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monitor<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> evaluation <strong>the</strong>re should be transparencybetween <strong>the</strong> government, UN <strong>and</strong> NGOs with shar<strong>in</strong>g ofgood-quality data <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>formation <strong>and</strong> even resources ifurgent need arises to effectively achieve common goals.Common platform of actionA common platform of action is needed to generatean <strong>in</strong>creased level of <strong>in</strong>terest, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>itiation of <strong>the</strong>government, work<strong>in</strong>g toge<strong>the</strong>r with <strong>the</strong> United Nations,NGOs <strong>and</strong> civil society for implementation of <strong>the</strong> secondFive-year Strategic Plan for Reproductive Health (2009-2013) so that all partners will engage <strong>and</strong> pool resourcesto work <strong>in</strong> partnership towards achiev<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> ICPDProgramme of Action <strong>and</strong> MDGs.Use of media <strong>and</strong> adolescent friendlySRH educationDemographics show that <strong>the</strong> proportion of <strong>the</strong> population<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> age group 14-59 is <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g along with <strong>the</strong>proportion never married. There is a need for improv<strong>in</strong>gadolescent sexual <strong>and</strong> reproductive health education toprevent un<strong>in</strong>tended pregnancies <strong>and</strong> complications dueto abortions. It is also necessary to ensure widespreadavailability <strong>and</strong> access to contraceptives for <strong>the</strong> unmarriedwomen <strong>and</strong> young people <strong>and</strong> at <strong>the</strong> same time address<strong>the</strong> need to provide SRH education through use of media.“Prime-time” television <strong>and</strong> radio broadcast<strong>in</strong>g services forSRH health education are needed to reach <strong>the</strong> populationnationwide. For better conceptualization <strong>and</strong> acceptanceof RH messages, it is necessary to use ethnic languages toreach m<strong>in</strong>orities.IEC materials for ethnic m<strong>in</strong>oritiesThere is a need to establish a sense of <strong>in</strong>clusiveness <strong>in</strong>all doma<strong>in</strong>s of execution of <strong>the</strong> RH <strong>and</strong> birth-spac<strong>in</strong>gservices. Language barriers may impose considerableconstra<strong>in</strong>ts for ethnic m<strong>in</strong>orities; <strong>the</strong>y may need translation<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>terpretation to underst<strong>and</strong> IEC materials <strong>and</strong>broadcasts. Pictorial presentation of RH messages needsto be developed for <strong>the</strong> less literate population.Focus<strong>in</strong>g on priority areasRH <strong>and</strong> birth spac<strong>in</strong>g are not st<strong>and</strong>-alone entities <strong>and</strong><strong>the</strong> MDGs <strong>and</strong> ICPD goals cannot be reached by justMOH <strong>in</strong> isolation. A paradigm shift from project modeto long-term programme implementation mode isnecessary <strong>and</strong> should be l<strong>in</strong>ked with national populationdevelopment strategies <strong>and</strong> poverty-reduction strategies.All stakeholders <strong>and</strong> m<strong>in</strong>istries concerned need tocooperate with <strong>the</strong> authorities; flexibility is given at <strong>the</strong>regional <strong>and</strong> township levels so that birth-spac<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong>RH commodities can be managed close to clients.The most vulnerable population that needs <strong>the</strong> mostsupport <strong>in</strong> RH <strong>and</strong> birth spac<strong>in</strong>g, as identified by <strong>the</strong>situation analysis are <strong>the</strong> hard to reach population ofSaga<strong>in</strong>g Division, Magway Division, Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Shan,Kayah states, Nor<strong>the</strong>rn Rakh<strong>in</strong>e State, <strong>and</strong> also <strong>the</strong>peri-urban population surround<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> large cities ofYangon <strong>and</strong> M<strong>and</strong>alay where MMR is high. Theseareas need priority attention for RH <strong>and</strong> birth-spac<strong>in</strong>gservices.New advocacy paradigmPartnerships need to be built, resources pooled <strong>and</strong> allparties work<strong>in</strong>g toge<strong>the</strong>r as equal partners towards jo<strong>in</strong>timplementation of second Five-year National StrategicPlan for RH (2009-2013).There should be no stock-outs for birth-spac<strong>in</strong>gcommodities <strong>and</strong> every pregnancy should be wanted,treasured <strong>and</strong> planned by both partners with skilledsupport from health-service providers.Transparency about needs is required; resources are<strong>the</strong>re to be tapped.The dictum “waste not, want not” should be advocatedfor proper logistical management of commoditiesso that no commodity is thrown away because it hasreached its expiration date.Report<strong>in</strong>g to donors should be done <strong>in</strong> a timely <strong>and</strong>effective basis.ConclusionAll public health programmes require commitment, fund<strong>in</strong>g<strong>and</strong> coord<strong>in</strong>ated efforts. In particular, <strong>the</strong> grow<strong>in</strong>g dem<strong>and</strong>for family plann<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> grow<strong>in</strong>g AIDS epidemic<strong>in</strong> many parts of <strong>the</strong> world will require attention to <strong>the</strong>most basic of tasks: provid<strong>in</strong>g appropriate products to <strong>the</strong>people who need <strong>the</strong>m. Although <strong>the</strong> ICPD Programmeof Action recommends that governments should“meet <strong>the</strong> family plann<strong>in</strong>g needs of <strong>the</strong>irpopulations as soon as possible <strong>and</strong>should, <strong>in</strong> all cases by <strong>the</strong> year 2015,seek to provide universal access to a fullrange of safe <strong>and</strong> reliable family-plann<strong>in</strong>gmethods…”,no governments of countries around <strong>the</strong> globe can beexpected to meet <strong>the</strong> goals <strong>and</strong> objectives of ICPD s<strong>in</strong>gleh<strong>and</strong>edly.All members of <strong>and</strong> groups <strong>in</strong> society have <strong>the</strong>right, <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>deed <strong>the</strong> responsibility, to play an active part <strong>in</strong><strong>the</strong> efforts to reach those goals 128 . While it is true that highqualityservice delivery, counsel<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> educational efforts288
are needed to make reproductive health programmeseffective, without <strong>the</strong> necessary supplies, such programmescannot operate. A loss of <strong>the</strong>se programmes means a lossof reproductive choices <strong>and</strong> an <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>in</strong> health risks forwomen <strong>and</strong> men.End Note1 United Nations Population Fund/Myanmar, Report on SituationAnalysis of Population <strong>and</strong> Development, Reproductive Health<strong>and</strong> Gender <strong>in</strong> Myanmar, Yangon: UNFPA/Myanmar, 2010.2 M<strong>in</strong>istry of Health, Health <strong>in</strong> Myanmar: 2010, Nay Pyi Taw:MOH, 2010.3 2010, Population Reference Bureau, http://www.prb.org/pdf10/10wpds_eng.pdf accessed on 15.9.114 United Nations Economic <strong>and</strong> Social Commission for <strong>Asia</strong> <strong>and</strong><strong>the</strong> <strong>Pacific</strong>, ESCAP Population Data Sheet 2009, Bangkok:ESCAP.5 Population Reference Bureau, World Population Data Sheet2009, Wash<strong>in</strong>gton, D.C.: PRB, 2009.6 Analysis of population trends, Census Division, Immigration,National Registration <strong>and</strong> Census Department, Yangon.7 Central Statistical Organization, Statistical Yearbook, 2008, NayPyi Taw: CSO, 2009. See footnote 1.8 Department of Population <strong>and</strong> UNFPA, Country Report on2007 Fertility <strong>and</strong> Reproductive Health Survey.9 Department of Population <strong>and</strong> UNFPA, 2009, Country Reporton 2007 Fertility <strong>and</strong> Reproductive Health Survey.10 Maternal mortality <strong>in</strong> 1995, estimates developed by WHO,UNICEF <strong>and</strong> UNFPA.11 Country Report, 1997 FRHS, Department of Population, NayPyi Taw, <strong>and</strong> UNFPA.12 National Mortality Survey, 1999, Central StatisticalOrganization, Nay Pyi Taw.13 Nationwide Cause-specific Maternal Mortality Survey (2004-2005), Department of Health <strong>and</strong> UNICEF.14 Health Management Information System, 2008, DHP.15 Central Statistical Organization, Statistical Yearbook, 2008, NayPyi Taw: CSO, 2009.16 M<strong>in</strong>istry of Health, Health <strong>in</strong> Myanmar: 2009, Nay Pyi Taw:MOH, 2009.17 Nationwide Cause-specific Maternal Mortality Survey (2004-2005), Yangon: MOH, UNICEF, 2006.18 M.C. Hogan et al., “Maternal mortality for 181 countries, 1980-2008: a systematic analysis of progress towards MillenniumDevelopment Goal 5”, The Lancet, 375(9726):1609-1623.See also http://press.<strong>the</strong>lancet.com/mmm.pdf, accessed on 7November 2010.19 Five-year Strategic Plan for Reproductive Health, 2009-2013.20 See footnote 1.21 Ibid.22 See footnote 2.23 Draft population policy, DOP, 1992.24 Department of Health, MOH <strong>and</strong> UNFPA, Myanmar, 2010.25 Department of Population <strong>and</strong> UNFPA, 2009, Country Reporton 2007 Fertility <strong>and</strong> Reproductive Health Survey.26 Fertility <strong>and</strong> Reproductive Health Survey, 2007, DOP <strong>and</strong>UNFPA, October 2009.27 M<strong>in</strong>istry of Immigration <strong>and</strong> Population, UNFPA. DetailedAnalysis on Fertility <strong>and</strong> Reproductive Health Survey, Yangon,2004.28 J. Bongaarts <strong>and</strong> E. Johansson, “Future trends <strong>in</strong> contraceptiveprevalence <strong>and</strong> method mix <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> develop<strong>in</strong>g world”, Studies <strong>in</strong><strong>Family</strong> <strong>Plann<strong>in</strong>g</strong>, 33(1):24-36. See also http://www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/councilarticles/sfp/SFP331Bongaarts.pdf, accessed on8 November 2010.29 PSI/Myanmar <strong>and</strong> Myanmar Medical Association, 2010.30 Situation Analysis Field Assessment, UNFPA, 2010.31 Myanmar Birth Spac<strong>in</strong>g Overview, http://www.searo.who.<strong>in</strong>t/l<strong>in</strong>kfiles/family_plann<strong>in</strong>g_fact_sheets_myanmar.pdf, accessed on27 October 2010.32 National Programme Officer, UNFPA, 2010.33 Ibid.34 PSI/Myanmar, 2010.35 Response to self-adm<strong>in</strong>istered questionnaire, Dr. Nyo NyoM<strong>in</strong>n, Deputy Country Representative, Population Services<strong>International</strong>/Myanmar, 2010.36 Population Services <strong>International</strong>/Myanmar, 2010.37 MSI annual report to UNFPA, 2009.38 RH Stakeholder Analysis <strong>in</strong> Myanmar, 2006, WHO.39 http://www.mmcwa.org/organization.htm accessed on 9 Dec,2010.40 Dr. The<strong>in</strong>gi My<strong>in</strong>t, MCH, DOH, 2010.41 Global Consultation on South-South Cooperation, UNFPA tripreport, Pansy Tun The<strong>in</strong>, 2010.42 Reproductive Health Commodity Security – Challenges,statement by Thoraya Ahmed Obaid, former Executive Director,UNFPA, http://www.unfpa.org/public/News/pid/151.Accessed on 25 November 2010.43 Ibid.44 Dr. The<strong>in</strong>gi My<strong>in</strong>t, Deputy Director, Maternal <strong>and</strong> Child Health,Department of Health, Myanmar.45 Ibid.46 Situation Analysis, annex 3, UNFPA, 2010.47 PSI/Myanmar, self-adm<strong>in</strong>istered questionnaire response, 2010.48 UNFPA/MMR, self-adm<strong>in</strong>istered questionnaire response, 2010.49 See footnote 1.50 Attended by T<strong>in</strong> T<strong>in</strong> Nyunt, 2010.51 UNFPA, Reproductive Health Commodity Security Report,2009.52 Second meet<strong>in</strong>g of <strong>the</strong> National RH work<strong>in</strong>g committee meet<strong>in</strong>g,289
