attention 159 bee 78aunt 4 beetle 78autumn 119 b .; stag 79authority 47 before 121,171,172,177avalanche 107 begins 131,137awake 140 behind 115,121away 131 in b. 10axe 49,128 looks b. 13being 136bbeliever 44believes 44,164baby 1 bell 45,127cares for b. 52 belt 33holds b. on knee 52 bench 39abandoned b. 133 beneficial, is 31bachelor 2 benefits 31,44back 10, 13,III bent, is 156b. there 113,114,115 berry 100backbone 13 kinds of b. 100bad 170,174,175 better, getting 22bad, is 31, 32,121 big 169,172,180,181bag 58 big, is 121,128bailer 68 binoculars 58,137bait 60 birds 84-94bakes 50 b. parts 95ball 52 birth 17high-kick ball 53 b. time 110bank, river 102 biscuit 55barks 71 bites 7,166bashful, is 29 fish b. on hook 61basin, wash 40 bitter, is 121basket 40 bivalve 77bathes 138 black 123bay 104 blackbird 93beach 97 bladder 12beam, cross 38 blames 47,153beam, ridge 37 blanket 40beans 54 b. toss 54bear, kinds of 69 blasphemes 164

188bleedsblessingblind, isgoing b.snow-blindblinksblizzardblock and tackleblockingblocks itbloodb. flowsb. vesselblowsblubberbluenessblushesboastful, isboastsboatsparts ofb., ice -boundbodyboilboilsbolabold, isbonebookbootsb. with caribou solesb. with ugruk solesb. waterproofb. rubberb. muklukb. parts ofb. resolesb. insoleborn, isb. on same dayborrowsbossbothersbottombottommostbowbow and arrowbowlbowsb. low19431913219151065913215711111115955,561236322568671091019,13250,5158281214634,35343434343434343517, 128213044,471351041209, 67535616,155155boyboxboxes himbrace and bitbragsbrainbrave. isbread, yeastpilot breadbreakerbreakfastbreaksb. throughbreastb feedsbreastbonebreathbreathesbreeches, furbridebridegroombridgebright, isbrokebroken, isb. armb. legb. fingersbroombrothbrotherbrother -in -lawbrowbrowbeatsbruisebrushesbuildsbumpsbunting, snowbuoyburiesburnsburpsburstsbusybutbutcherbuttercupbutterflybuttockEng lish Index1140142491501128,150555510457132,151,15414710521417173422133143,144159154,171212121515444102271915936, 1501299315513639,13357,15839,1414712560987810

EnglishIndexbuy 161ccabin, log 36cache, on poles 37c. underground 37c. on the ground 37calls 145,162camps 152can 174cannot 174canoe, decked -in 68can opener 38canyon 102cap 33capable, is 31not as c. as used to be 154capsizes 68captain 68carcass, sea mammal 79careless 144cares 52,143caribou 71stages of development 72,73parts of c. 73-76wounded c. 60carousing, is 32carries 48c. baby on back 52gets c. away 32catches on 23c. it 52c. fish 61caught 148cause 179causes 183celery, wild 99certain, is 150chagrined, is 27chain 71chair 38change to 170,178changes 46,148,157charges 165charm 42cheek 6cheerful, is 26~e~ 10chews 56, 129189chickadees 92child 1,5c. adopted 1c. bright 140c. illegitimate 5c. lively 11c. raised 1chills 20chimney 39chin 6chipped, is 149chisel, ice 61chisels 61chives, wild 99chooses 154choked 151chops 39chosen 172Christian 44chronic 19church 44circles 139city 110clam 77class changer 170,171clay 97clean, is 122,157cleanness 46clear, is 138,150c. weather 128clear 143clearing, is 105clever, is 24cliff 102climbs 16,147clitoris 12clock 117,118closed, is 148,165closes 38cloth 33clothing 33, 34cloud 105dark c. over open water 109coal 39,97live c. 11coal scuttle 39coat 33,34coaxes 139coffee 55c. pot 40

