rof{u Lt - Lotus Research Center

sfo{kqrof{uLtRjldMo1dfg klt jh|frfo{-lj= ;+= !((& ; hGd h"Dx efh' o1dfg jh|frfo{h' e"ld;'wf/ clwsf/L, e"ld;'wf/ k|zf;s cy] x] dxfn]vf lgoGqsts h'of ;/sf/L ;]jf ofgf laHofo] w+'s"Dx vM . ;/sf/L ;]jfo\ GÅoHofgf g+ j;kf]n g]kfof k/Dk/fut jh|ofg wd{o\ lzlIft jbLlIftDx vM . j;kf]nof ¾lghfklt k|zf;gdf cf}ifwL pkrf/sf] Aoj:yf® j ¾af}4wd{df k"hfsf l;4fGt tyf Aojxf/® gf+u';k"mt k|sflzt h'Ow'+s"u' b' . tfxfrn SofDk;, dx]Gb|/Tg SofDk;of ;+:yfks lzIfs o1dfgh' yf}+ sGx] k|fWofkg j af}4wd{ofcWoogo\ Ao:t h'of laHofu' b' ._copyright © Lotus Research Centre, 2008

w's" lks"of tfMrf!_ lnw+;frof{uLtof v“ cyfx ;d'b| vM . Rjo\ ug, Sjo\ ug, ukfo hf ukfo hf . cls+ 5'+ lnw+;f dsf;] v“xgf o+s] ˚Odv' . Yj sfo{kq Rjo]t sofu' lnw+;ft ljgotf]if e§frfo{h' j nfdf tf/fgfyof u|Gyt j b'n{eu|Gy zf]w klqsf cflb vM . 5'+ Rjo] ˚Ou' v“ vt wfo]j+, Rjofo+sn wf;f, wfo]˚Ou' v“t wfo]j+t'+ woflan wf;fGxfkf+lg;]+ G≈ofgf jofRj+u' k/Dk/f tyf cg'zf;g :ogfjg]oM . Yj x] v“oft dgo\ tofM y'u' sfo{kq Rjofu'h'n .@_ kl/R5]b lÐjefhg Ð sfo{kqoft yL yL kl/R5]b, v08, pk v08o\ ljefhg ofgfu' b' .@=!_ rrf vÒÒUjMof vÒrrfof d+unfr/0fof k|f/lDes r/0fof kfv]+ cfvMUjM rr h"u', ;j{rqm]Zj/ rqmof d" d" cfvM sofMrr h"u' cflb v“ b' . rof{uLt wfo]ano\ k|1f ljifo 3o\dk';] pkfo hs h'O . cls+ Yj ldn] dh" . rof{kb wfo]tljåt ju{lk;+ s'tM ofu' b' . gf+ tof jg]u' h";f 5kfv+ xflnu' d] h"u' lg+lt+ ;+uLlt wof 5\jo]u' af“nf . jh|uLltwfo]u' x] g+ af“nf h'O{ .@=@_ rof{uLtof pb\ud, ljsf; j lj:tf/u'≈o;dfh bsn] Gxfkf+u' af}4 tGq vM . Yj Koxf“ jMu' Ono\ ts rof{uLt db'gL . gfd;+uLlt j bf]xfrof{uLtof hggL vM . x]jh|tGqo\ d] xfn]dfM Kofv+ x'o]dfM wsfM woftMu' b' . y'sL æsf]NnfoL/]Æ gf+u' rrflaoftMu' b' . Yj x]jh|tGq d]d]u' tGq :jof k'nf+u' vM . x]jh|tGq x] rof{uLtof pb\ud vM . cke|+z efiffofk|efj+ j d]d]lk+ ljåt\ ju{to\;+ xf]:t] xfO+;] ofgf rrfoft Ajn+s"u' v“ osf]+ b' .@=#_ g]kfMof ;Gbe{æ/Qmj0f{Æ rrf Rjof g]kfof k|frLg rof{uLtof /rgfsf/ h"Dx jfUjh|+ x]jh|tGq kßjh|of G≈of]cWoog ofu' vg]b' . Yjx] qmdo\ nLnfjh|, ;'/tjh|, zfZjtjh,| cdf]3jh|lk;+ rrf lrgf u'≈o cfudo\ b'Yofsf;f+:s[lts ;Dkbfo\ :jygf Ao"u' b' .@=$_ rof{uLt yL yL sy+rrf 5Øn]u' Hof j yfo\ :jof, ;fdfGo k"hf, g[To, hfqf, Vof], u'≈o, cltu'≈o, u'≈oflt u'≈o cflbIf]qo\ rrfoft yL yL sy+ Ajynf :jo]˚' . cy]x] rof{uLtof :jefjof cfwf/o\ !_ bfz{lgs k|wfg kIf ¿k+hfofRj+u' (Philosphical Facors Based) @_ Bf]to\u' efjgf JoQm ofgftMu' (Icoography) #_ k"hfljlw(Techncal Factors) cflb Ajyn] Ho" .@=%_ rof{uLtof u0frof{uLt ofsMrf hs dv' . Yjof kf;f osf]+ b' uy] ls ko]+tf, /fu, Znf]s, tfM, 8a8a, k"hf ljlw,hkdfnf, d+q, g[To cflb .@=^_ rof{uLtof efiff j z}nLrof{uLto\ 5\onftMu' efiff ;+:s[t efiff, cke|+z efiff j Njfsa'su' efiff ofgf :jyL b' . Bf]to\u' j0f{gofo]u', k"hf ljlwof sy+ bo]s]u', bfz{lgs kIfof v“ Rjo]u' ofgf d]u' :jk'rno\ g+ rrfoft Ajyn]Ho" ./rgfsf/to\u' yMu' gf+ to]u' z}nL g+ db'u' dv' . sfJofTds ¿k+ efj JoQm ofOyfo\ ;flxToof lsrM g+ bof x]RjgL .@=&_ rof{uLtof lgodrof{uLt uo\ ofgf xfn]dfM, uo\ h'OdfM, uhfu' ;M -cfjfh_ jo]dfM, uhfu' uhfu' jf;gf jo]dfM cflb v“x]jh| tGqo\ RjoftMu' b' . Kofv+of ljifoo\ g+ RjoftMu' b' . ;fwgf ofOyfo\ kL7o\, d"nDx]l;of+ bsn]+ Gxfkf+ d]xfnL jof+No" d]d]lk;+ xfnf o+sO . nfef, uL4 j sk'/of af;gf Jxfnf Jxfnf jof Rjg wf;f j af+nfu' nIf0fvM . /fhx+;, a+xf j wf]+lru' y]+hfu' cfjfh jofRjg wf;f emg x] af“nf . yf}+sGx] Jojxf/o\ 5\onf jofRj+u'lgod g+ yy] yy] x] vM . ylhlk;+ /fu sftn] Sjlhlk;+ /fu sfo]dHo" . bsn] nLkfof rrfof /fu Sjlhsy+lg;]+ sof o+sf ylhlk;+ sfO . bsn] lnkf d"nfrfo{+ /fu sof Sjrfo\sL . rrfof ;M lktlaODx j bsn] lnkfb't sof lj;h{g ofODx d"n cfrfo{ vM . k"hfo\ hs xfn]u' clgjfo{ :jefju' rrft b' . :j]R5f :jefjof rrfg+ b' . k"hf dof;] rrf xfn]u' rng db' .copyright © Lotus Research Centre, 2008

@=*_ rof{uLtof yf}+of cj:yf j ofo]dfMu' 5'+ vÒtd] d]yfo\ rof{uLt Gxgf jg h'O . Oldyfo\ Yj æyy] h'of j+u' b' x“Æ of v“ h'O w'+sn h'O . g]kfno\wfM;f lGxof lGxy+of Hof wOy]+ ;fdfGo¿k+ jh|frfo{ j zfSo ;+k|bfoof 5]+o\ 5]+o\ wOy]+ ;+:sf/of Hofv“o\ rrf5\onf 5\oo]sf Djfgf Rj+u' notfof v“ vM . Yjoft yy] ofgf Djfs]u'lnO gf+ hfMlk+ jh|frfo{lklgu' xMkf osf]+ b'. yy] dv';f emL g]kfno\ g+ a+ufno\ y]+ rrf wOu' æx+Æ of ljifo cano\ x] h'O w'+sn h'O . rrfoft snfTdsw+u+ Gx\ofs]dfMu' b' . rrfo\ lrgftMu' cfvMUjMof v+“ kfo\l5 h'Os Gog] sg] Ajg] Rjo]dfMu' cj:yf jo] w'+sn .;˚" :jo]t y'Os]t lzIff dfM wOy]+ k/Dk/f d:o+s u'≈oflt u'≈oof v“o\ b'jfnf :jo]t bLIff wf;f df x] dfM .bLIff sfo]u' j sfo]s]u'nL Gx"u' w+u+ G≈ofs]dfM .#_ ;Gbe{ u|Gy kl/rou'≈o;dfh, x]jh| tGq, lgikGgof]ufjnL, ;fwgdfnf, wL klqsf, rrf;˚" -kf08'lnlk_, nfdf tf/fgfyofHistory of Buddhism in India, bf]xfsf]if, rof{uLltsf]if j d]d]u' u|Gyof aMrfsy+ kl/ro y'sL b' .$_ kfb l6Kk0fLljifo k|;+u tfxfsM dh'Os]t, wfk"of k|df0f laof v“ Sjft's]t, ckf] v“ ;Ls] OR5f b'lk+t HofVon]bo]s]t kfb l6Kk0fLof l;4fGt cjnDag ofgfu' b' . kfgf kfgfo\ kfb l6Kk0fL dt;] bsf]+ 5yfo\ d'+sf 5wL ofgfo+sfu' b' . ljifo a:t'+ kfb l6Kk0fL nf :jf] jg] cMk'Ox] h'Ou' h'n . kfb l6Kk0fL :jof g+ ljifoa:t' :jo] df;f:jo] ˚o]s]t kfb l6Kk0fLO ljifo j:t' RjoftMu' kfgf ;+s]t laOu' Hof h"u' b' .%_ kl/lzi6rof{uLt If]qo\ GxfkfGxfkfof gfdL g]kfMldto\u' wnM bo]s]u' ‰jno\ ;'+ ;'+ gf+, rrf N≈oM N≈oM jMu'‰jno\ o]“ j onof ;˚" kfgfM jMu' b[i6fGt, aGw'bQh'+ RjMu' wfMu' x'+sf/ ;+hft gf+u' rrf cflb kl/lzi6of sy+G≈oAjfMu' b' .lnw+;fYj sfo{kq Rjo]u' cj;/ bofM lh+ yMt wGo tfof . Yj sfo{kq lgSjMu' vM . Gxfkf+u' sfo{kq lj= ;+=@)%# sflt{s !& ut]s'Gx' nf]6; l/;r{ ;]G6/of cfof]hgfo\ cIf]Zj/ dxfljxf/, ono\ h"u' rof{uLt ljifosuf]i7LO G≈oAjofu' vM . j uf]i7L lnvt l6Kk0fL ofgflaHoflk+ ljåfg åo k+= /TgsfhL jh|frfo{ j >L wd{/TgzfSo ‘lqz'nL’ vM . j;kf]nlklgu' 6Lsf l6Kk0fL /fo ;'´fj uf]i7L Ajlt sofM laHoflk+÷´fMlk+ yL yL If]qofljåtju{to\;+ Ao"u' ;Nfxf;fx'ltof lnw+;fo\ Yj xfg+ sfo{kq Rjofu' h'n . rrfof ljifoo\ yy] cWoog ofgfMaf}4 ;dfho\ Gxfkf+lg;]+ jofRj+u' ;f“:s[lts ;Dkbfof cWoog ofo]u' y'hfMu' cj;/ r"nfMu' lh+ tfof . nf]6;l/;r{ ;]G6/of ;sn b'hMlk+, uf]i7LO lnvt l6Kk0fL ofgflaHoflk+, uf]i7LO Ajlt sofM dGtJo tyf ;'´fjlaoflaHoflk+ lbOlk+ o]“, on, Vjk j lydLof ljåfgju{lk+ ;snoft lhu' b'g'un+lg;]+ jGbgf b' . rrfo\ co\s:jo]ano\ Yj 5'+ dv', y'sL 5'+ db' y]+ Rj+;f+ y'sL b'jfnf :jo]ano\ 5' b' 5' b' w}y]+ Rjgf+ jM . y'sL wd{, Oltxf;,;flxTo, efiff, d"lt{–kl/ro cflb osf]+ b' . Yj kflyO tofM bfgf+ bfo] d˚', tfnh'O tofM ngf+ ng] ˚Ou' dv'u'ljifo vgf lh+ . Yj If]qo\ gf+ hflk+ ljåtju{to\;+ cWoog ofgf :jMu' g+ b' . t/ k|fdfl0fs P]ltxfl;s v“tdb'u'ln+ yy] x] vM wsf wfo] ˚'u' db'gL . cls+ yg Gxfkf+u' sfo{kq Rjo]t lh+ 5'+ k"jf{wf/ bo]sf . jx] k"jf{wf/ jRjo\ G≈oygfu' uf]i7Lof b'g] Rjg]u' s'tM ofgfu' b' . lhu' lgisif{ cfts Yj ljifoo\ cWoog ofgf jMlk+ ef/tofljåtju{lklgu' wfk" gfk+ kfo\l5 dh";] afof j+u' g+ vg]bo]˚' . lh+ bo]sfu' ;Ldf aGwg yy] vM!_ lhs] Rj+u' rrf ;˚'ltO b'YofsftMu' rrft hs Yj sfo{kqof If]qo\ nfsfu' b' . Yj afx]s rof{uLtd]d]u' g+ b' wsfM Gogfu' b' . j rrft l;4f n'Okf ;/xkfb, e';'skf, s's'/kfb y]+ hflk+;+ lrgftMu' h";f+Yj ;˚'ltO b'Yofsf tMu' vg]db' . g]kfno\ g]kfMof sy+ dfMdfMu' rrft hs j rrf ;˚'ltO b'YofsftMu' h'OdfM . lhs] b'u'y]+ hfMu' ;˚" o]+o\ jh|frfo{ lk+s] b'u' ;˚" g+ chfu' x] vM . ef/to\ rof{uLlt sf]ifwsfM %) k' rrf b"u' 5fkfof ¿ko\ lkxf+ jofRj+u' ;˚" Yj sfo{kq Rjo]u' ‰jno\ lh+ vgf . psLn'Okf, sGxkf, e';'skf, ;/xkf cflb+lk+ *$ l;4flk;+ RjoftMu' rrft b' . Yj ;˚'ltO g]kfMofl;4x:tt jfUjh|, nLnfjh|, ;'/tjh| y]+ hflklgu' rrft 5'+ x] RjoftMu' vg]db' . g]kfno\ Ajgf j xfnfjofRj+u' ;˚" g]kfMof x] hs yM gfnf j+y]+ Rj+s yMu' x] kxofu' rrf ;˚" Yj sfo{kqof d"n cfwf/bo]sfu' b' . Yj ;˚"gfk on, Vjk; Rj+u' ;˚"t gfk g+ kfo\˚' .@_ on, rfs'kf6o\ RjgflaHofDx k'ik/fh jh|frfo{ofs] Rj+u' x:tlnlk rrf ;˚" g+ lhu' lnw+;f vM . Yjcopyright © Lotus Research Centre, 2008

;˚"ltO Yj k"hf ofo]ano\ Yj rrf xfn]u' wsfM lgb{zfTds sy+ xgftMu' b' . rrf klts+ rrfxfn]ano\ :t'lt ofo]dfMu' rrfof /fusy+of /fudfnf ts+ RjoftMu' b' .#_ rof{uLt Ro"+lklgu' O{AoMof cfwf/ ljgotf]if e§frfo{h'of cWooggfk ;ltOsfu' b' . cgofu' cWoogu'≈o;dfh, lgikGgof]ufjnL, ;fwgfdfnf cflb k|sfzgo\ xo]u' ‰jno\ e"ldsf, kl/ro cflb v08o\dfMdfMyfo\ dfMdfMu'sy+ laoftMu' b' .$_b'n{e u|Gy zf]w klqsf wsfM jgf/;+ lkxf+ jof Rj+u' æwLÆ klqsfof yL yL Nofvo\ Rj+u' Rj;'t g+ lhu'd]u' cfwf/ vM . y'sL laoftMu' O{ AoM g+ Yj sfo{kq Rjo]t osf]+ cMk'Osf Ao"u' b' .%_ nfdf tf/fgfyh' yf}+of lx;fa+ v';M b“ GxfkfofDx dg" vM . j+ laoftMu' ljrfM j O{ AoM g+ tMw+u' lnw+;fsoftOu' b' . Dr. Snellgrove h'+ ;Dkfbg ofgftMu' x]jh|tGq j h'h' lju?x b]jkfnof kof{;N≈ooftMu' x]jh|tGqo\ Rj+u' Znf]st osf]+ b' 5ØnftMu' b' .^_ x]jh|tGqof k|efj g]kfno\ osf]+ b' . cfts g]kfnof dxfofgL nfufo\ u'ln g+ k"hfcfhf h'ofjofRj+u' b' jbsf]+ wOy]+ x]jh| tGqof cg'ofoLto\u' nfufo\ b'g] nfM . g]kfno\ bofRj+u' j 5\onf jofRj+u' rrft g+x]jh| tGqof l;4fGtof b'g] nfMj+u' vg]b' .&_sfo{kqof p2]Zok/Dk/f g+ 5u" ;+:s[lt vM . Yj yy] ofo] Ho" Yj yy] ofo] dHo" wsfM ;sf/fTds b[li6+ xgfjofRj+u'k/Dk/foft SjMyM jgLu' 5'+ Hof yg G≈odyg]u' d]u' lnw+;f vM .y'ln lnw+;fo\ sfo{kq+ sf]l5OTo+u' v“ -p2]Zo_ yy] vM –!_ rof{uLt pb\ud h"u' ljifo sf]lhOs]t s'tM ofOlkGt ˚of+˚sf] ;ltOu' ltjM kf}of ¿ko\ G≈oyg]u' .@_ rof{uLt If]qo\ cv]y'v] G≈ofgfjofRj+u' lgodt ljgot cfvMn+ GjjfsfM to]u', j#_ rof{uLt If]qo\ yf}+of cj:yfo\ ofo]dfMu' ofo]˚'u' ;Nxf;fx'lt laOu' .u'? a'4 u'? wd{ u'? ;+3 ty}j r u'? jh|w/ >Ldfg\ t:d} >L u'?Eof] gdMu'?Eof] gdM u'?Eof] gdMcopyright © Lotus Research Centre, 2008

!= rrf vÒUjMof vÒ -kl/efiff_ærrfÆ wsfM wfo]j+ jh|ofgLto;+ 5\onf jofRj+u' ljz]ifsy+ofu' æd]Æ wsfM G≈ofDxl;of+ g+ ;Ls]˚ofjofRj+u' vM . Yj ærrfÆof cy{ ljifoo\ y'u' sy+ y'Os]t s'tM ofo]ax h" .!_ Bf]Nxfo]u' rr M g[To ofo]u', d] xfn]u' cflb yhfu' x] snfIf]qoflk+;+ gf;n+ n'o]s]dfM wsfM eflkOu'rng b' . gf;n+ dNo"lk+ g[To ofOano\, d] xfnLano\ :jofRj+lk+ k'rMG≈of]g] Gogf Rj+lk+ k'rMof by'O lxl; db'y]+RjgL . g[To ofM;f+ ldn] dh'O, d] xfM;f+ ldn] dh'O . cy] cy] x] h'ofjgL oM . cls+ g[To ofOlk+;+ g[To ofo]G≈of],d] xflnlk+;+ d] xfn]G≈of], afh+ yfOlk;+ afh+ yfo]G≈of] æBf]Nxfo] dfMu'Æ ljlw bo]sf tMu' b' . rof{g[Too\ g+ Bf]Nxfo]dfMu' cj:yf b' . rof{g[To ofo]t rrf dbo]s+ dufM . g[To ofo]t x] rrf dfMu' vM . pls+ cg g+ Bf] cfjfxgofo]dfMu' ljlw b' . rrfof Bf]Nxfo]u' k|f/lDes r/0fof cfvMUjM ærZrÆ ! h'ofRjg . Yj ærZrÆ of b'y'O Rj+u'afuM hs h'ofRj+u' cfvM æZÆ lnsof 5\jo]ano\ ærrÆ hs No+ bO . v“Nxfo]ano\ cMk'Os]t by'O nfMu'cfvMof pRrf/0f tf]l˚Osf 5\jo]u' ofM . yg g+ ærÆ j ærÆ of by'O nfMu' cfvM jfUjM æZÆ lnsgf gjftwfM;f ærrÆ hs wfo]u' h'O . cg Do] xfn]u'oft x] ;fdfGo sy+ ærrÆ xfn]u' wfn h'O . G≈ofan]+ G≈ofan];+rr xfn]u' d] jx] 5k" hs d] vM;f ærrÆ wfo]u' d'gfl;j x] h'n . d] 5k" hs bOdv' . 5k" :jof+ cKjM bO .d] 5tflh hs dv', 5tflh :jof+ cKjM g+ b' . pls+ ærrÆof ax'jrg :jefj xo]t ærrÆ of lnpg] g+ ærfÆ5uM cfvM tgf ærrrfÆ wfo]u' ofMu' h'O˚' . Yjx] efo\ 5\o5\o+ ærrrfÆ of :jfefljs ¿k+ ærrfÆ hs wfMu'h'O˚' . g]jfMtou' ;dfho\ 5\onf jofRj+u' ;+:s[lt h"u'ln+ ærrfÆ wfo]u' ofMu' vM . ærrfÆ d] xflnlk+tærrfkfÆ @ wfo]u' ofgfjof Rj+u' b' . Bf]Nxfo]u' Hof Bf]to\ Kofvg] g+ Bf]to;+ BMNxfO . df]xgLano\ o]+ nfos"nLtn]h" ejfgL Sjxf“ laHofo]s]ano\, yfxf“ laHofs]ano\, j rfn+v'Gx' nfos" kfofM jlgano\ s'DxM -s'df/_ Kofv+xo]u' rng b' . j s'DxM Kofv+of g+ yy] Bf] Nxfo]u' ofM . ysL g+ ærrÆ wof x] Bf] Nxfo]u'ofO .@= >L ;j{ rqm]Zj/ rqmM rr M jh|ofg wdf{nDjLtou' dto\ Bf]to;+ dfMdfM lxgfRj+u' rqmof rqm bSj+˚'Sj+ 5uM nfsf j rqmof rqmo\ d" Bf] ;j{ rqm]Zj/ vM . cn] u'ln g+ d] b' Yj d] ˚'Ss+ Yjx] rqm]Zj/of b'g]cfkfn+ nfM jM . uy]ls cfsfz u+ufo\ ;f}o{ d08nof b'hMt cg]sg cg]s em'08 -lrrLw+u' d08n_ rqmt osf]+osf] b' . Yj ;To ;B cgGt ;To :yfj/ h·doft rq]mZj/of rqmof ¿ko\ jh|ofgLto;+ eflkgf jofRj+u' b' .Yjx] rq]mZj/of rqm kfv]+x] Yj d] xflnu'of Gxfkf+u' ‘;M’ Wjlg cfjfh lkHjof jOu' h'ofRjg . rqm} rqm wfo]tyfs'ofM Yjoft G≈of]g] Rj+u' 5uM 5uM cfvM sofM ær rÆ wfwf+ ax'jrgof ;+s]t :j¿k rrf wfo]u' ofgfxMu'g+ h'O˚' .G≈ofu' k"hf of;f+ sLM -sLu_ tg] G≈of] GodGo+ wsf 5rfln+ rfqmk"hf ofO{ ofsO{ . Yj k"hfoft ærfÆk"hf hs wfo]u' ofgftMu' g+ yg n'+d+s] axh" . ‘rrf’ zJbof JofVof jf kl/efiff u'u'+ zf:q jf tGqo\ laof tMu'vg]db' . cls+ ‘rrf’ wsfM wfo]u', sg]u', Gog]u' efiffo\ hs h'n . jof+ cKkf] vg] db' . rrf xflnlk+t g+ cMk'u'efiff+ ‘rrfkf’ wfOu' h'ofRjg . ærof{Æ zAbof cke|+z ofgfM ærrfÆ wfo]u' ofMu'nf wsfM g+ ;'gf+ ;'gf+ wfo]˚' ./fx'n ;f“s[Tofogh'+ æ6Æ j ætÆ oft 5u" x] sy+ pRrf/0f ofOlk+ j æ/Æ oft ænÆ wsf wfOlk+ g]jfM ;dfho\rof{oft :o+sfM ærrfÆ wsf wfo]u' ofgfRj+u' b' wsfM G≈oAjoftMu' g+ yg n'+ds]ax h"#. cog+ ærrfÆ wfo]ano\æuLtÆ wsf wof Rjg] Djfo]s cy]+ x]t'+ -:jt_ æuLtÆ gfk+ b'YofsftMu' b' . ærof{Æ wfo]jt'+ ærof{uLtÆ x] h'OdfwOu' db' .#= rof{uLtM Yjoft ‘rof{uLt’ wsfM g+ wfo]u' ofgfxMu' vg]b' . rrfof If]qo\ b'jfnf :jf]lk+ ef/tofljåfglk;+ ærof{uLtÆ oft rof{uLlt wsfM RjofjofRj+u' b' . æuLtÆ j æuLltÆ 5'+ kfsf RjoftMu' db' .rof{uLltsf]if gf+ofu' a+ufnL cfvn+ RjoftMu' O=;+= !*!) kfv] b/jf/ k':tsfnoo\ b'YofsftMu' ;˚" b' . Yj;˚"of bsn] Gxfkf+u' kfgf j jof+ No"of kfgfo\ b]jgfu/L lnlk RjoftMu' b' . ylsO ;Djt &$! efb| wsfMRjoftMu' b' . Yj cg';f/ ;g\ !^@) nfMjM . O=;+= !()& ;+ Yj ;˚" :jofM x/k|;fb zf:qLh'+ bsn] Gxfkf+ uLto\b'jfnf :jf]u' h'ofRjg $ . ‘rrf’ zJb wsfM cke|+z h"u' tfo]sf ‘rrf’ oft z'Wb ofo]u' s'tMof em\jno\ ‘rof{’wfo]u' ofgfxMu' vMnf wOy]+ Rj+ . rrf d] u'lnv] ztfAbL G≈of] pb\ud h"u' vM ;f+ a+ufnL ljåfg ;Toj|t b]g+yMu' ærof{ uLltÆ zAboft 5\on]u' Hof ;+ejtM !& u" ztfAbLO h"u' vO wsfM wfMu' b'% . Gxfkf Gxfkf Yjoftærof{Æ hs wof rof{uLlt wfo]u' dofM . ;fob rof{o\ d] xflnu' dv+u'ln+ g+ cy] wfMu' h'O . g]kfno\ wfM;f rrfxfln+lk+t uLtfrfo{ wsfM !% u"u' ztfAbL gf+ to]u' ofgfRj+u' b' . d] xfn]u' v“ x]jh|tGqof rof{ k6no\ RjoftMu'ln+ g+ Yjoft rof{uLt wfu' h'O˚'^ .‘rof{’ wOu' yMu' lgod vM . uy]ls ‘lbg rof{’ wfO . lGxR5L tsof b'g] 5'5' Hof ofo]u' vM jf h"u' vMjoft g+ ‘lbg rof{’ wfO{ . d]u' zJb lxOsf :jo]ano\ rof{ wOu' yMu' x]t' k|flKtof lgldQo\ ofo]x] wsfM dg+ t'gfcopyright © Lotus Research Centre, 2008

