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TableTable6Adjusted odds ratios for contraceptive use, by characteristics <strong>in</strong> India: 1992/93–2005/061992/933 1998/99 2005/06OR OR 95% CI OR 95% CI OR 95% CIEducationNone 1.00 1.00 1.00Primary 1.74 (1.64 - 1.85) 1.40 (1.31 - 1.49) 1.39 (1.30 - 1.48)Secondary 1.90 (1.75 - 2.06) 1.51 (1.41 - 1.63) 1.40 (1.30 - 1.50)Higher 2.37 (1.97 - 2.86) 1.48 (1.31 - 1.67) 1.62 (1.42 - 1.84)Lowest 1.00 1.00 1.00Second 1.21 (1.13 - 1.31) 1.25 (1.16 - 1.34) 1.43 (1.32 - 1.55)Middle 1.52 (1.40 - 1.66) 1.65 (1.52 -1.79) 1.68 (1.53 - 1.83)Fourth 1.74 (1.59 - 1.90) 1.91 (1.74 - 2.10) 1.94 (1.76 - 2.13)Highest 2.12 (1.86 -2.42) 2.09 (1.86 - 2.33) 1.99 (1.78 - 2.24)Employed (<strong>in</strong> k<strong>in</strong>d) 1.00 1.00 1.00Employed (cash) 1.24 (1.14 - 1.35) 1.37 (1.27 - 1.49) 1.45 (1.34 -1.57)Unemployed 0.74 (0.69 - 0.80) 0.77 (0.72 - 0.83) 0.91 (0.84 - 0.98)Non-nuclear 0.95 (0.86 - 1.06) 0.71 (0.60 - 0.83) 0.96 (0.91 -1.00)Nuclear 1.00 1.00 1.00No 1.00 1.00 1.00Yes 1.14 (1.06 - 1.23) 1.14 (1.07 - 1.20) 0.99 (0.93 - 1.05)No 1.00 1.00 1.00Yes 1.21 (1.14 -1.28) 1.31 (1.24 - 1.38) 1.39 (1.32 -1.47)No - 1.00 1.00Yes 1.08 (0.99 - 1.17) 1.14 (1.05 -1.23)No - 1.00 1.00Yes 1.16 (1.08 - 1.24) 0.72 (0.68 - 0.77)Rural 1.00 1.00 1.00Urban 0.93 (0.86 - 1.01) 1.01 (0.94 - 1.08) 1.02 (0.94 -1.10)H<strong>in</strong>du 1.00 1.00 1.00Muslim 0.52 (0.48 - 0.58) 0.58 (0.52 - 0.64) 0.53 (0.48 - 0.60)Sikh 1.26 (1.12 - 1.42) 1.23 (1.07 - 1.42) 0.81 (0.68 - 0.96)Ja<strong>in</strong> - 0.95 (0.63 - 1.45) 1.23 (0.78 - 1.94)Christian 0.89 (0.78 - 1.03) 0.88 (0.76 - 1.01) 0.68 (0.59 - 0.79)O<strong>the</strong>r 1.10 (0.92 - 1.31) 1.30 (1.00 - 1.69) 0.72 (0.59 - 0.88)Scheduled Caste 1.00 1.00 1.00Scheduled Tribe 1.13 (1.01 - 1.27) 0.95 (0.85 - 1.06) 0.92 (0.82 -1.03)O<strong>the</strong>r Backward- 1.02 (0.94 - 1.09) 0.90 (0.83 - 0.97)ClassO<strong>the</strong>r 1.21 (1.11 -1.31) 1.26 (1.16 - 1.36) 1.16 (1.06 - 1.26)Age15-19 1.00 1.00 1.0020-24 1.15 (1.02 - 1.29) 1.26 (1.10 - 1.43) 1.09 (0.95 - 1.24)25-29 1.61 (1.43 - 1.81) 2.00 (1.75 - 2.30) 1.55 (1.35 - 1.78)30-34 2.02 (1.80 -2.27) 2.88 (2.50 - 3.32) 2.25 (1.94 - 2.60)35-39 2.32 (2.07 - 2.61) 3.19 (2.75 - 3.69) 2.33 (2.00 - 2.71)40-44 1.89 (1.67 - 2.14) 3.17 (2.71 - 3.70) 1.90 (1.63 - 2.22)138
45-49 1.43 (1.24 - 1.64) 2.44 (2.10 - 2.84) 1.58 (1.35 - 1.86)Parity0 1.00 1.00 1.001 2.49 (2.16 - 2.86) 2.30 (1.96 - 2.71) 2.52 (2.20 - 2.88)2 2.97 (2.55 - 3.46) 3.74 (3.18 - 4.41) 5.17 (4.49 -5.94)3 4.01 (3.48 - 4.61) 4.43 (3.70 - 5.29) 6.08 (5.25 - 7.05)4+ 3.11 (2.69 - 3.61) 2.98 (2.47 - 3.60) 4.24 (3.63 - 4.96)# of liv<strong>in</strong>g sons0 1.00 1.00 1.001 1.22 (1.12 - 1.33) 1.34 (1.25 -1.44) 1.45 (1.35 - 1.55)2+ 1.76 (1.62 - 1.91) 1.85 (1.72 - 1.99) 2.13 (1.97 - 2.29)# of child deaths0 1.00 1.00 1.001 0.82 (0.77 - 0.87) 0.88 (0.83 - 0.94) 0.80 (0.75 - 0.85)2+ 0.62 (0.58 - 0.67) 0.66 (0.61 - 0.71) 0.61 (0.56 - 0.67)Deesire of childbear<strong>in</strong>gWith<strong>in</strong> two years 1.00 1.00 1.00After two years 1.51 (1.38 - 1.65) 2.17 (1.94 - 2.44) 3.14 (2.82 -3.51)Unsure of tim<strong>in</strong>g/ 0.68 (0.55 - 0.84) 0.86 (0.71 - 1.05) 0.80 (0.66 - 0.97)undecidedWants no more 10.88 (9.94 - 11.90) 10.51 (9.42 - 11.73) 6.66 (6.02 - 7.37)a. In <strong>the</strong> 1992/93 <strong>and</strong> 1998/99 surveys, <strong>the</strong> variable used was <strong>the</strong> presence of mo<strong>the</strong>r-<strong>in</strong>-law, presumably at <strong>the</strong> time of <strong>the</strong> survey.Nuclear represents no presence, <strong>and</strong> non-nuclear represents presence of mo<strong>the</strong>r-<strong>in</strong>-law.b. In <strong>the</strong> 2005/06 survey, <strong>the</strong> variable represents whe<strong>the</strong>r respondents were visited by an ANM, LHV, Anganwadi, or communityhealth worker <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> past three months. In <strong>the</strong> 1998/99 survey, respondents reported if <strong>the</strong>y were visited by a family plann<strong>in</strong>g(FP) worker <strong>in</strong> last 12 months.ratios <strong>in</strong>creased from 1992/93 to 1998/99 to 2005/06for parity <strong>and</strong> number of liv<strong>in</strong>g sons. Women with twoor more liv<strong>in</strong>g sons <strong>in</strong> 1992/93 were 1.76 times (95%CI:1.62 – 1.91) more likely to use a contraceptive methodcompared with women without any liv<strong>in</strong>g sons (see Table6). The odds of us<strong>in</strong>g contraceptive methods among womenwith two or more liv<strong>in</strong>g sons <strong>in</strong>creased to 1.85 (95%CI:1.72 – 1.99) <strong>in</strong> 1998/99 <strong>and</strong> 2.13 (95%CI: 1.97-2.29) <strong>in</strong>2005/06. This means that women with two or more liv<strong>in</strong>gsons were 85 per cent more likely to use contraception <strong>in</strong>1998/99 <strong>and</strong> more than twice as likely to do so <strong>in</strong> 2005/06when compared with women with no liv<strong>in</strong>g sons.About 78 per cent of women <strong>in</strong> 2005/06 experienced nochild death 4 , 15 per cent experienced <strong>the</strong> death of onechild <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g 7 per cent experienced <strong>the</strong> deathof 2 or more children (see Table 4). The situation relatedto child death improved between 1992/93 <strong>and</strong> 2005/06(Table 4). As expected it was significantly less likely that awoman would use a contraceptive method if one or moreof her children died. Women with one child death wereabout 20 per cent less likely to use contraception <strong>and</strong> thosewith 2 or more child deaths were 40 per cent less likelyto use contraception as compared with those without anychild death. The odds ratios reflect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> effect of childdeath on contraceptive use rema<strong>in</strong>ed relatively constantacross <strong>the</strong> three survey years (Table 6).In terms of fertility desire, women who desired to haveano<strong>the</strong>r child after two years were