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End Note1The first camp was successfully organized ong>inong> 1970 ong>inong> ong>theong>Ernakulam district of Kerala state.2 Inaugural session of ong>theong> ong>Asiaong>n Population Association Conference,New Delhi, on 16 November 2010.3All analyses used sample weights ong>andong> were conducted usong>inong>g ong>theong>STATA 10 Data Analysis ong>andong> Statistical Software.4 The number of child deaths was constructed by subtractong>inong>g ong>theong>number of livong>inong>g children from parity.5This group also ong>inong>cludes those who were sterilized.6The employment variable, constructed by combong>inong>ong>inong>g two variables(respondent employed withong>inong> ong>theong> past 12 months ong>andong> paymenttype received), is divided ong>inong>to three categories: employed for cash,employed for payment ong>inong> kong>inong>d ong>andong> unemployed. We used employedfor payment ong>inong> kong>inong>d as ong>theong> reference category.7Includes Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkhong>andong>, Madhya Pradesh,Rajasthan, Uttaranchal ong>andong> Uttar Pradesh.8Includes Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala ong>andong> Tamil Nadu.9 Includes Assam, Gujarat, Haryana, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjabong>andong> West Bengal.10Includes ong>theong> remaong>inong>ong>inong>g states.11It seems that adjustments for women’s social ong>andong> economiccharacteristics more than compensated ong>theong> effect of ong>theong> adjustmentfor ong>theong> livong>inong>g sons ong>inong> 1992/93, whereas ong>theong> effect of livong>inong>g sonsovershadowed ong>theong> effect of oong>theong>r characteristics ong>inong> 2005/06.12In ong>theong> north, spouses are unrelated, females do not ong>inong>herit propertyong>andong> males tend to take help from oong>theong>r males related by blood.In contrast, ideal or preferred marriages ong>inong> ong>theong> south are betweencross-cousong>inong>s, women sometime ong>inong>herit property ong>andong> males are alsolikely to take help from oong>theong>r males related by marriage.13Wanted fertility accordong>inong>g to NFHS-3 was 2.1 children perwoman ong>inong> Madhya Pradesh; 2.2 ong>inong> Rajasthan; 2.3 ong>inong> Uttar Pradesh;ong>andong> 2.4 ong>inong> Bihar. Unmet need for family plannong>inong>g ong>inong> ong>theong>se fourstates was reported to be 23 per cent ong>inong> Bihar, 21 per cent ong>inong> UttarPradesh, 15 per cent ong>inong> Rajasthan ong>andong> 11 per cent ong>inong> MadhyaPradesh.14A similar poong>inong>t about ong>theong> course of ong>theong> fertility transition ong>inong> ong>theong>1990s was made by Satia ong>andong> Jejeebhoy (1991).15MDG 2: Achieve universal primary education; MDG 4: Reducechild mortality.ReferencesBhat, P.N. Mari, S.H.T. Preston ong>andong> T. Dyson (1984).Vital Rates ong>inong> India, 1961-81, Committee onPopulation ong>andong> Demography, Report No. 24,Washong>inong>gton, D.C.: National Academy Press.Bhat, P.N. Mari (1998). “Regional differences ong>inong> Indianfertility”, In: Martong>inong>e George, Monica Das Gupta ong>andong>Long>inong>coln C. Chen, eds., Reproductive Change ong>inong> Indiaong>andong> Brazil, Delhi: Oxford University Press.Bongaarts, John (1978). “A framework for analyzong>inong>g ong>theong>proximate determong>inong>ants of fertility”, Population ong>andong>Development Review, 4(1):105-132.__________, W. Parker Mauldong>inong> ong>andong> James F. Phillips(1990). “The demographic impact of family plannong>inong>gprograms”, Studies ong>inong> ong>Familyong> ong>Plannong>inong>gong>, 21(6): 299-310.Cutright, Phillips (1983). “The ong>inong>gredients of recentfertility declong>inong>e ong>inong> developong>inong>g countries”, ong>Internationalong>ong>Familyong> ong>Plannong>inong>gong> Perspectives, 9(4):101-109.Debpuur, Cornelius, James F. Phillips, Elizabeth F.Jackson, Alex Nazzar, Pierre Ngom ong>andong> Fred N.Bong>inong>ka (2002). “The impact of ong>theong> Navrongo Projecton contraceptive knowledge ong>andong> use, reproductivepreferences, ong>andong> fertility”, Studies ong>inong> ong>Familyong> ong>Plannong>inong>gong>,33(2):141-164.Donaldson, Peter J. (2001). “The elimong>inong>ation ofcontraceptive acceptor targets ong>andong> ong>theong> evolutionof population policy ong>inong> India”, Population Studies,56(1):97-110.Dyson, Tim ong>andong> Mick Moore (1983). “On kong>inong>shipstructure, female autonomy, ong>andong> demographicbehavior ong>inong> India”, Population ong>andong> Development Review,9(1):35-60.Freedman, Ronald ong>andong> Bernard Berelson (1976). “Therecord of family plannong>inong>g programs”, Studies ong>inong> ong>Familyong>ong>Plannong>inong>gong>, 7(1):1-40.Harkavy, Oscar ong>andong> Krishna Roy (2007). “Emergenceof ong>theong> Indian National ong>Familyong> ong>Plannong>inong>gong> Program”,In: Warren C. Robong>inong>son ong>andong> John A. Ross, eds., TheGlobal ong>Familyong> ong>Plannong>inong>gong> Revolution, Washong>inong>gton D.C.:World Bank.ong>Internationalong> Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS)(1995). National ong>Familyong> Health Survey 1992-93,Bombay: IIPS.