30.07.2015
•
Views
provide family plannong>inong>g services ong>andong> (b) why communitiesdid not access family plannong>inong>g services.In all three groups of provong>inong>ces, staff attitudes arementioned as a reason why health staff do not dispensecontraceptives. In ong>theong> non-project ong>andong> UNFPA focusprovong>inong>ces, ong>theong> most important factor is ong>theong> religious beliefsof staff, whereas ong>inong> ong>theong> PFPP provong>inong>ces lack of supply isong>theong> primary reason.So far as ong>theong> reason why communities do not accesscontraceptives is concerned, lack of supply is agaong>inong>mentioned as ong>theong> maong>inong> reason ong>inong> ong>theong> PFPP provong>inong>ces,whereas community religious beliefs is ong>theong> maong>inong> reasongiven ong>inong> ong>theong> oong>theong>r groups of provong>inong>ces.In Tables 2 ong>andong> 3, ong>theong> responses have been pooled withoutconsideration for particular provong>inong>ces. Table 2 shows thatong>theong> attitudes of health providers is perceived by healthstaff ong>theong>mselves as ong>theong> maong>inong> reason why health staff do notsupply contraceptives, followed by ong>theong> lack of supply ong>andong>IEC materials. Table 3 ong>inong>dicates that “fear” is perceived byhealth workers to be ong>theong> maong>inong> reason why ong>theong> communitydoes not seek access to family plannong>inong>g services, followedby lack of awareness ong>andong> religious beliefs.Although ong>theong> selection of respondents ong>inong> this survey wasnot based on scientific samplong>inong>g methods, ong>theong> healthworkers consulted were all well-ong>inong>formed ong>andong> experiencedong>inong> ong>theong> provision of family plannong>inong>g services. Aside fromthose comong>inong>g from provong>inong>ces that had never participated ong>inong>a major family plannong>inong>g project, most of ong>theong>se respondentshad been ong>inong>volved ong>inong> ong>theong> implementation of projectsaimed at improvong>inong>g access to family plannong>inong>g ong>andong> oong>theong>rreproductive health services. It should not be concludedfrom ong>theong>se data that ong>theong> various family plannong>inong>g projectshad not made positive contributions towards improvedaccess. For example, ong>theong> vasectomy traong>inong>ong>inong>g provided underong>theong> UNFPA project provided a foundation for a muchwider vasectomy traong>inong>ong>inong>g programme throughout ong>theong>country ong>andong> that programme has been quite successful.Similarly, ong>theong> PFPP project contributed substantially to ong>theong>renovation of clong>inong>ics, providong>inong>g a confidential, private spaceong>inong> which nurses were able to discuss issues ong>andong> dispenseadvice. The PFPP project also changed procedures toensure that clients could access services at any time ong>andong>on all suitable opportunities, raong>theong>r than FP clong>inong>ics beong>inong>gopen only at certaong>inong> hours.The ong>inong>terpretation of ong>theong> data ong>inong> Tables 1-3 presents achallenge as ong>theong> questions ong>inong> ong>theong> questionnaire were notdesigned to test a particular approach to service delivery.It is apparent, however, that ong>theong> “attitudes” of healthstaff ong>theong>mselves play a significant role ong>inong> limitong>inong>g access.Conversely, ong>theong> attitudes of ong>theong> community, particularlyreligious views, constraong>inong> potential clients from seekong>inong>gservices. Male attitudes do not feature significantly amongong>theong> most important reasons given for clients not seekong>inong>gaccess, but ong>theong>y are mentioned. The large number of healthstaff who mentioned “fear” ong>andong> “lack of awareness” as ong>theong>two most important reasons for lack of community accessis consistent