k|;fO{ j+zj[If ;Dkfbg ;ldlt @)%&

k|;fO{ j+zj[If ;Dkfbg ;ldlt
@)%&
>L vu]Gb| k|;fO{, cgf/d'gL, emfkf
>L pkdl0f k|;fO{, ;'?Ëf, emfkf
>L lzj/fd k|;fO{, dfOlt3/, sf7df8f}+
>L s[i0f k|;fO{,cgfdgu/, sf7df8f}+
>L w'j|k|;fb k|;fO{, 3§]s'nf], sf7df8f}+
>L o1/fh k|;fO{, cgfdgu/ sf7df8f}+
>L nIdL k|;fO{ -lgZrn_, 3§]s'nf], sf7df8f}+
1

k|sfzs
k|;fO{ kfl/jfl/s 6«i6 -sNof0f sf]if_ s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt
/
sf7df8f}+ pkTosf ljz]if ;ldlt
k|yd ;+:s/0f–@)%* , j}zfv
k|lt M!%))
;jf{lwsf/
k|;fO{ kfl/jfl/s 6«i6 -sNof0f sf]if_
s]Gb|Lo sfo{;ldlt, ;'?Ëf, emfkf
cfj/0f t:jL/ M
k|;fO{x?sf k"j{h zfl08No Clif
sDKo'6/
d'b|0f
s[i0fdf]xg ;fksf]6f nIdL ck;]6 k|];
+ab{3f6, gjnk/f;L l8NnL ahf/, sf7df8f}+
df]=g+= M (*$&$!^#))
kmf]g M $@)^*&
2

e"ldsf
dflg; Pp6f ;fdflhs k|0fL ePsf] gftfn] ;dfhdf /x]/ p;n] cfÎgf] kl/jf/, ;dfh / /fi6«sf]
nflu dxThk"0f{ of]ubfg k'¥ofpg' :jefljs xf] . xfd|f k'vf{ uf]kfn k|;fO{sf ;Gtfg gGbd'gL k|;fO{,
k|ltdg k|;fO{, k|hfklt k|;fO{,d]=df]xgnfn k|;fO{ / zlzw/ k|;fO{n] qmdz /fd]5fk,ks/jf;,l;Gw'nL
lalQhf]/, lqlqaf]6\of, nufot kj{t afem'Ëdf /fi6«sf] nflu k'¥ofPsf] of]ubfgsf] sb/ ub}{ tTsfnLg /fhf
dxf/fhfaf6 cfbf/ :j?k ljleGg 7fp“df k|;:t hUuf hldgx? latf{ kfPsf lyP eg] gGgd'gL
k|;fO{sf gflt /fdrGb| k|kfO{n] klg l;Gb'nLu9Ldf c+u|]h;+u ePsf] n8fOdf /fi6« lgdf{0fsf] nflu
k'¥ofPsf] laz]if of]ubfg xfdL ;Dk"0f{ kl/jf/sf] ;b:sf] nflu uf}/asf] laifo ag]sf] 5 . o;/L xfd|f
k'vf{x? h:t} cfhklg k|;fO{ kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?n] ljleGg k]zfdf cfj4 /xL OdfGbf/Lk"j{s /fi6«
lasf;sf] ;]jfdf of]ubfg k'¥ofp“b} cfPsf 5g\ .
/fi6« ;]jfsf] ;fy ;fy} wd{, ;+:sf/ / k/Dk/fklg xfd|f] kl/jf/sf] bflu p:t} dxTjsf] ljifo
ePsf] 5 . To;}n] hxf“;'s} 5l/P/ a;]klg xfd|f] kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?n] cfÎgf] wd{, ;+:s[lt / k/Dk/fnfO{
lg/Gt/bf lb“b} cfPsf 5f}“ . o;} ljifonfO{ dWogh/ /fvL wd{, ;+:s[lt / k/Dk/fnfO{ rL/sfn;Dd
lg/Gt/tf lbg kfl/jf/Ls P]Soj4tf sfod /fVg] k|of; o; j+zj[If dfkm{t ul/Psf] 5 .
k|;fO{ kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?sf] j+zj[If tof/ ug]{ qmddf b]z ljb]zsf ljleGg 7fp“df uO{ k|fKt
;|f]tx?sf] cfwf/df klxnf] ;+:s/0fsf] ?kdf xfd|f] j+zj[If k|sfzg ug]{ sfo{ ;DkGg ePsf] 5 . j+Ifj[t
rf6{ tof/ kfbf{ ;a} kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?n] ;lhn} a'‰g;Sg]u/L Ps kfgfdf ^ lk+l9;Ddsf] Pp6} rf6{
tof/ kf/k k|To]s lk+9Lsf] rf6{ kQf nufpg ;lhnf] xf];\ elg d"n rf6{df k]h g+= sf] Joj:yf ul/Psf]
5 .
cGTodf j+zj[t tof/ ubf{ k|;fO{ kl/jf/sf s'g} klg ;b:ox?sf] gfd g5'6fpg] k|of; ubf{
ub}{klg k|fljws sf/0faf6 5'6]sf] / tndfly u/]sf] bf;|f] ;+:s/0fdf 5'6 gfdfjnLnfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{ nIo
/fv]sf 5f}“ . pQm sfo{df ;Dk"0f{ k|;fO{ kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?sf] k"0f{ ;xof]u ldNg] 5 eGg] cf;f /fv]sf
5f} + .
j+zj[If ;Dkfbg ;ldlt
k|;fO{ kfl/jf/Ls 6«i6 - sNof0f sf]if_
4

k|;f;sLo
@)## ;fndf ;j{k|yd k|;fO{ aGw' k'/f0f ljtf{df]8df cfof]hgf u/L , ToxL k'/f0fdf k|;fO{x?sf]
cflb Oltxf; vf]Hg] sfdsf] yfngL ul/Psf] lyof] . sfnrqmn] sf]N6f] km]/L;s]sf] 5 . xfdLx? @) cf}“
ztaAbLnfO{ kf/ u/L @! cf}“ ztfAbLdf k|j]z u/]sf 5f}+ . @! cf}“ ztfAbLsf] of] k|yd bzs xfdL
k|;fO{x?sf lglDt ;jf{lws v';L / k|]/0fbfs ag]sf] 5 . lsgeg] oxL bzss} k|f/Ded} xfdL k|;fO{x?n]
cfÎgf] Oltxf;nfO{ k|f/lDes cj:yfdfd} ePklg vf]htnf; u/]sf 5f}“ . eljiosf lbgdf xfldx?n] of]
v';L / k|]/0ffnfO{ slt prfO{df k'¥ofg ;S5f}+ of] eljios} ue{df 5 . k"lj{o bz{gdf ef}lts pGglt
c:yfO{ xf] . of] cfkm}df ;fWo geP/ ;fwg dfq xf] . :yfO{ :df/s lgdf{0f ug'{ jt{dfgsf] cfjZostf xf]
. h;/L xfldx? cfh xfd|f k'vf{x?af6 uf}/fjflGjt 5f}, To;/L g} xfd|f] eflj k':tfn] xfd|f] cfhsf]
Oltxf;nfO{ d'NofÍsg ub}{ xfdLx?n] uf}/jo'Qm s'g} sfo{ u/]sf] /x]5f}+ eg] To;df uf}/j ub}{ pgLx?n]
klg cfÎgf] k"j{hx?sf] af6f]nfO{ cg';/0f ub}{ uf}/jdo Oltxf;df nfUg]5g\ / o;df b'O{dt x'g]5}g .
