Oil for Life to Balance omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ... - Oil4Life

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CONTENTS SUMMARY............................................................................................................................6 1.DEFINITION, NOMENCLATURE AND METABOLISM OF OMEGA-3 LCPUFA……………………………………………………………………………………13 2. DIETARY SOURCES .....................................................................................................14 3. CELL MEMBRANE COMPOSITION AND FUNCTION..........................................15 3.1 Lipids................................................................................................................................17 4. FUNCTION OF PUFA IN CELL MEMBRANE PHOSPHOLIPIDS......................... 19 4.1 Biosynthesis .................................................................................................................. 19 5. BIOMARKERS OF OMEGA-3 FATTY ACID NUTRITIONAL STATUS .............. 21 6.OMEGA-6/OMEGA-3 PUFA BALANCE AND CHRONIC DISEASES .................... 22 6.1. Smoking, hormonal contraception, pregnancy and premenstrual syndrome ............... 22 6.2. Coronary heart disease ................................................................................................. 23 6.3. Hypertension ................................................................................................................ 24 6.4 Diabetes........................................................................................................................ 24 6.5. Atopic eczema and psoriasis ........................................................................................ 24 6.6. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) ........................................................................................... 25 6.7 Noreulogical diseases – alzheimer dementia, depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and schizophrenia ............................................................ 25 7. OLIVE OIL ....................................................................................................................... 26 7.1 Digestion and absorption of olive oil triglycerides ....................................................... 27 7.2 Use of Olive Oil for Secondary Prevention of Atherosclerosis .................................... 27 7.3 Biological and nutritional value of olive oil ................................................................. 28 7.4 Minor components of olive oil ...................................................................................... 28 7.5 Protective effects of secoiridoids, oleuropein and phenols in olive oil on protection against LDL oxidation ........................................................................................................ 29 8. CLINICAL STUDIES AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MILAN – THE DEVELOPMENT OF OIL4LIFE BALANCE: ................................................................. 30 8.1 The blood AA/EPA ratio. ............................................................................................. 30 8.2 Mood and brain wellness .............................................................................................. 31 8.3 ADHD in children and depression in elderly ................................................................ 33 9.CONCLUSIONS ................................................................................................................ 35 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................... 36 5
SUMMARY 1. Olive oil - a strong antioxidant defence built into Oil4Life Balance Excessive and / or inappropriate oxidative and closely related inflammatory stressors are profoundly involved in tissue damage, the ageing process and most of the chronic degenerative diseases such as Heart disease, Stroke, Cancer and Alzheimer. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory defence systems are required to maintain health, but the modern diet has increased our exposure to oxidative and inflammatory components, and simultaneously reduced the integrity and functionality of our defences against these stressors. Our body needs to have a strong anti-inflammatory / antioxidant defence system - in the same way as it needs a strong immune system. The main defence against free radical attack are antioxidant enzymes and antioxidant nutrients. Free radicals generated in cigarette smoke are known to deplete antioxidants, a mechanism by which cigarette smoking will promote vascular disease. Many plant foods contain antioxidants that survive cooking in a bio available form and are absorbed by the body. The olive fruit, being an important part of the Mediterranean diet, is a plant that has the potential of being a part of a strong antioxidant defences. The olive fruit contain a large amount of “vegetation water” with polyhydroxy compounds and phenol derivatives present as glycoconjugates.These amphiphilic molecules are distributed between the organic and aqueous phases as the oil is processed from the pericarp of the olive fruit. In the oil phase these components protect virgin olive oil against oxidation. Secoiridoids are a class of compounds found only in virgin olive oil that are strong antioxidants. One important molecule in this family is oleuropein, a bitter-tasting glycoside. Upon enzymatic hydrolysis oleuropein loses its saccharide component and becomes soluble in the oil. Further hydrolysis converts it into p-hydroxyphenyl ethanol and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl ethanol. The mixture of these polar minor components works synergistic in their antioxidant defence, and constitute the antioxidante defence built into a product developed for the Itogha group, Oil4Life Balance. Olive oil has a very high digestibility in humans. The described biphenols are absorbed and enter exclusively into lipoproteins containing cholesterol, protecting the lipoproteins from oxidation. Oxidized lipoproteins, particularly LDL cholesterol, play a fundamental role in the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis leading to heart attack and stroke. The oxysterol components of oxidized LDL cholesterol are known to cause many harmful actions to cell life. Except for the antioxidant properties only a few investigations have been made on the nutritional functions of the minor components of olive oil. Olive oil contains many minor components like hydrocarbons, fatty acid esters, monohydroxy and dihydroxy triterpenes, sterols (β-sitosterol) and hydroxy triterpenic acids. These components shows bioactive functions like hypocholesterolemic activity (β-sitosterol), healing and anti-inflammatory activities (triterpenic acids), choleretic activity (caffeic and gallic acid) and anti catecholamin O-methyl transferase activity. 2. Polyunsaturated fat are essential in the diet – omega-3 and omega-6 The polyunsaturated fatty acid linoleic acid (LA; 18:2, omega-6) and α-linolenic acid (ALA; 18:3, omega-3) are essential to the human diet. Neither is synthesized endogenously and the omega-3/omega-6 families cannot be interconverted. The biosynthetic pathways of both the omega-3 and the omega-6 families share an enzyme called Δ-6-desaturase. This enzyme has a preference for AL, and is together with elongases responsible for the conversion of ALA to 6
Page 1 and 2: Oil for Life to Balance omega-3 pol
Page 3 and 4: omega-3 has been associated with in
Page 5: 10 kg/day of EPA+DHA 2:1 as in Oil4
Page 9 and 10: In the fluid membranes the componen
Page 11 and 12: acid incorporated into cell membran
Page 13 and 14: Supplementation with omega-3 were l
Page 15 and 16: 18:3 ω-3 ALA 18:2 ω-6 LA Δ6-desa
Page 17 and 18: Figure 3: The cell membrane. The ce
Page 19 and 20: In animal cells cholesterol is norm
Page 21 and 22: Figure 5: The three groups of eicos
Page 23 and 24: and men, respectively (London S.J.
Page 25 and 26: 6.3. Hypertension Different mechani
Page 27 and 28: function in the dopaminergic synaps
Page 29 and 30: oil to olive oil in arteriopathic p
Page 31 and 32: 8. CLINICAL STUDIES AT THE UNIVERSI
Page 33 and 34: effects were found also in our expe
Page 35 and 36: In the 1994 Diagnostic and Statisti
Page 37 and 38: REFERENCES � Adams P.B., Sinclair
Page 39 and 40: � Byers T., Gieseker K.(1997) Iss
Page 41 and 42: consumption and questionnaire data
Page 43 and 44: � Leitzmann M.F., Stampfer M.J.,
Page 45 and 46: anxiety. Journal of the American Ac
Page 47 and 48: � Thapar A., O’Donovan M., Owen
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Oil for Life to Balance omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ... - Oil4Life

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