ofgfo+s]u' Hofoft (Deliberate-working) ‘rof{’ wfO . tKo+s wfo]u' vM;f ‘rof{’ wofu' ‘pkfo’ vM . Yjsy+cy{ 5\ofgf :jo]ano\ ærof{uLtÆ oft rof{uLlt wfo]u' ofgfxMu' kfol5 g+ h"jM . ;fwsto\;+ ;fwgf ofo]u' ‰jno\ærrfÆ xfnLu' vM . cls+ rrf ;fwgf vM . ;fwgf wofu' pkfo vM . cy];f+ k|1f]kfoof b'g]+ k|1f TjMtf pkfooflnw+;f h"u'ln+ rof{uLt woftMu' sy+ kl/efiff laOu' g+ kfol5 vg]b' . rrf cvo lg/Ghgo\ x]t' k|fKt ofo]u';fwgf wsfM tKo+s gjfsftMu' b'& . x]jh| tGqo\ ædf]If x]t'gfÆ wsfM RjoftMu' b' . Yj v“o\ lnkf g+ rof{uLtpb\ud v08o\ g+ G≈oyg] ltlg . yg sfhL bfjf;d b'kh'+ jh|ofgoft v'u" k'rM -;d"x_ no\ Ajynf tMu' b' .csLO{ 5u" k'rM rof{tGqofgoft pkfotGqofg wsfM G≈oygftMu' yg n'd+s]ax h"* . rof{oft pkfo wfMy]+rof{uLtoft pkfouLt g+ wfo]Ho"u' vMnf

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cke|+z efo\ yfo\yf;+ 5ØnftMu' vg]b' . kßjh|h'ofu' cåo k|1f]kfo ljgZrof] l;l4O h'n, /lj>L leIf'ofu'gfd;+uLltof l6sf cd[tsl0fsf ;lxtf, lje"ltrGb|h'ofu' cd[tsl0fsf Bf]t lgaGwo\ cflb cflb g+ 5ØnftMu'b' . k|frLgtd\ rrf, uy]ls xf8fe/0f, /Qmj0f{, Pdlxd08n cflbO g+ cke|+z efo\ 5ØnftMu' vg]b' .x]jh|tGqu'≈o;dfh tyfut u'≈osof lnkfu' tGq u|Gy x]jh|tGq vM . x]jh|tGq d]d]u' tGq :jofM Gxfkfofu'vg]b' . Yj x]jh|tGq cfrfo{ kßjh|h'+ -^(# O{=_ k|sfzo\ xMu' v“ nfdf tf/fgfy+ ;"r+ laoftMu' b'!% . Yj ;"r+oftljgotf]if e§frfo{h'+ g+ lnw+;f sfMu' b' . D.L.Snellgrove h'+ Yj v“oft cg';+wfgfTds ¿k+ s'+dVo"“;]sf]lhOs"u' b'!^ .Yj x]jh|tGq u|Gy 5u" yhfMu' tGq u|Gy vM u'u' tGq u|Gyo\ rof{uLtof ljifo sofM ljz]ifof v“ oSjRjoftMu' b' . pls+ jh|ofgo\ rof{uLt pb\ud h"u' tGq Yj x]jh|tGq x] vM wfo]u' y'lk+ Uo;'nfMu' v“ sgfRj+u' b',SogfRj+u' b' . x]jh|tGqo\ rof{uLt ljifo vg]b'u' v“ yy] vM –Ð x]jh|tGqo\ rrfM Do] lrgftMu' g+ h'ofRjgÐ Yj tGqo\ rof{uLt xfn]dfMu' v“ sofM ljz]if j0f{g ofgftMu' b' .Ð rof{uLt uy] ofgfM xfn]u', psLof lgod ljgo cflb lj:t[t ¿k+ SogftMu' b' .Ð rof{uLt h"u'of nIf0f uy] h'n wsfM :jo]u', cg'ej ofo]u' v“ g+ RjoftMu' b' .Ð rrf Do] xfn]u'of p2]Zo j rrf Do] wOu' uhfMu' vM wOu' kl/efiffof sy+ ts+ G≈oygftMu' b' .s= != x]jh|tGqo\ rrfM Do]x]jh|tGqo\ rrfM Do]t b' . j rrft yf}+sGx] ts+ pTs[i6 k"hfo\ 5ØnfjofRj+u' vg]b' . Yj ‰jno\ x]jh|tGqofu' 5u" c+z yg G≈oAjo] .rof{ k6n] cfVoftd\ uLtd\ gf6Ød\ r l;l4d\ .yhfMu' G≈o;Mof ln;M g+ x]jh|tGqo\ laoftMu' b' . Yj G≈o;Mof efo\ :jo]ano\ cg 5k' hs Do] dv'oSj x] b' h'OdfM . pls+nf u'u' Do] xfn]u' wsfM G≈o;M tofRj+u' h'O . dfnfjg wfM;f oSj+ bo]˚' .yf}+sGx] 5ØnfRj+u' rof{ Do] x]jh|tGqo\ vg]b'u' :jk' rrf yy] vM –!= sf]NnfoL/]@= k/d/tf]#= z"Go lg/Ghg!_sf]NnfoL/]Dr. Snellgrove h'+ uy] RjoftMu' vM cy]x] yg N≈oofM G≈oygfu' b' .Kollaire tthia bola Mummunire kakkolaghana kibida ho vajjai karune kiai na rolatahi baru, khajjai gade maana pijjaihale kalinjara paniai dunduru tahi vajjai,causama kacchuri sihla kappura laiaimalaindhana salinja tahi bharu khaiai,premkhana kheta karante suddha suddha na muniai,niramsua amga cadabi tahim ja saraba paniaimalayaje kunduru batai dindima tahin na vajjiae !*Yj sf]Nnflo/] rrfof dxTjof v“ oSj+ b' . jh|ofg wdf{nDaL u'?lk+ a'4lk+ x] g+ Yj rrf dg n'w+sxfn]dfM . g[Too\ g+ pln x] dg tofM xfn]dfM . yhfMu' sy+ Yj rrfoft tM 5foftMu' b' . Yj x] sf/0f h'Ojh|ofgL pTs[i6 G≈ofu'+ k"hfo\ sf]NnfoL rrf k"hf ljlwO b'YofsftMu' b' . Yj rrfo\ g[Too\ ljlw g+ b' .copyright © Lotus Research Centre, 2008

Yj rrfof dxTj Sog]t x]jh|tGqo\ sf]NnfoL/] rrf G≈oyg] ‰jno\ yy] G≈oygftMu' b' .jh|wd}{:tyf a'4of]{uLgLZr dft[le .cfEof+ uLt+ gf6ØfEofd\ uLot] g[To+ k/d\ .. !(Dr. Snellgrove h'+ yy] efo\ lxOsftMu' b' .Buddhas and Masters in the Vajra Doctrine, Goddesses and yoginis seing and dance to theirulmost in this soing and dance. @)k"hfljlw uLtof ¿ko\ 5\onf xofRj+u' Yj rrf s0f{kfofu' wsfM /fx'n ;f+s[Tofogh'+ RjoftMu' b'@! .jo\sn+ x]jh|tGq d:j;]+ j v“ RjMu' h'O˚' . dv';f yy] dv'u' v“ RjM jgLdv' h'O{ . s0f{kf -sGxfkf_ nfx]jh|tGqof 6Lsfsf/ hs vM . sGxfkfg+ RjMu' x]jh|tGqof 6Lsf u|Gyof gf+ of]u/Tgdfnfof vM . Yjof]u/Tgdfnfof ljifo Sjo\ rrf{ ofgfu' b'@@ .@_ k/d/tf]Paramaratau na ca bhava na bhavakana ca vigraha na ca grahya na grahakamamsa na sonita vista na mutramna charda na moha na sauca pavitramraga na dvesa na moha na irsyana paisunya na ca mana na drsyam @#bhava na bhavak mitra na satrunistaranga sahaja khyavicitramYena tu yena badhyate lokas tena tu tena tu bandhanam muncetloko muhyati vetti na tattvam tattvavivarjitah siddhim na lapsyetGandha na sabda na rupam naiva rasana ca cittavisuddihSparsa na dharma na sarvavisuddhyasuddhasahva jago jaga manye #$yy] x] xfsg+ d]u' 5u" lrsLrf xfsMu' 5u" ufyf yg to]xo]axM h" . j yy] vM–#_ z"0o lg/+hgai na anta na mahyu tahimnatra bhava natra nirvanaehu so parmamahasuhanau para nau appana @%Yj Rjo\ Rj+u' ufyf :j+u'nL uLtof ¿ko\ 5\onfjofRj+u' b' .s= @= tGqof ;fwg ofOlk+;+ Do] xfn]dfMx]jh|tGqo\ rof{ k6no\ rrf xfn]dfM g[To ofo]dfM wsfM G≈oygftMu' b' . jh|ofgof a'4lk+, u'?lk+, u'?df+lk+ ts+rrf xfn]dfM, g[To ofo]dfMu' v“ woftMu' b' . Yj v“ Rjo\ g+ G≈oyg] w'+u' b' . yg xfg+ n'd+s] axM h" .olb uLt+ uLot], cfgGbft\ txL{ jh|fGjLtd\ k/d\olb cfgGb] ;d'TkGg] g[Tot] df]If x]t'gf .txL{ jh|kfb] gf6Ød lqmot] of]uL ;dlxt ..copyright © Lotus Research Centre, 2008

y'sLoft Dr. Snellgrove h'+ yy] efo\ lxOsftMu' b' .'If in joy songs are sung, then let them be excellent vajra songs'If one dances when joy has arisen, let it be done with release as its object.Then the yogin self callected performs the dance in the palce of Hevajra. @&y'yfo\ z/f]?xofu' 6Lsf klßgL RjoftMu' v“ yy] vM –'Songs should be sung with Vajra words, not the songs of ordinary folk' @*cy]x] jx] k6no\ xfg+ yy] g+ RjoftMu' b' .dGq ljz'4of l:ytf uLtf gt{gf] efjgf :d[tft:dfb uLt+ r gf6Ø+r qm[ot] of]uL–;bf ;bf . @(Dr. Snellgrove h'+ yy] efo\ lxOsftMu' b' .Song symbolises mantra,Dance symbolises meditation.So singing and dancing the yogin always acts. #)s= #= rof{uLtof p2]Zorof{uLtof p2]Zo 5' wOu' v“ g+ x]jh|tGqo\ RjoftMu' b' . ;fwsto\;+ rof{uLt xfn]dfMu', rof{g[Toofo]dfMu' v“ Rjo\ g+ G≈oyg]w'+u' b' . ;fwsto\u' d'Vo ljZjf; g+ Yj x] vM ls 5u" x] hGdo\ g+ df]If k|fKt ofo]u'pkfo\ b' . x]jh|tGq G≈oMAjMDx kßjh|h'+ yMu' u'≈ol;l4 /rgfo\ 5u" hGdo\ x] g+ df]If sfo] ˚Ou' v“ RjoftMu'b' . #! ;4d{k'08/Lsfo\ afh+ yfo]u', Do] xfn]u' cflbof p2]Zo a'4kb nfo]u' vM wsfM RjoftMu' b' . x]jh|tGqo\rof{uLtof p2]Zo g+ df]If x]t' wsfM tKo+s RjoftMu' b' . g]kfMof slknj:t'of lgjf;L s's/Lkfb -O= ^*)nueu_ h'+ dxfdfof ;fwgo\ æjh|uLtof cEoGt/ ;fwg]Æ #@ wsfM rof{uLtoft tM5foftMu' b' . cd[tsl0fsfBf]tlgaGwo\ lje"ltrGb|h'+ -!# ztfAbL_ rof{uLtof x]t' lgjf{0f kb nfs]u' wsfM pNn]v ofgfM x]jh|tGqofu' v“of c´:onfs]u' Hof h"u' vg]b'## . Yj sy+ x]jh|tGqof ædf]If x]t'Æ oft k'li6 h'h'+ jMu' vg]b' .s= $= rof{uLtof kl/efiffrof{uLt ;fdfGo uLt dv' . rof{uLto\ jh|of :jefj bo]dfM . rof{uLt nf]suLt y]+ ;fdfGo cy{ jOu'efiff k|of]u' ofgftMu' dv' . yg ;/kfh'ofu' 'Songs should be sung with vajra words, not the songs ofthe ordinary folk' xfg+ 5s G≈oyg] axh" . rof{uLto\ k|of]u ofgftMu' efiff+ u'≈oflt u'≈o v“oft ;+s]tofgfRj+u' bO . uy]ls xf8fe/0f gf+u' rrfo\ lqo+w pif6 x'“ if6 x'+ . lxt+Djf]nf . cflb cflb .s= %= rof{uLtof xfn]u' yfo\rof{uLt ug G≈ofn cg xfn]u' dv' . rof{uLt of]uL of]lugLt d'g]u' yfo\ kL7 vM . chfMu' kL7o\ ;fwgofo]u' ‰jno\ hs rof{uLt ofo]u' vM . s's/Lkfbofu' æ>L jh|uLTof cEoGt/ ;fwg]Æ ph+ yg g+ n'd+s]axh" .s= ^= rrf xfn]u' 9+ux]jh|tGqo\ d] uo\ ofgf xflnu' Yj v“ RjoftMu' b' . ylsof ljgo 5' vM j g+ G≈oygftMu'h'ofRjg . g[Togfk uLtof ;DaGw bofx] RjgL . x]jh|tGqo\ Yj ljifo g+ RjoftMu' b' . cls+ ;fwsto\d] xfn] x] dfM Kofv+ g+ x'n] x] dfM wsf x]jh| tGqof ljlwof ¿ko\ rof{uLt j gfkgfk+ rof{g[Tooftlkygf tMu' b'#$ . Yj ljifo Rjo\ s= != sf]NnfoL/] rrf gfk+ t'+ G≈oyg] w'+u' b' . rrf xfn]yfo\ rrfoy] ofgfM xfn]u' wsfM g+ j0f{g ofgftMu' b' . bsn] Gxfkf+ gfog+ rrf Do] 5'gflaO jof+ No" cn] d]lk+;+yM yMlklg G≈ofG≈ofy] rrf Do] xfnf o+lsO wsfM rrf xfn]u' 9+u j0f{g ofgftMu' . Yj rrfo\ /fu,tfn, afh+ cflb 5' sy+ g+ x+sftMu' db' . Yj ljifo Yj sfo{kqo\ /fu gfk :jfk" db' wOu'pk–zLif{so\ b'g] g+ Yjof+ cKjM G≈oygfu' b' .s= &= ;M -WjgL_ :jefj j cg jOu' jf;gfcopyright © Lotus Research Centre, 2008

v_x]jh|tGqo\ d] xflnOano\ cg uhf uhfu' ;M Koxf+ jo]dfM j v“ pNn]v ofgftMu' g+h'ofRjg . y'ln hs dv' cgof nIf0f :j¿k jf;gf jOu'of :jefj g+ Rjof tMu' b' . nfef, lu4 jsk'of uGw jo]df wsf wof tMu' b' . >Lv08, cu'/, w'k cflb ≈jfnf ≈jfnf g:jfs af; joft'+Rjg]dfMu' v“ g+ G≈oyg] axh" . yls+ u'+u', w'“, w'kf“o\ y+lsOu', Rofs]u' emL ;sl;t+ n'dgf jO h'O #% . Yjljifono\ zLif{s k[i7 @^ ; nIf0f :jo]u' Hof b'g] ;fGble{s sy+ xgfu' b' .d]lk;+ 5onf GxoHofsf xMu'x]jh|tGqo\ Rj+u' Rjo\ Rjofu' ufyft uLtt rof{uLtof ¿ko yf}+ts 5\onfjofRj+u' b' . plnhs dv';]lnkf lnkfof ljåfglk;+ yMyMu' u|Gy; dfMdfMsy+ Nx\oof uLtof ?ko\ GxoHofsf o+sf jofRj+u' vg]b' .u_v= !_ sf]Nnflo/] – hu2k{gh+' g+ lqmof ;d'Rroo\#^ Yj sf]Nnflo/]ofu' ufyf G≈oygftMu' b' .hu2k{gh'+ ‘z"0o lg/+hg’ j æx'+x'+b]xÆ gf+u' rrf g+ lqmof;d'Rroo\ Gxo\ygftMu' b' . Yj ljifolnkf g+ lj:tf/+ Rjo] ltlg .v= @_ k/d/tp – k/d/tp; Rj+u' cg]sg zAb osf]+ osf]+ lnkf lnkfofu' tGq u|Gy; G≈oHofsfRj+u' b' . y'lk+ yy] vM–s_ gr efj gr efjs v_ gr u|f≈o g r u|fxsu_ g df]x g O{iof 3_ g r dfg g b[Zoª_ g uGw, g /;, g zJb, g ¿kv= #_ k/d dxf;'x – Yj k/d dxf;'x+ g+ Gx\oHofsf os+u' vg]b' . z"0o lg/+hg wsfM lqmof;d'Rroo\Yj x] zAb tofM 5k' k'j+s rof{uLt x] bo]sf tMu' b' . YjOt erf cv] y'v] ofgf ;]sf]b\b]z6Lsfo\ g+ Nx\ooftMu' b' .!_ 6Lsfsf/to\u' e"ldsfx]jh|tGqoft jh|uLltof pb\ud vM wfo]s]t 6Lsfsf/to\u' e"ldsf Dxf] dh" . x]jh|tGqof 6Lsf sGxkfofof]u /Tgdfnf vM . Yj 6Lsfo\ RjoftMu' Yj v“ n'd+s] axh" .Jima Jala Sajjhecandramahinai so sacca na micchatima so mandalacakkatatanu sahavem sacca #&Yjof cy{ D.L. Snellgrove h'+ yMu' ;˚"of kfb l6K0fL; yy] RjoftMu' b'#* .O friend, just as the effect of the moon in the water is neither false nor true so the formof the mandala circle is pure and lucid by nature.3_ !_ d]lk+;+ 5\onfo+s'u'yhfu' af“nfu' ph+ vgf x] d]d]lk;+ Ro'+u' Do] yhfu' ph+ N≈oof softMu' b' .lqmof ;d'Rrohu2k{0fh'+ lqmof;d'Rro; lhd hn dfem] rGb kd y]+hfu' ph+ tof G≈oygf tMu' d] 5k' ygGx\oyg] . Yj rrf æz"0o lg/GhgÆ of gfd+ ˚'sl;of+ l;ofjof Rj+u' b' . æz"0o lg/~hgÆ of ljifo;/f]xkf+ RjoftMu' vg]b' .¾wL® c+s % of k]h #% ; Rj+u' Yj uLt yy] vMÐz"0o lg/+hg #(!= ;'Go lg/+hg k/d kx' ;'O0f] dfc ;xfj .efjx rLo ;xfj0fL dfl; dO hfj .. nf]rgfof ..@= 0ff}d j0f}l0f jf0f tlx Px' ;f] dxf;'x jHh{ .copyright © Lotus Research Centre, 2008

hf] efjO e+0f] efjg]lx+ ;f] k? ;fxO sfHh .. dfdsLof ..#= cs:j? d+q lrlHh8f] 0ff} ;f] la+b' 0f lr+tf .Px" ;f] k/d dxf;'xf] 0ff} ˚]l8tf0ff} lvGg .. kf08/fof ..$= lhd lkl8ljDa ;xfj clt dxf ljHhO efjf .z'Go lg/+hg k/d kb' gf]Qlx k'0fgp .. tf/fof ..% = lhd hn r+b ;lx0f p+;f] ;Rr0fldxf .ltd ;f] d+8n rSs8f tg'c ;xfj] ;5 .. jh|;Tjof ..3= @_ n'Okfh'+ RjoftMu' 5u" rrfo\ yy] b' .sfx]/] ls; el0f cO lblj lkl/R5fpbs rfGx lhd ;fq g ldR5f-rof{ro{ ljZfo rof{ g+ @(_3= #_ ;'/tjh|h'+ M yMu' o] dlx d08n gf+u' rrfo\ –æhg wg hf}ejg pbs ljgb' rGbfÆ wsfM efj JoQm ofgftMu' b' .3= $_ lgdf{0fflb rrfof /rgfsf/h'+ (Anonmyous) yy] v“UjM 5ØnftMu' b' .æbk{0f k|ltljDa" hnh rGb|f]kdÆpbud:ynYj rof{uLt pb\ud h"u' :yn ug h'O wsf cMk'Os l;Osf g+ sfo]˚Ou' h'n . x]jh|tGqo\ cg]sgkL7of ljj/0f laoftMu' b' . ;fwgf ofOlk+t kL7 clt x] pQdu' yfo\ wsf woftMu' b' . Yj tGqo\ rrf{uLtof¿ko\ cke+|z efiff+ RjoftMu' æsf]Nnflo/]Æ of z'4¿k vM sf]Nnflul/ /] cn] Yjof cy{ ækL7 ljz]ifÆ wsfMx]jh|tGq 6Lsf of]u/Tgdfnfo\ woftMu' b' . csL+ Yj rrfof pb\ud :yn kL7 x] vM .x]jh|tGq+ Ko+u" kL7 Sogf tMu' b' – ! hfnGw/, @ cf]l8ofg, # k"0f{lul/, $ sfd¿k @#^sf]Nnflul/ #& wOu' Yj Ko+u" kL7dWo] u'u' kL7 vM wsfM tKo+s of]u/Tgdfnfo\ g+ RjoftMu' db' . y'lnx]hs wof tMu' b' ls Yj sf]Nnflul/ wOu' ljz]if kL7 hs woftMu' b' . csL+ Yj u'u' kL7 vM Yj wfo]t yfs'u' v“h'Ou' :jfefljs vM . sf]Nnflul/ wfo]j+ No"g] Rj+u' ælul/Æ cyf{t kxf8 wsf ;+s]t Ao"u' :jo]ano\ kxf8 b'u'kL7 cf]l8ofg vM nf < wOy]+ Rj+ . æk"0f{lul/Æ kL7of gf+gfk :jo]an\ sf]Nnflul/ wfMu' Yjx] vM nf wOy]+ g+ Rj+ .co\nf sfd? sfdfVof g+ nf kxf8 dv' wfo] dNjM . of]lugL j of]uLto]u' ;fwgf ofo]u' yfo\ kL7 vM . rrf{uLt;fwsof aNnfu' :oNnfu' ;fwgf pkfo vM . x]jh|tGqo\ of]uL j of]lugLto\u' d08nof ljj/0f gfk+ pNn]vh'ofRj+u' b' . Yj :j+u" lnw+;f tof Yj rrf{uLtof Gxfkf+u' 5\on]Hof yfo\ kL7 x] vM wsf sf]lhOs] dflnO{ .tGqofgof pTklQ cf]l8ofg+ h"u' wsfM yg n'+d+s]ax h"#* .bb bb bbcopyright © Lotus Research Centre, 2008

s/]s/f]6s, p4{/Qm$_ cjw'ltkf -OGb|e'lt_ -O{= &!&_ sjg ;sn hutdfofhfn%_ nIdL -s+/f[hgfzf:qLo sy+ (classical) rrf :jof+ lnkf hs h"u' vM .v_ efiff z}nL sy+ :jo]ano\ g+ k'nf+ k'nf+u' rrfo\ y]+ cke|+z efiff Yj rrfo\ 5ØnftMu' db' .u_ æeglo aGw'bQ cfrfo{Æ wsfM k|yd k'?ifof efiff Yj rrfo\ dRj;] ‘egGt]’ aGw'bQ wsfM pQdk'?if efiff 5ØnftMu' b' . cls+ aGw'bQ cfrfo{h'+ x] Yj rrf Ro"+u' dv';] d]lk+ ;'+ ljåfg+ aGw'bQh'of:jefj n'd+sf j;kf]noft cfb/ :j¿k rrf lnofx] hs Ro"+u' h'OdfM . rrfof k"/f c+z kl/lzi6 $ ;b' .copyright © Lotus Research Centre, 2008