with ong>theong> results of ong>theong> two DHS that havebeen conducted (see ong>theong> section below under ong>theong> headong>inong>g“Current patterns of contraceptive use ong>andong> unmet need”).The significance of attitudes ong>andong> religious beliefs fromboth ong>theong> supply ong>andong> demong>andong> side raises issues concernong>inong>gong>theong> role of Church-based health facilities ong>inong> restrictong>inong>gaccess to family plannong>inong>g. The survey reported that nursesong>inong> Catholic-run health centres were frustrated ong>andong> angeredby ong>theong>ir ong>inong>ability to offer modern family plannong>inong>g. 6 Thefact that so many village aid posts had closed or wereunable to offer services meant that more women weregoong>inong>g to Church-operated health centres. The nursong>inong>gstaff were unable to provide tubal ligation even to high-riskmultiparous moong>theong>rs ong>inong> areas where maternal mortalitywas high. They had also found that ong>theong> ovulation methodthat ong>theong>y were teachong>inong>g was unsuitable ong>andong> unreliable forilliterate village women. Some nurses secretly distributedcontraceptives that came ong>inong> ong>theong> health kits ong>andong> did notrecord dispensong>inong>g ong>theong>m. On ong>theong> oong>theong>r hong>andong>, supervisorsensured that no order for contraceptives was added tomedical requisitions. Oong>theong>r nurses workong>inong>g ong>inong> Catholichealth centres reported that ong>theong>y would “get sacked” if ong>theong>ysecretly distributed family plannong>inong>g methods (Burdon etal., 2002).Government policy is to encourage Church-operated healthcentres to contong>inong>ue offerong>inong>g ong>theong> ovulation method as anacceptable alternative where religious precepts prohibitedong>theong> use of modern contraception. This somewhat passiveapproach is questionable when viewed from a humanrights perspective. One practical solution that has beenachieved ong>inong> at least one provong>inong>ce is for Church-run healthcentres to refer potential clients to a nearby aid post whereong>theong>y know that FP services are available. This solution canwork only where ong>theong> Church is at least willong>inong>g to cooperateong>andong> where aid posts are actually functionong>inong>g ong>andong> are beong>inong>gsupplied with commodities.A number of oong>theong>r issues to do with ong>theong> barriers to accessto contraception were highlighted by ong>theong> 2002 review, ong>andong>still need to be addressed, ong>inong>cludong>inong>g:Service providers are unaware that ong>theong> family plannong>inong>gpolicy ong>andong> ong>theong> law allows contraceptives to be suppliedto any person above 16 years of age regardless of maritalstatus.Some family plannong>inong>g staff are still askong>inong>g for writtenconsent from husbong>andong>s, even though this is neiong>theong>r a354
TableTable1TableTable2TableTable3355
-
Page 1:
Family Pla
-
Page 7 and 8:
ForewordThe Asia <
-
Page 11:
Part 1Part 1Asia <
-
Page 14 and 15:
Ensuring that <str
-
Page 16 and 17:
of methods for all, in</str
-
Page 18 and 19:
and undertake <str
-
Page 21 and 22:
Report on the Regi
-
Page 23 and 24:
SESSION 1: Changin
-
Page 25 and 26:
that improving <st
-
Page 31:
at a hospital would be offered post
-
Page 35:
Bounkoung Phichit, Deputy M
-
Page 38 and 39:
medicines
-
Page 40 and 41:
Thus, while knowledge of modern met
-
Page 42 and 43:
Hon. Mr. Malakai Tabar, Chairman, P
-
Page 44 and 45:
curricula. If the
-
Page 47:
dialogue as well as regional <stron
-
Page 51:
BackgroundGlobal development effort
-
Page 54 and 55:
TableTable1EventNational policyYear
-
Page 56 and 57:
A third observation is that reporte
-
Page 58 and 59:
TableTable2Current Contraceptive Pr
-
Page 60 and 61:
Figure(-1.2), Cook Island</
-
Page 62:
FigureTableTable3Trends in<
-