190cold, isc., has acollarbonecollar, dogcollects foodcombcomesc. to mindc. into viewc. in order toc. around a pointc. fromc. tocomfortscommandcommandscommandmentcommoncommunicative, isc. is notcommunity housecompanioncomparable, iscomparativecompasai onate , iscomplete, iscompletiveconcerned, notcondemnsconfessesconfident, isconfused, isconnected withconscience, badconscious, becomesconstellationscontainerwater c.content, iscontinuouslycontrolsconvinced, isconvulsionscookiecooking, isc. potc. rarecookscooledcopper105,12221,1521471158135125,14224,15524,15217064137,175173129155,18325431802626,273713413018325148177324746,14528301303214396172·39,4026,163183,1844730,146205550405650,5115197EnglishIndexcoquettish 32corner 37c. of mouth 7correct, is 136corrects 24,138,149correction 45, 150corrugation 140corruption 125cotton, tundra 98,99coughs 20counsel, open to 29c. is not open to 30country 111couple 5, 171cousin 5covenant 44,126,165covers 146covetousness 139cow 70crab 78cracks 142,145,146cramps, muscle 20stomach c. 10abdominal c. 21crane 86cranky, is 32,130crawls 152c. up on a seal 59cr~z~ is 30crease 140created 136creek 103crime 43crimping soles 50croaks 142crooked, is 156cross, a 45crosses 133cross -eyed 149crucify 45crunches 142cries 15c. with pain 135c. fitfully 144crystal 97ice c. 106cup 56,68curtain 38cuts 20 132,140c. fish ' 62

English Index 191c. meat 51 did not 178c. self 20,137 dies 18,152,162cute, is 133 different, is 121,128ddifficult, is 122,157digs 152dipper 56damp, is 105,122 dips 147dampness 130 dipnetting, is 62dances 53,131 director 47dandruff 6 directs 47danger 125 dirt 142,156dangerous, is 151 dirty, is 122,157daring, is 28,150 disassembles 48does not d. 151 discards 133dark 160 disciple 45daughter 5 discipline 45daughte r -in -law 4 discomfort 32day 117 discouraged 26d. after tomorrow 118,119 disease 150d. before yesterday 118,119 disembarks 9,64many d. 118 dislikes 25three d. ago 118 disobeys 139deaf, is 21 disrobes 146dear one 130 distance 110debt 126 disturbed, is 25decides 158 dives 79,147decision 158 divides 131deep, is 103,121,138 divines 41defecates 17 divining rod 22,41defrauds 138 divorced 132demon 43 dizzy 20demonstrates 165 do it! 140denies 153 doctor, medical 3departs 63,132 d. witch 41,43dependable, is 30,154 does it well 154deprives 171 d. what is told 160descends 130 dog 64,71desire 144 d. collar 71desires 144,155 lead d. 135desk 48 d. pack 64despises 148 d. team 64despondent, is 26,137 d. whip 71destroyed, is 159 doll 52determined 151 donkey 70devil 43,163 door 37,38devoted, is 31 dot 162,163diaper 52 doubts 129,150changes d. 52 doughnut 56diaphragm 11 down 145diarrhea 19 d. there 113,115

192 English Indexdragon 82 echo 126drags 139 edge 104drains 20 eel 77draws 130,152,162 egg 55dream 18 egotistical, is 31dress 33 eh? 126,156dries 127 eight 123drifted away 161 eighteen 124drill 49 eighty 124drinking, is 57 elbow 8drinks 18,56,184 elder, church 47,165dripping, is 146 eleven 123drips 141 elf 42drives 60 embarks 68,134drools 145 embarrassed, is 29drops 139 emery stone 58drowns 137 empty, is 136,154drowsy, is 151 encourages 27drum 41,53 endless 45, 138drummer 53 ends 126,143,148drunk, is 30 endures 27,28,133drunkard 160 enduring, is 28,31dry, is 122 enema equipment 22duck, kinds of 84,85 enjoys 26dull, is 122 enough, is 129,148,181dumb, is 21 enters 134,137dump 134 entire 118dumps 51,148 entrance hall 38duration 110 envelope 156dust 97 envious, is 32dusty, is 97,157 epileptic, is 20dwarf 42 equipment, hunting 57error 43eerrs 140escapes 144eager 164 Eskimo 2ear 6 E. language 137e. cavity 6,13 especially 159e. pendant 33 eternal 45,138e. rings 33 even 184early, is 154,176 evening 117earth 97 every 179earthquake 97,135 everyone 2east 105,95 evil, is 31easy 122 examines 138easy, is 142 example 165eats 8,18,56,184 excess 32,142,184e. with a spoon 56 exchanges 157e. frozen food 145 excited, is 27eclipsed, is 96 over -excited 164,166