significantly morelikely to use contraception as compared with those whodesired to have ano<strong>the</strong>r child with<strong>in</strong> two years. The oddsratio among women who desired ano<strong>the</strong>r birth after twoyears, however, <strong>in</strong>creased from 1.51 (95%CI: 1.38-1.65)<strong>in</strong> 1992/93 to 3.14 (95%CI: 2.82 – 3.51) <strong>in</strong> 2005/06,<strong>in</strong>dicat<strong>in</strong>g an <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> use of contraception forspac<strong>in</strong>g over time. Women who were undecided or wereunsure of tim<strong>in</strong>g were less likely to use contraception <strong>and</strong>those who wanted no more children 5 were more likely touse contraception.Education of womenThe education of women improved over <strong>the</strong> three roundsof surveys: about 61 per cent of women had no education<strong>in</strong> 1992/93, <strong>and</strong> that number decl<strong>in</strong>ed to 47 per cent<strong>in</strong> 2005/06. About 15 per cent of women surveyed <strong>in</strong>2005/06 had some primary-level education, 31 percent had some secondary-level education <strong>and</strong> about 6139
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Family Pla
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ForewordThe Asia <
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Part 1Part 1Asia <
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Ensuring that <str
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of methods for all, in</str
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and undertake <str
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Report on the Regi
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SESSION 1: Changin
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that improving <st
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at a hospital would be offered post
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Bounkoung Phichit, Deputy M
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medicines
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Thus, while knowledge of modern met
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Hon. Mr. Malakai Tabar, Chairman, P
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curricula. If the
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dialogue as well as regional <stron
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BackgroundGlobal development effort
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TableTable1EventNational policyYear
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A third observation is that reporte
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TableTable2Current Contraceptive Pr
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Figure(-1.2), Cook Island</
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FigureTableTable3Trends in<
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Nam. Nearly all economies i
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2008 2009% Bilateral % Multilateral
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family planning wi
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IntroductionFamily
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The advent of the
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FigureFigure1Oceania and</s
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next 25 years, however, TFR fluctua
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FigureFigureFigure2Total fertility
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family planning pr
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esponsible for the
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that estimates of CPR for earlier p
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Figuremarried at an older age compa
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As previously mentioned most <stron
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FigureFigure945Relationship between
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The concept of “unmet need” has
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The system guides the</stro
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FigureFigure4Total donor expenditur
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FigureFigureagain
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Impact of family plannin</s
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marketing of contr
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United States Agency for In
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200
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acceptable. From an NGO perspective
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FigureThis trend of limited donor f
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Figureto have the
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FigureFigure5Percentage change <str
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FigureFigure6Desire to limit childb
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coordination betwe
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the 1980s
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Policy Management.__________ (n.d.,
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218
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Population Activities (UNFPA) for a
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where family plannin</stron
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Thus an objective assessment of <st
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226
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Figureeconomic growth durin
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TableTable1TableTable2For spac<stro
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eflect a provider bias (e.g., <stro
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The Indonesian delegation was very
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than in ensur<stro
