30.07.2015
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Figure1980s ong>andong> experienced a rapid declong>inong>e ong>inong> subsequentyears, characteristics similar to those of oong>theong>r countriesexperiencong>inong>g socio-economic ong>andong> demographic transitions.The population growth rate durong>inong>g ong>theong> ong>inong>tercensal period2001-2006 was 1.69 per cent.Various data ong>inong>dicate that fertility rates ong>inong> Maldives beganto declong>inong>e ong>inong> ong>theong> early 1990s (MPND, 2002), a trend thatbecame more rapid ong>inong> recent years (Niyaaz, 2002; Naseemet al., 2004). Fertility analyses of recent censuses ong>inong>dicatethat Maldives experienced one of ong>theong> most rapid fertilitytransitions ong>inong> ong>theong> region. The 1990 ong>andong> 1995 censusesreported total fertility rates (TFRs) of 6.4 ong>andong> 5.7 childrenper woman. Total fertility estimates for 2000 ong>andong> 2006stood at 2.8 ong>andong> 2.1 respectively.The contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR) showed a steadyong>inong>crease over ong>theong> period 1985-2006 (see Figure 1). Beforeong>theong> official launch of ong>theong> child-spacong>inong>g project ong>inong> 1984,which formally ong>inong>troduced FP services ong>inong> ong>theong> country, totalCPR (ong>inong>clusive of traditional ong>andong> modern methods) wasestimated to be about 10 per cent. By 1999 it had ong>inong>creasedto 42 per cent; however, it fell ong>inong> 2004 to 39 per cent ong>andong>ong>inong> 2009 to 35 per cent. More scientific data on CPR beganto emerge from a 1999 Reproductive Health Baselong>inong>eSurvey which ong>inong>dicated a CPR of 33 per cent for moderncontraceptive methods. Correspondong>inong>g data ong>inong> ong>theong> 2004RH survey showed a CPR of 34 per cent, ong>andong> ong>theong> firsteverdemographic survey conducted ong>inong> Maldives ong>inong> 2009recorded a CPR of 27 per cent for modern methods.In view of ong>theong> small size of ong>theong> population, mortalityestimates often lack consistency ong>inong> estimates ofdemographic parameters. However, because Maldivesconducts a census every five years, ong>theong> reliability of ong>theong> datacannot be questioned. Commensurate with ong>theong> declong>inong>e ong>inong>fertility, mortality declong>inong>ed significantly durong>inong>g ong>theong> periodunder review, contributong>inong>g to ong>inong>creased expectation of lifeat birth. Table 2 shows ong>theong> declong>inong>e ong>inong> ong>theong> ong>inong>fant mortalityrate (IMR), under-five mortality ong>andong> maternal mortalityratio (MMR) over ong>theong> years. Accordong>inong>g to ong>theong> data,Maldives seems to have already achieved MDG Target 4 ofreducong>inong>g ong>theong> under-five mortality rate, as well as reducong>inong>gong>inong>fant ong>andong> child mortality at ong>theong> aggregate level, ong>andong> Target5 of reducong>inong>g MMR.As a result of declong>inong>ong>inong>g fertility ong>andong> mortality, ong>theong> populationage structure ong>inong> Maldives has changed significantly, eventhough it is still relatively young. The changong>inong>g age structureis depicted ong>inong> Figure 2 ong>andong> ong>theong> population pyramid ong>inong>Figure 3. The percentage of population aged 0-15 years ong>inong>1990 to ong>theong> total population was about 47 per cent; thatproportion declong>inong>ed to 31 per cent ong>inong> 2006.This declong>inong>e ong>inong> ong>theong> percentage of ong>theong> population ong>inong> ong>theong> 0-15-year age group ong>inong>creased ong>theong> percentage ong>inong> ong>theong> workong>inong>g-agepopulation, pushong>inong>g Maldives towards a position where itcould enjoy what is popularly known as ong>theong> “DemographicDividend”, a wong>inong>dow of opportunity where ong>theong> dependencyratio (number of dependents per workong>inong>g-age population)tends to be lowest ong>inong> its demographic transition, enablong>inong>g ong>theong>country to benefit by utilizong>inong>g ong>theong> workong>inong>g-age populationfor economic development. The period is expected to lastfor about 30 years or so. If ong>theong> country fails to benefit fromthis wong>inong>dow of opportunity, once agaong>inong> ong>theong> dependencyratio is likely to become imbalanced ong>andong> ong>theong> workong>inong>g-agepopulation will declong>inong>e, resultong>inong>g ong>inong> a higher dependencyratio. Maldives has achieved this “dividend” because ofits success ong>inong> promotong>inong>g socio-economic development,ong>andong> by ong>inong>vestong>inong>g more ong>inong> improvong>inong>g people’s access toFigure1Selected ong>inong>dicators of fertility ong>andong> family plannong>inong>g: modern methods40353025201510501985 1990 2000 2006 2009Source: Country Contraceptive Report, Maldives: prevalence ICPD+15 ong>andong> rate Beyond: (%) Progress Achievements Total Fertility ong>andong> Rate Challenges, 1994-2009. Government ofMaldives ong>andong> UNFPA, 2009.156
FigureFigureTableTable2FigureTrends ong>inong> mortality ong>inong> Maldives, various ong>inong>dicators, 1990-2009Year/periodInfant mortality(per 1,000)Under-five mortality(per 1,000)Maternal mortality(per 100,000)Life expectancy(years)1990 35 48 500 58 both sexes1995-2000 35 44 143 (2001) 70.7/72.2(M/F)2000-2004 32 38 69 (2006) 71.7/72.7 (M/F)2004-2009 14 17 43 (2008)Source: Country Report, Maldives: ICPD+15 ong>andong> Beyond: Progress Achievements ong>andong> Challenges, 1994-2009. Government ofMaldives ong>andong> UNFPA, 2009.2MPND, 2007: Population ong>andong> Housong>inong>g Census, 2006.7060504030201001990 2000 20060-1415-6465+Source: MPND, 2007: Population ong>andong> Housong>inong>g Census, 2006.Figure3Population pyramid of Maldives, 2000 ong>andong> 2006Graph PP1 : Population pyramid of Maldives, 2000 & 2006Age Group75+70-4065-6960-6455-5945-4940-4435-3930-3425-2915-1910-145-90-425000 20000 15000 10000 5000 0 500 10000 15000 20000 25000PopulationFemale 2006 Female 2000 Male 2006 Male 2000Source: Source: MPND, 2007: Population ong>andong> Housong>inong>g Census, 2006.157
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Family Pla
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ForewordThe Asia <
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Part 1Part 1Asia <
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Ensuring that <str
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of methods for all, in</str
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and undertake <str
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Report on the Regi
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SESSION 1: Changin
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that improving <st
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at a hospital would be offered post
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Bounkoung Phichit, Deputy M
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medicines
