Family Planning in Asia and the Pacific - International Council on ...
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Family Planning in Asia and the Pacific - International Council on ...

Family Planning in Asia and the Pacific - International Council on ... Family Planning in Asia and the Pacific - International Council on ...

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Figureolder. Both ong>theong> rate of unmet need ong>andong> ong>theong> number ofwomen ong>inong> this age group ong>inong>creased, leadong>inong>g to a significantong>inong>crease ong>inong> ong>theong> number of older women havong>inong>g an unmetneed for contraception.Anoong>theong>r measure of ong>theong> extent to which women are ableto access family plannong>inong>g is ong>theong> percentage of ong>theong> totaldemong>andong> for family plannong>inong>g that is actually satisfied. Totaldemong>andong> is calculated by addong>inong>g togeong>theong>r ong>theong> number ofwomen who are usong>inong>g contraception ong>andong> ong>theong> number withan unmet need. The percentage of demong>andong> satisfied is ong>theong>proportion of this total that is usong>inong>g contraception. Thepercentage of demong>andong> satisfied ong>inong> Papua New Guong>inong>ea iscompared ong>inong> Table 14 with that of six oong>theong>r ong>Pacificong> islong>andong>countries that have had a DHS ong>inong> recent years. It may beobserved that ong>theong> percentage of demong>andong> satisfied ong>inong> PapuaNew Guong>inong>ea is ong>theong> lowest of all ong>theong>se countries. Particularlystrikong>inong>g is ong>theong> patterns by age. The percentage of demong>andong>satisfied ong>inong> Papua New Guong>inong>ea for women aged 35 ong>andong>older is very much lower than ong>inong> oong>theong>r ong>Pacificong> countries,especially Marshall Islong>andong>s, Solomon Islong>andong>s ong>andong> Tuvalu.In DHS, women who are not usong>inong>g contraception arenormally asked wheong>theong>r ong>theong>y ong>inong>tend to use it ong>inong> ong>theong> future.This gives some ong>inong>dication of why women with an unmetneed are not usong>inong>g contraception, assumong>inong>g that womenwith an unmet need have similar reasons for not usong>inong>gcontraception as all women not usong>inong>g contraception, someof whom do not have an unmet need. Table 15 shows ong>theong>responses to this question ong>inong> seven ong>Pacificong> islong>andong> countriesorganized ong>inong> terms of ong>theong> “Ready, Willong>inong>g ong>andong> Able”framework developed by Lesthaeghe ong>andong> Vong>andong>erhoeft(2001). Women who are ready, willong>inong>g ong>andong> able are thosewho are already usong>inong>g family plannong>inong>g ong>andong> are excludedfrom ong>theong> table. The remaong>inong>ong>inong>g women can be classified aseiong>theong>r “unable” or “unwillong>inong>g” to use contraception.Although 83 per cent of women of reproductive age ong>inong>ong>theong> 2006 DHS sample ong>inong>dicated that ong>theong>y knew abouta method of family plannong>inong>g, lack of knowledge is ong>theong>primary reason given by women who say that ong>theong>y do notong>inong>tend to use contraception ong>inong> ong>theong> future. When lack ofknowledge is combong>inong>ed with difficulty of access ong>andong> cost,about 51 per cent of women ong>inong> Papua New Guong>inong>ea whodo not ong>inong>tend to use contraception ong>inong> ong>theong> future ong>inong>dicatethat ong>theong>y are unable to do so. This contrasts very sharplywith ong>theong> situation ong>inong> oong>theong>r ong>Pacificong> islong>andong> countries where amuch smaller percentage of women cite lack of knowledgeong>andong> lack of access as ong>theong> reason for ong>theong>ir lack of ong>inong>tentionto use contraception. In oong>theong>r ong>Pacificong> countries, ong>theong> vastmajority of women who do not ong>inong>tend to use conception ong>inong>ong>theong> future have access to family plannong>inong>g but are not willong>inong>gto use contraception. This is not ong>theong> case ong>inong> Papua NewGuong>inong>ea, where only 28 per cent ong>inong>dicated an unwillong>inong>gnessto use contraception.The prong>inong>cipal factor underlyong>inong>g an unwillong>inong>gness to usecontraception ong>inong> ong>theong> future ong>inong> ong>Pacificong> islong>andong> countriesis “fear of side effects”, although personal ong>andong> religiousopposition is more important ong>inong> some countries. In PapuaNew Guong>inong>ea about 10 per cent of women not ong>inong>tendong>inong>gto use contraception mentioned “religious opposition” ong>andong>about 14 per cent cited fear of side effects. There was also asignificant number of respondents to this question ong>inong> PapuaNew Guong>inong>ea who had “oong>theong>r reasons” for not ong>inong>tendong>inong>g touse contraception, although what ong>theong>se reasons might bewere not stated. Given ong>theong> opposition to ong>theong> use of moderncontraception among some churches ong>inong> Papua NewFigure5 Number of women with unmet need for family plannong>inong>g, 1996 ong>andong> 2006110,000100,0001996 2006Number90,00080,00070,00060,00050,00040,00030,00020,00010,00015-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49Age groupSource: Table 13364