__________ (2000). National ong>Familyong> Health Survey(NFHS-2) 1998-99, Mumbai: IIPS.__________ (2005). India: Facility Survey (UnderReproductive ong>andong> Child Health Project Phase – II,2003), Mumbai: IIPS.__________ (2006). India: Reproductive ong>andong> ChildHealth: District Level Household Survey (DLHS-2)2002-04, Mumbai: IIPS.__________ (2007). National ong>Familyong> Health Survey(NFHS-3) 2205-06, Mumbai: IIPS.__________ (2010). District Level Household ong>andong> FacilitySurvey (DLHS-3), 2007-08: India, Mumbai: IIPS.Jaong>inong>, Anrudh K. (1973). “Marketong>inong>g research ong>inong> ong>theong>Nirodh Program”, Studies ong>inong> ong>Familyong> ong>Plannong>inong>gong>,4(7):184-190.__________ (1985). “The impact of development ong>andong>population policies on fertility ong>inong> India”, Studies ong>inong>ong>Familyong> ong>Plannong>inong>gong>, 16(4):181-198.__________ (1997). “Consistency between contraceptiveuse ong>andong> fertility ong>inong> India”, Demography India, 26(1):19-36.__________ (1998a). “The future of population policies”,In: Anrudh Jaong>inong>, ed., Do Population Policies Matter?Fertility ong>andong> Politics ong>inong> Egypt, India, Kenya, ong>andong> Mexico,New York: Population ong>Councilong>.__________ (1998b). “Population policies that matter”,150

In: Anrudh Jaong>inong>, ed., Do Population Policies Matter?Fertility ong>andong> Politics ong>inong> Egypt, India, Kenya, ong>andong> Mexico,New York: Population ong>Councilong>._________(1998c). “Fertility transition ong>inong> India:implications for social policies”, In: Martong>inong>e George,Monica Das Gupta ong>andong> Long>inong>coln C. Chen, eds.,Reproductive Change ong>inong> India ong>andong> Brazil, Delhi: OxfordUniversity Press.Koenig, Michael A., Gillian H.C. Foo ong>andong> Ketan Joshi(2000). “Quality of care withong>inong> ong>theong> Indian ong>Familyong>Welfare Programme: a review of recent evidence”,Studies ong>inong> ong>Familyong> ong>Plannong>inong>gong>, 31(1):1-18.Krishnan, T.N. (1998). “Social development ong>andong> fertilityreduction ong>inong> Kerala”, In: Martong>inong>e George, Monica DasGupta ong>andong> Long>inong>coln C. Chen, eds., Reproductive Changeong>inong> India ong>andong> Brazil, Delhi: Oxford University Press.Mauldong>inong>, W. Parker ong>andong> Bernard Berelson (1978).“Conditions of fertility declong>inong>e ong>inong> developong>inong>g countries,1965-75”, Studies ong>inong> ong>Familyong> ong>Plannong>inong>gong>. 9(3):89-147.Nag, Moni (1984). “Fertility differentials ong>inong> Keralaong>andong> West Bengal: equity fertility hypoong>theong>sis asexplanation”, Economic ong>andong> Political Weekly, Vol. XIX,No.1 (7 January): 33-41.Operations Research Group (n.d.). ong>Familyong> ong>Plannong>inong>gong>Practices ong>inong> India: The First All-India Survey Report,Baroda, Gujarat, India: Operations Research Group(ORG).__________ (1990). ong>Familyong> ong>Plannong>inong>gong> Practices ong>inong> India:Third All India Survey. Baroda, Gujarat, India: ORG.Phillips, James F., Ruth Simmons, Michael A. Koenong>inong>gong>andong> J. Chakraborty (1988). “Determong>inong>ants ofreproductive change ong>inong> a traditional society: evidencefrom Matlab, Bangladesh”, Studies ong>inong> ong>Familyong> ong>Plannong>inong>gong>,19(6):313-334.Registrar General, India (RGI (2009). Compendium ofIndia’s Fertility ong>andong> Mortality Indicators based on ong>theong>Sample Registration System (SRS): 1971-2007, NewDelhi: RGI.Satia, J.K. ong>andong> Shireen J. Jejeebhoy (eds.) (1991). TheDemographic Challenge: A Study of Four Large IndianStates, Bombay: Oxford University Press.Visaria, Leela (2002). The Proximate Determong>inong>antsof Fertility ong>inong> India, India Project Workong>inong>g Paper,London: Department of Social Policy, London Schoolof Economics.__________ , Shireen Jeejabhoy ong>andong> Tom Merrick(1999). “From family plannong>inong>g to reproductive health:challenges facong>inong>g India”, ong>Internationalong> ong>Familyong> ong>Plannong>inong>gong>Perspectives, 25 (supplement): S44-S49.Visaria, Pravong>inong> ong>andong> Vijaylaxmi Chari (1998). “India’spopulation policy ong>andong> family plannong>inong>g program:yesterday, today ong>andong> tomorrow”, In: Anrudh Jaong>inong>, ed.,Do Population Policies Matter? Fertility ong>andong> Politics ong>inong>Egypt, India, Kenya ong>andong> Mexico, New York: Populationong>Councilong>.151