@_ rrf æ/Qmj0f{Æ of 5u" r/0fo\ ‘of]lugL dfem] x]?s’ RjoftMu' :jo]ano\ x]jh|tGqof 1fgjfUjh|ofs] b' wfo]dfnf jM . 5fo\wf;f ‘>L x]?s’ zAb lktAo"u' j ‘>L x]?s’ of cy{ 5\ofgfAo"u' ;˚"‘>L x]jh|tGq’ vM . y'lnhs dv' x]jh|tGqo\ ;fwgf ofo]u' kL7ofu' lrq0f j0f{g ofMu' b' j gfkæof]lugL dfem] x]?sÆ gfk kfol5 h"jM . Yj wfk' tof :jtwf;f kßjh|of G≈ojx] jfUjh|ofu' NxfltOx]jh|tGq u|Gy nfo] w+'s'u' vg]b' . tGq j tGqof ljlw u'? lzio k/Dk/fsy+ u'≈ofltu'≈o ¿k+ nMNxfgfsofjo]u' rng db'u' g+ dv' . >L x]jh| g}/fTdfof cEo"bo h"u' Yj g]kfufno\ x] Rj+Dx tGqljbjfUjh|ofs] x]jh|tGqof bz{g kfv] dg sf];fO dv' wfo]u' l5+ x] dl5+ .jfUjh|of lnkfoflk+ u'?lk+ nLnfjh|, ;'/tjh|, zfZjtjh|, cdf]3jh|, cåojh| cflblk;+ 5u" y]5u" hfMu' rrf uLt osf] lrgf ys'u' b' . plnhs dv' yMyMlklg k"hf ofgf ;fwgf ofo]u' cj:yf;rrf d] g+ dfM dfMu'sy+ xfnf xfo]sf k/Dk/f G≈o;fnf o+s]u' gL :jygf ys'u' h'ofRjg . jof+lnkfoflk+;+ k"hf ljlwof c+uof ¿ko\ c+uLsf/ ofgf æxf]:t] xfO{;]Æ ofgf Ajn+sf jofRj+u' h'ofRjg . Yjv“ lj:tf/k"j{s lnkfofu' v08o\ g+ Rjo]u' s'tM ofo] .hg>'ltof vÒRjjo\ Rj+u' v“t bSj n]vf}t k|sflzt ;fdu|Loft s]t'dt' s]nfM lkxf“jMu' v“ vM . yg 5Tjfrfhg>'ltof v“ g+ G≈odyg wfM;f k|:t'tstf{+ yMu' wd{ TjMt'u' wOy]+ h'O˚' . hg>'lt k|dfl0fs sfnof g+G≈oMu' P]ltxfl;s >f]t g+ vM . Yj v“o\ g+ 5s dg sf];fo]sfM :jo] .jh|ofgo\ cfts 5ØnfjofRj+u' v“ bSj g+ æPjd dof >'td=====Æ of cfwf/o\ b' . u'≈o;dfh, x]jh|tGq cflb cflb u|Gyof k|f/De jfSot bSj+ æPjd dof >'tdÆ x]nf vMlg .x]jh| g}/fTdfof cEo"bo>L x]jh| g}/fTdfof cEo"bo gfujf;bx lrOsf sf7df8f}+ pkTosf lgdf{0f sfnof k|f/lDescj:yfo\ g]kfMufno\ h"u' vM . g]kfMufMof >:tfof ¿ko\ :joDe" k'/f0f /rgfsf/t j Oltsf;sf/to\;+dGh'>Loft laoftMu' >o 5u" tMw+u' k|df0f vM . dGh'>Loft cflbu'? hut gfy wsfM ;Gdfg ofgfMk|ltjif{ >L k+rdL wsfM kj{ cflbsfn+lg;]+ xgfjofRj+u' 5u" hLjGt u];' b' .dGh'>Lof O{= Ao :jo]ano\ g]kfMufM pTklQ h'Ow'+sf ltlg x]jh|tGqof /rgf h"u' vM .dfgj¿kL d+h'>Lofu' O{ Ao u'ano\ vM wsfM :jo]ano\ zfSod'lg tyfut :jof ^)) -v';M_ b“ lnkfwsfM sfnrqm tGq lgdf{0fsfnof v“ Rjo]u' ‰jno\ RjoftMu' b'!! . y'sy+ :jo]ano\ yf}+ :jof+ !($! -@%$!–^))_ b“ Gxfkf h"jM . cyf{t O{= ;+= %& tfs] dGh'>Lof O{= Ao h"u' vg]b' . Oltxf;sf/ afnrGb|zdf{h' g+ O;fof k|yd ztfAbLO dGh'>L d"n sNk tGq Rjo]u' k|f/De h'n wsfM g]kfnsf] P]ltxfl;s¿k/]vf; G≈oAjoftMu' g+ yg n'd+s] axM h" .dGh'>L u'?+ x]jh| g}/fTdfof cEo"boof bz{g Yjx] g]kfMufno\ nfMu' v“ g+ x]jh| tGqofAo"TklQof pb\ud :yn g+ g]kfMufM vM .x]jh|tGqof d"n u|Gy u'u'nL Gofu" nfv Znf]s b' of /rgf k|]/0ff Yjx] x]jh| g}/fTdf cEo"bonf cjZo x] vM dwf;] dufM .y'sy+ laZn]if0f ofo]ano\ >L x]jh| g}/fTdfof cEo"bo u'≈o;dfh tGqof lgdf{0f sfn :jof+ g+lg;M b“ Gxfkf vg]b' . jh|ofgof pTklQ g+ plnx] k'nf+ . jh|ofgof k"hfo\ :t'lt, :tf]q, uLt cflb ofhggL Yj x] >L x]jh| g}/fTdfof cEo"bo vM .bb bb bbcopyright © Lotus Research Centre, 2008

$= rof{uLt M yL yL sy+ofu'jh|ofg j tGqofgof b'u]n+u' ljlwof sy+ g]kfno\ G≈ofgf jofRj+u' rof{uLt 5u' x] hs ¿k+ dv' .YjOt yL yL sy+ :jof o+s] Ho" . rrf tMtfhL k|sf/of b' . rof{uLtof ¿k yy] ofgf Sog]u' s'tM ofo] .!_!_@_#_$_%_^_&_;fdfGo k"hf;fdfGo k"hfVof] rrfn;s/ -h'n"; hfqf_ k"hfclt u'≈o k"hfg[Tog[To j k"hf lgu'ln+ lgyf;+u'≈oflt u'≈orrf{uLt k"hf h'Oano\ hs xfnL wsfM Rjo\ g+ Rjo\ w'g . k"hf g+ tMu" k|sf/ofu' b' . ;Kt ljwfg'Q/k"hf, tf/fwd{ cflb yhfu' jf≈o k"hfo\ rof{uLt h'Odv' . u'≈o ¿k+ h'Ou' k"hfo hs uLt h'O{ . ;fdfGo ¿k+h'Ou' yhfu' u'≈o k"hfo\ g+ rof{uLt h'O x] dfMu' wOu' 5'+ db' . rof{uLt dbo]s g+ k"hf h'O˚' . rof{uLt dof;]ofu' k"hfoft z'+ -z'0o+_ k"hf wfo]u' 5\onf jofRj+u' b' . rof{uLt ofgf g+ k"hf ofo]Ho" . rof{uLt ofgf k"hfh'nls ef]o\ -ef]hg_ go]t ts+ rrf ljlw b' .@_ Vof] rrfg]jfM ;+:s[lt yL yL b' . clsO dWo] gvM rvM xg]u' 5u" vM . d] d]u' gvMrvM 5Gx'+ x] ;sl;of+ dfg]ofO . uy]ls u"“k'GxL, u7f“d'uM cflb cflb . t/ lbu' k"hf yMyMlklg yMyMu' lbgo\ ofO{ GofosL . yy] lbu' k"hfof‰jno\ Vono\ g+ rrf xfn] dflk+ jh|frfo{ zfSot osf] b' . lbu' k"hf wsf Vof]no\ jlgOano\ cg Vof]no\ rrfxflnu' ofM . k|lt jif{ r}q s'[0f ci6dL s'Gx' o]+of jh|frfo{to\ :joDe"O b] cfrfo{ u'l7 Gofo]sO . csLof x] ‰jno\:joDe"of sf]o\ e"OVono\ o]+ b]of lem+Rofu" ljxf/of jh|frfo{lk+ d'gf yMyMu' ljxf/of k/Dk/f+ lg;]+ xfnf jofRj+u'5k' 5k' rrf xfnf cg Go+s]u' ofO ! . ono\ a'+uBf]of HofjnfVoMof Ejo\ano\ O6"+jxfoflk;+ cg /fu j;+tofrrf xfnf No+xf jo]u' ofgfRj+u' b'@ .#_ n;s/ -h'n";, ofqf_ rrf5'+ Bf] 5yf;+ d]yfo\ o+s]u' pT;jo\ yL yL afh+ yfgf o+sO . eQmhglk+ w"+, w'kfo RofsfjgL . u'Dx]l;of+u'“u" ygf jgL . t'tM Ajgf j+lk+ g+ yf] yf] bofRjgL . uy] o]+ t]jxfof kfnfxf Bf] of emL+lgbo\ 5sf] h'Ou" hfqf+Bf]of G≈of] G≈of] Rjgf cg t]jxfof jh|frfo{lk+;+ rrf xfnf jo]dfu' 5u" hs v“ yg G≈of]yg]˚'# .$_ clt u'Åo rrfYj k'rno\ Rjo\ Rjofu' ;fdfGo k"hf l;a] g+ clt u'≈o k"hfano\ hs 5\on]dfu' rrf nfMjO{ . Yjrrf xfnf k"hf ofO{ yfo\ af}4 dxfofgL jh|frfo{ bsf]+l;of :jo] lhOdv' . clsO dWo] bLIff bo] w's'+lk hsRjg]u' :jo]u' of]Uo h'O .%_ g[To rrfgfrlGt jflhn uflGtb]jL cyf{t\ g}/fTdf b]jL d] xfnL cn] jh|w/ x]?s Kofv+ x'nL . YjlsO yhfu'rrft b' u'u' rrf xflnano\ g[To dof;]+ duf . g[To 5Dx 5Dx ofsM ofsM ofu' g+ h'O˚' . ;fd"lxs g+h'O˚' . g[To ofo]u' rrfoft Znf]s g+ dbo]s dufM .^_ g[To ;lxt k"hf rrfu'u'+ rrft Yjhfu' b' – j rrf k"hfhs ofo]ano\ g[To ofo] Djfyfo\ xfn] Ho" . jx] rrf g[To ofo] dfu'k'hfo\ g+ g[To ofo]u' k|of]hgof lgldQo\ g+ xfn]u' of .copyright © Lotus Research Centre, 2008

&_u'Åoflt u'Åo rrf5'+ 5+' rrft u'≈oflt u'≈o cj:yfo\ hs k|of]u h'O . yhfu' k"hfo\ ko]+tf ts g+ dfn]˚' . yhfu'cj:yfo\ rrfof :t/ ;fdfGo tuL+g+ Rjo\ Rjo\ofu' tuL+no\ G≈ofjg]u' ljlw g+ h'ofjg]˚' . cyf{t ;fdfGo ¿k+rrf hs xfn]u' h'ofRj+yfo\ j rrf g[To rrfo\ kl/0ft h'Os]dfu' h'O˚' . jx] rrfoft Znf]s j ko]+tf cflb g+dfnf jg]˚' .!_@_y'lnsy+of yL yL rrf 5Øn]u' sy+ h'n .rof{uLtoft :jefj sy+ g+ yL yL bo]sfM :jo]Ho" . rof{uLtof k'rM yo\ Rj+ .!_ bfz{lgs kIf k|wfg+ ¿k+ hfofRj+u' (Philosophical Facts)@_ Bf]to\u' Wofg efjgf JoQm ofgftMu' (Iconography)#_ k"hfljlw (Technical Factors)bfz{lgs kIfbfz{lgs kIfof v“ sofM RjoftMu' rrf g+ cfkfn+ b' . yhfu' rrfo\ pNn]v h'ofRj+u' v“–!_@_#_;+;f/ofu' ef}lts ;fwgt bsf] clgTo vM :yfoL dv'≤wd{ wOu' ˚'s+ 5tfhL x] vM YjOt yL yL ldvf+ hs :jof Rj+u' vM ≤Yj ej ;+;f/; bofRj+u' cg]sg l/ltlylt, ofo]Ho", ofo]dHo", wd{ sd{, k"hf ofo]u' cflb Yj˚'s dfofhfn hs x] vM ≤$_ emL dg"to\;+ cg'ej ofgf jofRj+u' bsf]+ ælhd hn dfem] rGbÆ y]+hs vM v g+ vM, v g+ dv'cyf{t\ efj j cefj wsf dg"to;+ tMtMw+s OR5f dofo]t Ogfk ofgfRj+u' cflb cflb bfz{lgs¿k+ JoQm ofgf tMu' b' .%_ yMs] b'u' 1fg d]lkGt g+ laOdfM wfo]t w+krfo\ b'g] Rj+u' dtof hMg+ lkg] vOdv' .^_&_an db'Dxoft anjfg\ wfo] hLdv' wfM;f k|1f, of]lugL, jh|jf/fxL cyf{t\ zlQm wf/0f ofgfMdRj+Dx]l;t uy] eujfg\ wfo] hL . k|1fof 1fg db'Dx j uy] of]uL h'O˚O . uy] ;fws h'O˚O. yhfMu' efj JoQm ofo]t æt'Dx ljg' b]if ld cGwf/fÆ wsfM xf8fe/0f rrfo\ Ajn+sftMu' b' .jh|b]x wsfM efjgf ofgfM b]xo\ b'g] nngf, /;gf j cfjw'lt gfl8of yMt sf]t ofo]u' k|yf,cfgGb, lj/dfgGb, k/dfgGb j ;xhfgGbof tlu+t, lgdf{0f, wd{, ;+ef]u j dxf;'v rqmofcg'ej, sd{d'b|f, wd{d'b|f, ;dod'b|f j dxfd'b|fof pknAwL, k|1f]kfo, z"Gotf, g}/fTdf cflbljifono\ zflAbs >[+uf/ Pj+ efiff 5ØnfM sf;f oSj oSj+ 5ØnftMu' rrft uy]ls M–xf8f e//0f M lqo+w pif6 x'“,zfln+ ef]og] jn+;' xdog] sk'{/ egl/0ff lot+ jf]nflqx08f M ltc2f rfkL hf]Ol0f b] c°jfnLsnd s'lnz 3f06 s/x'“ lacfnL ../Qm j0f{ M ;of/ x of]lugL df´] x]?j jGt' x]?jy'hfMu' k'rMof rrf RjG≈ofMu' zf:qLo (Classical) :jefj wfo]NjM . Yj sy+of rrf /rgf oflk+ l;4k'?ift vM . of]uLt vM . zf:qof kl08t g+ vM .Bf]to\u' Wofg efjgfBf]to\u' Wofg efjgf JoQm ofgftMu' rrft osf]+ b' . yhfu' rrfo\ Bf]to\u' /+uof j0f{≤ 5\o+ jf VjfkfMuf]kfM b'≤ Nxfkf≤ ldvf≤ cfnL9kb, k|TofnL9kbof yhfu' x] ¿k+ yfg≤ Hj;f≤ zlQm≤ lt;f≤ j;M≤ Bf]of gf+ cflbj0f{g ofgf tMu' bO{ . /rgfsf/to\;+ j Bf]ofu' j0f{g ofof+ yMu' elQm efj JoQm ofgf lgisif{ Kj+sfRj+u' g+ bo]˚'. æhGd hGd df]? t'+h' kfo z/0fÆ cyf{t hGd hGdfGt/ 5Mlklgu' t'ltO z/0f jof . Yj 5u' elQm efjof z}nLvM . y'of+ ckf] z}nLt d]u' kl/R5]bo\ laofu' b' .#_ k"hf ljlwcopyright © Lotus Research Centre, 2008

yhfu' rrfo\ k"hfof ljlwt j0f{g ofgftMu' bO . dGqof k|of]u ofgftMu' g+ bo]oM . y'sL k"hfof a:t'tg+ j0f{g ofgf tO .bb bb bbcopyright © Lotus Research Centre, 2008

%= rof{uLtof u0f ljj]rgfrof{uLtof ljsf; j lj:tf/of ‰jno\ rof{uLtoft Jojxf/o\ -k"hfo\_ rof{uLoft ‘kf;flk+’ tofM 5fo]lks'lks'+ jMu' vg]b' . yf}+of 5ØnfRj+u' rof{uLt Dx't'+ hs ;M lksof xfn]u' hs dv';] YjOt emem wfo]s]t cg]sk|sf/of u0f -;xof]u_ t g+ db'u' dv' . y'lk+ u0f bsf] ˚'s+ Gx\ofyf;+ dfnf x] RjgL wsf wfo]˚Odv' . dfMdfM yfo\ dfMdfM sy+ 5\on]u' ofgfjofRj+u' b' . y'lk+ 5\olnu' sy+ yL yL k'rM bo]sfM yg Sog]ts'tM ofo] .-s_ k'rM -v_ k'rM -u_ k'rM!_ k"hf !_ k'rM -s_ o\ RjoftMu' bsf]+ !_ k'rM -v_ o\ RjoftMu'@_ /fu @_ g[To d'b|f @_ ko]+tf#_ tfM #_ Znf]s #_ dGq$_ 8a8a!_k"hf$_ c:Yofe/0fM k~rd'b|flb $_ hfk-s_ k'rMrof{uLt G≈oMg]nfano\ G≈oMg]nfyfo\ xfn]u' ofgf dtM. ;'+ Bf]to\u' k"hf ofo]ano\ k"hfof em\jno\ hsrof{uLt xfn]u' ofgf 5\onf jofRj+u' vg]b' . rof{uLt :og]sg] ofo]u' Hofo x] g+ k"hf ofgf x] hs rof{uLt :og]sg] ofgf xofRj+u' 5u" ljz]iftf vM . csL+ rof{uLtoft dbo]s dufu' k"hf vM . k"hf tMw+ h'O˚' . k"hflrsLrfw+ g+ h'O˚', Yj d]u' x] v“ h'n . t/ rrf xfn]u' 5'+ wfld{s sfo{ ofo] dfM;f cg k"hfof qmd g+ h'Ox] dfM. :tf]q, :t'lt, t'tM gfk+ rof{uLt ˚fof :jo]u' 5u" Yj x] v“ vM . :tf]q, :t'lt, t'tM Ajg]t k"hf x] ofo]dfu' g+qmdfsy+ h'Odfu' wOu' 5'+ db' .@_ /fuu'ln g+ rof{uLt b' j ˚'s 5tf g+ 5tf /fuof If]q; nfsf tMu' x] bO . ;+uLt zf:qo\ g+ /fu b' . jx];+uLt zf:qof /fut x] rof{uLtof If]q; g+ tof tMu' b' . /fu e}/jL, uGwf e}/jL sfdf]b, j;+t, s0ff{lb, wgf>L,dfn>L, >[+uf/ dfn>L, gf6, x]+8f]n, Uj8u|L, dnf/, ljef; cflb cflb osf]+ /fut b' . t/ rrf If]qo\ b'u' /fucx+l8 wf;f yf}+sGx]+ ;+uLt zf:qo\ lh+ dvgflg . u'u'+ rrfo\ lgu" k|sf/of /fu g+ bo]˚' . rof{uLtof z}nL jefiff kl/R5]bog+ Yj v“ b' .rrfof cfvMUjM k|f/De ofo] G≈of] rrf xflnlk+ dWo] 5Dx]l;of+ rof{uLtof no\ Hj+s]t, j rrf;DaGwL /fuofu' lnw+;fo\ 5'+ :j/ tof xfnf o+sL . YjOt /fu sfo]u' wsfM wof jofRj+u' b' . Yjx] /fu sfMu':j/of sy+ t;M lr;M ofgfM rrf{uLt xfn]u' Hof h'O . Yj /fu 5Dx]l;of+ hs sfo]u' Hof h'O . rof{uLt y]+ 5Dx+ckf]l;of+ 5u" kfv+ xfn]u' h'O dv' . a? kfn+kfM ofgfM lgDx :jDx:of+ cem osf]l;of+ /fu xfn]u' ofo]Ho" ./fuoft tfxfso]s g+ sfo]u' ofgf jofRj+u' b' . lrsLrf xfsM g+ sfo]u' g+ ofgf jofRj+u' b' . rrf xfn]u' cGto\g+ /fu sof x] hs rrf xfn]u' Sjrfo]sL . /fu sfo]u' lgod yMu'x] sy+ofu' b' . Yj v“ lgod kl/R5]bo\ JofVofofo]t s'tM ofgfu' b' .#_ tfMrof{uLtof d]u' xn+Hjn+ vM, tfM . so]“ofu' lgkf tfMoft tfM 5hf] wfO{ . Yj lgkf tfM 5u" d]u" gfkt;s+ jf lr;s+ Nxft+ lyOsf Njfsf cg]sg ;M lksfo]u' Hof h'O . Yj lyOs]u' jf Njfs]u' g+ cg]s kxM b' .yhfu' kxM j ;Moft x] tfn wfO{ . /fu cg]sg b' wOy]+ tfn g+ Pstfn, lqtfn, cflb cflb b' . /fu sfo]u' Hofh';f+lg;]+ tfM yfo]u' Hof h'O{ . rrf xfnfRjlgano\ g+ tfM yfgf x] RjgL . rrf xfn] w'+sfofu' lnkf xflnu' /fu -lnRjM /fu_ xfnf Rjlgano\ g+ tfM yfgf x] RjgL .rrfof Gxfkf+ sfOu' /fu -G≈oRjM /fu_ j lnRjM /fu sof Rjlgano\ /fu ;'gf+ sfn j+ x] hs tfMyfo\dfM wOu' db' . d]lk;+ g+ yfo]Ho" . /fu sfOano\ tfM ;sl;of+ dfqf ldn] h'Os yfo]dfM wOu' g+ db' .G≈ofDx]l;of+ G≈ofy]+ dfqf+ yfM;f+ Ho" . cg]s dg"to;+ cg]s dfqf+ yMyMu' tfn+ ofgfRj+u' tfMof 5u" kfMv+lkHjofRj+u' tfM of Wjlg x] 5u" G≈oOk';] Rjgf jOu' ylsof ljz]iftf vM . rof{uLt x] xfn]ano\ wfM;f tfMyfOlk+ ;sl;of+ 5u" kfv+ jx] 5u" dfqf+ x] tfM yfo] dfM . dv';f cg a]tfn h'O .copyright © Lotus Research Centre, 2008