dfly pNn]v ul/Psf] k|;+us} ;Gbe{df xdL k|;fO{x?n] cfÎgf] OLtxf; vf]Hg] k|yd hdsf]{ h'g u¥of}+,
To;sf] s]lx n]vfhf]vf ug{ rfxfG5f}+ . @)## ;fnb]lv otf ljleGg ;dodf k|;fO{ aGw'x?nfO{ P]Soj4
ug{ / cfÎgf] Oltxf;x? vf]Hg] sfd ePtfklg ;+ul7t ?kn] @)%@ ;fndf dfq yfnlg eof] eGgdf
clto'lQm gxf]nf . @)%@ ;fn a}zfv @ ut] k|;fO{ kfl/jfl/s 6«:6 - sNof0f sf]if_ sf] :yfkgfn] of]
lbzfdf dxTjk"0f{ sfd u¥of] . @)%# ;fn >fj0f ( ut] 6«i6 s]lGb|o ;+rfns ;ldltn] vu]Gb| k|;fO{sf]
;+of]hsTjdf j+zfjnL ;+sng pk–;ldltsf] u7g u/L of] ;ldltnfO{ j+z vf]h tyf cg';Gwfgsf]
cflwsf/Ls ?kdf lhDdf lbPkl5 of] ;ldltn] lgs} dxTjk"0f{ sfd u/]sf] 5 . oBlk of] ;ldltn] æk|;fO{Æ
y/sf] pTkltsf af/]df lglZrt ?kn] ls6fg ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g t/ ;ldltn] hlt vf]hljg u/]sf] 5,
To;}nfO{ clxn]nfO{ ;Gt'li6 lng'kg]{ cj:yf 5 . lsgeg] ;ldltdf a;]sf JolStx?n] cfÎgf] Wofg k|;fO{
aGw'x?sf] vf]hdf g} nufP h;n] ubf{ k|;fO{ y/sf] pTklt af/]sf] cg';Gwfg cf]em]ndf kg{ uof] . h'g
:jefljs klg lyof] . km]/L csf]{ ;d:of s] klg lyof] eg] ;ldltdf a;]sf ;b:ox?sf] sfd ug]{ l;df
klg lyof] . pxf“x? ljleGg k]zf / Joj;fodf ;+nUg x'g'x'GYof] . Toxf“af6 km';{b lgsfn]/ k|;fO{
aGw'x?sf] vf]h tyf cg';Gwfg ug'{ kYof}{ t/ klg ;ldltn] cfÎgf] km';{bsf] ;donfO{ clwstd pkof]u
u/L j+zj[IfnfO{ of] ?kdf tkfO{ xfd|F ;fd'Go k|:t't u/]sf] 5 . af:tjdf cg';Gwfgsf] sfd ufx|f] lyof] .
s;}nfO{ klg tLg rf/ lk9LeGbf dflysf k"j{hx?sf] gfd yfxf lyPg . k"j{hx?n] n]v]/ 5f]8LlbPsf klg
lyPgg\ . k"j{hx?sf] uf}/jufyf ;d]t cf]em]ndf k/]sf] lyof] . ;a} k|;fO{x?sf] k'Vof}{nL ynf] k/sjf; xf]
eGg] nfu]sf] lyof] . cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf ljlQmhf]/ ,jfh'Ë, b'n'{Ë, cfuf cflb 7fp“x? k|d'v ynf]sf] ?kdf
kfO{Psf] 5 . k|;fO{x?sf] k'Vof}{nL ynf] dWosf] Ps k/sjf;sf Oltxf; vf]Hg hf“bf k'vf{x?sf]
Oltxf;nfO{ pb\3fl6t ug]{ s]lx ;fdfu|Lx? @)@& ;fndf k'\/ftTjljb df]xgk|;fb vgfn Ho"n] nfg'ePsf]
/ af“sL /x]sf ;fdfu|Lx? @)#& ;fnsf] clUgsf08df :jfxf ePsf] kfO{of] . k'/ftTjljb df]xgk|;fb
vgfnn] xfd|f s]xL P]ltxfl;s ;|f]t n}hfg'ePsf] kQf nfu]kl5 oxf“;+u 6]nLkmf]gdf ;Dks{ ubf{
tkfO{x?sf Pshgf k'vf{ /fdrGb| k|;fO{sf af/]df k|flrg g]kfn ;+Vof !$, @)@& ;fndf Pp6f n]v
n]v]/ k|sfl;t u/]sf] 5' eg]kl5 aNn klxnf]kNn6 s] yfxf kfOof] eg] g]kfn /fi6«sf] lgdf{0fdf
k|;fO{x?sf] klg of]ubfg u/]5 .
5

vf]h cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf lrtjg / kj{t k'u]kl5 dfq vf]hsf] sfo{ cl3 a9\of] . kj{tsf] sf]t
3/sf] leQfdf uf]kfn / pgsf] ;Gtfgx?sf] af/]df n]vPsf] /x]5 . To;}nfO{ cfwf/ agfO{ vf]hnfO{ cl3
a9fp“bf s]xL dxTjk"0f{ sfuhkq klg k|fTt eP . h;sf] cfwf/df k|;fO{x?sf] ;+lIfKt gfda]nL dfq
n]Vg ;lhnf] ePg ljleGg ;dodf xfd|f k'vf{x?n] >L % af6 nfndf]x/ u/L aS; ePsf ljtf{x?