End Note1The first camp was successfully organized <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> 1970 <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>Ernakulam district of Kerala state.2 Inaugural sessi<strong>on</strong> of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Asia</str<strong>on</strong>g>n Populati<strong>on</strong> Associati<strong>on</strong> C<strong>on</strong>ference,New Delhi, <strong>on</strong> 16 November 2010.3All analyses used sample weights <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> were c<strong>on</strong>ducted us<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>STATA 10 Data Analysis <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Statistical Software.4 The number of child deaths was c<strong>on</strong>structed by subtract<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>number of liv<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g children from parity.5This group also <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>cludes those who were sterilized.6The employment variable, c<strong>on</strong>structed by comb<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g two variables(resp<strong>on</strong>dent employed with<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> past 12 m<strong>on</strong>ths <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> paymenttype received), is divided <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>to three categories: employed for cash,employed for payment <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> k<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>d <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> unemployed. We used employedfor payment <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> k<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>d as <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> reference category.7Includes Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Jharkh<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g>, Madhya Pradesh,Rajasthan, Uttaranchal <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Uttar Pradesh.8Includes Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Tamil Nadu.9 Includes Assam, Gujarat, Haryana, Maharashtra, Orissa, Punjab<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> West Bengal.10Includes <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> rema<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g states.11It seems that adjustments for women’s social <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> ec<strong>on</strong>omiccharacteristics more than compensated <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> effect of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> adjustmentfor <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> liv<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g s<strong>on</strong>s <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> 1992/93, whereas <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> effect of liv<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g s<strong>on</strong>sovershadowed <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> effect of o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r characteristics <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> 2005/06.12In <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> north, spouses are unrelated, females do not <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>herit property<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> males tend to take help from o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r males related by blood.In c<strong>on</strong>trast, ideal or preferred marriages <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> south are betweencross-cous<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>s, women sometime <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>herit property <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> males are alsolikely to take help from o<str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>r males related by marriage.13Wanted fertility accord<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g to NFHS-3 was 2.1 children perwoman <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> Madhya Pradesh; 2.2 <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> Rajasthan; 2.3 <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> Uttar Pradesh;<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> 2.4 <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> Bihar. Unmet need for family plann<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>se fourstates was reported to be 23 