Page 65 and 66:
Nam. Nearly all economies i
-
Page 67:
2008 2009% Bilateral % Multilateral
-
Page 70 and 71:
family planning wi
-
Page 73 and 74:
IntroductionFamily
-
Page 75 and 76:
The advent of the
-
Page 77 and 78:
FigureFigure1Oceania and</s
-
Page 79 and 80:
next 25 years, however, TFR fluctua
-
Page 81 and 82:
FigureFigureFigure2Total fertility
-
Page 83 and 84:
family planning pr
-
Page 85 and 86:
esponsible for the
-
Page 87 and 88:
that estimates of CPR for earlier p
-
Page 90 and 91:
Figuremarried at an older age compa
-
Page 92 and 93:
As previously mentioned most <stron
-
Page 94 and 95:
FigureFigure945Relationship between
-
Page 96 and 97:
The concept of “unmet need” has
-
Page 98 and 99:
TableTable8Percentage of th
-
Page 100 and 101:
TableTable9Percentage of reasons fo
-
Page 102 and 103:
family planning pr
-
Page 104 and 105:
As far as the supp
-
Page 106 and 107:
Socio-cultural challenges tofamily
-
Page 108 and 109:
likely to use contraception than yo
-
Page 110 and 111:
15 Tests of statistical significanc
-
Page 112 and 113:
of the South <stro
-
Page 114 and 115:
104
-
Page 116:
Figurewill exceed the</stro
-
Page 119 and 120:
in urban (67%) tha
-
Page 121 and 122:
ased service delivery poin<
-
Page 123 and 124:
Most FWAs who were recruited two to
-
Page 125 and 126:
are considered, unmet need for effe
-
Page 127 and 128:
Households pay the
-
Page 129 and 130:
Effective public-private partnershi
-
Page 131 and 132:
ConclusionThe Bangladesh Fa
-
Page 133 and 134:
the Family
-
Page 135 and 136:
National Institute for Population R
-
Page 137 and 138:
IndiaIndiaFamily <
-
Page 139:
IntroductionThe use of contraceptiv
-
Page 142 and 143:
TableTable2Indicators of tra<strong
-
Page 144 and 145:
FigureFigureFigure1Contraceptive pr
-
Page 146 and 147:
TableTable5Indicators of contracept
-
Page 148 and 149:
TableTable6Adjusted odds ratios for
-
Page 150 and 151:
FigureFigure3Contraceptive prevalen
-
Page 152 and 153:
TableTable7Adjusted and</st
-
Page 154 and 155:
the north
-
Page 156 and 157:
TableTable10Differences between nor
-
Page 158 and 159:
TableTable11 Total fertility rate <
-
Page 160 and 161:
End Note1The first camp was success
-
Page 162 and 163:
152
-
Page 164 and 165:
154
-
Page 166 and 167:
Figure1980s and ex
-
Page 168 and 169:
health care and ed
-
Page 170 and 171:
assistance from UNFPA and</
-
Page 172 and 173:
in CPR. Likewise,
-
Page 174 and 175:
International supp
-
Page 176 and 177:
in development has
-
Page 178 and 179:
__________ (2007). Population <stro
-
Page 180 and 181:
170
-
Page 182 and 183:
TableTable2What has the</st
-
Page 184 and 185:
174
-
Page 186 and 187:
per cent of women reported us<stron
-
Page 188 and 189:
is provider bias that such methods
-
Page 190 and 191:
TableTable7skewed distribution of h
-
Page 192 and 193:
TableTable8TableTable9182
-
Page 194 and 195:
that of the nation
-
Page 196 and 197:
TableTable12 7some policies that ex
-
Page 198 and 199:
The system guides the</stro
-
Page 200 and 201:
FigureFigure4Total donor expenditur
-
Page 202 and 203:
FigureFigureagain
-
Page 204 and 205:
Impact of family plannin</s
-
Page 206 and 207:
marketing of contr
-
Page 208 and 209:
United States Agency for In
-
Page 210 and 211:
200
-
Page 212 and 213:
acceptable. From an NGO perspective
-
Page 214 and 215:
FigureThis trend of limited donor f
-
Page 216 and 217:
Figureto have the
-
Page 218 and 219:
FigureFigure5Percentage change <str
-
Page 220 and 221:
FigureFigure6Desire to limit childb
-
Page 222 and 223:
coordination betwe
-
Page 224 and 225:
the 1980s
-
Page 226 and 227:
Policy Management.__________ (n.d.,
-
Page 228 and 229:
218
-
Page 230 and 231:
Population Activities (UNFPA) for a
-
Page 232 and 233:
where family plannin</stron
-
Page 234 and 235:
Thus an objective assessment of <st
-
Page 236 and 237:
226
-
Page 238 and 239:
Figureeconomic growth durin