;d]tsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt eof] . o;/L xfd|f k'vf{x?n] s;};+u ;femf / sxL cfÎg} gfdaf6 dfq klg ljtf{
kfPsf] k|i6 x'g cfof] . o;/L x]bf{ k|;fO{x?n] kfPsf ljtf{x?| lgDg k|sf/sf /x]5g\ . k/sjf;,
vfN8]r}gk'/, ljlQhf]/, jfh'Ë, b'n'{Ë, cf“uf cflb . of] j+zj[If cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf lgs} k6s l;dfg
k/sjf; kj{t, lrtjg, ;nf{xL cflb 7fp“df uPsf] 6f]nLdf Ps k6s d klg ;dfj]z ePsf] lyP“ . of]
j+zj[Ifsf] vf]h cg';Gwfgdf nfu]sf j+zfjnL ;+sng pk–;ldltsf ;b:ox?df ;+of]hs vu]Gb| k|;fO{,
;lrj pkdl0f k|;fO{, ;b:o l8NnL k|;fO{ -sf]xj/f_ ,sf]dn k|;fO{,/ wd{/fh k|;fO{ lrtjg ;ldlt
aflx/sf Jol|Stx?df s]lGb|o ;+rfns ;ldltsf ;+rfns ;b:oåo 3gZofd k|;fO{ / ch'{g k|;fO{,
;'j]bf/ rGb|k|;fb k|;fO{, k|]dk|;fb k|;fO{, tLy{k|;fb k|;fO{,,s[i0fbQ k|;fO{ - k/sjf; d'“lu6f/ _ /
lji0f'eQm k|;fO{, l8NnL k|;fO{ -l;gfd_ / tlSb/ k|;fO{ xfËkfËsf] dxTjk|0f{ of]ubfg /x]sf] 5 . To;df
klg ljz]ifu/]/ @)%@ ;fnb]lv cfÎgf] 3/sf] sf]7f k|=kf= 6«i6 - sNof0f sf]if _ nfO{ sfo{no /fVg lbP/
j+zfjnL vf]h / rf6{ tof/ ug{ ;d]t dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ pkdl0f k|;fO{ ;fy} k|;fO{ kfl/jfl/s
6«i6 - sNof0f sf]if _ sf7df8f} pkTosfsf ljz]if ;ldltsf] sfo{no k|of]hgsf] nflu cfÎgf] sfo{no
k|of]u ug{ lbO{ sf7df8f} pkTosf ljz]if ;ldltnfO{ ;xof]u ug]{ sf7df8f} pkTosfsf ljz]if ;ldltsf
cWoIf nIdL k|;fO{ lgZrn / clwjQmf o1/fh k|;fO{sf ;fy} sf7df8f} pkTosf ljz]if ;ldltn]
;+rfng u/]sf] /Qmbfg sfo{qmddf ;xeflu x'g] /Qmbftf, /Qmbfg sfo{qmddf cfly{ ;xof]u ug]{
bfh'efO{x? / dxflzj/fqLdf pkl:ylt eO{ lg:jfy{ ?kdf ;xof]u ug]{ lrlsT;s, :jf:o kl/rfl/sf
nufot ;Dk"0f{ k|;fO{ kl/jf/sf ;b:ox? / of] j+zj[If tof/ ePkl5 o;nfO{ k|sf;g u/L aGw'x?sf]
3/3/df k'¥ofpg cfly{s ;xof]u h'6fpg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Ng] sf7df8f} pkTosf ljz]if ;ldltsf
kbflwsf/L nufot j+zj[If 5kfpg cfly{s ;xof]u k'¥ofg' x'g] ;Dk"0f{ aGw'x? / j+zj[Ifsf] k':ts
;Dkfbg ug}{ ;Dkfbs ;ldltsf ;b:ox?nfO{ k|=kf= 6«i6 -sNof0f sf]if _ sf] tkm{af6 x[bob]lv g}
wGojfb lbg rfxfG5' .
cGTodf xfd|f k'vf{sf] Oltxf;nfO{ k|sf;gdf NofO{lbg xfd|f] j+zj[IFsf] vf]hsf] af6f]nfO{ ;/n
kfl/lbg' x'g] k'/ftTjljb ;x–k|Wofks df]xgk|;fb vgfn Ho"nfO{ ;d]t cEooGt/b]lv g} k|=kf= 6«i6 -
sNof0f sf]if _ sf] tkm{af6 wGojfb lbg rfxfG5' .
g;'x k|;fO{ - s'df/ afa' _
cWoIF
k|;fO{ kfl/jfl/s 6«i6 - sNof0f sf]if_
s]lGb|o ;+rfns ;ldlt
;'?Ëf–emfkf .
6

laifo–;'rL
k[i7
k|;fO{ kfl/jfl/s 6«i6 - sNof0f sf]if_ sf] ;+lIfKt Oltxf; (
cltlysf] sndaf6 - g]kfnsf] Plss/0fdf /fdrGb|sf] e"ldsf_ !$
;+of]hssf] sndaf6 !(
k|;fO{ kfl/jfl/s 6«i6 - sNof0f sf]if _ lx“hf],cfh / ef]ln k|;fO{x?sf ;+:sf/ / k/Dk/f @@
gd{b]j/
@*
xfd|f wfld{s ;+:sf/x?df kfl/jfl/s PSoj4tfsf] cfjZostf #)
k|;fO{x?sf] ;+lIfKt gfnLa]nL ##
j+zj[If rf6{ - ^ lk9L ;Ddsf]_ M j+z j[If ;DalGw rf6{ csf]{ kmfOndf 5 . - h;cg';f/ k]h g+
/flvPsf] 5 . _
csf]{ kmfOndf eP cg';f/sf] k[i7 g+=
OGb|d0fL k|;fO{sf 5f]/f k'ik/fh / t'nf/fdsf] j+zj[If
@
/f3'sf gflt zlzw/sf 5f]/f OGb|gf/fo0f / ah]{sf] j+zj[IF $
/f3'sf gflt zlzw/sf 5f]/f s'nklt / rf“d'gf/fo0fsf] j+zj[If %
sfn'sf gflt uf}/]Zj/- uf]s'n_ sf 5f]/f j+z'sf] j+zj[If
^
sfn'sf gflt uf}/]Zj/- uf]s'n_ sf 5f]/f wgkltwsf] j+zj[If *
sfn'sf gflt uf}/]Zj/- uf]s'n_ sf 5f]/f ejfgLz+s/sf] j+zj[If (
nIf'dgsf gflt aneb|sf 5f]/fsf] elu/ysf] j+zj[If !)
nIf'dgsf gflt aneb|sf 5f]/fsf xl/dgsf] j+zj[If !!
nIf'dgsf gflt aneb|sf 5f]/fsf rGb|dl0f / /fdbQsf] j+zj[If
!@
nIf'dgsf gflt aneb|sf 5f]/fsf xl/dgsf] j+zj[If !%
nIf'dgsf gflt hutdl0fsf 5f]/f d's'Gbsf] j+zj[If !^
nIf'dgsf gflt hutdl0fsf 5f]/f Clif/fd / k|Nxfbsf] j+zj[If !^
nIf'dgsf gflt ?b}sf 5f]/f gGbd'gLsf] j+zj[If
!&
nIf'dgsf gflt ?b}sf 5f]/f h;f]w/ / rt'{e'hsf] j+zj[If !*
k|hflktsf 5f]/f dxfgGb, /fdrGb|, a|Dxk'q / /fwfs[i0fsf] j+zj[If !(
s0ff{gGbsf kgflt /fds[i0sf gflt gGbd'gLsf 5f]/f l8= /fdrGb|sf] jzj[If @)
s0ff{gGbsf kgflt /fds[i0sf gflt gGbd'gLsf 5f]/f
@!