$_8a8aYjOt 8d? g+ wfM . x]jh|tGq+ YjOt l8l08df wsfM gf+ 5'gf tMu' g+ b' . Yjof cfsf/ k|sf/ ln5\o+Njfsf ljk/Lt lbzf; :jofRj+u' Gxfo\ Dx't', ldvf db'u' lgkfM hf]/f VjfMkfM y]+ Rj+ . Yj VjfMkfto\ wfld{sk|of]hg d'tflas NooftMu' ;'+ hLjof 5\+ou'nL+ e'gftMu' bO{ . cn] lgkfM VjfMkfMof hf]8o\ h'ofRj+u' ln5\o+of yf;+Ujfo\ y]+ Rj+s 3fgf tMu'nL Rjsfo nfs 5'+ erf em\oft'u' j:t' toftO . cn] j lgkf VjfMkfMoft cv]+ y'v], y'v]+cv] :jsO{ano\ j em\oft'u' Ujf/f yfxf“ jof VjfMkfno\ hf]8+ Yo"jO . cn] Yj Yo"jOu' sf/0f+ Wjlg lkHjof jO .8a8a yfo]u' ljz]iftf Yjx] vM . 8d?oft em\jf§ :jo]ano\ Rjsf dn"u'tMuf]u' jh| wOy]+ g+ Rjgf jO{ .8a8a G≈oRjM /fu sfOano\ j lnRjM /fu sfOano\ hs yfo]u' Hof h'O . u'u'+ u'u+' rrfo\ rrfd]oftfno\ nfsf g+ tfM 8a8a gfkgfk+ yfo]u' Hof ofO . cfkfofgfM Yj lqx'/f tfnofu' rrf xfnLano\ yy] 8a8ayfo]u' rng b' .!_@_v_ k'rMs k'rMof j0f{g ofo]u' ‰jno\ s !_ k"hf, s @_ /fu, s #_ tfM j s $_ 8a8a wsfM Rjo]u'Sjrfo]sfu' b' .g[To d'b|fg[Toof kf;f uLt vM wOy]+ rof{uLt+ g+ g[Tooft yMu' kf;f efMkfM bo]sf tMu' b' . g[To ofof+ g[ToofO{Dx]l;of+ rrf xfn]Djf . cfw'lgs uLlt gf6\ogfk ngf :jo]axu' Yj g[To uLtof sy+ cg]sg cg]sof t'ltkfMsfsf+ NxfM ;+s' ;+s'+ cg]sg cg]s d'b|f Ajo]u' Hof ofgfRjgL . YjOt jh|g[To g+ wfO{ . d]lk;+ rof{g[To wsfMwof jofRj+u' b' . jh|ofgo\ rof{g[To 5u" ljlwof sy+ x]jh|tGqo\ b'Yofsf tMu' vg]b' . rof{g[Toof pb\ud g+x]jh|tGq x] vM .#_Znf]sg[To l;wo]j+ j rof{uLt gfk ldno] h'O sy+ 5u" Znf]s Ajg]dfM . g[To ofODx]l;of+ Yj Znf]s AjgfMKoxf+ jMu' efjoft d'b|f HofgfM SogL . ægfrlGt aflhn ufclGt b]jLÆ 5u" a+ufnL lnlkof rrfo\ yy] RjoftMu'b'! . tyfut u'≈os -u'≈o ;dfh_ o\ Rj+u' 5u" Znf]s yhfu' x] Hofof em\jno\ Ajg]u' ofgfRj+u'b'@ .$_ c:Yofe/0f M k~rd'b|f cflbrof{uLto\ g[To ofOlkGt rlqms'08n, sl07, ?rs d]vnf cflb k~rd'b|f g+ dfn]˚' . g'k'/ cyf{t\ 3+3nf g+dfn]˚' . k~rd'b|f 3+3nf cflb clt pTs[i6 u'≈oflt u'≈o k"hfo\ jh|frfo{lk+;+ wf/0f ofgfjofRj+u' b' .!_v k'rMofu' v+Ò bsf ]u_ k'rMv k'rMofu' v“ bsf] v k'rM j0f{g ofo]u' em\jno\ v!–s k'rno\ Rj+u' v“≤ v@–g[To≤ v#–Znf]s wsfMRjo\x] Sjrfo]sfu' b' .@_ ko]+tf -k~rtfn_ #Yj 5u" ;f“:s[lts afhf ufhf vM . Yjoft :ju{ nf]so\ k'Ou' afh+ wfO{ . wf]“VjfM jMlk+ lvrfVjfM jMlk+;+k'Ou' afh+ g+ wfO{ . YjOt b]j afh+ g+ wfO{ . wfld{s pT;j, wfld{s h'n';, Bf]to\u' hfqf;, afxf klts+ jgf k'hfofMjOu' k"hf -afxf k"hf_, df]xgLano\ tn]h'O{ x'o]s] xOu' s'DxM Kofv+ j kfofM -v8\u hfqf_ jOu' em\jno\ , g/f+kGh/f+ Gofo]s]ano\ :jo+e"BM xo]ano\, Bf]M ;M jg]ano\, hgaxfBf] nud+ vto\ tof hgjxfno\ lnt og]ano\ Yjko]+tf afh+ emL;+ :jof vgf jofRj+u' x] vM .rof{uLtof 5u" u0f Yj ko]+tf g+ vM . Yj ko]+tf k'Ou' cg]s tfn b' Pstfn, emk, dfy, z"0odfy,b'h{dfg, if6+sf/ cflb cflb . Yj Koxf+ jof bsn] Gxfkf+ Yj ;f“;fl/s v“of hfnt lnsof 5\j wsf dGq k|of]uofgf cfJxfg ofO{ . ylsoft zAb k|of]u nf æedx/+Æ -e|d/_ $ ofgftMu' b' . cg+ Bf] Nxfo]u' lg;]+ qmdfsy+ ko]+tfk'k'+ jgL . Bf] Nxfo]u' k|f/+e ofOano\ ‘r r’ zAb k|of]u ofOu' vM . Yjx] sf/0f+ jh|uLtoft ærrfÆ wfo]u' ofgfo+s'u' vO{ wsf Rjo\ wofu' b' .copyright © Lotus Research Centre, 2008

^= rof{uLtof z}nL j efiff!_ w"jf j d]u' r/0frof{uLto\ g+ cfw'lgs uLto\ y]+ :yfoL j cGt/f r/0f b' . uLtof ljz]iftf Yjx] vM . t'tM :tf]q cflbOw"jf dfu' x] wOu' db' . 5u" lgu" t'tMno\ w"jf tofM Ajlgu' g+ ofM . cfw'lgs uLt j rof{uLt erf erf kf g+kfM h" .cfw'lgs uLto\ bsn] Gxfkf+ w"jf÷:yfoL xfnf uLt k|f/De h'O . Yj w'+sf c:yfoL cyf{t cGt/fofu'r/0f xfnL . cGt/f l;wn ls xfg+ w"jf÷:yfoL jO . jx] ¿k+ d] sf]drftn] G≈ofgf jgL .rof{uLt Yj ln;] kfol5 dh" . bsn] Gxfkf+ 5u" cGt/f lg+ xfnL . cn] w"jfofu' r/0f jO{ . w"jf w'g]j+cGt/fof u'ln r/0f b' j ˚'Ss+ xfnfogL . cGt/fofu' ˚'Ss r/0f xfn] w'+sf xfg+ 5sf] w"jf xfnL . cn] d]sf]rfoL .u'u'+ u'u'+ rrft cfw'lgs uLt y]+ cGt/f w'g]j+ w"jf xfnLu' g+ b' . chfu' rrf /fu gf6, uGwf e}/jL,/fu u'GhnL j /fu Uj8qL /fu hs vM . t5]axfof k|frLg jh|frfo{ ;'/t jh|h+' /rgf ofu' ho+jfR5lnO{ g+r/0f klts+ w"jf xfn]dfu'lnO nfMjM . e}/jL /fu j sfdf]b /fu lgu'ln+ tofM xfn]dfu' rrf g+ yhfu' x] r/0fklts+ w'jf xfn]dfu' k'rno\ nfMjM .@_ /fu gfk :jfk" db'rrf pTklQ h"u' k|f/lDes sfno\ rrfoft /fu gfk :jfk" toftMu' vg]db' . kf}/fl0fs rrf/rgfsf/to\;+ x] yMDx;gf lrgfu' rrf Yj /fusy+ xfn]u' wsfM SogftMu' db' . x]jh|tGqo\ g+ rrfDo] wfM;fpNn]v ofgftMu' b' . t/ 5' rrf 5' /fu sy+ xfn]u' wsfM RjoftMu' db' . Yj x]jh|tGqo\ ug g+ /fuofu' gf+ tsg+ pNn]v h"u' vg]db' . rrf oDxl;of+ ooM y]+ xfn]Ho" . 5u" k'rno\ RjgfM yL yL dg"to\;+ yL yL sy+ jx] 5k"d] xfnfRjgL . yL yL dg"to\u' yL yL cfjfhof k'rM g+ uhfMu' Wjlg Kofxf“ jO jx] rrfof nIf0fvM . uy]ls sl:t xft æx'g'g'g'====Æ xfnL x+ . y'sLof cy{ 5Dx xf xfn]ano\ æx'g'g'g'Æ cfjfh jOu' dv' . xfKjMxft bSj+ yMyM ooMy] xfnLu' vM . xft bSj+ yMyM ooMy] xfMu' Wjlgoft 5kfv+ d'+sf Gog]ano\ æx'g'g'g'====Æcfjfh jOu' vM . rrfofu' cfjfhof ljz]iftf g+ yy] x] vM .yhfu' v“ af]lw;tj jh|ue{ h'of x]jh| lk08fy{ 6Lsfo\ yy] RjoftMu' b' .æWhether it is a large gathering that has received a mandate from the King, or whether it is agathering of simple folk, or is different both of there and is the feast of a chief, first the leader ofgathering sings, and after him the other sings as they please. This is the sense .Æ !#_ /fu gfk :jfk" lnkfhs b'u'rrf d] ;do ≈o"kf sy+ lnkf lnkfof rrf Do] xflnlk+;+ /fu gfk :jfk" tofxMu' h'OdfM . nLnfjh| y]+hfMDx tflGqs+ lrgftMu' æxf8fe/0fÆ rrf yL yL tfn+ xfn]Ho" ofgftMu' 5u" Uo;'nfMu' bl; vM . jx] rrf o]“5u" sy+of /fu+ xfn]u' ofgfRj+;f ono\ d]u' x] /fu sy+ xfnfRj+u' vg]b' . Yj 5u" HjnGt bl; vM . y'hfu' d]ono\ kfo\l5 dh"u' rrft oSj+ b' . Kok' Gofk' rrf uy]ls yg G≈oAjo] .!= gdMx“" M rrf ono\ /fu uGwf e}/jL j tfn b'h{dfg wsfM RjoftMu' b' . o]“ Yj rrf /fu e}/jL cn] tfnlqx'/f vM .@= lqrqm M rrf ono\ dw'dt /fu cn] tfn b'h{dfg vM;f o]“ /fu >[+uf/df/>L tfn dfy vM .#= cjlglg lxt jfd hfg" M rrfo\ ono\ /fu sGxf/ RjoftMu' b' . o]“ Yj rrf /fu sfdf]b+ xfn]u' wsfMRjoftn . tfn wfM;f lgyf;+ v6+sf/ SogftMu' b' .$= s'+elg efhg M Yj rrf ono\ /fu j;Gt÷nlnt RjoftMu 'b' . o]“ wfM;f /fu e}/jL RjoftMu' b' . tfno\ g+ono\ b'h{dfg cn] o]“ ´k RjoftMu b' .%= k~rdxfkqo M ono\ /fu kßfhnL, o]“o\ /fu nlnt RoftMu' b' . tfn lgyf;+ py]+ cyf{t\ ‘dfy’ .^= sdnljsl;to\ M ono\ ‘/fdsnL’ o]“ ‘ljgf]b’ . tfn lgyf;+ ‘dfy’ .copyright © Lotus Research Centre, 2008

of{uLto\ k|of]u ofgftMu' efo cfkfMofgfM ;+:s[t x] vg]b' . Bf]of j0f{g ofgftMu' u'ln g+ rrf b' j˚'Ss wO y]+ ;+:s[t efiffofu' vM . uy]ls p/+uf e/0f, låe'h Ps d'v, k|Hjlnt x"+sf/, k|d'lbt cflb . t/ ;+:s[tefiff k|of]u ofgf tMu' h";f+ Jofs/0f If]qo\ wfM;f z'4 h'Ox]dfM wOu' 5'+ u'n'k+ -cg'zf;g_ toftMu'db' . efjhs jM;f+ ufM ofgf efo\ofu' d'Vo p2]Zo hs x] :jofM rrfo\ ;+:s[t efo\ 5\onftMu' b' wfM;f+ 5'+kfOdv' . Ps jrgof stf{oft ax'jrgof lqmof zAb k|of]u h'Oy]+ hfu' v“UjM Psf] x] b' . clsO dWo] 5u" gd'gfG≈oyg] . Rofu"u' ztfAbLof k"jf{4ofDx nLnfjh|+ RjoftMu' efo\ yy] vM– æufjlGt nLnfjh|Æ.v_ lgu"u' k'rM Ð a+ufnL, lxGbL, d}lynL cflb NjfsMa'sM ofgftMu' .;+:s[t efo\ 5\o5\o+ jgfM yfo\ yf;o\ d]u' x] efo\of zAb g+ xofM 5k' x] rrfo\ 5\onftMu' g+ vg]b' .yhfu'of gd"gf rrf æclgnÆ sfo] ˚O{ . clgn rrfo\ 5qL;+ jL/ jL/]Zj/ hlx+ hlx+ tlx+ tlx+ wsfM RjoftMu' b'. yhfu' x] efo k'nf+ k'nf+u' a+ufnL efo gfk ldn]h"jM wfO{ . Yj gfk ldn]h"u' y]+ hfu' s[i0ffrfo{+ RjoftMu' a'41fg cf] bf]xf; Rj+u' 5k'd]of 5s" c+z yy] ofgf :jo] –lhd lhd sl/0ff sl/l0f/]+ l/;c .ltd ltd tytf dWou0f jl/;c .. @cy]x] nLnfjh|of xf8fe/0fo\ æt'Dx jf]/Gt]g]Æ y]+hfu' lxGbL efo\ tof tMu' vg]b' . s/] s/f]6s rrfo\æx+; k+lQm h};fÆ RjoftMu' g+ yg Gxof]yg] Ho" . ægfroL wL/] gfroL wL/]Æ y]+ hfu" zAb g+ b' . lqo+lqz gfygf+u' rrfo\ æxd gxL af]n]Æ y]+ hfu' pNn]v g+ b' .u_ :j+u" k'rM Ð Yj efo\ j efo\ wfo] dkmOu' M cke|+z efo\rof{uLto\ 5\onf tOu' efo\ u'u'+ u'u'+ nf yhfu' efo b' ls u'u' efo\oft Yjx] efo\ vM wsfM gf+ 5'O x]˚Ou' VjfM djM . chfu' efo\oft æcke|+zÆ wsfM wfo]u' afx]s d]u' wfo] ˚Odv' . yhfu' efo\ u'+u" lemu"u'ztfAbLof hMvM 5\on]u' ofM . j;'jGw'ofu' clewd{sf]if ;Dkfbg ofgf lksfDx g/]Gb|b]j cfrfo{h' yhfu' efo, &,* j ( ztfAbLO k"j{ ef/tof v“NxfaNxf h'Ou'ofM wsfM wfu' b'# . ;g\ !()& ; x/k|;fb zf:qLh'+ yhfu' efiffRjoftMu' ;˚" osf]+ g]kfno\ n'Os'u' b' wsfM wfMu' b' . 5u" ;do\ yhfu' x] cke|+z efiff ef/tof osf] yf;o\5\onf jofRj+u' vM . & u"u' ztfAbL kfv] ljxf/, a+ufn, cf;fd k|b]zo\ Yjx] efiff+ v“nfaNxf h'Ou' ofM . ( lg;]+!@ u"u' ztfAbLO ;Dk"0f{ pQ/ ef/to\ Yj efiff 5\onfM /fi6« efiff x] vMnf wOy]+ Rj+u' vM $ . G≈ofu' k|sf/ofsfJofTds /rgfo g+ Yj cke|+z efiff G≈o}k'Os 5\onf jofRj+u' vM . rof{uLto\ g+ Yj x] k|efj h"jMu' vM h'O{. g]kfof rof{uLt /rgfsf/t nLnfjh|, ;'/tjh|lk+;+ g+ cke|+z efiffof 5'+ zAbt b'YofsftMu' h'ofRjg .æwLÆ c+s % ; yhfu' 5'+ r/0f j psLof z'4 ¿k+ lxOsftMu' yg G≈of]yg]ax h" .cke|+z efiff+ laoftMu' 5u" r/0f M–cSv/ dGt ljjlHhcf] gp ;f] ljGb 0f lat .P;f] k/d dxf;'xcf] gp ˚]l8c 0fp lvt ..y'sLofu' z'4¿k+ lxOsftMu' r/0f yy] b'M–cIf/ dGq ljjlh{tf] g t' ; ljGb'g+ j[tM .Pif k/ddxf;'vbf] g t' :˚]l6tf] g t'lTIfKtM ..cy] x] cke|+zof 5u" d]u' r/0fM–lsRr] l0fRrpg lj;fcup nf]c l0fdlQc sfO{ .tx jQf 0f hO{ ;De/ l; plx+ ;cn lj;fO{ ..ysLofu' z'4¿k Rjof tMu' yy] M–s[To] lgTo+ r ljifbutf] nf]sf] lgdGqot] syd\ .tyf jftf{ g olb+ ;:d/l; plti7lt ;snf] ljiffb]g ..xfg+ 5u" cke|+zof r/0fM–copyright © Lotus Research Centre, 2008

lhd hnd r+b ;lx0f p;f] ;Rr0f ldxfz"Go lg/+hg gf+u' rrfo\ YjOt yy]ofgf ljof tMu' b' .lhdhndfem] rGb|;lx g :jR5 gldR5 .ug+ ug+ nf g]kfnL x] efo\ vMnf wOy]+ Rj+s zAb Koxf+ jofRj+u' b' . å+ljgL gf+u' rrfo\ p7 -u'?_e/f08f] ;Gdfg ofgf ljlGtefj ofgfRj+u' Sogf tMu' b' .*_ GÅoyg] axu' 5u" lgu" zAbt Mrrfo\ 5u" lgu" yhfu' zAbt b' u'ls+ ;f+s]lts cy{hs laof Rj+u' bO{ . uy]ls kfof, nfof cflb . kfof≠ ofu' cy{ r/0f] z/0f wofRj+u' vM . ækfÆ cfvn+ kfp cyf{t r/0foft ;+s]t laof Rj+u' b' . æofÆ cfvn+wl/of lnpg]u' cfvMof æofÆ sof Rj+u' b' . csL+ ækfofÆ of cy{ kfp r/0f] lzNo+ut wl/of vM . cyf{t t'ltOek'of Rj+u' wsf SogftMu' vg]b' .ænfofÆ of cy{ g+ ækfp lz/f]k/Æ wOy]+ 5' k|;fb lan j :jLsfo{ vM wsfM ;+s]t laofRj+u' b' .d]u" 5u" Znf]s g+ G≈oygf :jo] M–æo]gf t' o]g aWot] nf]s t]gf t'gf t]gf t' aGwgd\ d'+r]tÆ Yj x]jh| tGqof Gxfkf+u' efuof u'+u"u' k6no\Rjof tMu'Znf]s vM . k/d/tf] rrfof 5u" c+z g+ vM . uy] uy] ;+;f/oft aGwg ofgfM o+sn cy] cy] x]aGwgo\ RjgfjgL wsf YjOu' ;+If]k cy{ vM . æo]g t' o]g ====== t]gft' t]gft'Æ . cyf{t uy] uy] cy] vM cy] x] .tytf y]+ .(_ Kofv+kfM gfk :jfk"o]go]g t]gt]g Yj emL;+ ug+ 5'+ afh+ofu' Wjlg vM wOy]+ tfgf jM . g]kf b]of Gxfkf+lg;] afl;Gbf h'ofjMlk+ Hofk'to lwd] yfgf jOan] so]+ofu' b]df y]+hfu' rfsdsnfu' j:t' b]kf Nxflt+ cfsfzo\ nfs os\vfgfM hjNxflt+ sly+ bfbf“ Wjlg lksfO . j WjlgO g+ æo]gfo]gf t]gft]gfÆ wO Rj+u' ;M jofRj+u' tfgfjO . Yj afh+ gfkgfk+ w'Hofd'Hof wOu' k+ofu' tMxfsMu' erf rfMt"u' k+slyO xfs'u' t'o'u' l;o'u' RjfDjM lrgftMu' j:t' Kofv+x'Osf x'Osf RjgL j xofRjgL . cyf{t Yj Kofv+ x'Os]u' tfn vM .rrfo\ g+ æo]g t' o]g =====t]gf t' t]gfÆ dWo] t]gft' -t]gf x'+_ zAb sof Kofv+ x'ofRj+u' ;+s]t laofRj+u'Sog]t 5\onftMu' rrf osf]+ b' . tGqofgo\ zAbof G≈of]g] Rj+u' 5uM 5uM hs cfvM tof wfOu' rng g+ b' .uy]ls h x'+a xf] . cy]x] æt]gft' t]gft'Æ æt]gft'Æ of G≈of]g] Rj+u' cfvM æt]Æ j lnpg] of æt]gft'Æ of G≈of]g]Rj+u' cfvM t] sofM æt]t]Æ wOu' zAb lksof xMu' g+ vg]b' . æt]gf t]gfÆ æt]t]Æ zAb cy{ Kofv+ x'ofRj+u' ;+s]tvM . yhfu' yhfu' v“ sof :jo]ano\ Kofv+ x'ofRj+u' ;+s]t+ hfu' r/0f toftMu' rrft g+ b' . xfg+ u'lnv] dl5yhfu' rrf g+ b' u'u' Do] xfnls Kofv+ x'o]df≤ dx';] dufM . ægfrloÆ ægfroL/] lw/]Æ æg[Too+ltÆ cflb zAb osf]5\onf g[To ln;] ;ltsfRj+u' b' . rrfof b[li6+nf Kofv+kfM sfo]u'oft ‘Wofg’ vM wsfM :jofRj+u' b' . cn] yMtyd+t'+ dGq÷ dGql;l4 5ØlnlkGt Wofg dbo]s dufM . cy]x] rof{uLt -dGq_ 5ØnLlkGt rof{g[To -Wofg_ gfk:jfk" to] x] dfM cyf{t\ dGq j Wofg uy] vM cy]x] rof{uLt j rof{g[toof ;DaGw vM .!)_ ;flxTo lsrMrrfo\ zAb cg] cg]u' tfng+ tof af“nfs bo]sf tMu' nf bx] b' . Yjof“ ckf] ;flxlTos lsrM/rgfsf/to\;+ 5\onf Sog]u' ofgftMu' g+ vg]b' . y'lk y'lk+ ;flxlTos knfM G≈ofsftMu' :jo]ano\ j chfu'rrfof /rgfsf/to\u' O{M AoM :jo]ano\ kfZrfTo ;flxTosf/tou' ;flxTo Ajgf u'u' k|z+;f ofgfRjgf jofl;s+ckf] rof{uLtof k|frLg /rgfsf/to\t k|z+;f ofo]dfu' vg]b' . ;n+;M b“ G≈og]+ tflGqsto\;+ 5\onftMu' ;flxlTossnf 5'+ sd h"u' db' . wfy]+ wfo]u' vM;f pld;+ SogftMu' ;flxlTos ;+s]t emg af“nf h" . rrf d]of ljz]iftf g+Yj x] vM . x]jh| tGqo\ woftMu' g+ b' – rrfd]o\ nf]s uLto\ o]+ ;fwf/0f efiff dh";] jh|flGjtd\ k/+ jh| efiff+5fo]lksftMu' h'OdfM . jh|efiff uhfMu' h'OdfM wOu' v“ Wjfy's]t x]jh| tGqo\ RjoftMu' ‘sf]Nnflo/]’ j d]d]u'rrfo\ 5ØnftMu' efo\ :jo]dfnL . YjOt yg ;flxTo lsrM u'Kt efiff wsfM Go+s]u' s'tM ;Dd ofgfu' b' . 5u"lgu" gd"gf yg Sog] .!_ ej ;+;f/of df]x tf]l˚Os]t j clgTo vM wsfM Wjf y'Os]t Yj ;+;f/ nvo\ Rj+u' rGb|df y]+ vM wsfSogftMu' b' . Yj yy] vM –ælhd hndfem] rGb| g ;Rr g ldYofÆ@_ OR5f, 1fg j lqmof Yj :j+u"ln+ r"nftls G≈ofy]+hfMu' Hof g+ ;˚n h'O . Yj :j+u"oft ;ld>0f ofgfMcopyright © Lotus Research Centre, 2008

