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worker ong>andong> hours worked, Philippong>inong>es: 2009 ong>andong> 2008”, AnnualLabor ong>andong> Employment Estimates for 2008 ong>andong> 2009. http://www.census.gov.ph/data/sectordata/2009/pr103801.htm,retrieved on 8 November 2010.9 National Statistical Coordong>inong>ation Board ( January 2004). A Viewof ong>theong> Philippong>inong>es – People. http://www.nscb.gov.ph/view/people.asp, retrieved on 8 November 2010.10 Hutchcroft, Paul D. (2010). “Dreams of redemption: localiststrategies of political reform ong>inong> ong>theong> Philippong>inong>es”, In: Yuko Kasuyaong>andong> Nathan Gilbert Quimpo, eds., The Politics of Change ong>inong> ong>theong>Philippong>inong>es. Pasig City: Anvil.11 National Statistical Coordong>inong>ation Board (30 June 2010).Provong>inong>cial Summary - Number of Provong>inong>ces, Cities, Municipalitiesong>andong> Barangays, by Region. http://www.nscb.gov.ph/activestats/psgc/NSCB_PSGC_SUMMARY_2010Jun30.pdf, retrieved on8 November 2010.12 Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation (1991). The 1991 RamonMagsaysay Award for Government Service - Biography of AlfredoR. A. Bengzon. http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Biography/BiographyBengzonAlf.htm, retrieved on 9 November 2010.13 Grundy J, Healy V, Gorgolon L, Song>andong>ig E (2003). "Overview ofdevolution of health services ong>inong> ong>theong> Philippong>inong>es". In Rural ong>andong>Remote Health 3 (onlong>inong>e). Deakong>inong> University, Australia. http://www.rrh.org.au/publishedarticles/article_prong>inong>t_220.pdf, retrievedon 8 November 2010.14 Gonzaga, Long>inong>o R., for CBCP (12 October 1968). “Pastoral letterof ong>theong> Catholic hierarchy of ong>theong> Philippong>inong>es on ong>theong> encyclicalletter Humanae Vitae”, In: Catholic Bishops' Conference of ong>theong>Philippong>inong>es – Pastoral Letters ong>andong> Statements 1945-1995. http://www.pcfroma.org/collegio/docustor/PL19452003.doc, retrievedon 9 November 2010.15 Alberto, Teopisto V., for CBCP (8 December 1973). “Moralnorms for Catholic hospitals ong>andong> Catholics ong>inong> health services”, In:Catholic Bishops' Conference of ong>theong> Philippong>inong>es – Pastoral Lettersong>andong> Statements 1945-1995. http://www.pcfroma.org/collegio/docustor/PL19452003.doc, retrieved on 9 November 2010.16 Alberto, Teopisto V., for CBCP (8 December 1973). “Pastoralletter of ong>theong> Catholic hierarchy of ong>theong> Philippong>inong>es on ong>theong>population problem ong>andong> family life”, In: Catholic Bishops'Conference of ong>theong> Philippong>inong>es – Pastoral Letters ong>andong> Statements1945-1995. http://www.pcfroma.org/collegio/docustor/PL19452003.doc, retrieved on 9 November 2010.17 National Statistics Office (NSO) [Philippong>inong>es], ong>andong> ICF Macro(2009). National Demographic ong>andong> Health Survey 2008,Calverton, Marylong>andong>: National Statistics Office ong>andong> ICF Macro.http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/FR224/FR224.pdf18 Song>inong>, Jaime L., for CBCP (29 January 1979). “‘Thou Shalt NotKill’ (a joong>inong>t pastoral letter of ong>theong> Philippong>inong>e hierarchy on ong>theong> lifeof ong>theong> unborn child)”, In: Catholic Bishops' Conference of ong>theong>Philippong>inong>es – Pastoral Letters ong>andong> Statements 1945-1995. http://www.pcfroma.org/collegio/docustor/PL19452003.doc, retrievedon 9 November 2010.19 Bacani, Teodoro. The State Shall Protect ong>theong> Unborn. http://www.rcam.org/RH_Bill/commentaries/bishop_bacani/ong>theong>_state_shall_protect_ong>theong>_unborn.html, retrieved on 22 November2010.20 Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation (1991). The 1991 RamonMagsaysay Award for Government Service - Biography of AlfredoR. A. Bengzon. http://www.rmaf.org.ph/Awardees/Biography/BiographyBengzonAlf.htm, retrieved on 9 November 2010.21 Legaspi, Leonardo Z. for CBCP (7 October 1990). “Love IsLife – a pastoral letter on ong>theong> population control activities of ong>theong>Philippong>inong>e Government ong>andong> Planned Parenthood Associations”,In: Catholic Bishops' Conference of ong>theong> Philippong>inong>es – PastoralLetters ong>andong> Statements 1945-1995. http://www.pcfroma.org/collegio/docustor/PL19452003.doc, retrieved on 9 November2010.22 Lakshmong>inong>arayanan, Rama (2003). “Decentralisation ong>andong> itsimplications for reproductive health: ong>theong> Philippong>inong>es experience”,p. 104, In: Reproductive Health Matters, 11(21):96–107. http://ong>inong>fo.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/99169/CD_CC/precourse/CCFY04CDRom/Week2/2Tuesday/S1%20Org%20Reforms/Lakshmong>inong>arayanan.pdf, retrieved on 9 November 2010.23 Bossert, Thomas J ong>andong> Joel C. Beauvais (2002). “Decentralizationof health systems ong>inong> Ghana, Zambia, Ugong>andong>a ong>andong> ong>theong> Philippong>inong>es:a comparative analysis of decision space”, In: Health Policyong>andong> ong>Plannong>inong>gong>, 17(1):14-31. http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/content/17/1/14.full.pdf, retrieved on 11 November 2010. Inthis study, ong>theong> authors found that ong>theong> Philippong>inong>es had “ong>theong> widestrange of choice over many functions that were devolved to localgovernment units”.24 Dayrit Manuel M. (17 September 2004). Letter to ong>theong> editor:Philippong>inong>e Daily Inquirer. http://www.doh.gov.ph/national_FP.html, retrieved on 23 November 2010.25 House Bill 5043 – 14th Congress (2008). http://www.likhaan.org/content/14th-congress-house-bill-5043, retrieved on 23November 2010.26 Lacierda, Edwong>inong> (19 November 2010). Press briefong>inong>g withSecretary Lacierda after ong>theong> meetong>inong>g between CBCP ong>andong> membersof ong>theong> Cabong>inong>et. Office of ong>theong> Presidential Spokesperson. http://www.gov.ph/2010/11/19/ong>inong>terview-with-secretary-lacierda-afterong>theong>-meetong>inong>g-between-ong>theong>-cbcp-ong>andong>-members-of-ong>theong>-cabong>inong>etnovember-19-2010/,retrieved on 23 November 2010.27 Department of Health ( June 2010). “Bridgong>inong>g to future reforms”,p.34. Health Sector Reform Agenda Monograph No. 9.28 United Nations, Department of Economic ong>andong> SocialAffairs, Population Division (2010). 2010 Update for ong>theong>MDG Database: Contraceptive Prevalence (POP/DB/CP/A/MDG2010). http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/2010_MDGDatabase/2010_Update_MDG_CP.xls, retrieved on 15 November 2010.29 Flavier, Juan ( June 1994). DOH Department Circular 101-A s.1994 – Philippong>inong>e ong>Familyong> ong>Plannong>inong>gong> Program Method Mix. http://www.doh.gov.ph/files/dc101-A-94.pdf, retrieved on 17 November2010.30 Department of Health ( June 2010). “Bridgong>inong>g to future reforms”,p.34. Health Sector Reform Agenda Monograph No. 9.31 Guttmacher Institute ong>andong> ong>Internationalong> Planned ParenthoodFederation (November 2010). Facts on Satisfyong>inong>g ong>theong> Need forContraception In Developong>inong>g Countries. http://www.guttmacher.org/pubs/FB-Unmet-Need-Intl.pdf, retrieved on 18 November2010.32 Westoff Charles F. (December 2006). "New Estimates ofUnmet Need ong>andong> ong>theong> Demong>andong> for ong>Familyong> ong>Plannong>inong>gong>", p. 19.DHS Comparative Reports No. 14. Calverton, Marylong>andong>, USA.Macro ong>Internationalong> Inc. http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pub_details.cfm?ID=636&srchTp=advanced, retrieved on 17November 2010.33 Note number 34, pp. 48-49.34 Orbeta Aniceto C. (2006). “Poverty, Fertility Preferences, ong>andong>ong>Familyong> ong>Plannong>inong>gong> Practices ong>inong> ong>theong> Philippong>inong>es”. In Philippong>inong>eJournal of Development, No. 61, 1st & 2nd Semesters2006 Volume XXXIII, Nos. 1 & 2. Philippong>inong>e Institute forDevelopment Studies. http://dirp4.pids.gov.ph/ris/pjd/pidspjd06-poverty.pdf, retrieved on 10 November 2010.332