/+unfn / ;'= kz'kltsf] j+zj[If
@@
s0ff{gGbsf kgflt /fds[i0fsf gflt gGbd'gLsf 5f]/f l8= lji0f'nfnsf] j+zj[If @#
s0ff{gGbsf kgflt /fds[i0fsf gflt gGbd'gLsf 5f]/f bftf/fdsf] j+zj[If
@$
7

s0ff{gGbsf kgflt /fds[i0fsf gflt gGbd'gLsf 5f]/f g/Wjh - g/klt_ nIdL k|;fb /
nf]sgfysf] j+zj[If
@%
s0ff{gGbsf kgflt /fds[i0fsf gflt OGb|dl0fsf 5f]/f lzl4nfn -zlQmaNne_ sf] j+zj[If @^
s0ff{gGbsf kgflt /fds[i0fsf gflt rGb|dl0fsf 5f]/f >Lnfnsf] j+zj[If
@&
s0ff{gGbsf kgflt /fds[i0fsf gflt rGb|dl0fsf] 5f]/f g/klt ,eQmaxfb'/ /
lav]{Zj/sf] j+zj[If @*
s0ff{gGbsf gflt /fds[i0fsf] 5f]/f hutdl0f / led;]gsf] j+zj[If
@(
s0ff{gGbsf gflt lzl4dl0fsf 5f]/f OGb|dl0f / k|ltdgsf] j+zj[If #)
s0ff{gGbsf gflt lzl4dl0fsf 5f]/f rGb|dl0fsf] j+zj[If
#@
s0ff{gGbsf gflt lzl4dl0fsf 5f]/f dg/ysf] j+zj[If #$
s0ff{gGbsf gflt lzl4dl0fsf 5f]/f j}hgfy / k|hfkltsf] j+zj[If #%
s0ff{gGbsf gflt lzl4dl0fsf 5f]/f hugfy / kz'kltsf] j+zj[If #^
xs{b]jsf] gflt bj'{sf] 5f]/f k|dfgGbsf] j+zj[If #&
xs{b]jsf] gflt /fwfs[i0fsf] 5f]/f >Lxs{, pk]Gb|, dg/y -j}h'_ sf] j+zj[If #*
sf“zLsf 5f]/f rGb|d0fL / u+ufw/sf] j+zj[If #(
sf“zLsf 5f]/f u+ufw/ / ?kgf/fo0fsf] j+zj[If $)
s[ltsf 5f]/f lji0f'nfn / sflGtsf] j+zj[If
$@
s'a]/sf 5f]/f a]g' / xl/dgsf] j+zj[If $#
>Lgf/o0fsf] 5f]/f uf]j4{gsf] j+zj[If $$
>Lgf/fo0fsf] 5f]/f a|Dxnfn / blw/fdsf] j+zj[If $%
>La+zsf] 5f]/f >Ls[i0fsf] j+zj[If $^
uf]j4{gsf 5f]/f >Lnfn / ljB' - aneb|_ sf] j+zj[If
$&
uf]j4{gsf 5f]/f uf]s'n / hugsf] j+zj[If $*
efg'sf 5f]/f elu/y lzjgf/fo0fsf] j+zj[If $(
/fdrGb|sf] 5f]/f bQ'sf] j+zj[If %)
lktfDa/ -ef]6'sf_ 5f]/f kb\dlglwsf] j+zj[If %!
lktfDa/ -ef]6'sf_ 5f]/f /+unfn / sfGt'sf] j+zj[If
o; kl5sf] hfgsf/L oxL kmfOndf /x]sf] x'“bf oxL“ kmfOndf ePsf] k]h g+= /flvPsf] 5 .
at{dfg s]lGb|o ;+rfns ;ldltsf ;b:o, ;Nnfxsf/ ;b:o / sf7df8f}+ pkTosf ljz]if
;ldltsf ;b:o / ;Nnfxsf/ ;b:o ;ldltsf ;b:ox?sf] gfdfjnL $)
jt{dfg emfkf, df]/Ë, ;'g;/L, t]¥xy'd, tfKn]h'Ë, kf“ry/ / Onfd lhNnf $!
jt{dfg ;nf{xL, kj{t, lrtjg, af/f, \/f}tx6 / /fd]5fk lhNnf sfo{ ;ldlt, lhNnf ;Dks{ ;ldlt
/ a+zfjnL ;+sng pk–;ldlt $@
kl/lzi6 - clen]v, nfndf]x/, d7dlGb/, P]ltxfl;s :yfg / JolStx?sf] klxrfg hgfpg]
a:t'x? $%
8

k|;fO{ kfl/jfl/s 6«i6 - sNof0f sf]if_ sf] ;+lIflKt Oltxf;
dfgj hfltsf] Oltxf; ;+u} dfgj ;Eotfsf] klg qmlds?kdf ljsf; ;'? ePsf] Oltxf; ;fIfL 5 .
dfgj hfltn] cfv]6 o'jf;+u} cfkm"n] k|of]u ug]{ cf}hf/ / klx/gdf klg kl/jt{g u/]sf] kfOG5 . cem
cfuf]sf] k|of]u x'g yfn]kl5 dfgj hfltsf] vfglkg /xg ;xgdf qmflGtsf/L kl/jt{g cfof] . cfv]6
o'usf] ;dflKt kl5 dfgj hflt s[lif o'udf k|j]z u/]kl5 cfv]6 o'usf] dft[;QmfTds Joj:yf ;dfKt
eO{ lkt[;TtfDs Joj:yfsf] >Lu0f]z eof] / dfgj hfltsf] sltko ;+:sf/x?df ;Eokgsf] hu a:of] .
snfGt/df dfgj hflt cfÎgf] vfglkg /xg;xgdf kl/:s[t / ;'–;+:s[t x'“b} uof] . pQ/ j}lbs
sfn;Dd cfOk'Ubf p;df hflt uf]q y/ ljsl;t eO;s]sf] lyof] . oxL sfnb]lv dfgj hfltn] x/]s
If]qdf ce'tk"0f{ k|ult u¥of] . olx sfndf xfd|f k'vf{x?n] efiff, ;flxTo ,snf lj1fg cflb If]qdf ck"0f{
ljsf; u/] . k|fRo, ;+:s[lt, snf–;flxTosf] r/ olx sfndf xflnof] eGgdf clto'lQm gxf]nf . olx
sfndf cg]sf] Clifd'lgx? dGqb|i6f eP j}lbs ;flxTon] Tof] o'udf ce'tk"0f{ pGglt u¥of] . log}
dGqb|i6f Clifd'lgx?sf gfdaf6 cfhsf] blIf0f Pl;ofsf] co{hflt kl/lrt 5 . To:tf c;+Vo Clif
dxfTdfx?dWo] zfl8No Clif k|l;4 Clif dflgGy] . log} zfl08No Clifsf] uf]q ePsf y/x?dWo] k|;fO{
Po6f zfvf xf] . zfl08No Clif b]lv otf w]/} sfn JotLt eO;s]sf] 5 . aLrsf] sfnv08sf] Oltxf;
cem} sfns} ue{df 5 . cfh k|;fO{x? ToxL Oltxf;sf] cg';Gwfgdf k|oTg/t 5g\ .