]vfTds lrq efjgf ofgfM :jtwfM;f cg ;de'hf lqsf]0f -Equi-Lateral Triangle) of cfs[lt jO . Yjlqsf]0ffTds cfs[ltof 1fg :d/0f ofOano\ h'u' cfgGbof cg'ej ljåtto\;+ ofo]u' ofM . Yj lqzlQmlqsf]0ffTds cfw[ltoft ‘wdf]{bo’ cyf{t\ sfojfs lrQof ;+dLs/0fof ¿k+ tGqljb\to\;+ :jo]u' ofgfRj+u' b' . 5'+5'+ yg G≈oAjo] –s_ u'08/Lkfbu'ofu' lqx08f rrfo\lt c8|8f rfkL hf]Ol0f b] c°jfnLsdn s'lnz 306 s/x'“ ljcfnL ..v_ nLnfjh|h'ofu' xf8fe/0fo\–lqo+w pif6 x'“u_ O{Zj/kfofu' 5u" rrfo\ –ltc 3fp vf6 kl8nf ;a/f] dxf;'v] ;]lh 5fOnL .;a/f] e'h· g}/fdl0f bf/f] k]Dx /flt kf]xfOnL ..-rof{ ro{ljgZro, rof{ g+= @*_#_ Yj ;+;f/ j Yj hLjg Ifl0fsdfq hs vM wsf Wjf y'Os]t ;'/tjh|+ Pdlxd08no\ wofu' rrfo\ yy]RjofAo"u' b' –kjg b'O e]l8of b[9 l:y/] lrQ .lgu" ;'kf“o NjfOano\ Koxf“ jOu' lemlnSs (Lightning Flash) w}Oy]+ hfu' Yj emLu' hLjg vM wsfMb[9 ¿k+ dgo\ lt wsfM wofRj+u' b' . yhfu' x] v“ William Wordsworth h'+ Lucy Gray wOu' sljtf %RjofM gfdL h"u' vg]b' .#_ Yjx] rrfo\ æ;d'b|t/+u lhg Ps' cg]sfÆ d]u' b[i6fGt 5u" n'd+s] ax h" . eujfg wODx 5Dx x] vM .jOu' ¿k cg]sg cg]s bof jO{ (All in one, one in all) yy] wfo]t ;d'b|o\ jf k'v'lnO t/+u nf5yf;+ jOu' vM t/ csLof ¿k ˚}no\ h'h'+ jgL wsfM SogftMu' b' . clsof ¿k g+ ≈o" ≈o"+ g+ jgL .Yj :jo]t k'v'lnO rfuM 5uM xfs'ltgf s'/sLano\ rfuM s't'j+yf;+ rfM rfM h'of h'of cg]s ¿k sfsf+jgLu' vgL . 5'+ ;do lnkf j rfMrfM g+ dbof jgL . Gxfkf uy] vM cy] t'+ h"jgL .$_ xfsg+ hg wg Yj of}jg ;f}Gbo{ ˚'Ss+ ldvf ˚'lt ofo] y]+ hs vM wfo]t nM sofM ljGb' laOano\rGb|dfofu' cfsf/ sofM a“o\ lbpjgL wfO y]+ hs vM wsf xfg+ d]u' 5u" ;flxlTos nIf0f Yjx] rrfo\SogftMu' cem G≈oOk';] Rj+u' v“ vM . æhg wg hpeg, pbs ljGb' rGb|fÆ wsfM RjoftMu' sd dv' .%_ NxfMkft osf]+ osf]+ b'Dx wsfM v“ Wjfy'Os wfot æx+; k+lQm h};fÆ wsf SogfRj+u' g+ ;flxToo\ G≈ohfu'knfM vM wfo]dfM . Yj ;flxTo lkHjo]s'Dx x]jh|tGqof 6Lsf of]u/Tg dfnfof /rgfsf/ s0f{kf vM .!!_ ;f+s]lts efiff M u'Kt efiffrrfo\ ;f+s]lts efo\ 5\onf tOu' d]u' 5u" yMu' x] kx vM . jh|ofgo\ ;fwstou' NxfM klr+ j ldvf;+sf v“NxfaNxf h'O˚' wsfM RjoftMu' b' . rrfo\ cfvMUjM tofM csLof u'Kt cy{ d]u' x] h'of Rjg]˚' . ysLoftx]jh|tGqo\ laoftMu' æsf]Nnflo/]Æ Rj+u' v“UjMyg G≈oyg] ax h" . uy]ls Yjx] kL7 vM wsf tKo+s dwf;] u'Kt¿k+ æsf]Nnflo/]Æ wsfM Rjoflan . cy]x] t'+ pkkL7 If]qof gf+ tKo+s sfo]u' yf;o\ æd'dd'gLÆ wsfM SogfRjg .cy]x] yDx]l;of+ y'Osf sfo] w'+s'u' 1fg Sjft's HjgfM to]dfM clsoft uan]+ :o+s] dHo" wsfM wfo]tæuf9f cfln+ugÆ^ y]+hfu' zAbt 5\onf Destroyer of all kinds of dual knowledge & of ;+s]t laofRj+u' g+yfo\ yf;o\ laoftMu' b' . lgv]+ Yo"u' ;+wL ;+Wof efiff g+ wfo]u' of . k|1f lagf pkfo\ 5' ofo]t wsfM gjlstæxf8fe/0fÆ rrfo\ æxd lj/lxgL jh|jf/fxL t'Dx lag' x] klg cGwf/fÆ wsfM dgf]/+lht efo\ 5ØnftMu' vg]b' .rrf lqx08fo\ g+ yy] x] b' .!@_ dGq efiffrrfo\ dGqof cfvMUjM x] g+ 5onftMu' vg]b' . ;f+s]lts efo\ j dGq cy] cy]x] vM;f+ lgtf+ 5tf x]dv' . ;f+s]lts efo\ dg" lkR5] 5tf 5tf h'O˚' . dGq wOu' u'?+ laofM lzio+ u|x0f ofgf osfRj+u' efo\ vM . YjdGq ;fwg ofo]t k|of]u ofOu' 5u" pkfo vM . yhfu' yhfu' dGq x] k|of]u ofgftMu' rrft g+ b' . rrf wOu' x]copyright © Lotus Research Centre, 2008

dGq vM c]n] g[To x] Wofg vM wsfM yg+ xfg+ 5s n'd+s] .!#_ rrf xfn]u' tfnrrf d]of cfvMUjMoft dfqfo\ Ajynf ;'/ j tfno\ nfsf xfnf o+sO . Yj ;'/ j tfn /fuof sy+ h'O. ug ug+ Ko+uM GofuM cfvMoft g+ 5u" dfqfo\ nfsfM xyf xyf;+ cfvM uf]lr+sf o+sO . ug+ ug wf;f 5uMlguM cfvMof 5u" dfqf ts+ bO . ug+ nf 5uM cfvMoft 5u" dfqfof l;a]+ ckf] dfqf bO . Yjlt v“ nf 5u" b' .5'+ h'of dfqfoft rrfo\ cfvMUjM duft wf;f cg rrf j Do]of+ lkg]Rj+u' cfvM g+ cg Tofo\sof xMy]+ xofxflnu' rng ylsof yMu' x] kx vM . yhfu' v“ rrf æclgnÆ ægdM x"+Æ cflb yg Rjo]ax h" .!$_ /fu 5tflh h";f+ yL yL sy+ xfn]u'/fu 5u" x] h";f+ xflnu' no j tfn 5u" y] d]u' kfol5 dh'O g+ ˚' . jx] 5u" /fuof 5k' rrf 5u" tfn+xflnu' vM;f jx] /fuof d]u' rrf d]u' x] tfn+ xfnf o+sOu' b' . Yj rrfof d]u' ljz]iftf vM .uy]ls dWo] d]?, kjg d08n, lgdf{0fflb, csf/ ;+hft cflb bsf]+ /fu e}/jL x] vM . Yj Kok' rrf Ko+u"x] tfn+ xfn]u' ofM . cls+ Yj rrf y]+ xfn]u' wsfM ;+s]t laOt /fuof gf+ hs tof cg y'Os]t yfs' . k|i6 h'Osy'Os]t æ3+Æ zAb to]u' ærngÆ b' . rrf ælhglhsÆo\ /fu e}/jL wsf Rjof tMu' b';f+ yo ofgf y'u' tfn+ rrfxfn]u' wsf y'Osf sfo]t yfs'O{ oM . csL+ cg æ3+Æ Rjof Ao";f hs l;Os]t cMk'O . ælhglhsÆ oft ædWo]d]?3+Æ wsf RjoftO . y'ln RjoftMu' bo]j+ rrf xflnlk+t osf] cMk' h'O{ . ædWo]d]?Æ of tfn uy] vM cy]x]ælhglhsÆo\ g+ h'O . cy]x] t'+ dfqf g+ 5u" x] h'O . w'jf sfo]u' sy+ g+ dWo]d]?O uy] vM cy]x] t'+ h'O .!%_ 5u" x] /fo\ g+ w'jf sfo]u' tfn kfo]km'/fu 5u" x] b'g] Rj+u' yL yL rrfo\ d]u' ˚'s+ jy] t'+ d] xfnf o+s';f+ w'jf sfo]u' tfn d]u' sy+ x] g+ h'O˚'. /fu sfdf]b x] h";f+ æk|Hjlnt x"+sf/Æo\ sfo]u' w'jfof tfn æcjlglglxt jfd hfg'Æ O w'jf sfo]u' tfngfkkfol5 h'x] dh" .!^_ ynf sf]nfG≈ofu' rrfo\ g+ ynf sf]nf wOu' ckf] ofgf bO . rrfof r/0f cfkfM ofgfM al5 al5 ofgftMu' bO .5u" al5oft 5Tjf wfo]u' rng b' . 5Tjfoft g+ afTjf afTjf ofgf Tjf yn]u' g+ of . afTjf erf lrO;n+ xfn]u',d]u' afTjf tM;n+ xfn]u' g+ h" . lrO;n+ xfn]u'oft æsf]nfÆ wfO . tM;M ofgf xfn]u'oft æynfÆ wfo]u' ofgf tMu'b' . ug ug+ 5Tjfs+ æynfÆ g+ hs xflnu' g+ b' . 5Tjfs+ æsf]nfÆ sy+ xflnu' g+ b' . ynf sf]nf e" l;Obo]sxfnf o+sOano\ rrfof /; xflnlk+t GogfRjlglk+t g+ t;s+ dg oOk';] RjgfjO .!&_ tfMof vÒ5k' rrfo\ 5k'o+s 5u"x] tfn+ tfM yfo]u' sy+of rrf osf]+ b' . u'u'+ rrfo\ sf]nfv+ xfn]u' rrfo\ 5u"sy+ tfM yfo]u' h";f ynfv+ xfn]u' rrfo\ d]u' x] sy+ tfM yfo]u' g+ b' . uy]ls æuhfhLgÆ rrf . 5k" x] rrfo\lgtflh /fu bOu' yf;o\ /fu cg';f/ tfn j dfqf g+ kfgfjgf Rjlgu' nf bx] bOu' x] h'n . yhfu' rrfo\æk/d/tf]Æ x"“sf/ ;hft æcsf/;+hftÆ, cf]+vjh| rrft g+ G≈of]g] to]xo] Ho" .!*_ 5o+ jf zLif{srrfDo]o\ 5\o+ jf zLif{s cnu dt;] Do]of bsn] G≈of]g] Rj+u' zAboft x] zLif{s ofo]u' rng b' . uy]lscjlglglxtjfd hfg', ho+ ho+ j ho+ jfR5nL cflb .!(_ /fu j tfnrrf uo\ ofgfM xfn]u' vM j cMk'Os]t /fu laoftMu' bO . uy]ls /fu e}/jL, uGwf e}/jL cflb .y'lnhs dv' cg k~rtfnof 6Lsf tfn g+ laoftMu' bO uy]ls if6+sfn, ;gL cflb . rof{ uLltsf]if a+ufnL efiff+RjoftMu' x/k|;fb zf:qL+g+ O{ !()& ; g]kfno\ jofM cWoog ofMu' rof{uLto\ /fu hs laoftMu' b' . tfn wf;flaoftMu' db' .Rjo\ Rj+u' v“UjMt ˚'Ss d'gf 5sf] sf]yLs :jt wfM;f rrf 5u" snf If]qo\ tRjt+ RjG≈ofu';flxlTos snf ljifo vM wfo]dfM . ylsO{ dWo] 5'+ 5'+ rrft ;fj{hlgs ¿k+ Ajg] sg] ofo] Ho"u' h";f kfZrfTo;flxTo gfk+ osf]+ ngf :jOlk+ dbO dv' h'O{ .copyright © Lotus Research Centre, 2008

copyright © Lotus Research Centre, 2008

&= rof{uLtof lgodrof{uLt uy] xfn]u', ;'gf+ k|f/De ofo]u', uy] ofgf sf]rfo]s]u', ;'gf+ sf]rfo]s]u' cflb v“o\ sf]lyOs :jo]u'g+ G≈oOk';] RjgfjO . cls+ Yj j Yjhfu' v“ yf}+sGx] uo\ uy] ug 5' h'ofRjg wOu' yg s'tM ofo] Togfu' b' .x]jh| tGqof sy+rof{uLtof pb\ud h"u' tGq u|Gy x]jh|tGqo\ 5'+ ljlgodt ;+If]k+ RjoftMu' vg]b' .j yy] vM–;b/d uLot] oq ;b/d oq g[Tot] .u0ffWoIf+ k'/:s[tTod\ tGq u|x0fd\ t' nIot] .. !Yjlsoft D.L.Snellgrove h'+ yy] efo\ lxOsf tMu' b' .Decorously one sings there, one dances there. The leader is first appointed and then he shouldnote the scent. @5Dx rrf xfnfRjgL d]Dx Kofv+ x'nfRjgL . clsO 5Dx g]tf h'ofM :jofRjlg . cg uhfu' uhfu'af;gf jofRj+u' b' wsfM j g]tf+ :jofRjgL .x]jh|lk08fy{ 6LsfYj v“oft x]jh|lk08fy{ 6Lsfo\ af]lw;Tjjh| ue{h'+ yy] ofgfM JofVof ofgftMu' h'ofRjg .;fwgf ofo]yfo\ osf] dg"t bo]Ao' jf erf erf hs dg"t d'gf Rjg]Ao' bsn] Gxfkf+ cgof d"nDx dg'v+d] xfnfogL . jof+ lnkf d] d]lk;+ g+ d] xfnf o+sO . cn] cgof d"nDx dg" cyf{t jh|frfo{h'+ uy] uy] h'ofRjgj+ ljrf ofgfM :jofRjgL . $Rjo\ RjoftMu' lgod cg';f/ cg d'gf Rj+yfo\ gfoM 5Dx bx] bO . j gfoMg+ bsn] Gxfkf+ d] xfn]u' ofO{. jof No"No" cg Rj+lk d]d]lk+;+ g+ d] xfnf o+sO cyf{t gfoMg+ dxfo]s+ d]lk;+ d] xfn]u' Hof ofo] dHo"u' h'ofRjg.k"hf cfhfo\ cfM h'of jofRj+u'Rjo\ x]jh|tGqo\ RjoftMu' v“ j x]jh|tGqlk08fy{$ 6Lsfo\ RjoftMu' lgod k"hf cfhfo\ g+ cfts 5'+ 5'+5\onf jofRj+u' b' . 5\onf jofRj+u' lgodt yy] vM –!_ k"hfo\ uLtfrfo{to\ k"rno\ 5Dx gfoM bO{ . rrfkf gfoM wsfM Gxfkf Gxfkf to]u' rng b';f+ yf}+sGx]cy] db' . cog+ j d'gf k'rno\ bsn] ysfnLDx x] sb/ :j¿k (Protocal Order) gfoMof ¿ko\Rjg]u' ofgf jofRj+u' b' . gfoMg+ Gxfkf+ rrf 5'gf laOu' Hof h'O{ . jof+ lnkf jof No"No" d]lk+;+ g+ rrfxfnf o+sO .@_ gfoMg+ rrf 5'+ h'of d5";f jof+ Sj;+Dx afyMg+ rrf 5'Ou' Hof ofO{ . cn] d]lk;+ Do]xfnL .#_ Yjx] qmd+ ylhDx btn] sf]lhlk+;+ rrf d5'Ou' 5u" rrf xflnu' k'rMof lgod bofRj+u' h'ofRjg .$_ rrfo\ /fu sfo]dfMu' g+ 5u" lgod vM . Yj ljifo Rjo\ rof{ultof u0ft ljj]rgf kl/R5]bo\ Rjo] w'+u'b' . /fu sfo]u' lgod g+ ylhsy+ sfo]u' ofgf tMu' b' . /fu sfo]u' 5Dxl;of+ sfo]u' Sjrfo]s]TogsLd]Dxl;of+ jx] /fu xfg+ sof os]u' g+ ofo]Ho" . YjOt /fu TjMltu' j /fu sof o+sOu' wfO{ . ylhDx+/fu sofM TjMtn ls sf]lhDxl;of+ /fu sof o+sO{ . ysflnlk+;+ /fu sfQn] Sjsflnlk;+ /fusfOdv' . 5'+ h'ofM :jDx KoDxl;of+ 5kfv+ /fu sfMj+u' h";f+ yy] h'n wsfM jfM rfo]j+ Sjsflnlk+;+ /fusfo]u' lbgfM ysflnoft /fu TjMtf laOu' Hof h'O{ . Yj 5u" ;fdflhs dfg dof{bf sy+ xgf jofRj+u'lgod vM . /fu xfn]u' kxM wfM;f TjfM TjfM klQs+, axfMaxfM klQs+ kfM . o]“, on, Vjko\ g+ /fusfo]u' e" l;Obo]s yMyMu' kxM b' .%_ 5k' 5k' rrf xfn] Hof l;wo\j+ jx] rrfofu' /fu sof Sjrfo]sL . j k"hfof ‰jno\ bsn] nLkfxfn]dfMu' rrf g+ b' . j bsn] nLkf xflnu' rrf Sjrfo]j+ g+ /fu sfo]dfMu' rng b' . yg /fu sfo]u'lgod Rjo\ Rjof y]+ ysfnLDx+ dv' . yg Sjlhsy+ lg;]+ /fu sfsf+ jgL . nLkf rrfkf gfoMg+ /fucopyright © Lotus Research Centre, 2008

^_&_sfO{ . rrfkf gfoMg+ /fu sofM Sjrfo]s]u' Hof h'Odv' . rrfkf gfoMg+ d"nfrfo{oft /fu TjMtflaO{ .k"hf ofgfRj+Dx d"nfrfo{+ /fu sofo+sO Sjg+ rfo]sO . yy] sf]rfo]s] w'g]j+ rrf xfn]u' Hof x] SjrfMu'h'O ./fuo\ b'g] /fudfnf wOu' b' . Yj 5u" /fu gfk ;lts RjoftMu' 5u" 5Gb aGb j+u RjoftMu' Znf]s vM. l7 b]zo\ -l7dL_ 5k" 5k" /fu klQs+ jx] /fuo\ nfsfM yhfMu' Znf]s Ajg]dfMu' rng b' . ono\ g+ yy]x] rrf klQs+ /fuof dxTj SogftMu' Znf]s Ajg]u' rng b' . o]“ pTs[i6 k"hf h'Oano\ hs yy] /fusfO . j g+ rrf klQs+ sfo]u' ofgftMu' b' . ;d'Rr rrfof k|f/De sfno\ 5SjM x] hs sfO .Rjo\Yo+s G≈ofMu' k"hf h'Oano\ rrfof cf/De g+ d"nfrfo{ofu' d'vf/ljGb+ h'O{% . yg rrfkf gfoMg+k|f/De ofOdv' . cg+ lnkf lnkfofu' rrfo\ hs Rjo\ Rjo]w'+u' lgod nfu" h'ofjgL . bsn] nLkfofu'rrfof /fu g+ d]d]lk;+ sfsf+ jgf d"nfrfo{oft Tjtf ljO{ . cn] yg d"nfrfo{+ g+ sofM Sjrfo]sLu' h'O{. y'u' sy+ Yj v+ l;Ob' – rrfof Wjlg lkt laODxg+ d"nfrfo{ x] vM . rrfof WjgL lj;h{g ofgf yMu'x] z/L/b'g] ;dflxt ofgf sfODx g+ d"nfrfo{ x] vM . d"nfrfo{oft x]jh|tGqo\ >L x]?sof ¿k+G≈oygftMu' yg Wjfy'Os] dfMu' b' . Yj lx;fj+ rrf ;fwg ofODx ;'+ dv' >L x]?s x]hs vM . >Lx]?s db'yfo\ rrf xfn]u' Hof h'Odv' nf ls 5' wsf g+ yg Gx\o;M jo] ˚O .k"hf dh'Os+ rrf h'Odv'rrfoft yg k"hfof 5u" c+u hs vM wsfM dfgo\ ofgftMu' b' . k"hf dh'Os+ rrf dh'Ou' 5u" lgodvM . tMw+u' jf lrw+u' h";f+ k"hf h'O x] dfM . x]jh|tGqo\ RjoftMu' vM . cfM ;do ≈o"kfM ofsa's g+ rrfxfn]u' ofM . k"hf x] dh";f+ g+ rrf xfn]u' g+ ofgfxn .rrfoft 5fo\lkOs] Ho" -afÒnfs] Hof ofo] Ho"_!_ rrfoft /fu+ 5fo]lkOs]u' v“ nf G≈oyg] x] w'+u' b' . y'of+ ckf] g[To ofgfM g+ 5fo\lkOs] Ho" . rrf5Dx]l;of+ xfnfRjgL d]Dxl;of Kofv+ x'nfRjgL . x]jh|tGqo\ yy] x] RjoftMu' b' . ægf6\od\ >L x]?s¿k]0f cd'liftf:d[lt of]utMÆ^ Yjg+ x]jh|tGqofu' x] v“ vM . yg G≈of]yg] ax h"u'ln+ yg to]xofu' vM .g[To+ 5fo]lkOs]u' Hof h'n ls cg rrfgfk NjMu' Znf]s bo]df u' d]u' 5u" kx vM .@_ Znf]s Ajlgu' Hof rrf sf]rfo\ w'+sf hs h'O . jg+ yhfu' Znf]s G≈of]g] j No"g] /fu x] xflnu' h'O{ .#_ ko]+tf k~rtfn tof g+ rrfoft 5fo\lkOs] Ho" . rrf xfn]u' Hof h'Ow'+sf /fu xfnf sf]rfo]s] G≈of]ko]+tf g+ j rrf tfn sy+ k'Ou' Hof h'O .dxf;+] dufMu' rrftrof{uLtof Hof ‰jno\ cg]sg lgodt b' . k"hf h'Oano\ k"hfof yhfu' yhfu' Hofo\ Yj Yj rrfxfn]dfMu' wsfM lgod b' . csL ;'gfg+ lxn]u' Hof cfts ofMu' dh';] c6n h'ofRj+u' d]u' 5u" b[9 kxM vg]b' .u'?d08n k"hf h'Oano\ ædWo]d]?Æ rrf xfnL . ono\ ci6>[+ufrn xfnL . k+rs'z k"hfo\ o]“ ‘uf]s'bxg’5ØnL . Vjk b]zo\ s'+elgn÷ /Qmj0f{, gLnj0f{, lztj0f{, xl/tj0f{ cflb xfnL . l;t tg h'ofM lgb“ ts h'Ou'>f4 lk08bfg cj;/o\ ædfofhfnÆ gf+u' rrf xflnu' Hof h'O . Vjk b]zo\ lk08 yo] G≈oM r}To bo]s]ano\ægdfld gdfld lhgwft'Æ ægdfld gdfld wd{wft'Æ rrf g+ xfn]u' ofM . Vjk b]zo\ G≈ofu' k"hfo\ g+ lsuMltg]ano\ æk|ljzt'Æ xfn]u' ofM . o]“ Yj æk|ljzt'Æ bLIfflb sd{o\ hs xfnL .o]“, Vjko\ snz k"hfo\ æcg'Q/Æ xfnL . ono\ æsnzfr/0fÆ xfnL . y'sy+ x] cg osf]+ osf] yhfu'rrfljlw Gxfkf+lg;]+ yf}+ts G≈ofsf jof+ t'+ Rj+u' b' .yM oMoMu' rrf xfn]Ho"u' rrftyy] clgjfo{ ¿k+ xfn] x] dfMu' rrft 5yL b';f cg yM oMoMu' sy+ xfn] Ho"u' rrft g+ b' . t/clgjfo{ ¿k+ xfn]dfMu' rrf xfn]u' Hof w'+sf ltgL yM oMoMu' rrf xfn]u' h'O{ . nIf0f :jo]u' Hofrrf xfn]u' Hof h'ofM u'lnts k"j+ dj+ Yj :jo]dfMu' g+ lgod bofRjg . Yj :jo]u' Hof pu' yf;o\Rj+Dx jh|frfo{oft laoftMu' b' . x]jh|tGqo\ RjoftMu' v“ G≈oOk';] Rj+ .n;'gd\ k|ydd\ uGwd\ u[x4b|fuGwd\ ttM k'gM .sk'{/d\ dnohd\ tbg' uLtflw:yfgd\ nIfo]t\ .. &copyright © Lotus Research Centre, 2008