Guong>inong>ea, it is possible that some of ong>theong> respondents whomentioned “oong>theong>r reasons” were deterred by ong>theong> attitude ofong>theong>ir church but did not wish to say so openly.Relative to women ong>inong> oong>theong>r ong>Pacificong> countries, womenong>inong> Papua New Guong>inong>ea expressed a strong willong>inong>gness touse contraception, but lack of knowledge of contraceptivemethods, lack of access to services ong>andong> a range of socioculturalbarriers were preventong>inong>g ong>theong>m from doong>inong>g so. Bycontrast, lack of knowledge ong>andong> poor access were not majorimpediments to ong>theong> use of contraception ong>inong> oong>theong>r ong>Pacificong>islong>andong> countries, whereas opposition on religious, healthong>andong> oong>theong>r grounds were ong>theong> maong>inong> impediments.Health, family plannong>inong>g,reproductive health ong>andong>population policiesNational Health PlanPapua New Guong>inong>ea has had five national health planssong>inong>ce ong>inong>dependence. In addition, government policy ong>andong>strategies are reflected ong>inong> a range of oong>theong>r documents. Mostimportant among ong>theong>se is ong>theong> Reproductive Health Policy,ong>theong> ong>Familyong> ong>Plannong>inong>gong> Policy ong>andong> ong>theong> National PopulationPolicy. An important recent addition to ong>theong> array of policydocuments is ong>theong> Report of ong>theong> Mong>inong>isterial Task Forceon Maternal Health (2009), which contaong>inong>s a number ofproposals ong>andong> recommendations that are relevant to ong>theong>issue of family plannong>inong>g. In addition to health plans ong>andong>policies, ong>theong>re are several strategic documents that addressimplementation issues ong>inong> greater detail.TableTable14365

Gu<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>ea, it is possible that some of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> resp<strong>on</strong>dents whomenti<strong>on</strong>ed “o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r reas<strong>on</strong>s” were deterred by <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> attitude of<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>ir church but did not wish to say so openly.Relative to women <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r <str<strong>on</strong>g>Pacific</str<strong>on</strong>g> countries, women<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> Papua New Gu<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>ea expressed a str<strong>on</strong>g will<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>gness touse c<strong>on</strong>tracepti<strong>on</strong>, but lack of knowledge of c<strong>on</strong>traceptivemethods, lack of access to services <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> a range of socioculturalbarriers were prevent<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>m from do<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g so. Byc<strong>on</strong>trast, lack of knowledge <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> poor access were not majorimpediments to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> use of c<strong>on</strong>tracepti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r <str<strong>on</strong>g>Pacific</str<strong>on</strong>g>isl<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> countries, whereas oppositi<strong>on</strong> <strong>on</strong> religious, health<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r grounds were <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> ma<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> impediments.Health, family plann<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g,reproductive health <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g>populati<strong>on</strong> policiesNati<strong>on</strong>al Health PlanPapua New Gu<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>ea has had five nati<strong>on</strong>al health planss<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>ce <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>dependence. In additi<strong>on</strong>, government policy <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g>strategies are reflected <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> a range of o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r documents. Mostimportant am<strong>on</strong>g <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Reproductive Health Policy,<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Family</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Plann<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g</str<strong>on</strong>g> Policy <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Nati<strong>on</strong>al Populati<strong>on</strong>Policy. An important recent additi<strong>on</strong> to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> array of policydocuments is <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Report of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> M<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>isterial Task Force<strong>on</strong> Maternal Health (2009), which c<strong>on</strong>ta<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>s a number ofproposals <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> recommendati<strong>on</strong>s that are relevant to <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>issue of family plann<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g. In additi<strong>on</strong> to health plans <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g>policies, <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>re are several strategic documents that addressimplementati<strong>on</strong> issues <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> greater detail.TableTable14365

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