zfl08No uf]qL k|;fO{x? Oltxf;sf] ue{af6 cfÎgf] k'vf{x?sf] Oltxf; vf]Hg klxn] b]lv
k|oTgzLn /x]klg cfh;Dd of] k|oTgn] k"0f{x'lt kfpg ;s]sf] 5}g . oBlk cfw'lgs g]kfnsf] Oltxf;
cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf ljzfn g]kfn lgdf{0fdf k|;fO{x?sf] pNn]Vo of]ubfg /x]sf] kfOG5 . t/ klg
k'vf{x?n] cfÎgf] OLtxf;nfO{ lnlkj4 gul/lbgfn] aL;f}+ ztfAbLsf] cGTolt/ dfq o; lbzflt/ hdsf]{
;'? u¥of] . k|;fO{x?n] klxnf]k6s @)## ;fndf emfkfsf] ljtf{df]8df k|;fO{ aGw' k'/f0fsf] cfof]hgf u/]/
o; lbzftkm{ cu|;/ x'g] sfd u/] . oxL k'/f0fdf ;j{k|yd xfdL sf] lyof}{ < sxf“af6 cfof}+ < k"j{hx?sf]
Oltxf; s:tf] 5 < h:tf dxTjk"0f{ k|Zgx? p7] t/ k|i6 pQ/ s;};+u lyPg . k'/f0fsfnd} s]xL
k'j{hx?sf gfdsf ;fy /fd]5fksf] ljtf{ - ks/jf;_ af6 k"j{ cfPsf k|;fO{x?sf] -k'vf{x?_ ;fwf/0f gfd
l6Kh] sfd dfq ul/of] . Tof] k|f/lDes clen]v klg clxn] ck|fKo 5 . o;}qmddf k|;fO{ aGw'x?nfO{
P]Soj4 ug}{ k|yd hdsf}{ @)#^ ;fn h]7 !( ut] zlgaf/sf lbg >L u+ufk|;fb k|;fO{ -ef~hafa'_ sf]
3/ w}nfx'Aafdf pxf“sf] ;lqmotfdf s]xL aGw' e]nf eO{ Pp6f ;ldlt ;d]t u7g eO{ ;'? ePsf] lyof] .
h;cg';f/ cWoIf u+ufk|;fb k|;fO{ -ef~hfafa'_ 3}nf8'Aaf ;b:o l8NnLk|;fb k|;fO{ sf]xe/f
uf]kfnk|;fb k|;fO{ sf]xj/f, xl/k|;fb k|;fO{ sf]ef/f, hok|;fb k|;fO{ z0ff{dlt , ofdk|;fb k|;fO{ u/fd'gL,
sf]dn k|;fO{ bds, t'n;L/fd k|;fO{ ;'?Ëf. uh]Gb| k|;fO{ a};fjf/L, t'n;L/fd k|;fO{ rsrsL, aneb|
k|;fO{ rGb|8f“uL, b]jLk|;fb k|;fO{ tf]kufl5, t'n;L/fd k|;fO{ bds . of] e]fnfn] /fv]sf pb]Zodf k|ydtM
cWoflTds / wfld{s k/Dk/fnfO{ p7fpg] l4lto kl/jf/leqdf ;fx|f]–ufx|f]df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg æ;femf
sf]ifÆ ;+rfng ug}{ lg0f{o u¥of] t/ Pp6f dfq a}7s kZrft ;ldlt lglZs[o /x\of] .
9

of] e]nfn] k|To]s kl/jf/af6 ?=%!÷– p7fpg] / sNof0f sf]ifdf hDdf u/L kfl/jfl/s lxtdf vr{
ug]{ pb]Zo /fv]sf] ePtfklg sfof{Gjog eg] x'g ;s]g .
o;/L klxnf] k|of; c;kmn ePkl5 @)$! ;fn clZjg @( / #) ut] kml/ :j= u+ufk|;fb
k|;fO{s} 3/df lgis[o /x]sf] ;+u7gnfO{ k\'ghL{jLt ug{ Ps sfo{;ldltsf] u7g eof] . o;df cWoIf
u+ufk|;fb k|;fO{ -ef~hfafa'_ 3}nf8'Aaf, pkfWoIf uf]kfns[i0f k|;fO{ sf]xa/f, ;lra sf]dn k|;fO{ bds,
;b:o t'n;L/fd k|;fO{ bds, ;b:o ch'{g k|;fO{ nfnkfgL, ;b:o u0f]z k|;fO{ zlgZr/], ;b:o
s'nk|;fb k|;fO{ rf/kfg], ;b:o wgklt k|;fO{ 8f“uLaf/L, ;b:o b]jLk|;fb k|;fO{ tf]kuf5L, ;b:o
kbdnfn k|;fO{ u/fd'gL, ;b:o odk|;fb k|;fO{ . o;/L aGw'x?nfO{ e]nf ug]{ sfd ul/of] . of] e]nfdf
#! hgf aGw'x? e]nf x'g'eof] . of] e]nf klxnf] eGbf lgs} dxTjk"0f{ lyof] . o; e]nfsf cl3lNt/ k|i6
nIox? lyP . h;nfO{ kf“r ljleGg lzif{sdf af“l8Psf] lyof] . !_ ;ldlt lgdf{0f, @_ j+zfjnL ;+sng,
#_ ;/x] ;DaGwdf, $_ ljjfx ;DaGwdf, %_ k|;fO{ kl/jf/ sNof0f sf]if :yfkgf .
oL b'O{cf]6f k|:tfj P]ltxfl;s b[li6sf]0fn] dxTjk:0f} lyP . tL x'g !_ j+zfjnL ;+sng, @_
ljjfx ;DaGwdf ., klxnf] k|:tfj k|;fO{ kl/jf/sf] P]ltxfl;s vf]h cg'\;Gwfg ;DalGw lyof] eg] bf;|f]
k|:tfj k|;fO{sf j}jlxs ;DaGwsf q'l6x?nfO{ ;'wf/ ug]{ ;DaGwdf . of] e]nfsf] cWoIftfdf nf]sgfy
k|;fO{n] ug'{ePsf] lyof] . ;f] e]nfn] !! ;bl:oo sNof0f sf]if ;ldlt ;d]t u7g u/]sf] lyof] .
o;/L s]xL aGw'x? k|;fO{ PSoa4 ug{sf] nflu c;kmn /x]s} cj:yfdf u/fdgL lgjf;L >L
u+ufk|;fb k|;fO{ kl/jf/sf] PSoa4tfk|lt lrlGtt x'g'x'GYof] .
o;} qmddf @)%) ;fn kmfu\'g !& ut] k|;fO{ kl/jf/sf Ps cu|0fL :yflkt /fhgLlts1 5qjfg
s]z/L -e/t afa'_ k|;fO{sf] :juf{/f]x0fsf] !) cf}“ lbgdf e]nf ePsf aGw'x?sf aLrdf j+zjnL / cGo
ljifox?df 5nkmn x'“bf pxf“s} ;+of]hsTjdf Pp6f !% ;b:oLo ;ldlt u7g eof] . h;sf] gfd …k|;fO{
kfl/jfl/s 6«i6Ú /flvof] .