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in-country <strong
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(Ministry of Healt
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242
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244
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FigureTrends and p
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TableTable3Unmet need for contracep
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TableTable5TableTable6TableTable725
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TableTable8TableTable9Malaysia, abo
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previously mentioned is based on fo
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TableTable16births and</str
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FigureFigure3TRF54.5Scatter plots o
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ReferencesAng, Eng Suan (2007). Stu
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Demographic data sheet: population
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population size, with just 336,000
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NuptialityIn Myanmar nuptiality is
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FigureIn Myanmar, birth-spac<strong
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Scope of coverage and</stro
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FigureIn Myanmar, out of six select
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equirements. The Min</stron
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according to <stro
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Adolescent sexual and</stro
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FigureHIV/AIDS. An HIV-positive wom
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National Population PolicyMyanmar i
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Linkages with o<st
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TableTable4Achievements of Myanmar
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monitoring <strong
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Nay Pyi Taw, 26 October 2010.53 Sit
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292
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TableTableA296
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dispense and adm<s
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(1) I am against a
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FigureFigureFigure3Use of modern co
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FigureFigure7Traditional method use
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Figureprojection, and</stro
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Figure 11 summarizes the</s
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correlating <stron
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Figurethe use of c
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FigureFigure15Sexual behaviour <str
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track the distribu
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Figureservices, which should <stron
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FigureFigureFigure18 Population <st
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National Statistics Office, <strong
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TableTable11326
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TableTable19Laws and</stron
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worker and hours w
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334
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336
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includin</
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TableTable1Contraceptive prevalence
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These results suggest that about 70
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2 The (period) TFR is the</
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346
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FigureThe existence of traditional
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Guinea case by <st
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The establishment of provin
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provide family plannin</str
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Figurelegal requirement nor a condi
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FigureTableTable5TableTable6Figure4
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modern method and
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married or in unio
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Figureolder. Both the</stro
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TableTable15The immediate past Nati
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out that the “ne
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Commodity securitySupply cha<strong
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is able to achieve. In Papua New Gu
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Qualitative assessments by a number
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increasin<
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service delivery poin</stro
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Population: Views from Men
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1545-1730Day 2: December 9Session 2
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Day 3, December 10Session 50830-100
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15Mr. Tong Sithen1
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54Ms. Shadiya IbrahimAssistant Repr
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93Mr. Melkie AntonProject OfficerUn
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131Dr. John P. SkibiakDirectorRepro
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International <str
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