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Thus, while knowledge of modern met
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Hon. Mr. Malakai Tabar, Chairman, P
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curricula. If the
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dialogue as well as regional <stron
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BackgroundGlobal development effort
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TableTable1EventNational policyYear
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A third observation is that reporte
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TableTable2Current Contraceptive Pr
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Figure(-1.2), Cook Island</
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FigureTableTable3Trends in<
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Nam. Nearly all economies i
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2008 2009% Bilateral % Multilateral
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family planning wi
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IntroductionFamily
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The advent of the
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FigureFigure1Oceania and</s
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next 25 years, however, TFR fluctua
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FigureFigureFigure2Total fertility
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family planning pr
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esponsible for the
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that estimates of CPR for earlier p
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Figuremarried at an older age compa
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As previously mentioned most <stron
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FigureFigure945Relationship between
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The concept of “unmet need” has
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TableTable8Percentage of th
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TableTable9Percentage of reasons fo
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family planning pr
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As far as the supp
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Socio-cultural challenges tofamily
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likely to use contraception than yo
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15 Tests of statistical significanc
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of the South <stro
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104
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Figurewill exceed the</stro
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in urban (67%) tha
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ased service delivery poin<
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Most FWAs who were recruited two to
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are considered, unmet need for effe
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Households pay the
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Effective public-private partnershi
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ConclusionThe Bangladesh Fa
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the Family
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National Institute for Population R
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IndiaIndiaFamily <
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IntroductionThe use of contraceptiv
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TableTable2Indicators of tra<strong
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FigureFigureFigure1Contraceptive pr
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TableTable5Indicators of contracept
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TableTable6Adjusted odds ratios for
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FigureFigure3Contraceptive prevalen
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TableTable7Adjusted and</st
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the north
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TableTable10Differences between nor
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TableTable11 Total fertility rate <
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End Note1The first camp was success
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152
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154
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health care and ed
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assistance from UNFPA and</
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in CPR. Likewise,
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International supp
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in development has
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__________ (2007). Population <stro
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170
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TableTable2What has the</st
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174
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per cent of women reported us<stron
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is provider bias that such methods
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TableTable7skewed distribution of h
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TableTable8TableTable9182
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that of the nation
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TableTable12 7some policies that ex
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The system guides the</stro
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FigureFigure4Total donor expenditur
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FigureFigureagain
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Impact of family plannin</s
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marketing of contr
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United States Agency for In
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200
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acceptable. From an NGO perspective
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FigureThis trend of limited donor f
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Figureto have the
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FigureFigure5Percentage change <str
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FigureFigure6Desire to limit childb
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coordination betwe
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the 1980s
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Policy Management.__________ (n.d.,