o; ;+:yfsf] ljBfg lgdf{0fsf] lhDa]jf/L sld6Lsf ;lra vu]Gb| k|;fO{ , u0f]z axfb'/ k|;fO{,
;'/]Gb| k|;fO{ / a]g'k/fh k|;fO{nfO{ lbOof] . t/ u0f]z a= k|;fO{, ;'/]Gb| k|;fO{, a]g'k/fh k|;fO{sf] clt
Jo:ytfsf] sf/0fn] ljBfg lgdf{0fsf] sfd 6f“luP/ uof] . o;k5L @)%! ;fn df3df vu]Gb| k|;fO{n]
k|=kf= 6«:6sf] ljBfg d:of}bf tof/ u/]/ ljBfg tof/ ePsf] hfgsf/L kfPkl5 ;+of]hsn] ;lra vu]Gb|
k|;fO{nfO{ aGw' e]nf agfpg] lgb]{zg lbPs} a]nfdf @)%! r}t !! ut] sf]dn k|;fO{sf] cfof]hsTjdf
lji0f'k|;fb k|;fO{sf] emfkfsf] ;'?«:6sf] ljBfg d:of}bf tof/ u/]/ ljBfg tof/ ePsf] hfgsf/L kfPkl5
;+of]hsn] ;lra vu]Gb| k|;fO{nfO{ aGw' e]nf agfpg] lgb]{zg lbPs} a]nfdf @)%! r}t !! ut] sf]dn
k|;fO{sf] cfof]hsTjdf lji0f'k|;fb k|;fO{sf] emfkfsf] ;'?Ëfl:yt 3/df s]xL aGw'x? e]nf eO{ a[xt
aGw'e]nfsf] cfof]hgf ;DkGg ug{ ;ft ;b:oLo aGw'e]nf cfof]hs ;ldlt u7g eof] . h;cg';f/
;+of]hs kbdnfn k|;fO{ u/fd'gL, ;lrj sf]dn k|;fO{ bds, ;b:o lji0f'k|;fb k|;fO{ ;'?Ëf, ;b:o
afns[i0f k|;fO{ ;'?Ëf, ;b:o ;'>L zf/bf k|;fO{ z/0ffdlt, ;b:o b]jLk|;fb k|;fO{ ;tf;L, ;b:o
v8\sk|;fb k|;fO{ a'waf/] ePsf] x'“bf cnUu} e]nf af]nfpg] cf}lrTo /x]g .
of] ;ldltsf] @)%! ;fn r}q @( ut] a;]sf] a}7sn] a}zfv @ ut] x'g] aGw' e]nfsf] Joj:yfkg kIFdfly
5nkmn ul/ e]nfsf] cfjZos Joj;yf ldnfpg] ;f]xL sld6Ln] lhDdf lnof] .
10

@)%@ ;fn a}zfv @ ut]sf lbg emfkfsf] sGsfO{ df=la= ;'?Ëfdf a[xt aGw'e]nfsf] cfof]hgf
eof] . of] e]nfsf] cWoIftf jof]j[4 nf]sgfy k|;fO{n] ug'{ePsf] lyof] . ;f] k|= kf= 6«i6sf] ljBfg d:of}bf
vu]Gb| k|;fO{n] k]z ug'{eof] . ;f] ljBfg ;+;f]wg ;lxt ;j{;Ddflgt kf; ul/of] . pQm ljBfgs} cfwf/df
!% ;b:oLo k|;fO{ kfl/jfl/s 6«i6 - k|f=kf= 6«i6_ tby{ ;ldlt u7g ul/of] h; cg';f/ cWoIfM g;'x
k|;fO{ -s'df\/ afa'_ w'naf/L, pkfWoIfM o1/fh k|;fO{ sfs/le§f, ;lraM sf]dn k|;fO{ bds, ;x–;lrjM
kml0fGb|/fh k|;fO{ ;'?Ëf, sf]ifWoIfM vu]Gb| k|;fO{ cgf/dgL, ;b:ox?M xl/ s'= k|;fO{ 3fOhg, df]xg k|;fO{
cgf/dgL, ;'>L zf/bf k|;fO{ z/0fdlt, 6+sk|;fb e§/fO{ ;nsk'/ -df]/ª_ vu]Gb| k|;fO{ sf]xj/f, t'n;L
k|;fO{ 8f“uLaf/L, ab|Lk|;fb k|;fO{ bds, v8\s k|;fb k|;fO{ a'waf/], 3gZofd k|;fO{ lzau+h, /fdrGb|
k|;fO{ hnyn . o;} e]nfn] ( ;b:oLo ;Nnfxfsf/ ;ldltsf] u7g ;d]t u¥of] . ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldltdf
;+of]hs u+ufk|;fb k|;fO{ -hGt/] a'jf_ u/fdgL, ;x–;+of]hsM u+ufk|;fb k|;fO{ -ef~hf afa'_ 3}nf8'Aaf,
;b:ox?M t]h a= k|;fO{ cgf/dgL, kbdnfn k|;fO{ u/fdgL, >LdtL ;'ldqf k|;fO{ bds, sf“lzgfy k|;fO{
wfOhg, pbogf/fo0f k|;fO{ bds, aneb| k|;fO{ lzjh+u, pkdl0f k|;fO{ ;'?Ëf . o;/L @)%@ ;fn
a}zfv @ ut] ljlwjt k|;fO{ kfl\/jfl/s 6«i6sf[] :yfkgf eof] .
@)%@ ;fn sflt{s @! ut] ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldltsf] ;+of]hs >L u+ufk|;fb k|;fO{ -hGt/] a'jf_ sf]
3/ u/fdgLdf ;+rfns ;ldltsf] a}7s a:of] . of] a}7sn] b'O{cf]6f dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{o u¥of] . klxnf]
gj:yflkt ;+:yf æk|;fO{ kfl/jfl/s 6«i6Æ ljlwjt btf{ ug]{ . bf];|f] btf{ k|of]hgsf lglDt lhNnf k|;f;g
sfo{no rGb|u9Ldf cfjZos sf/jfxL ;\'? ul/of] . bf];|f] k|;fO{ kl/jf/leqsf a]kQf ePsf, csfndf
d/]sf cflb aGw'hgsf] d[t cfTdfsf] lr/ zflGtsf] sfdgf x]t' sGsfO{ wfd ;'?Ëfdf >Ldb\eujt\
dxfk'/f0f nufpg] lg0f{o u¥of] .
