The Physics of Spallation Processes

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ivCONTENTS4.4.2 Coulomb Barriers for charged particle emission and feedback onneutrons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464.4.3 Equilibration time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 484.5 Particular decay modes of hot nuclei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494.5.1 Fission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494.5.2 Vaporization and multifragmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535 Why nuclear physics experiments? 575.1 Application driven motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575.2 Astrophysics driven motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585.3 Nuclear physics driven motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596 Experiments 636.1 The COoler SYnchrotron COSY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636.2 The NESSI experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 656.2.1 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65Experiments at LEAR, PS (CERN) and COSY (FZJ) . . . . . . . . 666.2.2 Experimental setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67The 4π sr neutron-detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68Efficiency of the BNB-Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70Additional neutrons produced in the scintillator liquid . . . . . . . 71The 4π sr Silicon-Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74Efficiency of the Si-Detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756.2.3 Corrections on the data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 756.2.4 Trigger conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75The Targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 766.2.5 Plan of anticipated research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776.3 The PISA experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776.3.1 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 776.3.2 Experimental setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78The channelplate detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79The Bragg curve detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80The phoswich detectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826.4 The JESSICA experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826.4.1 Objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826.4.2 Advanced moderators at JESSICA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836.4.3 Experimental setup and method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 867 Results and comparison with theory 897.1 Results NESSI Experiment/Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897.1.1 Thick targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90The light signal of the BNB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90Reaction cross section and hadronic interaction length . . . . . . . 90Neutron multiplicities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92Mean neutron multiplicities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
CONTENTSvNeutron multiplicity distributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93The economy of neutron production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99Neutron production by π, K, p, p, d projectiles . . . . . . . . . . . . 100The GCCI level density and the MPM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103Coulomb barriers in thick targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1047.1.2 Thin targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106Thermal excitation energy E ∗ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106Neutron multiplicity M n -distributions for thin targets . . . . . . . . 115Particle production cross sections σ n , σ H and σ He for thin targets . 116Composite Particle Emission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119Fission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123Vaporization and Multifragmentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1277.1.3 Conclusion NESSI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1307.2 Results PISA Experiment/Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1327.3 Data Library of H- and He in p-induced reactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1377.4 Results JESSICA Experiment/Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1378 Conclusion 142References 146
Page 1 and 2: The Physics of Spallation Processes
Page 3 and 4: AbstractA recent renascence of inte
Page 5: Contents1 Introduction 12 Research
Page 9 and 10: 2 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTIONThe emphas
Page 11 and 12: 4 CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTIONinverse ki
Page 13 and 14: 6 CHAPTER 2. RESEARCH WITH NEUTRONS
Page 15 and 16: 8 CHAPTER 2. RESEARCH WITH NEUTRONS
Page 17 and 18: 10 CHAPTER 2. RESEARCH WITH NEUTRON
Page 37 and 38: Chapter 3Neutron productionNeutrons
Page 39 and 40: 32 CHAPTER 3. NEUTRON PRODUCTIONthe
Page 41 and 42: 34 CHAPTER 3. NEUTRON PRODUCTIONrad
Page 43 and 44: 36 CHAPTER 4. THEORY/MODELStype par
Page 45 and 46: 38 CHAPTER 4. THEORY/MODELSFor inci
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Page 49 and 50: 42 CHAPTER 4. THEORY/MODELSSpallati
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50 CHAPTER 4. THEORY/MODELSFigure 4
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52 CHAPTER 4. THEORY/MODELSenergy F
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54 CHAPTER 4. THEORY/MODELSformed b
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56 CHAPTER 4. THEORY/MODELSFinally
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58 CHAPTER 5. WHY NUCLEAR PHYSICS E
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64 CHAPTER 6. EXPERIMENTSduring the
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68 CHAPTER 6. EXPERIMENTSplastic sc
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70 CHAPTER 6. EXPERIMENTSevents and
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88 CHAPTER 6. EXPERIMENTSFigure 6.1
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Chapter 8ConclusionThe studies perf
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144 CHAPTER 8. CONCLUSIONthe incide
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Bibliography[Aba01] A. Abanades et
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148 BIBLIOGRAPHY[Bau86] W. Bauer et
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150 BIBLIOGRAPHY[Bow91] D.R. Bowman
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152 BIBLIOGRAPHY[Col68] W.A. Colema
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154 BIBLIOGRAPHY[ENEA01] A European
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156 BIBLIOGRAPHY[Fil01] D. Filges,
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158 BIBLIOGRAPHY[Gol99b] F. Goldenb
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160 BIBLIOGRAPHY[Her01] C.M. Herbac
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162 BIBLIOGRAPHY[Hud76] J. Hudis an
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164 BIBLIOGRAPHY[Jef02] JEF-3.0, R.
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166 BIBLIOGRAPHY[Lip94] V. Lips et
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168 BIBLIOGRAPHY[Mye67] W.D. Myers
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170 BIBLIOGRAPHY[Poc95] J. Pochodza
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172 BIBLIOGRAPHY[Sch96] W. Schmid,
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174 BIBLIOGRAPHY[Vio85] V.E.Viola e
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Author: Frank Goldenbaum currently
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