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->GENERAL KEVlFAY OF THE YEAttGabelle, under the able supervision of Sir Kicliard Dune,rose during 11)15 to about $KO,000.000, exceeding theMaritime Customs revenues and coming next in order ofamount after the revenues accruing from the Land Tax,which net about $100,000,000. During 1015 it paid over tothe Central Government a surplus of $37,000,000 over andabove its obligations to the Quintuple Loan Group.It is estimated that China s obligations abroad net Tls.1,000,000,000. During she met her foreign obligations]!>15fully and promptly.ofDevelopment ofAgriculture and Commerce..Native Industries did Jiiuch during the year to encourage thedevelopment of native industry. Investigations were conducted looking forward to improvements inlea and sugar industries. An Experimental Station for teacultivation has been established by the Ministry in Anhwei.Efforts will be made to improve the quality of China s ten.A native Tea Association Ins been organized to inauguratea work designed to assist in the restoration of the prominentposition once occupied by China tea in the markets of theworld. The abolition of the use of alcoholic beverages in.Russia increased the demands for China tea (hiring 1915 sothai Hankow especially witnessed great activity in tea shipments ai advanced prices. The temperance agitation mother parts of the world will tend to increase the demandfor tea and will offer to China tea opportunities for enlargedmarkets abroad.-In the cotton industry, the Ministry hasretained an American cotton-growing expertto assist in teaching Chinese farmers improved methods ofplanting, growing and ginning cotton. China importsannually Tls. 70,000,000 of cut ton yarn, mostly from Indiaand Japan. H is the object of the Ministry of Agricultureand Commerce to encourage the growth and manufacture ofcotton in China so that China may some day supply the rawcotton and manufacture the cotton yarn necessary to herown wants. Already China has one million spindlesengaged in the production of cotton yarn, but thirty or fortytimes this number will be required. Considerable nativecapital has been embarked in the cotton spinning industry in

ECONOMIC AND COMMERCIAL CONDITIONS IN CHINA 39China, from which lucrative profits are made. Some of theChina mills are reported earning tweuty to twenty-five percent in profits on cotton yarns produced by them.China has suffered for manv decades berorestry.. . ., . . . .-cause of deforestation, especially on accountof the denuding of her hills of forest growth, which has notonly robbed the country of a supply of timber but has been1the cause of devastating floods and famine producingdroughts. During 11)15 the Ministry of Agriculture andCommerce secured the services of the Director of Forestryof the Philippine Islands to take charge for the Ministry ofthe work of afforestation in China, A Bureau of Forestryhas been formed and a campaign of afforestation, alreadybegun several years before, planned on a large scale. TheChinese festival the Ching Ming has been set aside underPresidential mandate as Arbor Day, and it is a noteworthyfact that in April of this year 1!)16), while the country(was in the throes of civil war, Arbor Day was observedextensively throughout the country and tens of thousands oftrees planted. On this occasion the Minister of Agricultureand Commerce and those in his Ministry associated with theBureau of Forestry went to the Western Hills, near Peking,and participated in an Arbor Day celebration.This Ministry has also under its directionthe Bureau of Mines. The sudden demandcreated by the European War for antimony, which is minedin Flunan Province in large quantities and from which, asa result of war prices (six times those which obtained priorthereto), fortunes have been made by Chinese miners andsmelters, has lent a great impetus to mining enterprises inChina. Paradoxical as it may seem, China, which isreputed to be among the wealthiest countries in the world incoal deposits, imports annually nearly Tls. 2,000,000 worthof coal from Japan. Her importations of metals andminerals aggregate about Tls. 30,000,000 a year, although,besides coal, she has iron, lead, tin, copper and otherminerals in great abundance. The Ministry of Agricultureand Commerce, during the year, retained the services of aBritish mining-law expert to draft a new set of miningregulations designed to encourage both native and foreign

ECONOMIC AND COMMERCIAL CONDITIONS IN CHINA 39China, from which lucrative profits are made. Some of theChina mills are reported earning tweuty to twenty-five percent in profits on cotton yarns produced by them.China has suffered for manv decades berorestry.. . ., . . . .-cause of deforestation, especially on accountof the denuding of her hills of forest growth, which has notonly robbed the country of a supply of timber but has been1the cause of devastating floods and famine producingdroughts. During 11)15 the Ministry of Agriculture andCommerce secured the services of the Director of Forestryof the Philippine Islands to take charge for the Ministry ofthe work of afforestation in China, A Bureau of Forestryhas been formed and a campaign of afforestation, alreadybegun several years before, planned on a large scale. TheChinese festival the Ching Ming has been set aside underPresidential mandate as Arbor Day, and it is a noteworthyfact that in April of this year 1!)16), while the country(was in the throes of civil war, Arbor Day was observedextensively throughout the country and tens of thousands oftrees planted. On this occasion the Minister of Agricultureand Commerce and those in his Ministry associated with theBureau of Forestry went to the Western Hills, near Peking,and participated in an Arbor Day celebration.This Ministry has also under its directionthe Bureau of Mines. The sudden demandcreated by the European War for antimony, which is minedin Flunan Province in large quantities and from which, asa result of war prices (six times those which obtained priorthereto), fortunes have been made by Chinese miners andsmelters, has lent a great impetus to mining enterprises inChina. Paradoxical as it may seem, China, which isreputed to be among the wealthiest countries in the world incoal deposits, imports annually nearly Tls. 2,000,000 worthof coal from Japan. Her importations of metals andminerals aggregate about Tls. 30,000,000 a year, although,besides coal, she has iron, lead, tin, copper and otherminerals in great abundance. The Ministry of Agricultureand Commerce, during the year, retained the services of aBritish mining-law expert to draft a new set of miningregulations designed to encourage both native and foreign

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