EngZish Index 193exclamations family 5warning 125 famine 139too bad 143 far 111cute 130 f. down there 114surprise 127,130 f. off 113sorrow 127,128,130 farthest over 131pain 128,130 fast, is 159disappointment 128,130 fat, is 121something goes wrong 129 father 4icky 134 faultless, is 153do it! 140 fears 29,134so it is! 173 feeds, breast 52excuse me! 154 feels 157exhorts 24,46 does not f. well 26exists 138 f. light of body 28existence 136 feces 17exits 17,128 femur 14expects 151 fetches 126expensive, is 121 fetus 12experience 135,164 fever, has 22explodes 141 few 121,175sound of e. 59 fibia 14extinguishes 142,143 field 151extremely 179 fifteen 124eye 7,137 fifty 124iris 7 fights 53,129e. cavity 7,13 fighters 158e. are closed 7 files 49closes his e. 18 fills 136opens his e. 18 fin 129eyebrow 6 finally 140,173e. ridge 7 finches 94ridge between e. 6 finds 153eyelashes 7 f. an animal track 163eyesight, keen 160 f. it out 23fine 125ffingers 8,14bones of f. 9fable 165 fingernail 9face 6 broken f. 21faces 156 finished 138,148fainted 20 fire 39faith 44,164 make f. with flint 133faithful, is 162,164 fireweed 99falling, is 139 first 172f. backward 151 f. one 120f. forward 152 f. time 178f. into 147 fish 54f. over 164 dried f. linked 62false, is 160 f. on a willow stick 62

- - - ---- - ~~~~-194 English Indexkinds of f. 82,83 forever 114parts of f. 83 forgets 141,153,155fishhook 61 forgives 45,159fishing, is 61 fork 56fornication 128fist 8fits 48,138 forsakes 159fitting, is 136,148 forty 124five 123 foundation 38fixes 136 f. of mind 134flaps 138 four 123flashlight 150 fourteen 124flatus 17 fox, kinds of 69,70flees 144,153 free, is 126,130fleshes 50 frees him 153flexible 144 freezes 103,108,144flipper 81 frequent 162fermented f. 56 fresh, is 56flint 97 friend 2,5,132float 59,155 friendly, is 26,53net f. 62 fries 51floats 155 frightens 59flooded, is 105 f. gets 161floor 37,103 frog, wood 77flour 55 from 113,114,158flower 98 front 111flows 104,156 body f. 10fly, bot 78 in f. 112egg 78 frost 106larva 78 frostbite 20fly, blow 78 frowns 137egg 79 frozen 144larva 79 fruit 100pupa 79 fuel oil 39fly, dung 78 fugitive 3fly, dragon 78 fulfill 149,160flies 63 full, is 119,136focuses 149 gets f. 162foggy, is 105 fur 33,34fold arms inside parka 145follower 45follows 146,163 gfood 55fool 140 gaff 61foolish, is 32,140 gale 105foot 9 gallops 69bones of 14 gambles 149foothill 102 garbage pail 40for 143,184 garden 151forehead 6 garment 33forest 101 gas mixed with oil 132