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Family Pla
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ForewordThe Asia <
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Part 1Part 1Asia <
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Ensuring that <str
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of methods for all, in</str
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and undertake <str
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Report on the Regi
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SESSION 1: Changin
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that improving <st
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at a hospital would be offered post
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Bounkoung Phichit, Deputy M
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medicines
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Thus, while knowledge of modern met
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Hon. Mr. Malakai Tabar, Chairman, P
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curricula. If the
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dialogue as well as regional <stron
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BackgroundGlobal development effort
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TableTable1EventNational policyYear
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A third observation is that reporte
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TableTable2Current Contraceptive Pr
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Figure(-1.2), Cook Island</
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FigureTableTable3Trends in<
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Nam. Nearly all economies i
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2008 2009% Bilateral % Multilateral
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family planning wi
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IntroductionFamily
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The advent of the
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FigureFigure1Oceania and</s
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next 25 years, however, TFR fluctua
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FigureFigureFigure2Total fertility
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family planning pr
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esponsible for the
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that estimates of CPR for earlier p
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Figuremarried at an older age compa
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As previously mentioned most <stron
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FigureFigure945Relationship between
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The concept of “unmet need” has
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TableTable8Percentage of th
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TableTable9Percentage of reasons fo
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family planning pr
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As far as the supp
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Socio-cultural challenges tofamily
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likely to use contraception than yo
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15 Tests of statistical significanc
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of the South <stro
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104
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Figurewill exceed the</stro
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in urban (67%) tha
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ased service delivery poin<
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Most FWAs who were recruited two to
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are considered, unmet need for effe
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Households pay the
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Effective public-private partnershi
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ConclusionThe Bangladesh Fa
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the Family
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National Institute for Population R
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IndiaIndiaFamily <
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IntroductionThe use of contraceptiv
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TableTable2Indicators of tra<strong
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FigureFigureFigure1Contraceptive pr
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TableTable5Indicators of contracept
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TableTable6Adjusted odds ratios for
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FigureFigure3Contraceptive prevalen
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TableTable7Adjusted and</st
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the north
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TableTable10Differences between nor
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TableTable11 Total fertility rate <