x]jh|tGq lk08fy{6Lsfo\ RjoftMu' 5u" c+z yg to] ax h" .Now on the occasions of those festivals of a general gathering or a chief, thevajracarya should note the signs of the effective power (adhisthana) of the songs and dance. Itis of three kinds (grades), firstly, there will rise a scent like garlic, secondly like vultures andlastly like camphor. *yg æjh|frfo{Æ zAb+ >Lx]?s h'ofRj+Dx cyf{t d"nfrfo{oft ;Daf]wg ofgfRj+u' vg]b' . cg uGw jOu'bsn]+ Gxfkf nfefof cn]+ lnkf lu4ofu' uGw jO wOu' ch'ultof v“ vM . bsn] nLkf -:j+u"u'_ of r/0fo\ sk"ofaf; jO{ wOu' v“ wfM;f :jfefljs vM .;M -Wjlg_ of kxM -:jefj_cg jOu' yL yL uGwofu' v“ Rjo\ jg] w'+s'u' b' . rrfofu' Hof af“nfs h" dh" :jo]u' d]u' nIf0f g+x]jh|tGqlk08fy{ 6Lsfo\ Rjof tMu' b' . cg Wjlg cfjfh /fhx+;ofu' ;M j s:tL xft xfnf Rj+u' ;M g+jofRj+u' bo]dfM wOu' Sogf tMu' b' . Yj ljifoo\ Rjof tMu' v“ yy] vM –Likewise in accordance with the charactersitics of the song the tone of the voice atbegining and end is to be led and concluded with the sound like that of a royal goose and aroyal bee. !)x]jh|tGqo\ wf]“ xfMu' ltx" tLx" cfjfh g+ jo]dfM wsfM RjoftMu' b' . D.L. Snellgrove h'+ yy] efo\lxOsf tMu' b' .The sound of a goose and a bee is heard at the end of the song, and of a jackle too heshould note the sound in the garden without. !)yhfu' v“ RjoftMu' rrfof yMu' x] ljz]iftf b' . YjOt 5u" G≈oOk' tfo]s]u'of ;fwgof ¿ko\ hssofRj+u' db' . yy] sfo] g+ dHo" . YjOt >4fof efj+ cf:yf bo]sf 5\on]dfu' vM . jx] sy+ 5u" k':tf+ d]u'k":tfo\ G≈oHofHof+ emL+lg;M emL+ :j;M b+lg;]+ u'≈o¿k+ jofRj+u' b' . Yj u'≈o -cfud j]b_ h"u'ln+ YjOt :og] sg]ofo]t g+ ljlw ljwfg yMu' x] kxn+ h'of jofRj+u' b' .k|lzIf0f ljlwttMw+u' k"hf ofo]u' jf k"hf h'OG≈oM rrf :og] sg] ofo]u' j cEof; ofo]u' Hofof uf];f ljlwk"j{sofo]dfMu' rng b' . u'?kfv]+ k"hf ofsf rrf :og]u' uf];f uf]o]u' Hof h'O{ . csL alR5ltO jg] w'+sf af k"hf -dWofjlw_ h'O{ . cy] x] k"jg] w'+sf k"0ff{of ¿k+ k"hf h'O{ . g]kfno\ /LtL l/jfh sy+ rrfof ;+:s[lt G≈of jofRj+u'Yjx] sy+ vM . Yj ljifo Yjof+ ckf] nLkfofu' kl/R5]bo\ g+ wfo] .bb bb bb*= rof{uLtof yf}+of cj:yf j ofo]dfMu' 5'+ 5'+ vÒtrof{uLt b'u' ;˚"t ltAatof sfGUo"/ If]qo\ ltAatof efif+ efo\ lxOsf tMu' osf]+ b' . x]jh|tGq g+ cgefo\ lxOsftMu' b' . Nxf;fo\ dxfofg jh|ofg osf]+ osf] yf;o\ k|efjsf/L 9+u+ G≈ofgf jofRj+u' h'ofRjg .cf]l8ofgof h'h' tGqljb OGb|e"ltof sfo\ kß;+ej dxfofgof cg'ofoL vM . zfGt/lIft, a'4>L1fg, ;'/tjh|y]+hflk+ jh|ofgLof l;4x:tlk+ j+u' y]+ hfu' Nxf;fo\ jh|ofgL l;4fGt dbOu' wOu' vMx] dv' . jh|ofg 5\onfj+u'yf;o\ rof{uLt g+ 5\onf jlgOu' nf :jefj x] vM . dg"of gf+ ts cy{ lksofM jof cy{ :jofM ltAatof efif+lxOsLu' rng b'u' Nxf;fo\ rof{uLt g+ ef]6 efiff+ efo lxOsftMu' x] h'O{ . x]jh|tGqo\ Rj+u' æsf]Nnflo/]Æ jæk/d/tf]Æ of ef]6 efiff+ efo\ lxOsf tMu' hf D.L Snellgrove ofu' ;˚'ltO lksof x] tMu' x] h'ofRjg . cls+Yj l;Ob' ls Nxf;fo\ g+ rof{uLt cjZo g+ 5\onf jofRj+u' b' . t/ u'u' emL sf7df8f}+no\ Rj+u' ;˚"of efo\ vM jefiff+ wfM;f dvo]˚' .rof{uLtofu' efo\t a+ufnL g+ vg]b' . yf}+sGx]ofu' a+ufnL efo :jofM g+ k'nf+ k'nf+u' a+ufnL efo\ ;+ejtMcopyright © Lotus Research Centre, 2008

!! ztfAbLofu' a+ufnL efo\ b'u' rrft osf] b' . tGqof kL7 hfn+w/, k"0f{lul/, sfd? sfdfVof cf]l8ofg cflb g+yf}+sGx]ofu' ef/tof k"j{kfv] -k"j{ ef/t_ cyf{t a+ufn, cf;fd cflb yf;o\ nfM wsfM dfgo\ ofgfjofRj+u' b' ./fx'n ;f“s[Tofogh'+ g+ k'/ftTj lgjGwfanLOg+ rof{uLtof ljifoo\ rrf{ ofgftMu' b' j csLO g]kfno\ k|frLgsfn+lg;]+ 5\onfjofRj+u' æsf]Nnflo/]Æ æcvo lg/GhgÆ j ælqx08f =======Æ rrfDo] j ;˚'ltO g+ RjoftMu' b'wsfM Gogf Ajgfu' b'! . Yj sy+ :jo]ano\ g]kfno\ u'u' 5\onf xfnf jofRj+u' rof{uLt vM a+ufno\ jf cf;fdo\g+ cy] x] ofgfM xfnf jofRj+u' bO{ wsfM cg'dfg ;xh 9u+ ofo]˚' . t/ cfM yf}+sGx] uhfu' k|sf/+ G≈oHofgfRj+u' b' wOu' wfM;f ysL b'jfnf d:jo]s+ yy] x] vM wsfM wfo]˚'u' cj:yf db' . /fx'n ;f“s[Tofogh'+ yMu'æbf]xfsf]ifÆ ;˚'ltO ef/to\ rrf Gxgfjg] w'+sn g]kfno\ wfM;f ;fdfGosy+ AjngfRj+u' vgfM yM ch'ultrfo]sfRj+u' v“ RjoftMu' b' .sfZdL/ g+ rof{uLt rno\ h'O˚'u' 5u" If]q vM . jh|ofgL l;4x:tt laqmdzLn dxflaxf/of u'¿ zfSo>L @ , ;j{1ldq # cflblk+ cg jg]u' jo]u' Gxfkf Gxfkf h"u' vg]b' . le+m5u"u' ztfAbL kfv] ts af}4 wd{of 5u"d"yfo\ sy+ Gog]sg] jof Rj+u' sfZdL/ d08n wsf gf+ hfM $ . g]kfno\ sf7df8f}+ wOy]+ sfZdL/o\ sfi7:t+e b' .sfZdL/ ufM g+ Gxfkf sf7df8f}+ ufM y]+ nv+ Tjk'ofRj+u' cn] d~h'>L+ sf]Ogfo\ Rj+u' kxf8 v8\u+ kfnf nM lkt5\jof sf7df8f}+ bo]s'u' wOy]+ sfZdL/ ufM g+ cy]x] rdTsf/L ¿k+ bo]sf tMu' vM % . clego u'Kt y]+ ceos/u'Kt g+ -O{= ;+= !)*$_ sflZd/Lof cfrfo{ vM^ . lgikGgof]ufjnL j jh|fjnL y]+ hfMu' RjG≈ofMu' u|Gyof/rlotf ceos/ u'Kth' RjgfM Ajn+u' yfo\ sflZd/o\ rrf bOdv' wsfM wfo]hLy]+ dRj+ . cy]x] yL yL u|Gyof/rgfsf/ j oSj+ oSj rrf Ro"+Dx /Tgjh| (Rinchen rDorje) g+ sflZd/ofDx x] vM & . cfo{tf/f ;|Uw/f :tf]qRjMDx slj ;j{1 ldq g+ sflZd/L vM . -af}4 wd{ bz{g k[= !&&_Yj lx;fj+ sfZdL/ j sf7df8f}+ osf]+ ldno\ h" . cg g+ rof{uLt bo]˚' wOu' cg'dfg ofo]Ho" .sf7df8f}+ ufno\ rof{uLt Aofjxfl/s ¿k+ G≈ofgfjof+t'+ Rj+u' b' . ljz]if ofgfM jh|frfo{ zfSo ;dfho\rof{uLt wfo]j+ yhfu' wsfM ;xh ¿k+ y'Osf jofRj+u' x] b' . >]i7, k|wfg, hf]zL, cfrfto;+ uefh' a/]to\ rrAjgf d] xfnfRjgL wsfM lx:ofo] luho\ ofo] sy+ g+ wof jofRj+u' tfM . cls+ d]u' ;+k|bfoo\ g+ ylsofu' k|efj b'wsfM l;Ob' . l;t tg h'Oan] lgb“ ts h'Ou' sd{sf08o\ rof{uLtoft b'Yofsf tMu' b'u'nL+ rof{uLt rof{ x] ¿ko\G≈ofgf jofRj+u' b' . o\ g+ rof{uLt ofo]u' k/Dk/f yMu' x] ultO{+ G≈ofgf jofRj+u' b' . cfM yy]+ x] Gxgf x] jlgOu'l:ylt vg]db' . yy] h"u'of d'Vo sf/0f k/Dk/flg;]+ h'of jofRj+u' /Llt, lylt, u'l7, d]nf, sd{ sf08, 5'+ 5'+erf;f+ h'of jofRj+u' x] vM . a]nf a]nfo\ bLIff laOu', l;Gxfo dt, 5qL;fdt, cg] cg]u' sy+ h'of jofRj+u'u0frqmflb k"hf, axf klts+ wOy]+ 5\onfjof Rj+u' dxfanLk"hf, b“o\ b“;+ yL yL d'gf Gofo]sf jofRj+u' ;Lu'lycflb; rof{uLt xfn]dfMu' sf/0f+ g+ rof{uLt AjngfRj+u' d" lnw+;f vM .rof{uLt G≈ofu' yf;+ pb\ud h"u' vM;f+ g+ Yj g]kfnof hLjg ;+:s[ltof ¿k+ ljsf; h'of jofRj+u' b' .Yj g]kfof k|frLg ;f“:s[lts ;DklQ vM . jfUjh|, nLnfjh|, ;'/tjh|, cdf]3jh|, hoxif{ y]+ hflk+ tGqljbto;+5u' y] 5u' y]+ hfu' rof{uLt >[hgf ofgfM Yj ;“:s[ltof w's" Ajn+sf tMu' ;'gfg+ uan]+ g+ NjMd+s]˚O dv'^ .rof{uLt tGqljlw k|of]u h'Ou' af}4to\u' cfu+ cfu+ klts+ j u'≈o k"hflb yf;o\ 5\onf jo]dfMu' h"unL+tGqljlwof 5u" tf]l˚Os] d˚Ou' u|Gy sy+ AjngfRj+u' vM . g]kfno\ lem+5;M lem+lg;M b“ Gxfkf+y]+ hfMlk+ tGqljb\tnf cfM yf}+sG≈o\ b'u' dvo\ w'+sn tyflk tGqljlwt Jojxf/o\ 5onf t'+ jofRj+u' v“ emLu' G≈of]g] b'u'u' dltO{to]ax h" .;flxToof ldvf+ :joano\ g+ rof{uLtoft tM5fo] dHo"u' dv' . k|ydtM rof{uLt bsf]+ sfJofTds efif+lrg]dfMu' h"u'nL+ rof{uLt /rgfsf/to\t sljof ku/L+ k'Os] x] dfM . cls; g+ g]kfof ;'/tjh|ofu' Pdlxd08nrrfo\ G≈oygftMu' ;flxlTos v“t :jo]ano\ YjM G≈of]g] lg;M :j;M b+ k'nf“lk+ kfZrfTo ;flxTosf/ j g]kfof x]gf+ hfMlk+ ;flxTosf/tou' ;flxTo n's' lagfjgL wfM;f+ 5'+ kfOdv' .rrf wOu' Ajg]u' ljifo dv' . t'tM y]+ Jxf// Ajg]u' ljifo g+ dv', g t Yj oMoMlk+;+ oMoM y]+ tfn+xflnu' x] vM . rrfoft tfn j no dfM . cn] Yjoft /fu+ cv] y'v] jg] dlhOs lrgftMu' g+ bO{ . d] xflnu'wf;]+ln cg d] xflnDxl;u' af“nfu' jf af“dnfu' ;M wsfM g+ v“ lkxf“ jOu' x] h'n . cls+ Yj rrfoft snfof If]q+g+ b'Yofsf :jo]ax h" . rrfoft ;xof]uof ¿ko yfo]u' tfM 5tf afx]s d]u' 5'+ afh+ db' . cfMy]+ zf:qLo jfcfw'lgs uLto y]+ cg]s cg]s afh+ ;fh+ b'u' dv' . bO g+ dv' . tfM 5u'of e/o\ d] xflnlk+;+ tfno\ nfs d]xfnf o+s]dfMu' YjOu' ljz]iftf+ rof{uLtoft :j/k|wfg snf wfM;f+ g+ kfOdv' . yhfu' snf Djfsf to]u' wOu'yfs'u' v“ vM . g]kfno\ lbgrof{ wOy]+ rof{uLt lg/Gt/ DjfgfRj+u' ;sl;t+ n;tfof v“ vM .rof{uLt ;fwsto\u' ;fwgf -pkfo_ g+ vM . k"hf ofODx d"nfrfo{+ ;fwgf ofof+ k"hf ofgfRjgL . cg x]copyright © Lotus Research Centre, 2008

uLtfrfo{lk;+ ljlwsy+ rrf xfnfM rrf{ kl/rrf{ ofgfM d"nfrfo{oft UjfxfnL ofgfRjgL . u'u' sy+ rrf xfnLjx] jx] sy+oflk+ b]j b]jLlk+ cg jofM g[To ofM jofRjgL wsfM Gogfjof Rjgfu' b' . csL+ rof{uLtoft ;fwgfof5u" k|efjsf/L dfWodof ¿ko 5\onf jofRj+u' vM . yhfu' sy+ 5\onf jo] dfMu' g+ vM .rof{uLto\ cfkfMofgfM Bf]to\u' ljj/0f ;flxlTos ¿k+ laoftMu' b' . y'Dx Bf] yo\ Rj+ co\ Rj+, pDx Bf]co\ Rj+, yhfu' cfe"if0f b' , yy]+ yy]+ hfu' Hj;f b' , YjMsf Nxf b' , yhfu' j0f{, YjMuM 5\o+, y'ln ldvf, yly+hfu'cf;g jf kb, Yj Bf]ofu' Yj wf/0fL cflb v“ bsf]+ ;+If]k+ Dxl;Os] Hof h'ofRjgLu'ln+ g+ Yj Bf] Dxl;Os] zf:q(Iconography) of ¿ko\ sof jofRj+u' b' . g]kfno\ af}4 wd{zf:q Ajg]sg] hs dv';] Aojxf/o\ g+ 5\onfjofRj+u' b' . dxfofg, jh|ofg, tGqofg, dGqofg, ;xhofg cflb lGxoflGxy+of rof{of ¿ko\ g]kfMufMof g]jf;dfho\ af}4 wdf{nDaLto\ ljz]if ofgfM jh|frfo{ zfSoto\ yMyMu' 5]+o\ cflbsfnlg;]+ yf}+ts G≈oHofgf jofRj+u':jfefljs x] vM . vo]˚' Yj d]d]yfo\ Rj+lk d]d]u' b]zo\ Rj+lk Yj If]qo\ dg;'jf b'lklgu' nflu Ajg] sg]u' x] hsv“o\ lbO˚' . t/ g]kfMufno\ lGxof lGxy+ofu' ;+:s[ltof sy+ Hof h'ofRj+u' b' .d]d]u' b]zo\of d]d]lk+lgu' nflu rof{uLt ;DaGwL ;˚" k':tsfnoo\ clen]vfnoo\, zf]wsfo{ s'7LO cflbyf;o\ b'n{e a:t'of ¿k+ sfo] w'+sn h'O{ . g]kfnof af}4 ;dfho\ 5]+ 5]+ wOy]+ rof{uLt k':ts tMw+ lrw+of ¿ko\cfts+ bofx] Rj+u' v“ d]u' n;tfo] axu' vM .bz{g zf:qkfv]+ lyOsftMu' 5u" y]+ 5u" hfMu' rrft g+ b'u'ln+ Yj If]qof ljåt ju{lk+ d'gfM v“Nxfa“NxfofgfM 1fgfd[t /;kfg ofo] axu' h"u'nL+ g]kfufn] RjRjG≈ofu' k"hf cfhf lyOs lyOs+ h'of jofRj+u' b' . yls+ofgfM Yjof ckf] tMtMw+u' k"hfo\ hs 5\olnOu' 5\on]dfMu' rrft g+ yf}+tn] DjfgfRj+u' b' x] wfo]dfM .rof{uLtoft yy] Djfsflaof ys'lk+, DjfsfRj+lk, >4]o ljåt ju{lk;+ 5]+of yf“ (pillars) uy] vM cy] x] yf}+ofrof{uLtof cj:yfof -l:ylt_ b':oM y]+ h'ofRj+u' b' . pld;+ tMtMw+u' k"hf ofo]u' ofs]u' Uj;fM duf]u' h";f pTs[i6rrft yf}+ Ajg]u' hs bO h'O{ . xflnu' h'O{ dv't h'Ow'+sn . g]kfM b]of o]“, on, Vjk, ;sf] b]of chfMlk+ljåtto\u' gf+ n'Osf Oldu' O{= Ao= Wjb'Osf ;+u|x ofo]u' s'tM ofo]dfM . yf}+ @) cf}+ ztfAbLof j}1flgsrdTsf/of pkh ef}lts ;'ljwf ef]uL o'uo\g+ emL+lg;M lem+:j;M b+lg;]+ jofRj+u' g]kfofu' rof{uLt ;+:s[lt bLIff,l;Gxfodt, cxf]/fq, 5lq;fdt y]+ hfu' Hof ofgfM ofsfM DjfsftMlk+ ;'+ ;'+ xg]axlk+ o]“, on, Vjk, ;sf]of JolQmty'lk+ vM–s'ndfg u'efh'd';'daxfof s'ndfg u'efh' -jh|frfo{_ tMsf] dl5 afxfM k"hf ofgf gM/f+ k~h/f+ y]+ hfu' k"hf Gofo]sfpu' ;doo\ b]l5+ gf+ hfo]sf 5lq;fdt y]+ hfu' pTs[i6 k"hf bf+ dfsf] yd+ t'+ tofM Gofo]s'Dx vM .afnsjh|;f£o/+uof tMkfM n+ l˚gf t"Os hgLv+ lrgf RjlgDx . xg'dfg Wjfvfof G≈of]g] sfn e}/j Bf]yfo\ckf]ofgf vg] bODx xgfdgf wO;] df]x/f b'Dx dv+axfofDx afnsjh| jh|frfo{+ O+6'axfno\ j dv+axfno\ lgsf]l;Gb"/fTds k"hf ofMu' h'n .a'4bz{gxif{ jh|frfo{5qL;fdt y]+ hfu' u0frqm k"hf ofo]u' ‰jno\ b]j lbuDa/ ¿ko\ Koxf“ jof bz{g Ao"ano\ cg Rj+lk+;sn]+ g'uM dl5gf j+u' wsfM gf+hfDx c;+ tIf]axfno\ h"u' pu' u0frqm k"hf ofgfM d"nfrfo{ h"Dx a'4bz{gxif{jh|frfo{oft jfp“tk'ln wsfM g+ dg"to\;+ can] wfOu' h'ofRjg .Hof]lt/Tg jh|frfo{‰jfaxfof Hof]lt/Tg jh|frfo{+ g]=;+= !)%# ; ‰jfaxfno\ l;Gb"/fTds k"hf ofMu' vM .u'Åoxif{ jh|frfo{tIf]axfof jh|frfo{ u'≈oxif{of rNtLu' gf+ ;fg'sfhL vM . cgof of]uzlQmofu' v“ cbe"t wsfMj;kf]nln;] £ono\a"lk+ hhdfg j lziolk+kfv]+ Gogfu' b' . j;kf]n+ :jo+e"of klZrd; wfo]sf hutof gfy Rj+Dxd+h'>Lof :yfg; l;Gb"/fTds k"hf ofMu' h'n .ef]hdfgklt jh|frfo{xfs'tk'ln wsfM gf+ sfo]sf h"Dx >Lv08t?d"n dxfljxf/of ef]hdfgklt+ g+ lj=;+= !(&$ ;fno\ >L:jo+e" hL0ff]{4f/ ofgfM h"u' cxf]/fq k"hf; sdf{rfo{ h'ofM Hof Ajn+s'u' vM . ljBfw/L dftf laHof;Mof lem+lgbo\5sf] h'Ou' sn]j/ lxn]u' lns'g] w'+s'u' k/Dk/foft xfg+ DjfsfM :jft'+ :jfs] xo]u' Hof ofMu', lgsf] ts bLIffcopyright © Lotus Research Centre, 2008

laOu' Hof ofMu', j yMu' lgjf;:yfg; nfos"axfno\ g]=;+= !)$* ;fno\ l;Gb"/fTds k"hf ofu' h'n . o]+ b]ofb]yfokf ts+ h'of j+u' b' . lrQw/ æx[boÆ y]+ gf+hflk+ efiff y'jfM ts+ lzio h'ofM cgof kfv]+ bLIff sfMu'h'ofRjg . j;kf]n Yj sfo{kq Rjldof ca'h' vM .cfgGbd'lg jh|frfo{b] yfokf ts+ h'Ou' efUo ef]uo\ ofMDx Os'axfof cfgGbd'lg jh|rfo{h'+ bLIff k|bfgof Hof ofu' b' .u'≈o]Zj/L Bf]ofyfo\ @)#^ ;fno\ cxf]/fq y]+ hfu' k"hfof uf];f uf]of yM sfo ci6nf]s]Gb| d'lgoft d"nfrfo{ofgfM G≈ofs"u' vM .k+= hf]ud'lg jh|frfo{dGql;l4 dxfljxf/of jh|frfo{ hf]ud'lg g+ tMsf] dl5 bLIff laOu' Hof ofMu' b' . ˚+lkO jh|hf]lugL df“ofyfo\ j laHof;M Bf]ofyfo\ cxf]/fq k"hf G≈ofs'u' h'n . l;Gxfodt j yL yL sy+ ofu' u0frqm k"hf g+ tMsf] dl5:jft'+ :jfs ofMu' ;'gfg+ nf]d+s] ˚Odv' . yM pkfWofo h'ofM yM sfo\ hutd'lgoft laHof;M; h"u' cxf]/fqo\,dxf;Dj/ k"hfo\ j l;Gxfodt j bLIff laOu' Hofo\ d"nfrfo{ ofgfM ts g+ Hof G≈ofsfM o+s"u' vM . j;kf]n Yjsfo{kq Rjldof bLIff u'? vM .cg+ ofMu' Hofof wnM :o"u' tfMu' sy+ yy] vM –g]=;+= yfo\ k"hf!)%( o]+ ltdfsf] l;Gxfo\dt!)%( ltdfsf] 5lq;fdt!)^! ltdfsf] 5lq;fdt!)^( ltdfsf] 5lq;fdt\!)&! ltdfsf] r08dxf/f]if0fu0frqm!)(# ltdfsf] k~rfTds u0frqm!)(^ ltdfsf] 5lq;fdt!)*@ e"OVof] sfnrqm!)*$ e"OVof] x]jh|rqm!)(( laHof;M cxf]/fq *!!)@ laHof;M dxf;Dj/ u0frqm *!!)# laHof;M l;Gxfdt *-* Yj :j+u'ln;+ hutd'lg d"nfrfo{ h'of Hof h"u' vM . _cdf]3jh| jh|frfo{o]+, u+axfof gf+hfDx cdf]3jh| jh|frfo{ sd{sf08 If]qof ljåfg wsfM bsf] l;of+ :o" . g]=;+= !)*$ ;If]qkf6L yMu' lgjf; :yfg; kL7 ;]jf w'+s]u' ‰jno\ l;Gxfdt ofMu' b' . kL7 ;]jf jh|ofgof cg'ofoLto;+ ko{Gtl;l4of nflu dof;] dufu' ;fwgf vM . kL7of dxŒj x]jh|tGqo\ RjoftMu' b' .;Tjtf/fjh| jh|frfo{rof{uLt If]qo\ o]+of yf}+sGx] osf]+ ;:o'Dx h'ofRj+Dx ;Tjtf/fjh| jh|frfo{h'+ g]=;+= !)(! ; yMu' lgjf;:yfg dv+axfno\ l;Gxfdt ofMu' vM . j;kf]n afnsjh| jh|frfo{of sfo\ vM .ab|L/Tg jh|frfo{cfM yf}+sGx] sd{sf08of k|sf08 ljåfg dGql;l4 dxfljxf/of ab|L/Tg jh|frfo{h'+ o]“, l7dL, Vjk; tMsf]dl5 kL7 ;]jfof uf];f uf]ofM uf]osfM ;+u7gfTds 9+u+ Gx\ofs]u' s'tM ofgf x] t'+ Rj+u' b' . kL7 ;]jfof ‰jno\ g+yL yL sy+ofu' u0frqm k"hflb Hof ofMu' b' . cg+ ofu' ljleGg k"hft yy] vM–copyright © Lotus Research Centre, 2008