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218
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Population Activities (UNFPA) for a
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where family plannin</stron
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Thus an objective assessment of <st
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226
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Figureeconomic growth durin
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TableTable1TableTable2For spac<stro
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eflect a provider bias (e.g., <stro
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The Indonesian delegation was very
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than in ensur<stro
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in-country <strong
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(Ministry of Healt
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242
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FigureTrends and p
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TableTable3Unmet need for contracep
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TableTable5TableTable6TableTable725
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TableTable8TableTable9Malaysia, abo
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previously mentioned is based on fo
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TableTable16births and</str
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FigureFigure3TRF54.5Scatter plots o
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ReferencesAng, Eng Suan (2007). Stu
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Demographic data sheet: population
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population size, with just 336,000
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NuptialityIn Myanmar nuptiality is
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FigureIn Myanmar, birth-spac<strong
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Scope of coverage and</stro
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FigureIn Myanmar, out of six select
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equirements. The Min</stron
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according to <stro
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Adolescent sexual and</stro
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FigureHIV/AIDS. An HIV-positive wom
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National Population PolicyMyanmar i
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Linkages with o<st
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TableTable4Achievements of Myanmar
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monitoring <strong
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Nay Pyi Taw, 26 October 2010.53 Sit
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292
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294
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TableTableA296
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dispense and adm<s
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(1) I am against a
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FigureFigureFigure3Use of modern co
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FigureFigure7Traditional method use
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Figureprojection, and</stro
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Figure 11 summarizes the</s
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correlating <stron
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Figurethe use of c
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FigureFigure15Sexual behaviour <str
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track the distribu
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Figureservices, which should <stron
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FigureFigureFigure18 Population <st
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National Statistics Office, <strong
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TableTable6TableTable7TableTable832
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TableTable11326
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TableTable14TableTable15TableTable1
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TableTable19Laws and</stron
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worker and hours w
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334
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336
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includin</
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TableTable1Contraceptive prevalence
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These results suggest that about 70
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2 The (period) TFR is the</
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346
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FigureThe existence of traditional
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Guinea case by <st
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The establishment of provin
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provide family plannin</str
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Figurelegal requirement nor a condi
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FigureTableTable5TableTable6Figure4
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modern method and
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married or in unio
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Figureolder. Both the</stro
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TableTable15The immediate past Nati
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out that the “ne
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Commodity securitySupply cha<strong
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is able to achieve. In Papua New Gu
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Qualitative assessments by a number
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increasin<
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service delivery poin</stro
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Population: Views from Men
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1545-1730Day 2: December 9Session 2
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Day 3, December 10Session 50830-100
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15Mr. Tong Sithen1
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54Ms. Shadiya IbrahimAssistant Repr
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93Mr. Melkie AntonProject OfficerUn
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131Dr. John P. SkibiakDirectorRepro
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International <str
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