35 Department of Health ( June 2010). “Bridgong>inong>g to future reforms”,p.35. Health Sector Reform Agenda Monograph No. 9. The CPRtarget of 100% by 2015 can be read at ong>theong> National StatisticalCoordong>inong>ation Board ( July 2010). MDG Watch: Philippong>inong>eprogress based on ong>theong> MDG ong>inong>dicators. http://www.nscb.gov.ph/mdg/NSCB_MDGPoster_July2010.pdf, retrieved on 15November 2010.36 Calculated from 2008 NDHS.37 Darroch, Jacquelong>inong>e E., Susheela Song>inong>g, Haley Ball ong>andong> Josfong>inong>a V.Cabigon (2009). “Meetong>inong>g women’s contraceptive needs ong>inong> ong>theong>Philippong>inong>es”, In Brief, New York: Guttmacher Institute, No. 1.http://www.likhaan.org/content/meetong>inong>g-womens-contraceptiveneeds-philippong>inong>es38 Khan, Shane, Vong>inong>od Mishra, Fred Arnold, ong>andong> Noureddong>inong>eAbderrahim (2007). “Contraceptive Trends ong>inong> Developong>inong>gCountries”, pp. 27-28 & 59-60. DHS Comparative Reports No.16. Calverton, Marylong>andong>, USA: Macro ong>Internationalong> Inc. http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/CR16/CR16.pdf, retrieved on10 November 2010.39 Academy for Educational Development (2003). “The Quality ofong>Familyong> ong>Plannong>inong>gong> Information ong>inong> ong>theong> Philippong>inong>es”. In Sketches, TheSocial Acceptance Project – ong>Familyong> ong>Plannong>inong>gong>. Vol. 1 No. 7 Seriesof 2003. http://pdf.dec.org/pdf_docs/PNACX430.pdf, retrievedon 20 November 2010.40 The earliest case we know of is from a pastoral letter ong>inong> 1990which stated that “pregnancy is not an illness”, that ong>theong> birthregulation method acceptable to Christians “follows ong>theong> naturalprocesses of ong>theong> human body, without unduly ong>inong>terferong>inong>g, withoutpollutong>inong>g ong>theong> human body with chemicals ong>andong> oong>theong>r substances”,ong>andong> called on medical practitioners to be honest ong>inong> ong>theong>ir evaluationof “products of contraceptive technology [that] are under a cloudas to ong>theong>ir safety for ong>theong> life ong>andong> health of fetus ong>andong> moong>theong>r”.Legaspi, Leonardo Z. for CBCP (7 October 1990). “Love IsLife – A pastoral letter on ong>theong> population control activities of ong>theong>Philippong>inong>e Government ong>andong> Planned Parenthood Associations”,In: Catholic Bishops' Conference of ong>theong> Philippong>inong>es – PastoralLetters ong>andong> Statements 1945-1995. http://www.pcfroma.org/collegio/docustor/PL19452003.doc, retrieved on 9 November2010.41 Barnwell, Robong>inong> ong>andong> Obaid-Chong>inong>ay, Sharmeen (2006).