per cent <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> Bihar, 21 per cent <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> UttarPradesh, 15 per cent <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> Rajasthan <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> 11 per cent <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> MadhyaPradesh.14A similar po<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>t about <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> course of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> fertility transiti<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>1990s was made by Satia <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Jejeebhoy (1991).15MDG 2: Achieve universal primary educati<strong>on</strong>; MDG 4: Reducechild mortality.ReferencesBhat, P.N. Mari, S.H.T. Prest<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> T. Dys<strong>on</strong> (1984).Vital Rates <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> India, 1961-81, Committee <strong>on</strong>Populati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Demography, Report No. 24,Wash<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>gt<strong>on</strong>, D.C.: Nati<strong>on</strong>al Academy Press.Bhat, P.N. Mari (1998). “Regi<strong>on</strong>al differences <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> Indianfertility”, In: Mart<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>e George, M<strong>on</strong>ica Das Gupta <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g>L<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>coln C. Chen, eds., Reproductive Change <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> India<str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Brazil, Delhi: Oxford University Press.B<strong>on</strong>gaarts, John (1978). “A framework for analyz<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g>proximate determ<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>ants of fertility”, Populati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g>Development Review, 4(1):105-132.__________, W. Parker Mauld<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> James F. 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Phillips, Elizabeth F.Jacks<strong>on</strong>, Alex Nazzar, Pierre Ngom <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Fred N.B<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>ka (2002). “The impact of <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Navr<strong>on</strong>go Project<strong>on</strong> c<strong>on</strong>traceptive knowledge <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> use, reproductivepreferences, <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> fertility”, Studies <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Family</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Plann<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g</str<strong>on</strong>g>,33(2):141-164.D<strong>on</strong>alds<strong>on</strong>, Peter J. (2001). “The elim<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>ati<strong>on</strong> ofc<strong>on</strong>traceptive acceptor targets <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> evoluti<strong>on</strong>of populati<strong>on</strong> policy <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> India”, Populati<strong>on</strong> Studies,56(1):97-110.Dys<strong>on</strong>, Tim <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Mick Moore (1983). “On k<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>shipstructure, female aut<strong>on</strong>omy, <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> demographicbehavior <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> India”, Populati<strong>on</strong> <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Development Review,9(1):35-60.Freedman, R<strong>on</strong>ald <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Bernard Berels<strong>on</strong> (1976). “Therecord of family plann<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g programs”, Studies <str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Family</str<strong>on</strong>g><str<strong>on</strong>g>Plann<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g</str<strong>on</strong>g>, 7(1):1-40.Harkavy, Oscar <str<strong>on</strong>g>and</str<strong>on</strong>g> Krishna Roy (2007). “Emergenceof <str<strong>on</strong>g>the</str<strong>on</strong>g> Indian Nati<strong>on</strong>al <str<strong>on</strong>g>Family</str<strong>on</strong>g> <str<strong>on</strong>g>Plann<str<strong>on</strong>g>in</str<strong>on</strong>g>g</str<strong>on</strong>g> Program”,In: Warren C. 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