-
Page 240 and 241:
TableTable1TableTable2For spac<stro
-
Page 242 and 243:
eflect a provider bias (e.g., <stro
-
Page 244 and 245:
The Indonesian delegation was very
-
Page 246 and 247:
than in ensur<stro
-
Page 248 and 249:
in-country <strong
-
Page 250 and 251:
(Ministry of Healt
-
Page 252 and 253:
242
-
Page 254 and 255:
244
-
Page 256 and 257:
FigureTrends and p
-
Page 258 and 259:
TableTable3Unmet need for contracep
-
Page 260 and 261:
TableTable5TableTable6TableTable725
-
Page 262 and 263:
TableTable8TableTable9Malaysia, abo
-
Page 264 and 265:
previously mentioned is based on fo
-
Page 266 and 267:
TableTable16births and</str
-
Page 268 and 269:
FigureFigure3TRF54.5Scatter plots o
-
Page 270 and 271:
ReferencesAng, Eng Suan (2007). Stu
-
Page 272 and 273:
Demographic data sheet: population
-
Page 274 and 275:
population size, with just 336,000
-
Page 276 and 277:
NuptialityIn Myanmar nuptiality is
-
Page 278 and 279:
FigureIn Myanmar, birth-spac<strong
-
Page 280 and 281:
Scope of coverage and</stro
-
Page 282 and 283:
FigureIn Myanmar, out of six select
-
Page 284 and 285:
equirements. The Min</stron
-
Page 286 and 287:
according to <stro
-
Page 288 and 289:
Adolescent sexual and</stro
-
Page 290 and 291:
FigureHIV/AIDS. An HIV-positive wom
-
Page 292 and 293:
National Population PolicyMyanmar i
-
Page 294 and 295:
Linkages with o<st
-
Page 296 and 297:
TableTable4Achievements of Myanmar
-
Page 298 and 299:
monitoring <strong
-
Page 300 and 301:
Nay Pyi Taw, 26 October 2010.53 Sit
-
Page 302 and 303:
292
-
Page 304 and 305:
294
-
Page 306 and 307:
TableTableA296
-
Page 308 and 309:
dispense and adm<s
-
Page 310 and 311:
(1) I am against a
-
Page 312 and 313:
FigureFigureFigure3Use of modern co
-
Page 314 and 315:
FigureFigure7Traditional method use
-
Page 316 and 317:
Figureprojection, and</stro
-
Page 318 and 319:
Figure 11 summarizes the</s
-
Page 320 and 321:
correlating <stron
-
Page 322 and 323:
Figurethe use of c
-
Page 324 and 325:
FigureFigure15Sexual behaviour <str
-
Page 326 and 327:
track the distribu
-
Page 328 and 329:
Figureservices, which should <stron
-
Page 330 and 331:
FigureFigureFigure18 Population <st
-
Page 332 and 333:
National Statistics Office, <strong
-
Page 334 and 335:
TableTable6TableTable7TableTable832
-
Page 336 and 337:
TableTable11326
-
Page 338 and 339:
TableTable14TableTable15TableTable1
-
Page 340 and 341:
TableTable19Laws and</stron
-
Page 342 and 343:
worker and hours w
-
Page 344 and 345:
334
-
Page 346 and 347:
336
-
Page 348 and 349:
includin</
-
Page 350 and 351:
TableTable1Contraceptive prevalence
-
Page 352 and 353:
These results suggest that about 70
-
Page 354 and 355:
2 The (period) TFR is the</
-
Page 356 and 357:
346
-
Page 358 and 359:
FigureThe existence of traditional
-
Page 360 and 361:
Guinea case by <st
-
Page 362 and 363:
The establishment of provin
-
Page 366 and 367:
Figurelegal requirement nor a condi
-
Page 368 and 369:
FigureTableTable5TableTable6Figure4
-
Page 370 and 371:
modern method and
-
Page 372 and 373:
married or in unio
-
Page 374 and 375:
Figureolder. Both the</stro
-
Page 376 and 377:
TableTable15The immediate past Nati
-
Page 378 and 379:
out that the “ne
-
Page 380 and 381:
Commodity securitySupply cha<strong
-
Page 382 and 383:
is able to achieve. In Papua New Gu
-
Page 384 and 385:
Qualitative assessments by a number
-
Page 386 and 387:
increasin<
-
Page 388 and 389:
service delivery poin</stro
-
Page 390 and 391:
Population: Views from Men
-
Page 392 and 393:
1545-1730Day 2: December 9Session 2
-
Page 394 and 395:
Day 3, December 10Session 50830-100
-
Page 396 and 397:
15Mr. Tong Sithen1
-
Page 398 and 399:
54Ms. Shadiya IbrahimAssistant Repr
-
Page 400 and 401:
93Mr. Melkie AntonProject OfficerUn
-
Page 402 and 403:
131Dr. John P. SkibiakDirectorRepro
-
Page 404:
International <str
Change language