>Ldb\eujt\ dxfk'/f0f k|=kf= 6«i6sf] klxnf] / clt dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ x'“bf ;f] sfo{ ;DkGg ug{sf]
nflu Pp6f d'n cfGtl/s sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;ldlt u7g eof] . h;df cWoIf g;'x k|;fO{ ;b:ox?df
o1/fh k|;fO{, vu]Gb\ k|;fO{, pkdl0f k|;fO{ / ;lrj sf]dn k|;fO{ x'g'x'GYof] . ;f] k|of]hgsf lglDt
ljleGg ( ;ldlt u7g eP . h;df !_ Joj:yfkg pk;ldltsf] ;+of]hs v8\s k|;fO{, @_ :jfut pk–
;ldlt ;+of]hs ;'ldqf k|;fO{, #_ vfB pk;ldlt ;+of]hs xl/s'df/ k|;fO{, $_ cfly{s pk;ldlt
;+of]hs sfzLgfy k|;fO{, %_ k|rf/ k|;f/ pk;ldlt ;+of]hs o1k|;fb k|;fO{, ^_ cfjf; tyf ;hfj6
pk;ldlt ;+of]hs pkdl0f k|;fO{, &_ :jo+–;]js pk;ldlt ;+of]hs s]Gb| k|;fO{, *_ :jf:Yo pk;ldlt
;+of]hs df]xg k|;fO{, (_ d"NofÍg pk;ldlt ;+of]hs u+ufk|;fb k|;fO{ -hGt/] a'jf_ x'g'x'GYof] . o;/L
@)%@ ;fn df3 @^ ut]sf lbg >L u+ufk|;fb k|;fO{ -hGt/] a'jf_ sf s/sdnaf6 j}lbs dGqf]Rrf/0fsf
;fy >Ldb\eujt dxfk\'/f0f jfrg tyf >j0f sfo{sf] cf/De eof] . pQMm k'/f0f emfkfsf] sGsfO{ wfdsf]
clt dxTjk"0f{ cg'i7fgdWo] Ps lyof] . k'/f0f jfrg tyf >j0f kmfu'g $ ut] ;Dd /x\of] . kmfu'g $
ut] /fqLdf cv08 aQL afnL hfuf/fd a;L % ut] k"0f{x'ltsf ;fy} !@* a6'sx?sf] ;fd'lxs pkgog
sfo{ ;d]t ;DkGg eof] .
o;kl5 @)%# ;fn a}zfv @ ut] k|;fO{ kfl/jfl/s 6«i6sf] klxnf] ;fwf/0f ;ef a:of] . ;efdf
emfkf, df]/ª, ;'g;/L, t]¥xy'd, tfKn]h'ª, kf“ry/, Onfd, lrtjg, kj{t, ;nf{xL, af/f, sf7df8f}+ /
ef/taf6 ;d]t k|;fO{ aGw'x?sf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] lyof] . of] ;fw/0f ;efn] k|= kf=6«i6sf] !% ;b:oLo
;{rfns ;ldltsf] lgjf{rg ;d]t u¥of] .
k|=kf= 6«i6sf] s]Gb|Lo sfo{no ;'?Ëfl:yt ;Nnfxfsf/ ;ldltsf ;b:o pkdl0f k|;fO{sf] 3/df
s]lGb|o sfo{no /fVg] lg0f{o eO{ xfn;Dd s]lGb|o sfo{no Tolx /x]sf] 5 . @)%^ >fj0f ( ut] a;]sf]
11

6«i6sf] a}7sn] k'/f0f cjlwd} j+zfjln vf]hsf] k|f/De ePsf] x'“bf ;f]xL sfo{nfO{ tbf?stfsf ;fy
cuf8L a9fpg j+zfjnL cg';Gwfg tyf k|sf;gsf lglDt vu]Gb| k|;fO{sf] ;+of]hsTjdf ;ft ;fb:oLo
j+z+jnL pk;ldlt u7g u¥of] . ;ldltsf ;lrjdf pkdl0f k|;fO{ / ;b:ox?df l8NnLk|;fb k|;fO{,
t'n;L/fd k|;fO{, o1k|;fb k|;fO{, lszf]/ k|;fO{ / sf]dn k|;fO{nfO{ dgf]gog u¥of] . of] a}7sn] cGo
s]xL dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{o u¥of] . h;df k|;fO{ kfl/jfl/s 6«i6nfO{ k|;fO{x? ePsf] lhNnfdf k|;fO{ aGw'x?sf
aLrdf k'¥ofpg] pb]Zon] lhNnf ;Dks{ ;ldltx? u7g ug{, ;f] sfdnfO{ k'\/f ug{ / j+zfjnLsf] ;+ej
eP;Dd vf]htnf; ug{ /fd]5fktkm{ pkdl0f k|;fO{ / l8NnL k|;fO{ t]¥xy'd, tfKn]h'ª, kf“ry/ / Onfdsf]
lglDt 3gZofd k|;fO{ / ch'{g k|;fO{nfO{ k7fOof] . To:t} k|sf/n] k'gM af/f, /f}tx6 / ;nf{xL tkm{
pkdl0f k|;fO{ / vu]Gb| k|;fO{nfO{ k7fOof] eg] s}nfnL tkm{sf] lhDa]jf/L kbd k|;fO{nfO{ lbOof] .
sf7df8f}+ lhNnf ;ldlt u7g ug{ cWoIf g;'x k|;fO{ / ;lrj sf]dn k|;fO{nfO{ lhDdf lbOof] . lhNnf
;Dks{ agfpg] lg0f{o u/]kl5 ;ldltx?sf] ;+rfngsf] lgodsf] klg cfjZotf kg]{ x'“bf # ;b:oLo
;ldlt agfOof] . h;df vu]Gb| k|;fO{ xl/s'df/ k|;fO{ / 6Lsf k|;fO{nfO{ dgf]gog ul/of] .
sf7df8f} lhNnf ;Dks{ ;ldlt 8f= eLid/fh k|;fO{sf] ;+of]hsTjdf & ;b:oLo ;Dks{ ;ldlt
h;cg';f/ ;x;+of]hs lji0f'k|;fb k|;fO{ , ;x–;+of]hs s[i0f k|;fO{, ;lrj vu]Gb| k|;fO{, ;b:ox?df
/fd k|;fO{, dx]z k|;fO{, gjLg k|;fO{, u7h ePkl5 k|;fO{ aGw'x?sf] ;fwf/0f ;ef af]nfO{ k|=kf= 6«i6sf]
hfgsf/L u/fpg' k"j{ g} sf7df8f}df ljleGg k]zf / Joj;fo u/L a;]sf o'jf aGw'x?n] -emfkfdf btf{
ePsf] k|=kf= 6«i6sf] af/]df cgle1 x'“bf_ ;Dk"0f{ aGw'x?nfO{ P]Soa4 ug]{ pb]Zon] lhNnf k|;f;g sfo{no
sf7df8f}af6 k|;fO{ ax'p2]Zo sNof0f sf]if btf{ u/fP5g\ . ;f] ;ldlt nIdLk|;fb k|;fO{ -lgZrn_ sf]
cWoIftfdf pkfWoIf w|'a k|;fO{ ,dxf;lra o1/fh k|;fO{, sf]iffWoIf t]hk|;fb k|;fO{, ;b:ox?df g/]Gb|
k|;fO{,zflGt/fh k|;fO{, nIdL k|;fO{ -kqsf/_, uf]kLs[i0f k|;fO{, l8NnL/fd k|;fO{, gj/fh k|;fO{ / t]h]Gb|
s'df/ k|;fO{ -efj's_ ;lxtsf] !! hgsf] ;ldlt ag]5 . o;/L Pp6} kl/jf/ leq b'O{cf]6f ;+:yf
cl:tTjdf /x“bf 7Ls gx'g] dx;'; u/L ;f] ;DaGwdf ljleGg r/0fdf jftf{x? eP/ @)%$ ;fn sflt{s
@* ut] ljZjefiff SofDk;df aGw'x?sf] a}7s s]Gb|Lo ;+rfns ;ldltn] af]nfO{ 5nkmn ubf{ @ j6f
;+:yf cl:tTjdf /xg'x'Gg eGg] lgZsif{df k'u]kl5 k|;fO{ ax'p2]Zo sNof0f sf]ifsf] k'gM gljs/0f gug]{ ,
k|;fO{ kfl/jfl/s 6«i6nfO{ k|;fO{ kfl/jfl/s sNof0f sf]if -6«i6_ /fVg'kg]{, sf7df8f} pkTosfdf # cf]6f
lhNnf ePsf] x'“bf o;nfO{ Pp6} ;ldltdf ;d]6L sf7df8f}+ pkTosf ljz]if ;ldlt u7g ug]{, sf7df8f}+
pkTosfsf ljz]if ;ldltsf cWoIfnfO{ s]lGb|o ;+rfns ;ldltsf] kb]g ;b:odf /fVg] lg0f{o eO{ ;f]
lg0f{onfO{ ljlw;Ddt ?k lbg cfp“bf] ;fwf/0f ;efdf k]z ug]{ lg0f{o eO{ nIdLk|;fb k|;fO{ -lgZrn_ sf]
;+of]hsTjsf sf7df8f} pkTosf tby{ ;ldlt u7g eof] . o;sf] s]xL ;dokl5 sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf]
k|;fO{ aGw'x?sf] e]nfn] nIdLk|;fb k|;fO{ -lgZrn_ s} ;efkltTjdf !$ ;b:oLo ;ldlt u7g u¥of] .
