Oil for Life to Balance omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ... - Oil4Life

Recommendations

Info

consumption will have very different effects on the cell membrane FA profiles and prostanoid production (Innis S.M. et al., 1995). Table 1. The total lipid and omega-3 fatty content of 14 edible fish that are widely available in the United States. From Simopouls A., 1991. In addition to fish and fish oils, soybean and canola (low erucic acid rapeseed) oils may provide a significant source of dietary n-3 FA in the form ALA (Hunter G.E., 1990), the major FA in chloroplast lipids. In North American diets, the principal food sources of ALA are salad, cooking oils and salad dressing products. The per capita intake in the United States has been estimated to be 16–20 g/day for men and 12 g/day for women (Kim W.W. et al., 1984). The changes in the FA content of the typical human diet that have occurred over time since the Paleolithic period were discussed by Simopoulos A. (1991). She pointed out that the early diet contained small, but approximately equal, amounts of n-6 and n-3 FAs, whereas the modern Western diet contains a relative excess of n-6 FA. It is this imbalance of n-6 FA to n-3 FA that some investigators have associated with increased risks for both cardiovascular disease and some cancers, including carcinoma of the breast. While this aspect of nutritional cancer epidemiology will be discussed in detail below, one instructive example may be mentioned at this point: the increased breast cancer risk in Japanese women, which has taken place over the past four decades and which correlates with imbalance of dietary n-3:n-6 FA ratio with a significant decrease of the ratio itself (Rose D.P., 1997a). 3.CELL MEMBRANE COMPOSITION AND FUNCTION The cell membrane (Fig.3) is a semipermeable lipid bilayer found in all cells. It contains a wide variety of biological molecules, primarily proteins and lipids, which are involved in a vast array of cellular processes, and also serves as the attachment point for both the intracellular cytoskeleton and, if present, the cell wall. 15
Figure 3: The cell membrane. The cell membrane surrounds the cytoplasm of a cell and, in animal, physically separates the intracellular components from the extracellular environment, thereby serving a function similar to that of the skin. The cell membrane also plays a role in anchoring the cytoskeleton to provide shape to the cell, and in attaching to the extracellular matrix to help group cells together in the formation of tissues. The barrier is selectively permeable and able to regulate the entry and the exit of material from the cell, thus facilitating the transport of molecules needed for cell survival. The movement of substances across the membrane can be either passive, occurring without the input of cellular energy, or active, requiring the cell to spend energy in moving it. The membrane also maintains the cell potential. Specific proteins embedded in the cell membrane can act as molecular signals that allow cells to communicate with each other. These receptors are found ubiquitously and their function is to receive signals from both the environment and other cells. These signals are transduced into a form that the cell can use to carry out a response. Other proteins on the surface of the cell membrane serve as "markers" that identify a cell to other cells. The interaction of these markers with their respective receptors forms the basis of cell-cell interaction in the immune system. The cell membrane consists of a thin layer of amphipathic lipids which spontaneously arrange so that the hydrophobic "tail" regions are shielded from the surrounding polar fluid, causing the more hydrophilic "head" regions to associate with the cytosolic and extracellular faces of the resulting bilayer. The arrangement of hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails in the lipid bilayer prevents hydrophilic solutes from passively diffusing across the band of hydrophobic tail groups, allowing the cell to control the movement of these substances via transmembrane protein complexes such as pores and gates. According to the fluid mosaic model of Singer and Nicolson, the biological membranes can be considered as a two-dimensional liquid where all lipid and protein molecules diffuse more or less freely. This picture may be valid in the space scale of 10 nm. However, the plasma membranes contain different structures or domains that can be classified as (a) proteinprotein complexes; (b) lipid rafts, (c) pickets and fences formed by the actin-based cytoskeleton; and (d) large stable structures, such as synapses or desmosomes. 16
Page 1 and 2: Oil for Life to Balance omega-3 pol
Page 3 and 4: omega-3 has been associated with in
Page 5 and 6: 10 kg/day of EPA+DHA 2:1 as in Oil4
Page 7 and 8: SUMMARY 1. Olive oil - a strong ant
Page 9 and 10: In the fluid membranes the componen
Page 11 and 12: acid incorporated into cell membran
Page 13 and 14: Supplementation with omega-3 were l
Page 15: 18:3 ω-3 ALA 18:2 ω-6 LA Δ6-desa
Page 19 and 20: In animal cells cholesterol is norm
Page 21 and 22: Figure 5: The three groups of eicos
Page 23 and 24: and men, respectively (London S.J.
Page 25 and 26: 6.3. Hypertension Different mechani
Page 27 and 28: function in the dopaminergic synaps
Page 29 and 30: oil to olive oil in arteriopathic p
Page 31 and 32: 8. CLINICAL STUDIES AT THE UNIVERSI
Page 33 and 34: effects were found also in our expe
Page 35 and 36: In the 1994 Diagnostic and Statisti
Page 37 and 38: REFERENCES � Adams P.B., Sinclair
Page 39 and 40: � Byers T., Gieseker K.(1997) Iss
Page 41 and 42: consumption and questionnaire data
Page 43 and 44: � Leitzmann M.F., Stampfer M.J.,
Page 45 and 46: anxiety. Journal of the American Ac
Page 47 and 48: � Thapar A., O’Donovan M., Owen
Page 49: www.itogha.com www.oil4life.uk.co A

Oil for Life to Balance omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids ... - Oil4Life

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?