g]=;+= yfo\ k"hf!)() If]qkf6L l;Gxfdt!!)# eQmk'/ yy'axL l;Gxfdt!!)$ eQmk'/ yy'axL qof]bzfTds!!)% eQmk'/ yy'axL* l;Gxfdt!!)% l7dL qof]bzfTds!!)% laHof;M 5lq;fdt!!)& eQmk'/ yy'axL k~rfTds!!!) l7dL qof]bzfTds!!!@ j}nf]rg tLy{ k~rfTds k"hf!!!# j}nf]rg tLy{ l;Gxfdt!!!% o]+ j;kfs{ ;Tjtf/fjh|of 5]+o\ ;j{ ;Dj/!!!% l7dL sfnrqm!!!^ eQmk'/ x]jh| g}/fTdf!!!* o]+, 6"+Vof] j;kfs{, ;Tjtf/fjh|of 5]+o\ 5lq ;fdt* -y'sL d"nfrfo{ qmdzM Vjkof Hof]t]Gb| jh|frfo{ j l7dLof /TgsfhL jh|frfo{ h"u' h'n ._>L jh|of]lugL ;'wf/ ;ldlt, ;Sj;ldlt gL:jgfM Yj If]qo\ Hof G≈ofs]u' RjG≈ofMu' tlu+ vM . ;Sj b]of Dxf;'Vjf dfh' -jh|of]lugL,pu?tf/f_ of lh0ff]{4f/ ofo]t >L jh|of]lugL ;'wf/ ;ldlt u7g h"u' h'n . Yj ;ldltofu' Joj:yfkgo\ g]= ;+=!!!& ; h"u' lh0ff]{4f/of yL yL sy+of k"hf gfk+ cxf]/fq k"hf h"u' b' .>L x]/frGb| jh|frfo{ Vjkg]kfMb]of tGqljb\ ;]“b]o\ Nxf;fo\ t;s+ k|l;l4 h"Dx Pdlxd08n rrf lgdf{tf ;'/tjh|of j+zh, Vjk b]of=== ljxf/ j BM lh0ff]{4f/ ofo]t gL:jgf laHofMDx Vjk, lydL, on, o]“oflk+ u'?h'lkGt sM3fgf Sjo\ rjofsy+sfnrqm k"hf ofgflaHofMu' b' .g]= ;+= yfo\ k"hf!!!* Vjk, yy'axL sfnrqmYj If]qo\ ;fx" dfl0fsw/ t'nfw/h'+ yMu' lgjf; :yfg If]qkf6L; g]=;+= !)&* ; O{6'+axfof gLn/Tgjh|frfo{oft d"nfrfo{ ofgfM 5lq;fdt ofMu' v“ NjMd+s] ˚Odv' . cy] x] Rjo\ Rjofu' k+= hf]ud'lg jh|frfo{ofv08o\ laHof;M h"u' cxf]/fq, dxf;+j/, j l;Gxfo k"hf ljho]Zj/L ljxf/ ;'wf/ ;ldlt kfv]+ h"u' vM . j;ldltof gfoM bofjL/ l;+x s+;fsf/h'+ j Hof ofo]t k+= hf]ud'lg jh|frfo{oft UjfxfnL Ao"u' g+ nf]d+s] ˚Odv'. g]t;+ Rj+Dx x]/fdfof+ g+ ˚DkLO ofs"u' cxf]/fq n'd+s] ax h" .rof{uLt :og]sg] Uj;fMk/Dk/f sy+ hf bLIff, Gofo]s]t, cxf]/fq k"hf ofo]t, lGxfdt k"hf, tfxfl;Gx k"hf, 5lq;fTdsflbu0frqm k"hf ofo]t rof{uLt :og]Sog] Uj;fM UjOu' vM . chfMu' k"hfof Uj;fM dUjo]s+ rrf :og]Sog] Uj;fMdh" . ;do ≈o"kfof ‰jno\ ;'wf/ h'n . Rjo\ Sogfu' k"hf h'Ou' 5'+ sy+of Uj;fM dh";f rrf :og]sg] Hof h'Ou'ofgfuMu' 5'+ yg G≈yog] axM h" .!= o]“ O6'+axfno\ sfouM ggL ;'j0f{/Tg jh|frfo{of 5]“, ;Tjtf/f jh|frfo{ cflbof lgb]{zgo\ lj= ;+= @)$!@= o]+ nfo\s"axL 1fgdfklt jh|frfo{of 5]“, ;Tjtf/f jh|frfo{ cflbof cu|;/tfo\ lto\ lj= ;+= @)%@copyright © Lotus Research Centre, 2008

#= o]+ lj= ;+= @)%# ;fn+ ;anaxfno\ t]h/Tgof ;+of]hsTjo\ ;anaxfnof jh|frfo{lk+ lzioto\t rrf :og]sg]ofo]u' h'n .$= o]+ lj= ;+= @)%# ;fn+ jh|frfo{ ;+/If0f u'lyofu' Uj;fno\ dv+axf ;Tjtf/f jh|frfo{of 5]“ . -y'sL, lziolk+s]k/LIff sofM klxnf, bf]>f cflb ts+ Aofun+ to]u' Hof ofgfM k|df0f kq ts+ ljOu' Hof h'n .%= o]+, d';'daxfM ;+/If0f tyf ;'wf/ ;ldltof Uj;fno\ j+axfof s0f{xif{ jh|frfo{, dv+axfMof ci6/Tg -h'sfhL_jh|frfo{ j dl0f/Tg jh|frfo{of lgb]{zsTjo\ nudo\ d';'daxfM, nu+axfM cflbof lzio jh|frfo{lk+ d'+sfMrof{uLt d';'daxfMof jL/]Gb| jh|frfo{ :og]u' Hof h'ofRj+u' b' . yg cfMts+ rrf :og]u' Hof G≈ofgfRj+u'b' .yhfu' sy+ rof{uLt g]kfof ;f“:s[lts ;Dkbf AjngfM Djfgf jofRj+u' bsf]+ yMyMu' lghL 9+u+ hs x] vM. y'lsO ;/sf/L of 5'+ chfu' x] ;+:yfof 5'+ x] sy+of UjfxfnL+ h'ofj+u' vg]db' . >4f, elQm, wd{of cf:yfof x]yf}+of rof{uLtof cj:yfof ;|i6f vM . Yjoft y'of+ ckf] af“nfsf o+s]u' yfo\ db'u' g+ dv' . chfu' Hofv“ cfM ofo]dfnfjof g+ Rj+u' b' . y'lk+ yy]+ vM –!_@_rof{uLt xflnOano\ dfqf b'u'0ff lqu'0ff dfM;f Yjof+ ckf]u' rf}u'0ff c7u'0ff ts+ osf] ofM . yo\h'Oano\ nf rrfof j d]of cfTdf x] ug ug vM ug ug jg wOy]+ h'O oM uan]+ ug+ w'jf tshsrrf xfn]u' g+ ofgf lan . cy] dof;] xyfo\ drf;] u'u' dfqf+ xfn]u' jf xfn]dfu' vM jx] dfqfof ult+hs xfn]u' ofo]dfM . csL cv] y'v] ofo] dHo" wsfM ˚'sl;of+ jfM rfo]s]dfM .rof{uLt cfkfM ofgfM k"hf h'Oano\ hs xflnu' h'ofRj+u' b' . l;Gxfdt j l;Gxfdt :jof+ Rjo\ Rjo\oftlu+of k"hf uy] ls 5lq;fdt, u0frqm cflb k"hf HjL G≈of] gf;MBf] k"hf ofgfM :og] sg] ‰jno\ hsrrf xflnu' ofM . ttM w+u' k"hf G≈ofan]+ G≈ofyf;+ h'ofRjgL dv' . k"hf h'Oyfo\ g+ ;fdfGo k"hfofrrf xfn]u' hs h'O˚' . ;sl;of+ rrf xfn] dbo] g+ ˚' . ;fdfGo k"hfof rrf TjMtf jof+ Rjo RjoG≈ofu' rrf g+ xflndv' . yhfu' rrf xfn]t bLIff laOu', l;Gxfdt, cxf]/fq, u0frqm cflb k"hfh'Os]dfM . yhfu' u'≈oflt u'≈o k"hf ofo]t hgef/, wgef/, cg]s tg]sof ;fdfg of ef/, tMGx' -lbg_dl5 dfMu' d]u' ef/+ ofgfM y'hfu' ttM w+u' k"hf j+ Yj+ Gofo]sf jofRj+u' db' . Gofo]s]t t;s+ yfs' . Yjv“ Rjo\ ;'gf+ ;'gf+ uan] uan] 5' 5' k"hf oft wOu' wnMg+ gjfgfRj+u' b' . yhfu' k"hf h'n x] wfM;f+u'an]+ u'an]+ hs h'O . 5'+ h'ofM yhfu' k"hf dh'of jgwfM;f RjG≈ofu' rrf xfn]u' g+ Gxgfjlgu' x] h'n. Yj 5u" ;sl;of+ ldvfo\ 3fgfRj+u' ;d:of vM . Yj ;d:of Ho+sf d5f];f ;fdfGo k"hfo\ dfMu' rrfafx]s Rjo\ Rj+u' rrf xfn]u' Hof Gxgf x] jgL . 5k' lgk' rrf nf cfMg+ ;'gfg+ xfn] d˚ofjg] w'+sn .cls+ 5'+ sy+ ofgf ttM w+u' k"hfo\ hs xfn]dfMu' rrf tgfdj+u' nfuL cEof; ofo] ofs]u' Uj;f ofsg+h'OdfMu' vg]b' .#_ rof{uLto\ Rj+u' efiff j zAbof cy{ yy] x] vM wsfM sg]u' :og]u' 5'+ Joj:yf h'ofjof Rj+u' k/Dk/f db'. cls+ Gxfkf u'ln g+ dg"to;+ ;o]sf l;Osf jofRj+u' vM j k]zfof nflu ofgf jofRj+u' vg]b' . 5+' erf?lr b'lk;+ rrf xflnlk+ln;] e]n]a'of -;+ut_ g+ ;o]sf jofRj+u' b' . cls+ rrf xfn];M t/ clsof cy{d:o" dy" h'ofRj+u' vM . yy] x] sf]Nnflo/] rrfo\ Rj+u' æl808LdfÆ 8d? jf 8a8aof cy{ y'Osf dsf;]æl808LdfÆ of lnpg] Rj+u' zAb ætflx+Æ of ætfÆ cfvM 5uM G≈of]g] tofM æl808LdftfÆ wsfM 5'+b]jLofu' cy{y]+ y'Osf Rjlk+ g+ dvgfu' dv' . d]d]u' rrfof v“o\ g+ yy] osf]+ h"u' bO{ . 5u" ;˚'lt+ d]u'nLN≈oo]ano\ cfvM j zAb x] d]d]y] h'of j+;f+ z'4 ofo] dfMu' wOu' jfM drfOu' j z'4 ofo]u' lnw+;fdb'ano\ cy{of cgy{ h'O w'+sn h'O wsfM wfo] d˚Ou' g+ :jfefljs x] vM . yL yL sy+of efiffut jlnlkut :ogfRj+u' le+s]t :jo]b';f Ho" . csL+ 5k' 5k' rrfof zAbof cy{ j rrf d'+sfM efjfy{ bo]sfto]dfMu' cfjZos h'O x] w'+sn .$_k"hfo\ rrf k'rM d'gfM ;sl;of 5u" x] :j/+ xfnL . t/ rrf xfxf+ 5Dx lgDxl;of+ rrf k"dj+s x] xfn]u'Tjtf g+ laOu' ofM . oM;f G≈ofM;f xfg+ xfn]u' g+ ofM . k"hfo\ yy] ofou' Ho"u' h";f+ 5Dx]l;of+ 5k"+ rrflaro\ dlbOs xfn]g+ ˚o]sf o+s] dfMu' g+ h'ofj+u' b' . cem ˚of+˚sf] af“nfs xfn]t s'tM ofgf o+s]u'jftf/0f bo]s] bM;f emg x] Ho" . ylsoft ;sf/fTds ¿k+ k|ltof]lutfof Hof ofgf o+s]u' g+ 5u" dof;]+dufMu' Hof vM .%_ t/ yf}+sGx] rof{g[To wfwf+ nfnfy] ;fj{hlgs ba" Kofv+ sy+ 5ØnfjofRj+u', ;'+ 5Dx ljb]zL ko{6soft:jfut ofo]u' ‰jno\ ts+ dxfsfnL Kofv+, nfv] Kofv+ y]+ no]“ ygf rrfo{g[Toof gfdo\ Kofv+ x'ofRjgLu', xf]6]no\ ufxfsLto\u' G≈o}k'Voof ¿ko\ rrf Kofv+ x'o]sfRj+u' cflb Jojxf/ cflb+ rof{uLt jrof{g[Toof cjd"Nog h'h'+ jgfRj+u' b' . Yj lqmofsnfk bSj æ;:tf] ahf/Lof dfnÆ of ‰jno\ nfMjMu'copyright © Lotus Research Centre, 2008

h'n . rof{uLt j rof{g[Toof zf:qLotf j k/Dk/f z}nL gfk tfkfkf+ jgfRj+u'oft g+ kg]dfMu' vg]bt .b]zof OHht sy+ofu' ‰jno\ hs chfMu' x] :t/Lo sy+ hs rof{g[To rof{uLt G≈oAjo] bo]u' cGoyfd5Øn]u' of;f hs YjOu' ;f“:s[lts dxTj NogfRjgL .^_ nLnfjh|h'+ cåojh| cflb u'?lk+;+ RjoftMu' rof{uLtof ;˚"t tGUo"/o\ b' wsfM Rjo\ G≈oygfu' b' . j;˚"t cWoog ofo]bt wfM;f j;kf]nlklgu' sfno\ b'ljgf SjlyOs :jo]u' ;f}efUo oSj+ oSj v“ tcjZo n'ofjOu' tfof . nf]6; l/;r{ ;]G6/of yy] x] ;+:yfut dfWod+ Yj If]qo\ s'tM ofo]dfM tfof .jf/f0f;L l:yt s]Gb|Lo pRr ltAatL lzIff ;+:yfgof :jfk" to] cMk"u' n“ g+ yg lh+ G≈oyg]t ;xdltoflglt+ Ogfk ofgf .&_ jh|frfo{ j zfSo ;dfho\ r"8fsd{ ts ckf]l;of+ ofgfjofRj+u' b' . yf}+sGx] bLIff wfM;f sfMlk+ t;s+ x]Dxf] h'h'+ jofRj+u' b' . cn] u'≈oflt u'≈o k"hf cflb h'Ou' g+ Dxf] h'h'+ jg . k"hf h"yfo\ g+ bLIff db'lk+jg] dHo"u' sf/0f+ :jo] vg], Gog], l;Os], ;o]s] dGt . bLIffof dxŒj sgfM bLIff sfo] of]Uo h"lkGtbLIff sfo]s]u'lnO pT;fx h'O sy+ s'tM h'OdfM . uy] lzIff vM cy] x] bLIff vM . lzIff db'lk+t ;˚"Hof v]no\ djM cy] x] bLIff db'lk+t u'≈oflt u'≈o v“ Hofv]no\ jOdv' . dv';f bLIffof aGwg xfs'ltgf5f]o ˚o]sfM gls+ tfgf 3fgf to]u' 5'+ lskf y]+ hs Rj+s ;+:s[lt ;Dkbf wfwf+ ;+/If0f ofo] wsfMs'tM hs h'Ou' l;jfo d]u' 5' wfo] ˚O

cg'qmdl0fsfM– !;Gbe{ u|Gy kl/ro!_ x]jh|tGqb]jgfu/L lnlk, a+ufnL lnlk j ltAatof efiff+ g+ b'u' x]jh|tGq tyfut u'≈os w'+sfM jof+No" bsn]rf]G≈ofu' tGq ;˚" vM . tyfut u'≈oso\ y]+ dxf;+uLlt -;ef_ of ¿ko\ eujfg+ b]zgf ofgfM lksof laHofMu'tGq vM . ysL g+ æPj+ dof >'td\ ======== ljhxf/Æ jfSo+ k|f/De ofgftMu' b' . eujfg j jh|ue{of by'O{ ;DjfbofsfM lkHjo]sf tMu' Yj x]jh|tGqof tGqofg If]qo\ cfkfn+ cfkfM dxŒj b' . Yj tGqof v“t osf]+ osf] lnkfofu'tGq u|Gyo\ N≈oof xoftMu' b' . >L x]?s zAbof pb\udg Yj x] tGq+ h"u' vM . Yj tGqof cfwf/ sofM bo]sftMu' ;fwgft ;fwgfdfnfo\ b'Yofsf tMu' b' . x]jh|tGqof d"n /rgfsf/ ;' vM Yj v“ yy] x] vM wsfM ;'gfg+yf}+tn] wfo]˚'u' dv' . !% cf}+ ztfAbL Yo"u' gsltlg gsltlgofDx k|l;4 af}4 Oltxf;sf/ nfdf tf/fgfyh'+ * cf}+ztfAbLO kßjh| j sDankfb+ yL yL sy+ lktxMu' wsfM wfu' b' . D.L. Snellgrove h'+ Yj ‰jno\ 8f]DaLx]?sof gf+ g+ G≈oygftMu' b' . 8f= ljgotf]if e§frfo{h'+ g+ Yj v“oft s'+ lvgftMu' db';] Yj v“oft x]G≈oHofsftMu' b' . co;f+ kßjh|of l;s]+ GxfkfofDx g]kfof jfUjh|of NxfltO Yj u|Gy jo] w'+s'u' vg]b' . kßjh|h'+u'≈ol;l4 w}u' yMu' /rgfo\ jfUjh|of gf+oft :jyfo= Koyfo\ xgf+tMu' v“ yg n'dd+s";]+ dufM . D.L.Snellgrove h'+ ;Dkfbg ofgfM c+u|]hL efiff+ lksof tMu' x]jh|tGqof efu ! j @ ;˚"t j ;˚'ltO RjoftMu'cfnf]rgfTds 6Lsf l6Kk0fL ;fk x] n'w+;] Rj+ .London Oriental series. Volume 6, Oxford University Press. First edition. 1859. Partone and part two.@_ u'Åo;dfh jf tyfutu'Åosaf}4 tGqdWoo\ bsn] Gxfkf+u' Yj tGq Ko+u"u' ztfAbLkfv] /rgf h'ofM u'≈o ¿k+ u'? lzio k/Dk/f sy+G≈oHofgf jofRj+u' vM Yj ;˚" v'u"u' ztfAbLO ˚'sl;of+ -can]oflk+ tflGqst_ l;pu' wfO{ . Yj tGqof cfwf/o\osf]+ lnkf d]d]u' tGqt bo]sf o+s'u' lg+lt+ Yjoft tGq/fh g+ wfM . ysLof /rgfsf/ j;'aGw'of bfh' c;+u vMwsf woftMu' b' .Gaekwad's Oriental series. No. 53, Benetosh Bhattacharya, Oriental Institute BarodaFirst edition 1931.#_ ;fwgdfnf;fwgdfnf efu ! j efu @ g]kfnof k|fOd ldlg:6/ tyf >L # dxf/fh rGb| zDz]/ h+uaxfb'/ /f0ffh'+g]kfn+ sof Ao"u' kf08'lnlkof cfwf/o\ ljgotf]if e§frfo{h'+ yMu' kl/ro k6n gfk+ tyf ;Dkfbg ofgfGaeckwad's Oriental series. No. 26. efu ! No. 41. efu @ d'b|0f ;g\ !(@% ; lksfMu' . ysLO # u"ztfAbLlg;]+ !@ u" ztfAbL tsofu' ;fwgft b' . ;fwgf #!@ k' b'YofsftMu' b' .$_ wLæwLÆ ====b'n{e u|Gy zf]w klqsf wLof gfd+ agf/;+ Koxf+ jofMRj+u' ;+Vof ! lg;]+ !* ts . g]kfofk|l;4 cfrfo{lklgu' O{AoM y'sL laoftMu' g+ b' .%_ History of Buddhism in India.;g !%&% ; hGd h"Dx cfgGbue{+ wsfM gf+ h";f+ nfdf tf/fgfyof gfd+ cfkfn+ Dx:o"Dx y'Dx ljåfgyMu' #$ b“ b'an] RjMu' af}4 P]ltxfl;s ljj/0f yf}+of lx;fj+ Ko;M j gLb“ dNofs k'nf+u' vM . Yj ljj/0foft¿;, hd{g, hfkfg, ef]6, c+u|]hL cflb efiffo\ g+ lxOsf tMu' b' . Gxfkf Gxfkf uo\ uy] h'n h'ofjg wsfM Gxfos+y]+ :jo]axu' Yj ;˚'ltO g]kfof jfUjh|, ;'/tjh|, cdf]3jh|, d~h'jh|, aGw'bQ y]+ k|l;4lk+ af}4 cfrfo{to\u' v“ 5'+b'Yofsf tMu' db' . y'lk+ lxGb':yfg kfv]gfk ;ltO dh"lk+ h"u'ln+ cy] ofu'vMnf wfo]˚' . nLnfjh|oft wf;f b'YofsftMu' v+ Yj l;4 h"jM . nfdf lrDkf j cnsf r§f]kfWof lgDx hfgf ef]6 efiff+ c+u|]hL efiffo\ lxOs]laofMcopyright © Lotus Research Centre, 2008

cg'qmdl0fsfM– @kfb l6Kk0fLkl/R5]b ! Ð rrf vÒUj of vÒ .!_ rrf ko]+tf ;˚"tLO{ – d'M Bf] Nxfo]u' r/0f@_ o1dfg jh|frfo{ofs] Rj+u' Yof;˚" .#_ bf]xfsf]if – ;+ /fx"n ;f“s[Tofog$_ af}4 l;4f]+s+ rof{kb k[i7 !@ – cfrfo{ k/z'/fd rt'j]{bLef/tLo ljBfk|sfzg, jf/f0f;L%_ jx] jx] – k[i7 !!^_ x]jh|tGq efu ! kl/R5]b rof{k6n Znf]s ;+Vof !)by D.L. Snelgrove, London Oriental Series Vol. 6 Oxford University Press.yg yy] RjoftMu' b' M–olb uLtd\ uLot cfgGbft txL{ jh|+ ljtd\ k/d\, oflb cfgGb ;Dk'tGg] g[To]t} df]If x]t'gf, t/xL+ jh|kb]gf6od\ s'of{b of]lu ;dflxtM .&_ cvolg/~hg rrfof 5u" r/0f –gdfld lg/fn+e lg/If/ zf]efx]t' :˚/0f ;+k|flktf .*_ ;fwg dfnf efu @ k[i7of 5u" c+zMOur late lamented friend kazi Dawasam Dup has given us also a classification of thevajrayan; he divides it into six stages, though of course, he regarded the differentdivisions as pertainig to Mantrayana. The afforsaide divisions are:-1. Kriyatantrayana2. Charya (upaya) Tantrayana3. Yogatantrayana4. Mahayogatantrayana5. Anuttarayogatantrayanea6. Atiyogatantrayana(_ af}4 l;4f]+ s] rof{ kb k[i7 !) ; RjoftMu' kfb l6Kk0fL @!)_ jx] jx] – k[i7 !!!!_ wL ;+Vof ! k[i6 @@@ ; yy] Rjof tMu' b' –gfd ;+uLltsf cy{ atnft] x'P cfrfo{ ljnf;jh| ckgL 6Lsf gfd;+uLltdGqf{yf{jnf]lsgL+ d]+ sxt] x} –ufg xL uLlt x}, ;Dos uLlt ;+uLlt x}, gfdf]+sL ;Dos ;+uLltxL gfd;+uLlt x} .Sanskrit Dictionary ; ;+uLlt Sung together a song sung by many voices wsf Rjof tMu'b' . The word sangiti means chanting together and is pecaliar to Buddhism.!@_ /fx'n ;f+s[Tofog – bf]xfsf]if k[=!#_ /TgsfhL jh|frfo{ofu' snzfr/g ljlw k[i7 @$!$_ k|d'lbt rrfof 5u" c+z – k/dflbjh| uLtfkl/R5]b @ Ð rof{uLtof pbud, ljsf; lj:tf/copyright © Lotus Research Centre, 2008