English Index 195gathers 139 grass 98generous, is 31 grasshopper 79gentle, is 125 grave 136gentleman, is 30 gray 123gesticulates 16 great, is 139get 173,177 greatness 47ghost 43 grebes 85,86giant 42 greedy, is 32giddy 28 green 12,123gift 125 greets 151girl 1 greeting 153g. friend 5 grime 156gives 125,126,142,163 groans 136g. gift of food 51 grosbeaks 94g. up 151 grouse 86g. up on it 159 ground - drifting 106,107glamorous 144 ground, solid 97glass, window 38 grows 98glasses 137 g. up 17glitters 144 grudge 25gloves 34 guesses 149gnat 78 guest 162,163God 44 guilty, is 153goes about 63 g. is not 153g. after 165 gulls 90g. away 63,131 gullet 8g. away because angry 25 gum 102g. beneath 130 gums 7g. to a cliff 137 gun 58g. direct 149 g. sight 149g. to excess 142 shotgun 51g. for 182 gushes 159g. home 126,128g. in order to 170g. out 142hg. over the hill 160 habit 131,135g. to get 126 habitually 169,181g. Whaling 63 hailstone 108going to, is 170 hair, head 6good, is 30,121,136,149,154 body h. 11good! 125 braids h. 33good 170,174 hall, entrance 38g., not 174 half, is 119goose, kinds of 84 half 132gospel 46 h. breed 3gossips 157 hammer 49governor 47 hand 8grace 45,148 palm of h. 8grandchild 5 handbag 34grandparents 3,4 handkerchief 139

196 EngZish Indexhandle 48,137 history 164handsome, is 137 hits 59,128hangover 149 h. with thrown obj. 147hangs 152 h. with side of fist 161h. himself 145 hole 155h. fish or f. net 62 fishing or seal h. 61,128happened 154 made a h. 155happy, is 26,146 holiness 46hard 122 hollering 57hare 76 Holy Spirit 44harlot 126 holy, is 46harness 64 home 36harpoon 58 honest, is 31has it for 170 honor 150h. to 180 honored 139hates 25 hood 33haughty, is 32 hook 58,61haunts 29,43 hooking fish 58,61have 172 hope 151,185hawks 87 hops 17hazy, is 105 horizon, bright 109he 3 h., indistinct 105head 6,13 horse 70moves h. 7,15 hospital 110lowers h. 15 hospitable, is 26raises h. 15 host 62turns h. 13,15 hot, is 122headache 20,21 hotcake 55heals 22,136 hotel 62healthy, is 22,122 hour 117,118hears 15 house 36heart 11 types of 36,37heater 39 parts of 37,38heather 99 how 143,150,158heaven 45,46,96 howls 71heavy 122 huh! 156heel 9 humble, is 31hell 46 hums 136helps 31,44,133,140 hunchbacked, is 21can't be h. 143 hungry, is 18herd, caribou 71. 72 h. satisfied 155here 111,112 hunter 57hides 7,155 hunting, is 57hidden, is 149 h. equipment 57high, is 121 hurries 164hills 102 hurt, is 25hips 10 hurts 19,177h. bone 14 husband 4h. joint 9 hush 131hisses 157 hypocrite 164

English Index 197•is not 177Iisland 103I 3 isthmus 104ice conditions 108,109 it 3rotten i. 109,131 ivory 80iceberg 109•ice cream, Eskimo 54ice crystal 106Jicicle 108 jade 97icky 134 jaegers 89,90identical 121 jaw 6,13idol 42,45 jays 92ignores 159 jealous, is 32ignorant, is 23 jellyfish 77illegitimate 5 jerkily 17,175imitate 163,178 jigging, is 61immediately 118,144,161, jigging stick 61179,183 joins 135immoral 131 joints 9immortal soul 43 jokes 147,156impatient 143 jolly, is 26inattentive 30 joyful, is 26increasing 180 judges 47,138Indian 2 judgment 47ineffectively 179 juggles 54inhabitant of 176 juice 147inherits 140 jumps 16inhospitable 27 j. down 17inland 113 see-saw j. 52innocent 153 j. across ice -pan 147insects 78 just, is 149inside 112,114,115,135 just (happened) 171insole 35inspired, is 24,155instinct 69,131instructs 149 kerchief 33insufficient, is 136 kerosene 39insulating, is 37 kettle, tea 40intends 170,176 key 38intensively 179 kicks 16quite i. 174,179 kidney 12intestines 11 kills 162edible animal i, 54 kind, is 26,31,125intoxicating beverage 160 king 44,47,68invites 126 kingdom 47invitation 126 kingfisher 91involved in 173 kisses 141iron 97 knapsackis58138,170 knee 9is in, at 175 kneecap 14k