“Philippong>inong>es: City of Guilt” ong>inong> Unreported World Series 11.http://sharmeenobaidfilms.com/2006/08/city-of-guilt-2/Transcribed by authors from video file, 20:07 – 20:22.42 Demeterio-Melgar Junice, Pacete Jocelyn C, Aguilong>inong>g-PangalanganElizabeth, Lu Anna Victoria M, Sabundayo Maria Lourdes,Kebriaei Pardiss [ed.] (2007). Imposong>inong>g Misery: The Impact ofManila’s Ban on Contraception. Likhaan, ReproCen ong>andong> Centerfor Reproductive Rights. http://www.likhaan.org/content/imposong>inong>g-misery-impact-manilas-ban-contraceptionon 15 November 2010.47 Khan, Shane ong>andong> Vong>inong>od Mishra (2008). “Youth reproductive ong>andong>sexual health”, DHS Comparative Reports No. 19, Calverton,Marylong>andong>: Macro ong>Internationalong>, Inc. http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pdf/CR19/CR19.pdf, retrieved on 10 November2010.48 Cabigon, Josefong>inong>a V. (2009). Contraceptive self-reliance ong>andong> localgovernments’ responses to family plannong>inong>g commodity phaseout:technical report on ong>theong> results of ong>theong> CSR rapid assessment,Manila, Philippong>inong>es: Health Policy Development Program ong>andong>Foundation for ong>theong> Advancement of Clong>inong>ical Epidemiology.49 Cabigon, Josefong>inong>a V. (2009).50 Government of ong>theong> Philippong>inong>es (8 December 1930). ActNo. 3815 – The Revised Penal Code of ong>theong> Philippong>inong>es,Articles 256-259. http://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/PHL_revised_penal_code.pdf, retrieved on 11 November 2010.51 Bernas, Joaquong>inong> (18 October 2010). “The right to life of ong>theong>unborn”, In: Soundong>inong>g Board, Philippong>inong>e Daily Inquirer. http://opong>inong>ion.ong>inong>quirer.net/ong>inong>quireropong>inong>ion/columns/view/20101018-298341/The-right-to-life-of-ong>theong>-unborn, retrieved on 23November 2010.52 Bacani, Teodoro (13 September 2008). The State shall protect ong>theong>unborn, In: Manila Stong>andong>ard Today, as posted on ong>theong> website ofong>theong> Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Manila. http://www.rcam.org/RH_Bill/commentaries/bishop_bacani/ong>theong>_state_shall_protect_ong>theong>_unborn.html, retrieved on 23 November 2010.53 Society of Philippong>inong>e Health History (2004). Decades ong>inong> Health.http://www.doh.gov.ph/sphh/decades.htm, retrieved on 11November 2010.54 Department of Health ( June 2010). “Bridgong>inong>g to future reforms”,p.35, Health Sector Reform Agenda Monograph No. 9.55 Chapter II, Section 17 of ong>theong> Local Government Code.56 Demeterio-Melgar Junice, Pacete Jocelyn C, Aguilong>inong>g-PangalanganElizabeth, Lu Anna Victoria M, Sabundayo Maria Lourdes,Kebriaei Pardiss [ed.] (2007). Imposong>inong>g Misery: The Impact ofManila’s Ban on Contraception. Likhaan, ReproCen ong>andong> Centerfor Reproductive Rights. http://www.likhaan.org/content/imposong>inong>g-misery-impact-manilas-ban-contraception57 Commission on Human Rights of ong>theong> Philippong>inong>es. CHR (IV)A2010-005: “EO No. 003: discrimong>inong>atory or rights-based? CHRadvisory on ong>theong> local ordong>inong>ance by ong>theong> City of Manila”. 7 October2010. Available at http://www.likhaan.org/sites/default/files/pdf/CHR-IV-A2010-005-manila-contraceptives-ban.pdf.43 Demeterio-Melgar Junice (facilitator), conducted ong>inong> Basilan ong>andong>Manila (2009).44 RamaRao, Saumya, Marlong>inong>a Lacuesta, Marilou Costello, BlesildaPangolibay ong>andong> Heidi Jones (2003). “The long>inong>k between qualityof care ong>andong> contraceptive use”, In: ong>Internationalong> ong>Familyong> ong>Plannong>inong>gong>Perspectives, 29(2):76-83. http://www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/frontiers/journals/IFPPRamaRao.pdf, retrieved on 20 November2010.45 Costello, Marilou, Marlong>inong>a Lacuesta, Saumya RamaRao ong>andong>Anrudh Jaong>inong> (2001). “A client-centered approach to familyplannong>inong>g: ong>theong> Davao project”, In: Studies ong>inong> ong>Familyong> ong>Plannong>inong>gong>,32[4]:302–314. http://www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/councilarticles/sfp/SFP324Costello.pdf, retrieved on 10 November 2010.46 PhilHealth Circular No. 16 (2008). 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