!_ -8f= /fddf]xg bf;h'+ cg'jfb ofgftMu' ;4d{k'08/Ls k[i7 !% ; Rj+u'_!_ Winternitze's view in his history of Indian Literature Vol IINeverthelss we shall most probably be right in placing the nucleus of he work as farback as he first century A. D.@_ glngfIf tQ ;dkflbt ;4d{k'08/Lsof e"ldsf k[i7 !&The probable date of the text is not very anterior to the 3rd century A. C. and shouldbe palced sometime after the Mahabasty and the Lalitvisara from tha painl of bothBuddhological conceptions and linguistic choracterstics. Hence itsoriginalcomposition may be assigned to 2nd or even 1st century A. C. #_ anb]j pkfWofoh'+ af}4 bz{g dLdf+;fo\ -k[i7 !)^_ yy] sf]l5gftMu' b' .æO;sf d"n ¿k k|yd ztfAbLd+] ;+slnt lsof uofyf, Sof]+ls gfufh'{g -låtLo zts_ g] o;] ckg]u?Gyd]+ p4[t lsof x}Æ .$_ lk= :n= j}Bh'+ ;Dkfbg h"u' ;4d{k'08/Lso\ yy] RjoftMu' æO; /rgfsL ltly O{;fsL kxnL ztfAbLd]+ dfggf unt gxL+ xf]ufÆ .@_ ;4d{ k'08/Ls pkfo sf}zNo kl/jt{of Znf]st yy] vM –jfBf r jfblkt o]lx tq e]of]{ y z+vf k6xfM ;'3f]ifsfM .lggf{lbtf b'Gb'eoZr o]lx k"hf ljwfgfo j/fu| af]lwgfd .. ()jL0ffZr tf8f k0fjfZr o]lx d[b· j+zf t'0fj dgf]1f .Psf]t;jf jf ;'s'df/sf jft] ;lj{ af]wfo\ ce"lif nflegM ..(!jfbflktf ´Nnl/of] lk o]lx hnd08sf rk{6d08sf jf .;'utfg pl3oy k"hgfy{ uL+ ;'uLt+ dw'/+ dgf]`d ..(@;j]{ r t] a'4 ce"lif nf]s] s[tjfg tf“ ax'ljwwft' k"hfd\ .lsdNks+ lk ;'utfg wft'if' Ps+lk jfblko jfB ef08d\ ..(##_ u'≈o;dfhtGqd\k[i7 ! ; RjoftMu' låtLo k6nMofu' 5u" c+zM–cy vn' d}q]ok|d'vf dxfjf]lw;TjfM ;j{tyfutsfojfs\lrt u'≈o wd{tTjfIf/+ >'Tjf cfZoo{k|fKtfMcbe'tk|fKtf Obd'bfg ofdf;'M .cxf] a'4, cxf] wd{, cxf] ;+3:o b]zGt .z'4 tTjfy{ z'4fy{, af]lwlrQ gdf]:t't] ..wd{ g}/fTdf ;De"t a'4af]lwk|k'/s .lgla{sNk lg/fnDa af]lwlrQ gdf]:t't] ..;dGteb| ;Tjfy{ af]lwlrQ k|at{saf]lwro{ dxfjh| jf]lwlrQ gdf]:t't] ..lrq tyfut+ z'4+ sfo jfs\ lrQ jh|w[s\ .a'4af]lw k|bftf r jf]lwlrQ gdf]:t't] ..u'≈o;dfh bsn]+ Gxfkf+u' af}4 tGq vM . Yj ufyf bsn] Gxfkf+u' :j:˚"t{ af}4 ufyf vM . yhfu' ufyfk+rd k6nj ci6fbz k6n ;+o\g+ :t'lt ufyf RjoftMu' b' .$_ u'≈o;dfhtGqd\rt'y{ k6nMof 5u" Yj c+z å+ljgLrrfZnf]sof ?ko\ softu' b' .copyright © Lotus Research Centre, 2008

;j{ tyfut+ zfGt+ ;j{tyfutfnod\ .;j{ wdf{u| g}/fTDo+ b]z d08nd'Qdd\ ..;j{nIf0f ;dk"0f{+ ;j{nIf0fjlh{td\ .;dGteb| sfou|+ efif d08nd'Qdd\ ..zfGt wdf{u| ;De"t+ 1fg rof{ ljzf]wsd\ .;dGt eb| jfrfu|+ efif d08nd'Qdd\ ..;j{;Tj dxflrQ+ z'4+ k|s[lt lgd{nd\ .;dGt eb| lrQfu|LIf]if d08nd'Qdd\ ..5. Guhyasamaj tantram - Introduction XXIX ; RjoftMu' 5'U' c+z –The mention of deities referred to above in the guhyasamaja shows that they wereknown in the 3rd century, A.D. when the Guhyasamaj was composed. Yj u'≈o ;dfhRjMDx c;+u vM .ef/t/Tg, dxfdxf]kfWofo\, 8f= kf08'/· jfdh sf0f] h'+ ;+ejt Gofu" of v'u" ztfAbLOhs ysLoflgdf{0f h'u' h'O{ wsf wfu' b' -wd{zf:qsf Oltxf; k[i7 k+rd efu k[i6 &(_ .l;njf n]jLof wfk'sy+ c;+uof O{MAo % u" ztfAbLof k"jf{4 h'O{df . ljG6/ lgth\of wfk'sy+ Ko+u"ztfAbL wsf Rjof tMu' b' . jf]luxf/fof sy+ c;+uof O{M Ao #&% O{ lg;]+ $&% O{ tsof b'g] nfo]df . -af}4 bz{g – g/]Gb| b]j cfrfo{ k[ !^(_ ljgotf]ifh'+ c;+uoft O @&)–#%) wsf Rjoftu' b' -;fwfgdfnf x civ_^_ wL ;+Vof ! k[i6 @@@ – ; yy] Rjof tMu' b' .gfd;+uLltof /rgf v'u" – G≈ou" zftfAbLO of y'ofl;s+ Gxfkf h'Odf . Yjof+ lnkf dv' .&_ wL ;+Vof ! k[i6 @@@*_ wL ;+Vof @ k[i6 @@!(_ cd[tsl0fsf/Jo l6k0of e"ldsf k[i7 XIV!)_ gfd;+uLltof if6\s'nfjnf]sg ufyfof c+z–csf/M ;j{j0ff{Uof] dxfy{ k/dfIf/ ..!!_ x]jh|tGq låtLok6nM–cf]+ csf/f]d'vd\ ;j{wdf{gfd\ cBfg'TkGgfTjft\ -Yj jfSo efjgf k"hf jfSoof ?ko\ yf}+ sGx]ts+ 5\onfjofRj+u' b' ._!@_ gfd;+uLlt if6\s'nfjnf]sg ufyf ;+ Rj+u' d]u' 5u" Znf]s – ccf OO{ ppm PP] cf]cf} c+cM l:ytf] x[lb .1fg'lt{/x+a'4f] a'4fgf+ qWj jlt{gfd\ ..!#_ x]ah|tGq efu @ rf}yf] k6nMo\ yo] ljoftMu'b' .c g}/fTdf cf jh|fO uf}/L O{ jf/Lof]lugLp jh|8flsgL pm k'Ss;LC ;a/L C[ r08fnLn[ 8f]DjL n[ uf}/L -lbtLo_P rf}/L P] a]tfnLcf] 3:d/L cf} e"r/Lc+ v]r/L!$_ g/]Gb|b]j cfrfo{ofu' af}4wd{ bz{g k[i6 !&% ofu' 5u" c+z M–;g !()& d} x/k|;fb zf:qL g] cke|+; s] sO{ u|gy g]kfnd]+ kfo] . O;] d}+ k|frLg a+ufnL sxtf x'+ .O;d] ;Gb]x gxL+ ls k"j{ ef/td]+ & jL+ * jL+, ( jL+ ztfAbL d]+ oxL efiff af]nL hftL yL .copyright © Lotus Research Centre, 2008

!%_ Sadhanamala P. introduction XLIIL!^_ Hebajratantra part II P. 12!&_ Do Do Do Znf]s ;+Vof != ^= !#!*_ x]jh|tGq ;j{tGq d'b|flk08fyf} gfdM rt'y{ k6nM of Znf]s ;+vof ^, & j *!(_ Hebajratantra Part II Znf]s ;+Vof @= $= !)@)_ Hebajratantra Part I Page 102@!_ /fx'n ;f“s[Tofogh'ofu' bf]xfsf]z uLltof k[i6 &! o\ yy] RjoftMu'b' –vf]h s/g] k/ g]kfnd]+ tLg rf/ ;f} jif{ k'/fgL kf]lyof“ le ldn;stL x} . lhgsf dxŒj clws xf]uf,O;] sxg]sL cfjzostf gxL+ . Ogs] ljs[t pRrf/0ff]+ s] lnP s0x -s0f{_ kfsL h| uLltM -tgh'/\ o'!^# k|1f_ sf] b]lvo] –yg+ Sjo\ æsf]nfO{ /] ==================================================== l8l08d tlx 0f jh\lh cO{Æ Rjoftu'b' .@@_ Snellgrove of ;˚" efu @ lgu"O k[i7 !)# g+ lg;] of]u/Tgdfnf ljoftMu' b' . cGto\ yy] Rjoftu'b'M–æof]u/Tgdfnf ;dfKtÆs[ltl/od\ kl08tfrfo{ >L s0xkfbfgfd\ Olt . k/d]Zj/]Toflb/fhf aln k"j{at\ . >Ldb uf]ljGbkfnb]jfgfd\ ;d\ #( efb|lbg] !$ lnlvtd\ Obd\ k':tsd\ s >Lsufo]sf/]0f .@#_ x]jh|tGq efu ! bzd k6nof Znf]s ;+vof ## j #$@$_ x]jh|tGq efu ! gjd k6nof Znf]s ;+Vof !( j @)@%_ x]jh|tGq efu @ k~rd k6n Znf]s ;+Vof ^* . Yj ufyfoft >L x]jh|tGq qmd]0f :jflwi7fg s'?s'Nnf;fwgo g+ N≈oofsof tMu' b' . Yj ;fwgof /rgfsf/ ;xh ljnf; vM . ;]sf]6\2];6Lsf jlqmof;d'Rrog+ o+sftMu'b' . ;]+sf]2];6f]sfof /rgfsf/ g/f]kf vM .@^_ Hebajratantra Part II Znf]s ;+Vof != ^= !)@&_ Do Do Part I Page 64@*_ Do Do Part I Page 64 Footnote No. 3@(_ Do Do Part I Page 64 Znf]s ;+Vof != ^= !##)_ Do Do Part I Page 64#!_ u'≈oflb ci6l;l4 ;+u|x k[i7 ## u'≈ol;l4; yy] RjoftMu' b' . æg}s hGdfGt/] l;l4/l:dGg]s]g sLlt{tfÆ#@_ ;+ljgotf]if e§frfo]{ M ;fwgdfnf efu @ k[=##_ co+ ≈ojudf] of]uLZj/f0ff+ jh|uLtf} rof{bf} ;+j[t]e{j:o lgjf{0f kb pRot] – cd[tsl0fsf]Bf]t lgaGw k[=!$%#^_ wL ;+Vof % cke|+; jrg ;+u|x k[i6 @(#&_ of]u/Tgdfnfo\ k|ydM k6no\ 8flsgLjh|kGh/] wsf Yj Znf]sof G≈of];t'+ RjoftMu' b' .#*_ D.L. Snellgrone's Hebajratantra part II Page. 109 (Foot Note)#(_ /fx'n ;f“s[Tofogh'ofu' bf]xfsf]z uLt k[i6 #! ; z"Golg/~hg wsfM ;/f]xkf ofu' !#( – !$% tsGx]k' Znf]s ljoftu'b' . Znf]s ;+Vof !$), !$$ j !$% Yj ;f]+u" TjtfM No+u" Kok' Znf]s ˚'s+ z"Golg/Ghg rrfgfk kfol5 h'jM . Yj Kok" Znf]s j of]u/Tgdfnfofu' ælhdhn ;fem]Æ 5k' Znf]s ykofgf z"Golg/Ghg rrf bo]sf t+Mu' wsf k|i6 yg h"j .#$_ x]jh|tGq efu @ rt'y{ k6nM Znf]s !) æcfEofd\ uLt gf6ofEofd\ uLot] g[Tot] k/d\Æ#%_ Yj sfo{kqof rof{uLtof lgod kl/R5]b g+ ;f]o]dfnL .copyright © Lotus Research Centre, 2008

#^_ x]jh|tGq efu @ 5f]df k6nM of 5u" c+z –ækL7d\ hfnGw/d\ Voftd\ cf]l8ofgd\ ty}jr .kL7d\ kf}0ff{lu/L r}j sfd¿k+ ty}jr .. !@ ..Æ#&_ sfnrqm tGqof 6Lsf ladnk|efo\ kL7, pk–kL7, If]q, pk–If]q, 5Gbf]x, pk 5Gbf]x, d]nfks, pkd]nfks Zdzfg, pk Zdzfg, kLnj, pk–kLnj ofgf lemlgu" k|sf/of kL7 ljz]ifof v“G≈oygf tMu' b'. k|To]s 5u"of Ko+u' yfo afo lx;fa+ kLRofu" -$*_ b' . sf]Nnflul/ wOu' d]nfks v08o\ nfj wsfRjof tMu' b' . -wL @! k]h $$_#*_ tGqofg ptklt h'u' yfo\ cf]l8ofg vM wsf yfo yf;o\ RjoftMu' b' .kl/R5]b # Ð g]kfnof ;Gbe{!_ jfUh|of O{MAo ljifo g]=;+=k"= ##) ; Gof]b+ b'Dx wsf wL !% o\ RjoftMu'b' . Yj sy+ :joano\ O=;=%%) kfv] nfjM . jfUjh|of u'? aGw'bQ wsfg+ RjoftMu' h'ofRjg . aGw'bQ a'+uBf] x\Dx dWo] 5Dxh'u'ln+ h'h' g/]Gb| b]jof ;dsflng wsfM vg]bt .a'+uBf] sfd? sfdfVof yf;+ g]kfno\ xMano\ o]+ t]axfM ; Rj+Dx kfMNxfMBf] -;+s6f_ g+ gfk gfk+ jMu'h'ofRjg . Yj v“of ‰jno\ æ>L ;+s6f j /fhsLlt{ dxfljxf/ -t]axfM_ ofu' kl/roÆ gf+ b'u' n]vo\h'4/Tg jh|frfo{h'+ g]kfno j'+uBf] ≈o]dfo]s b'le{If h"u' O{= AoM slnut\ ;Dat\ #^)^ la=;+= %^@j=O{=;Dat\ %)%. tTsflng lnR5jL h'h' g/]Gb| b]jof /fHosfno] wsf RjoftMu' b' -g]kfn Ct'kf} b+$$ u[id Yo+NofM &% . Yj v“ Karunamaya (by gohon K. Locke) a+zfanL Rjof tMu'b' wsfSogftMu'b'_ lnR5jL h'h' g/]Gb|b]jof /fHosfn ^$) O{= h'O{df wsf OZj/L /fh cof{nh'+ g]kfnsf];+lIfk| Oltxf;o\ RjoftMu'g+b' .@_ ;fwgdfnf efu b'O{ k[i7 XLII#_ /fx'n ;f+s[Tofog – bf]xfsf]if k[=$_ wL Nof !%%_ ljgotf]if e§frfo{h' sy+ O{ ^*) wsfM ;fwgdfnfo\ RjoftMu' b' . /fx'n ;f+s[Tofogh' ofu' k'/ftTjlgaGwfjnLof lnw+;fo\ !) u" ztfAbL wsfM RjoftMu' b' . Yj yL yL dg" vM of lgDx+ 5Dx x] vMcWoog of]Uo vM . rt'j]{bL M af}4 l;4f]+s] rof{kb k[i7 #!–#@ ;^_ wL Nof !$&_ s0f{kfof O{ JoM j;Gtltnsof e"ldsf k[i7 !% sy+ vM d]u' ljgotf]if e§frfo{h'ofu' ;fwgdfnf sy+vM .*_ ;fwgdfnf – efu b'O{ k[i6 XLII(_ Hebajratantra Part II Znf]s ;+Vof != !!= !@!)_ gdfld gdfld lhg wd{ wft' gf+u' jfUjh|+ lrgftMu' rrfo\ RjoftMu' yy] –>L jh|frfo{ aGw'bQ cfrfo{egflo jfs jh| uLt rl/tf ..!!_ The Blue Annals Page 753kl/R5]b $ Ð rof{uLt yL yL sy+ofu'!_ b] cfrfM u'7LO{ xfn]Ou' 5'+ 5'+ rrftMs_ dwl/k' – dv+jxf, j+axfv_ p/+uf e/0f – ‰jfaxfu_ rGb|f]udzfg – l;+vf]d"axfMcopyright © Lotus Research Centre, 2008

@_ O6"+axflk;+ xflnu'rrf hLga/ tggL .#_ t]axfn+ xfnLu' rrf calglgxLt jfd hfg" .kl/R5]b % Ð rof{uLt u0f ljj]rgf!_ jL0ffkfbfgfd\s[t rof{ g+= !& /fu k6dGh/L .@_ Yjx] sfo{kqM rof{uLtof pbud ljsf; j lj:tf/ kfb l6k0fL g+= $#_ k~rtfn wfo]ano\ ysLO bOu' Gofu" tTj Yj vMlv+kf, kf]+uf, tf, ko]+tf j tfnM$_ e|dx/%_ rof{kb rt']{bL k[i7 *)kl/R5]b ^ rof{uLtof efiff j z}nL!_ Snellgrove : Hebajratantra Part I Page 103@_ Yj sfGxfkf /rlotf rof{ g+= ( no\ g+ RjoftMu' b' . ylsof cy{ yo] ofgf SogftMu' b' .- (Charyagitikosh) k[i7Whenever the male elephant desires female elephant.He porurs the rut of talhata, then and there.#_ rt'j]{bL k[i7 !!!$_ rt'j]{bL k[i7 !!!%_ Poetry prercribed for then S.L.C. courses designed by then Nepal Govt.^_ rrf lhgj/hggL&_ Hevajratantra.kl/R5]b & Ð rof{uLtof lgod!_ x]jh|tGq efu @ rof{k6n Znf]s ;+Vof !@@_ jx] – Introduction and Translation k[i7 !)@#_ jx] jx] k[i7 !)# ; Rjoftu' kfb 6LKk0fL$_ jx] jx] – k[i7 !)$%_ Rjldofsf] Rj+u' x:tlnlvt zL/fx'tL df“;fx'tL u0frqmflbk"hf ljlB ;˚'t^_ x]jh|tGq rof{k6n Znf]s ;+Vof (&_ x]jh|tGq rof{k6n Znf]s ;+Vof !#*_ x]jh|tGq k[i7 !)# ; Rjoftu' kfb 6LKk0fL(_ jx] jx]!)_ jx] jx] k[i7 !)# ; Rj+u' cg'lbt efo\,kl/R5]b * Ð rof{uLtof yf}+of cj:yf j ofo]dfMu' 5'+ 5'+ vÒt!_ ˚0fLGb|/Tg jh|frfo{h'of æa'4 wd{Æ ; Rj+u' ærrfÆ zLif{s Rj;'@_ History of Buddhism k[i7 #@( Lama Chimpa Alka Chattopadhyaya#_ af}4 wd{bz{g k[i7 !&^ – cfrfo{ g/]Gb|b]jcopyright © Lotus Research Centre, 2008

kl/lzi6 Ð !rof{uLt If]qo\ GxfkfGxfkfof gfdL ;'+ ;'+ g]kfldt j j;kf]nlklgu' 5'+ 5'+ rrf j ;˚"t!_ jfUjh| -O{= %%)_ – o]“, SjfaxfM – /Qmj0f{, gdfld @, lhg wd{wft'@_ s'ss'/Lkfb -O{= ^*) nueu_ – slknj:t' – b'lnb'lx, xf8{lg/f;L, s'lnzfAh-ljgotf]if e§frfo{h'+, sDankfb, kßjh|, nlntjh|of ;dsflng wsfM ;fwg dfnfo\ RjoftMu' b' .rt'j{]bLof ;˚'ltO Yj dg" slknj:t'ofDx vM wsfM /fx'n ;f+s[Tofogh'ofu' v“ G≈oygftMu' b' ._dxfdfof ;fwgo\ ;fwg /rlotf s's'/Lkfbh'+ :jod+ jh|uLt ‘xn];lx’ RjofM ‘;Rrf]bolGt >L jh|uLTofcEoQ/ ;fwg]’ wsfM rof{uLtoft tM5foftMu' b' .#_ nLnfjh| -O{= &$!_ – o]“, sNkt¿d"n dxfljxf/ – xf8fe/0f jh|doe"ld>L x]jh| g}/fTdf ljsNk /lxt uLltsfHjlnt jh|fgn$_ cåojh| -O{= !! ztfAbLof Gxfkf+u' Vono\_ – u'?d}qL uLltsf/fx'n ;f+s[Tofogof sy+ slknj:t'of – rt'j{h| uLltsf´f]ts/0fL uf“ofDxho+ ho+%_ ;'/tjh| -O{= !$!)_ – o]“, tM5]“axfM – P dlxd08n^_ zfZjtjh| -O{= _ – o]“, ;anaxfM – k~rskfn&_ cdf]3jh| -O{= _ – dxfdfof ;Ssf] b]of – p/+ufe/0f-kßfuLl/;_*_ howd{b]j -O{= !^*!_(_ /Tgjh| – ‰jfMaxfM – lqbnkß!)_ s'nbQ cfrfo{ -lqmof;+u|x RjMDx_ – t]axfM!!_ kjgklt s'lnzfrfo{ – cf]daxfMof!@_ tyfutjh| – on, lx/0oj0f{ dxfljxf/ -SjfaxfM_ – cflbz"Go!#_ ljBfw/ – on, ozf]w/ dxfljxf/ -SjfaxfM_ – ci6>[+ufrg, snzfrg!$_ ;jf{gGb -h'h' lji0f' dNnof kof{;_ – on, dxfaf}4 – dxfd]3!%_ e"gfgGb j e'jgxif{– nf]s]Zj/ofu'!^_ 6f]b/ xif{!&_ 6f]x/fgGb– lbk+s/ tyfutljBfw/L;/:jtL– af]lwd08k/Qmf+uf/Ls's'dj0ff{e!*_ ozj[l4-;+= !!–!& ts >f]t wd{/Tg ‘lqz'nL’ M l6Kk0fL_!(_ /Tgjh| s'lnzf– cf]daxfMcopyright © Lotus Research Centre, 2008

!$= lgj]bs x:t sGoflb w[tf !$= if6 k+rf; rt'n] zt jL/]Zj/f .!%= rt'/;| rt'lrQ jfUefif0ff+le !%= iff]8z åf/] åflq+z Zdzfg]!^= ci6 zLTo w[s rpzt gfyf !^= rt'n pg ;x:q af]lw;Tj ug j[tf .!&= rpg ;x;| af]lw;Tj j[tf !&= åfbz e"jg]Zj/ dxfx]?!*= åf/ iff]bz åflq+zt Zdzfgf !*= if8\d'b|f /Qmfe/0f e"liftf!(= 8fsf0f{j d08n k|bIf0ff !(= if8u'? kfb lzn]g dfdtf@)= u'?kfb lzn] w[t cf]“sf/ jh|f . @)= eglo uLtf Wjlg cf]“sf/ jh|f .yg yy] u'k' rrf ngfM :jo]t G≈oAjofu' vM . yy] kfo\l5 dh"u' rrf d]u' g+ bo]˚' . o]“o\ g+ 5u"yfo\ofu' ;˚" d]u' yfo\ofu' ;˚" gfk kfo\˚' . cy] x] ono\ g+ Yj kfo\l5 dh"u' v“ g+ Yj If]qo\ yL yL sy+ofu'oSj+ ;o]s], l;Os] j sf]lhOs] dflgu' v“ ´Lu' G≈oMg] bgfRj+u' b' .kl/lzi6 #-jfsjh|of k|ToIf u'? cn] sfdf?sfdfIff :yfg+ a'+uBM g]kfM xo]u' Hof ofMDx aGw'bQ cfrfo{h'+ RjMu'wfMu' rrf_x"“sf/ ;hft/fu M qfj/L ± x]+8f]nqfj/L /fu sy+x"“sf/ ;hft gLn j0ff{ef @ låe"h v8\u kfzw/f .gdfdL @ >L r08 jL/f @ å]if jh|L dl0f uLtf .ci6 bn kß df´] l:ytf @ of]lugL d08n :j:j jLh .ci6 åLk] l:ytf s/jL/f @ rt'df{/ lj£g xGtf /g'x]+8f]n /fu sy+gdfld >L rGb dxf/f]if0f ;j{eoxGtf @egGt] >L aGw'bQ j:o uLtf ..bb bb bbcopyright © Lotus Research Centre, 2008