200mosquito 78m. larva 78tiny m. (white socks) 78moss 98floating m. 155mother 4mountain 102mourns 27mouse 76mouth 7corner of 7oral cavity 13roof of 7moves 131,133m. out 27m. from place to place 152m. to another dwelling 152much, is 130much 169,172,174,175,178very m. 174,179so m. 178,182mucous 7mud 97muddy, is 138mukluk 35parts of 35murderer 3murre 87muscle 8,10,11m. cramp 20stiff m . 20mushroom 98musical instrument 54, 131musicians 131musk ox 82muskrat 76must 180myth 165nailnamesnamesakenapkinnarrow, isnationnaughty, isnear, isnearsn49130,160256121110,11132111,143142neckneedlehypodermic n.Negronephewnetn.ropeseining n.dip netn. floatn. lashingnetting fishnevernewnewnessnextniecenightninenineteenninetynipplenono onenodding, isnoisy, isnoonnoon mealnorthnorthern lightsnosen. bridgen. cavityn. grooven,; blowsn. bleedsn .; wrinkleshas a stuffy n.nostrilsnotnot verynothingnoticenownumb,nursesoarisoEngtishIndex851223561626262626261,62173120,1821201335117,11812312412410143,148,1501545316,15111757105,10696777,13771115,134197176,178179154159112,120201068,137

EngrishIndexoatmeal 55obeys 139,163 paddle 68,129obedience 46 paddles 68objective phrase marker 183 page 146obstinate, is 30 paid 126obtains 157,161,177 pain 19,20obvious, is 156 painful 20occasion for 110 paints 147occipital 6 pair 5,171ocean 55,97,104 palate 7octopus 78 pale, is 147odor 162 palm 8offended, is 125,146 pan 40offering place 43 pancake 55officer 47 panics 27offspring 69 pants 34oh my! 126 panting, is 71oil, fuel 39 paper 48oil, sea mammal 55,56 parable 130,165ointment 23 parallel, is 160old 120,169,175 parasitic plant 99omitted 147 parent 1one 123 parka 33,34one half 124 partner 4,134one hundred 124 passes 141only 171,173,181,183 p. him 63oozes 145 p. overhead 145opaque, is 138 p. each other 152open, is 129,156 passive 182opens 38,146 past 118opinionated, is 30 pastor 3,44opposes 126 patch, sole 35opposite, are 121 p. snow 107or 148 path 140order 43 patient, is 31orders 47,143 paws 71originates 137 peace 46,129,163orphan 2 p. is at 26osprey 87 peaceable, is 26other 133 peaceful, is 31,163on the o. side 113 peg 36otter 77 pen 147outside 112,114 pencil 48,147Ouzel, water 93 penis 12oven 39 people 1over there 113,114 pepper 55OWing, is 126 perfect, is 148owls 90,91 perfume 162owns 172 perhaps 178persecute 148p201

202perserverespersonpretty p.little p.white p.personalityphalaropespickaxepicks berriespicks uppi ctur epigpillpillarpillowpilot, ship'sp. breadpincushionpinchespipit, waterpitchespitiespityplacep. forp. ofplacesplacing, isplaneplansplantplantsplayspleasant, ispleasesplentypliersploversplowspluckspocketpointpointspoke, seal skinpokespoking stickpolepoor,poorpoorlyis282304224389491001641,125702237,1324068555116926814845110,18511017213511049,501589815152,53,178185138129,130,1314988156513310316,161156162162132,133148175185EnglishIndexporcupine 76post 37,132pot 40chamber p. 40potato, Eskimo 99potential 172,185pours 51,141power 47p., shaman's 41practices 135praised 146praises 25,26,150prayer 44,46prays 44,137preaches 24,46,145precedes 132precious, is 25,.121pregnant, is 17,162prejudiced, is 25presence 136president 44pretends 52,178pretty, is 30,1'21pricks 139pride 139prison 161probably 178proceed 140proceeds 169procures 60promise 44,126,165promises 126,165propeller 129proper, is 31prophet 43,46protects 162proud 31provokes 25prowler 42ptarmigan 86puberty 17puddle 103puffin, common 87pulls 64,71,142,152p. out a net 61p. a boat 68punishment 128puppy 71pure, is 46,122purity 46