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End Note1The first camp was success
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152
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154
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Figure1980s and ex
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health care and ed
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assistance from UNFPA and</
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in CPR. Likewise,
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International supp
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in development has
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__________ (2007). Population <stro
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170
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TableTable2What has the</st
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174
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per cent of women reported us<stron
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is provider bias that such methods
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TableTable7skewed distribution of h
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TableTable8TableTable9182
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that of the nation
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TableTable12 7some policies that ex
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The system guides the</stro
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FigureFigure4Total donor expenditur
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FigureFigureagain
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Impact of family plannin</s
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marketing of contr
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United States Agency for In
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200
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acceptable. From an NGO perspective
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FigureThis trend of limited donor f
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Figureto have the
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FigureFigure5Percentage change <str
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FigureFigure6Desire to limit childb
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coordination betwe
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the 1980s
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Policy Management.__________ (n.d.,
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218
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Population Activities (UNFPA) for a
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where family plannin</stron
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Thus an objective assessment of <st
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226
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Figureeconomic growth durin
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TableTable1TableTable2For spac<stro
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eflect a provider bias (e.g., <stro
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The Indonesian delegation was very
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than in ensur<stro
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Page 256 and 257: FigureTrends and p
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Page 270 and 271: ReferencesAng, Eng Suan (2007). Stu
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Page 300 and 301: Nay Pyi Taw, 26 October 2010.53 Sit
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includin</
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TableTable1Contraceptive prevalence
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These results suggest that about 70
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2 The (period) TFR is the</
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346
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FigureThe existence of traditional
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Guinea case by <st
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The establishment of provin
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provide family plannin</str
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Figurelegal requirement nor a condi
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FigureTableTable5TableTable6Figure4
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modern method and
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married or in unio
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Figureolder. Both the</stro
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TableTable15The immediate past Nati
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out that the “ne
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Commodity securitySupply cha<strong
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is able to achieve. In Papua New Gu
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Qualitative assessments by a number
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increasin<
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service delivery poin</stro
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Population: Views from Men
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1545-1730Day 2: December 9Session 2
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Day 3, December 10Session 50830-100
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15Mr. Tong Sithen1
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54Ms. Shadiya IbrahimAssistant Repr
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93Mr. Melkie AntonProject OfficerUn
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131Dr. John P. SkibiakDirectorRepro
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International <str
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