Oil for Life to Balance omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ... - Oil4Life

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20 16 12 8 4 0 Healthy without omega-3 Healthy with omega-3 ** Pathological without omega-3 AA/EPA omega-6/omega-3 ** ** ** ## ## ## ## Pathological with omega-3 Patients with allergic, skin and neurodegenerative diseases had higher values of AA/EPA ratio as compared to other pathological subjects, with an unbalance of fatty acid composition Finally our results show that a significant correlation exists between the values in the whole blood and the value in RBC membranes demonstrating the reliability of our method (Fig. 7). AA/EPA in whole blood 49 42 35 28 21 14 7 0 R2 = 0,8675 0 20 40 60 80 100 AA/EPA in RBC membrane phospholipids The data obtained suggest that particular attention have to be paid in clinical trials considering AA/EPA and n-6/n-3 ratios as a biomarker due to the differences found according to age. 8.2 Mood and brain wellness (Fontani et al 2005) Following a diet without immoderate food intake is commonly considered a valid way to reduce health risks and improve the quality of life. In addition, diets with or without certain components are necessary in some pathological situations or are used to maintain particular physical conditions (De Lopregeril M. et al., 1999). With increasing knowledge over the years, several diets have been proposed to face specific problems. One current problem is obesity and the control of body weight, which is influenced not only by the quality and quantity of food intake but also by hormonal, metabolic and genetic factors that link obesity to cardiovascular, inflammatory and endocrine diseases. Therefore, the beneficial effects of a controlled diet also in healthy subjects who have never followed any particular and specific nutritional regiment can be expected. Such beneficial 31
effects were found also in our experiments, involving healthy subjects performing daily physical activities. However, it is interesting to note how different dietary approaches can have different effects on biological parameters and on the well-being of a subject. In our case, the two diets had very different percentages of carbohydrate and protein: 55% carbohydrate and 15% protein in the N diet vs 40% carbohydrate and 30% protein in the Z diet. The fat percentage was equal and accounted for 30% of the total calories. The reduced carbohydrate and increased protein concentration are believed to have beneficial effects on type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and obesity, thus reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases (Barvata D.M. et al., 2003, Deprès J.P. et al., 1996, Pereira M.A. et al., 2004); however this opinion has been criticized by authors who fear the risk of ketone bodies accumulation in low-carbohydrate diets (Baravata D.M. et al., 2003). Other authors consider this diet of little use in endurance athletes because of its low carbohydrate content and point out the relative lack of scientific evidence in favour of the proposed diets (Baravata D.M. et al., 2003, Cheuvront S.N., 1999, Cheuvront N.S., 2003). Nevertheless, recent papers have provided some supporting evidence for the use of the hypoglycaemic diet. For example, a post-prandial reduction of glycaemia has been found in patients with type 2 diabetes following this type of diet, with no effects on kidney function (Gannon M.C. et al., 2003). This diet also results in the reduction of hunger, insulin resistance and in lower body weight, along with an increased adipose tissue metabolism and a better glycemic control (Layman D.K. et al., 2003, Layman D.K. et al., 2003, Sears B., 2002, Dumesnil J.G. et al., 2001, Sears B., 1995, Sears B., 2002, Pereira M.A. et al., 2004). Increased blood levels of GH and IGF-1 have also been described in subjects on low-carbohydrate diets and this effect is accompanied by a lower triglyceride level (Nuttal F.Q. et al., 2003). On the other hand, it has been reported that a high dietary glycemic load from refined carbohydrates increases the risk of coronary heart diseases (Liu S. et al., 2002, Ludwig D.S. 2002, Lamarche B. et al., 1998). The n-3 fatty acids have similar effects on lipid metabolism of a low glycemic index diet. In fact they reduce triglycerides, have anti-inflammatory effects, reduce the insulin response to glucose, and reduce the risk of cardiovascular diseases and cancer (Donaldson M.S., 2004, Saldeen P. et al., 2004, Jho D.H. et al., 2004, Larsson S.C. et al., 2004, Lopez Mata P. et al., 2003, Nordoy A., 2002, Leitzmann M.F. et al., 2004, Holness M.J. et al., 2003, Jayasooriya A.P. et al., 2004). The effects of n-3 fatty acids are improved by aerobic exercise (Thomas T.R. et al., 2000, Warner J.G. et al., 1989), which is also advisable for subjects whit diet involving an high protein intake (Lemon P.W.R., 2000). The results we obtained indicate that the diet can induce variations in some parameters like cholesterol, tryglicerides and Trg/HDL, but the low glycemic diet has a greater effect and its efficacy is increased by n-3 supplementation. An important example of the changes we found is the AA/EPA ratio; is influenced more strongly by the low glycemic diet and is greatly decreased by the addition of n-3. The AA/EPA ratio is considered a predictor of health status, as well as an index of wellbeing (Sears B., 2002, Mathers C.D. et al., 2001). The relationship between AA/EPA and Trg/HDL observed in the above experiment confirms the importance ascribed to the latter parameter in the prevention of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease (Boizel R. et al., 2000). Moreover, there are similar relationships between AA/EPA and the homocysteine and insulin levels. These relationships are on line with the dietary recommendations for patients with type 2 diabetes (Neff L.M., 2003, Steyn N.P. et al., 2004) and for the control of body weight (Johnston C.S. et al., 2002, Markovich T.P. et al., 1998). The latter aspect is particularly evident in the reported experiment, as there was a reduction of body fat in subjects on the Z diet. These subjects (like all the others tested) were healthy individuals without any apparent pathological condition and regularly performing physical activity. The diet used with n-3 supplementation seems to increase what can be appointed as well being. 32
Page 1 and 2: Oil for Life to Balance omega-3 pol
Page 3 and 4: omega-3 has been associated with in
Page 5 and 6: 10 kg/day of EPA+DHA 2:1 as in Oil4
Page 7 and 8: SUMMARY 1. Olive oil - a strong ant
Page 9 and 10: In the fluid membranes the componen
Page 11 and 12: acid incorporated into cell membran
Page 13 and 14: Supplementation with omega-3 were l
Page 15 and 16: 18:3 ω-3 ALA 18:2 ω-6 LA Δ6-desa
Page 17 and 18: Figure 3: The cell membrane. The ce
Page 19 and 20: In animal cells cholesterol is norm
Page 21 and 22: Figure 5: The three groups of eicos
Page 23 and 24: and men, respectively (London S.J.
Page 25 and 26: 6.3. Hypertension Different mechani
Page 27 and 28: function in the dopaminergic synaps
Page 29 and 30: oil to olive oil in arteriopathic p
Page 31: 8. CLINICAL STUDIES AT THE UNIVERSI
Page 35 and 36: In the 1994 Diagnostic and Statisti
Page 37 and 38: REFERENCES � Adams P.B., Sinclair
Page 39 and 40: � Byers T., Gieseker K.(1997) Iss
Page 41 and 42: consumption and questionnaire data
Page 43 and 44: � Leitzmann M.F., Stampfer M.J.,
Page 45 and 46: anxiety. Journal of the American Ac
Page 47 and 48: � Thapar A., O’Donovan M., Owen
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