English Index 203pursues 155 redeems 157,161pushes 64,132 reflexive action 181pussy willow 101 regrets 27puts away 162 reigns 47puts in 135 reindeer 70puts on 34,130 rejecting, is 132puzzle 138 rejects 132,148relates 46,164q relative 134relatives 3quacks 142 remains 151quakes 135 remarks 165questions 129 remembers 24,138question marker 158 remorseful, is 152quickly 144,184 removes 153quiet, is 16,26 repentance 46quill 76 repents 46,148quits 126,143 repetitive 171quivers 165 reported 170r , of a gun 59r reproves 46reptile 82rabbit 76 resin 102,156r , drive 60 resoles 35race 53 respect 31radius 14 respects 29rainbow 96 responds negatively 134rain gear 34 rests 144,149raining, is 105 takes a r. 154raises' 138,152 r. firmly on 163rake 141 resurrect 42ransomed 46 resuscitate 42,128raven 92 returns 63,158,165raw, is 56 reunion 160reaches 16 revealed, is 24fails to r. 136 reveals 157beyond r. 132 revenges 126reads 48,160 revitalized 158ready, is 138,140 revived 42,128real 179 reward 126realizes 23 rhubarb, wild 99rebuked 136 ribs 14receives 127,181 boiled r. 54receptive, is 29 ridge 102recognizes 23 rifle 58r , can't 143 right side 111recover 22 right, is 136,148,149red 123 rings 44,127red stone 97 rip 127redeemed 46 ripped, is 33

204 English Indexrise 102 satisfied, is 126,143rises 152 saves 44,128river 103 Savior 44r. bank 102 saw, kinds of 49,50ri vulet 103 says 16,164robs 138 scalpel 23rolling, is 127 scallop 77roof 37,96 scans 59room 110 scar 20root 99,101 s. from burn 22rope 58 scatters 157rotten, is 131 scissors 51rough 142 scolds 24roughly 175 scratches 141,144round, is 122 screams 24,135,151rounds 133 seal 150rowboat 68 seal, kinds of 81rows 68 seal oil 22rubs 49 rubs with s. 23r. with seal oil 23 searches 138,153r. to make pliable 50 seaweed 98ruff, fur 33 second 118,183ruler 49 secret, is 149rules 47 secure, is 164rumble 139 seductive 144runs 16,127 sees 15rushes 159 seigning, is 62rust 142 selected 172sell 163self-asserting, is 31Ssend 176Sabbath 45,47 sends 161,163sacrifice 43,163 senile, is 20sad, is 26,137 separated, is 132saddened, is 144 servant 141safe, is 128,164 serves 157s. is not 155 sets 96said 170 s. out 151sail 64 s. a straight course 158sails 64 s. of mind 134saliva 8 settled 163salt 55,97,104 seven 123salvation 44 seventeen 124same 130 seventy 124sad 97 severs 140sandal 35 sews 51sandbar 103,162 shakes 165sanderlings 88,89 s. hands 135sandpipers- 88 shallow, is 103Satan 43 shaman 41,43

EngLishIndexsharessharp, isshavessheshedsheepshelfshellsheltered, isshieldsshinesshining, isshiny, isshipshirtshootsshoreshort, isshotgunshouldshoulders. bladeshoutsshovelshovelsshrewshrikeshrimpshy, issiblingsick, issidesights insignsinewarm s.twists s.singsstarts to s.sinkssinsinnersinssistersister-in-lawsits, humansits, animalsixsixteensixty1311226338703853,58128,16416296,140,14410412268335910412158180101424,132,1334949,15277937829,53519,21,150101492335,5185115,54,13112779,14143,4543324,5416,3871123124124size, itssketchesskilled, isskin, animals. boats. pants, bootsbear s. doorstretches s. on framebleached seal s.skin, humanskin scraperskinnedskinsskirtskull caps ., headskyskylightslapssledsledsparts of s.sleeping bagsleepsgoes to s.s. on back in waters .; talking ins. walkingsleepy,sleetsleeveslidess. downslingslipsslopesloppyslow, isissly, issmall, issmellss. bads , strong,smilessmokes. filledsmooth,issnack timesnakesnarefoul205127130157606133437501491149,5019,2060,13434613963816,76646465,6658181879,1441818181073353158531451031531593212015,149,18112714616,13339138142577760

206snaring, issnatchessneezessnipessnoressnowsnow-block sheltersnowdriftsnowflakesnowing, issnowshoessoapsockssod, blocksod housesoftsoiled, issoldiersole of bootsole of footsole patchsolid, issomesometimesonson -in -lawsongmagic-working s ,soonsootsore, issorrowsouls. deceasedsoundsoundssoupsour docksour grasssouthsparrowsspeaksspearparts ofspearsspiderspinespine tinglingspinsterspirit6012515,218818106,1073610710610664413438,9836122,14415612934935163135118,12054131411853919274342159,18416549999106948,16458,13258151791327243,44,134bad s.conjuring s.evil s.s. governorhaunting s.helping s.Spirit, HolyEngZishspit, roastingspitssplashsplintersplitsspoonlittle s.spotspreadsspringspurtssquaresquatssqueezessquirrelsstabsstaffstaggersstainstairsstakestalksstandsstarstartless. awake while dozings. an animalstartsstarving, isstatestayss. behinds. overnights. up latesteadfast, issteady, isstealsstemstepfatherstepsonstepss. intos. forwardIndex444143,1634143434451814719145,146562214715711915912214659761395816514738,147365916,144,145961631859169139175,177,181138,148,15115316215330165161983338, 129147156

EnglishIndexs. on 163s. up 127stern 9,111stern, is 27stick 36poking s. 162walking s. 58,132sticks up 150sticky, is 152stiff, is 21gets s. 18s. muscle 20stingy, is 32,133stinker 79stinks 162stirs 54stitch 51stomach 11,135s. ache 10s. cramps 10s. growls 18s. sour 21stone 97stool 17stops 126,143,152,182storage place 38storming, is 106stove 39story 165story, true 145,164straightens 149straight, is 157s. course 158stranger 3,62stretcher 48stretches skin 50stretches 160,161strikes 129string figures 132stroll 155strong, is 22, 122, 157,158stubborn, is 30,31stuck, is 139stuffy, is 138stumbles 152,156eubtr acting , is 124sucks 164sUddenly 160suffers 27,133SUffering 148suffocatessugarsuicidesuitcasesulfursummersunSundaysuperlativesuppersupplied, issure, issurfacessurgerysurplussurprisedsuspectsuspectsswallowsswallows (birds)swampgrassswansweatssweepssweet, isswellingswims, humanswims, sea mammalswingttabletabootacktailbonetaketakest. care oft. noticet. offt . one's picturet. a resttalkseasy to t. tot. bad languagetangletangled, istanstanning processtastes20713754,132145134146119,13196,104451835717328,1507923158146135475791988417,20511212153,1567952,534042491317616,1601481596312615415,1642916413564505056

208 English Indextattoo, chin 6 thirsty, is 18t. facial 33 thirteen 124tea 55 thirty 124t. pot, kettle 40 this one 115Hudson Is Bay tea 99 this one around here 116teacher 3 this way 136teaches 23 thorn in his flesh 21tear 127 those 116,117tears 7 though 169tells 140,145,164 thread 35,51,128tempers 128 threatened, is 136temporal bone 13 threatening, is 24temptation 128 three 123tempted, is 134 throat 8tempts 155 clears t. 16ten 123 sore t. 19,31tendon 11 throbbing, is 21tense, is 28 through 172tent 36 throws 133t. peg 36 thrushes 92frame for t. 36 thunder 97terrible, is 161 thus 136tests 149,165 tibia 14testicles 12 tickles 145thanks 26 ties 71,144thank you 146 t. up 155thankful 146 time 110that one 116,117 t. for 110that is all 161 t. to 57that is right 161 tingles 27that way 136 tiny, is 165then 114,161 tired, is 18,136,147,154t., remote time 118 tired of 177there 112 to 176there is 114 today 118thermometer 22,104 toes 9,14these 115,116 together 122,131,154,172they 3,126 t. with 134,172thick, is 121 toilet 40thigh 9,11 t. paper 40thimble 51 told 161thin, is 121 tomorrow 117thing 159 tongue 8things washed ashore 161 tonight 118things, sent 163 too 179,185think 176,181 took 140thinks 23 tool 49t. he knows everything 31 beating t. 128thought to be 176 carving t. 49thinking 169 t. handle 137

Eng~ishIndext. kit 49 t. to learn 135opening t. 38 t. to shoot 59piercing t , 49 keeps t. 151tooth 7,13 always t. to do 154t. ache 20 tundra 103pulls a t. 20 turn on 129picks t , 56 t. his back to 10tooth brush 41 t. head 13toothpick 56 t , over, off 46,142,143,148top, on 111 tussock 98topples 164 twelve 123tore 159 twenty 124torn, is 33 two 123t. is not 127 twisted, is 144touches 16,127,157,161 types 48t. bottom 163 typewriter 48towards 115 typist 48t. each other 131t. over there 113 Utows 142toy 52 ugly, is 31,121,137track 69 ulna 14tracking, is 59 umbilicus 10trades 126 u. cord 11trail 63,69 umiak 67,68t. snack 57 parts of 67tragic, is 158 unable 173translates 148 uncertain, is 150,180translucent 143 uncle 4trap 60 unclean 157t. entrance 60 undecided, is 29trapping, is 60 under 111traveller 3,62 undercut, is 134travels 62,63,133 understands 23t. down river 63,115 u. not 23t. up river 63 underwear 33t. by umiak 68 unenjoyable 27treasure 159 unfriendly, is 27treats him 43 unloads 9,64,68trees 101,102,150 unpredictable, is 150parts of 101 unravel129 .trial 164 unwise, is 32trim, parka 34 uppermost 120trouble 32 upright 150troubled, is 32 upriver 112,113,114true 135 upset, gets 162truth 135 up there 113trusts 163 up to 125try 177,180 urine 17tries 165 urinates 17209

210 English Indexus 3 wary, is 69useful, is 121 washes ashore 162uses 131,184 washes 51u. up 152 wasp 79useless 177 watches 15,148uttermost 174 w. critically 149uvula 8 water 56,103Vcalm w. 104rough w. 104valley 103 waterfall 145veers away 32,142 wave 104vein 11 waxwing 93ventilator 7,38 way, in the 132vertebra 13 we 3very 169,175,178 weak 122,158not v. 179 wealth 159village 110 weapons 57visiting, is 136 wears 130visits 137 weasel 77v. house to house 158 weather 104visitor 3,62 is good w. 30,104voice 16 w. conditions 104,105,106vole 76 webbing, harness 64vomits 20 w. snowshoe 64vulva 12 weeps 7welcomes 153W well 174west 106wades 137 wet, is 122wage 126 w. from dew 105wagtail, yellow 92 whales 80waist 10 parts of 81waits 59,160,165 w. skin with blubber 55w. a minute 125 killed a w. 79wakes up 18 whaler 68walks 16,155 whaling 59,63wall 37 what 126,143,158walrus 80 when 114,142edible w. skin 55 where 150,151,158fermented w. meat 55 while 118,183wants 153,155,172,182,183 whines 71, 136war 129 whip 71warblers 93 whips 137warm, is 104 whirlwind 106,163w. himself 153 whistles 142,157warns 140 whispers 16warning 140 white 122war party 158 w. person 2warped, is 144 w. out 105wart 21 who 140

EnglishIndexwhosewhywide, iswidowwidowerwifewillwillowwindwindsw. blows fromw. dies downwindy, iswindbreakwindowwindpipewinewingwinkswinswinterthis w.w. before lastwipeswise, isunwise,wisecrackswithwitherediswithout, iswolfwolverinewomanpretty w.woodblock ofgreen w.charred w.dry, dead w.woodpeckerswoolwordworksw. forw. hardw. on, atworkerwormworryworthless,is140158121224170,176,185101105105,10611314310537388147138155311911811812723,3132165172,1842017169771303910111,39,101391019114546,16447,157140157173307720,27121wouldwrapperwrapswrestleswrinkleswristwriteswrong,isnoseyyawnsyearyearns to followyeastyellowyellsyelpsyesyesterdayyou21117615615615915,13484813618118,1191505412313371125,1331183