o;} qmddf sf7df8f} cfp“bf s]Gb|Lo ;+rfns ;ldltsf kbflwsf/L / ;b:ox? lrtjgdf a;L lrtjg
lhNnf ;Dks{ ;ldlt / kj{t lhNnf ;ldltsf] klg u7g u¥of] .
@)%$ ;fn a}zfv @ ut] a;]sf] ;fwf/0f ;efn] lhNnf sld6L ;DalGw lgod / ljwfgsf]
clwgdf /xL agfOPsf c? lgodnfO{ kf; u¥of] . sf7df8f}+df ePsf] lg0f{o ;fwf/0f ;efdf k]z x'“bf
k|;fO{ kfl/jfl/s 6«i6nfO{ oyfjt\ /fvL sNof0f sf]ifnfO{ sf]i7leq /fVg] ;d]t ;j{ ;Ddltaf6 lg0f{o
eof] . sf7df8f}+ pkTosf ljz]if ;ldlt / cGo lhNnf ;ldltdf ;d]t ;lrt /xg] x'“bf s]lGb|o ;+rfns
;ldltdf ;lrjsf] 7fp“df dxf;lr / ;x;lrjnfO{ ;lrj agfpg] k|:tfjnfO{ / oxL ;fwf/0f ;efdf
cIfosf]ifsf] ;jfndf ;d]t ;j{k|yd j+zfjnL k|sf;g ug]{ clg dfq cIfosf]if v8f ug]{ lg0f{o eof] .
;f] ;fwf/0f ;efn] xfd|f cu|hx?nfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{ k/Dk/fnfO{ sfod ub}{ k/dfb/0fLo ;'j]bf/ >L
12

Gb|k|;fb k|;fO{nfO{ bf];Nnf cf]8fO{ ;Ddfg JoSt u¥of] . jxf“ cg'kl:yt /xg'ePsf] x'“bf sf7df8f}+
pkTosf ljz]if ;ldltnfO{ d'“uL6f/ uO{ pxf“nfO{ bf];Nnf cf]8fO{lbgnfO{ cg'\/f]w u/]sfn] ;f]xL cg';f/
bf];Nnf cf]8fO{ ;Ddfg ug]{ sfd eof] .
k|=kf= 6«i6n] cfÎgf] % aif{sf] sfo{sfndf s]xL k/Dk/fsf] klg >Lu0f]z u/]sf] 5 . k|yd t cfÎgf
dfGohgx?nfO{ ;Ddfg ug]{ k/Dk/f, l4lto k|;fO{ kl/jf/sf] ;b:osf] b]xfj;fgsf] !) cf}+ lbg e]nf eO{
>4f{~hnL ;efsf] cfof]hgf ug]{ / t[lto cfly{s ?kn] ljkGg ;b:osf] d[To' ePdf d[To' ;+:sf/ sfo{
;DkGg u/fOlbg] . xfn k|=kf= 6«i6sf] sf]if :yflkt eO{g;s]sf] x'“bf ;f] sfo{ ;+rfns ;ldltsf ;b:ox?
/ cGo aGw'x?af6 ;xof]u lnO{ k'/f ul/b} cfPsf] 5 .
k|;fO{ kfl/jfl/s 6«i6 em§ x]bf{ kl/jf/ leq} ;ldlt b]lvg] ePklg o;sf] ljwfgdf pNn]v
pb]Zox? Jofks 5g\ . cfÎgf] 3f]lift pb]Zodf o;n] k|;fO{ kl/jf/leq dfq l;ldt g/x]/ o;n]
Jofkstf lng] k|i6 b]lvG5 .
k|=kf= 6«i6 -sNof0f sf]if_ sf] 3f]lift pb]Zox?dWo] j+zflnL vf]h, cg';Gwfg k|sfzg dxTjk"0f{
ePsf] x'“bf j+zfjnL ;ldltn] j+zfjnL tof/ kf/L k|sfzg ub}{ 5 . of] n]vdf ;+lIfKt ?kdf k|;fO{
kfl/jfl/s sNof0f sf]ifsf] u7g , o;sf] pb]Zo o;n] clxn];Dd u/]sf sfo{x?sf] ;+lIfKt ?kdf k|:t;t
ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] ;du| d"NofÍgsf] cleef/f aGw'x?df g} 5 .
wGojfb †
sf]dn k|;fO{
dxf–;lrj
s]Gb|Lo ;{rfns ;ldlt
k|=kf= 6«i6 -sNof0f sf]if_, emfkf
13

cltlysf] sndaf6
g]kfnsf] PsLs/0fdf /fdrGb| k|;fO{sf] e"ldsf
df]xgk|;fb vgfn
ef/tdf O;fO{ wd{sf k|rf/sx?sf] cv8f hld;s]/ rLg, e"6fg / ltAatdf ;d]t of] wd{sf
k|rf/s kfb/Lsf s]xL ;b:o k'u]/ luhf{3/x? agfO{ af}4wdf{jnDaL ltAatLx?nfO{ O{;fO{ wd{df kl/jt{g
u/fpg z'? ubf{;Dd klg g]kfndf o; lsl;dsf] s]xL k|efjts kg{ kfPsf] lyPg .
t/ lj=;+= !&)! tfsf sflGtk'/sf /fhf k|tfk dNnsf k|l;4 sfhL led dNnn] klxn]b]lvs}
g]kfn / ltAatsf aLr /xlcfPsf] Jofkfl/s ;DaGwnfO{ cem alnof] kfg]{ sfddf tftf]kfgLsf] af6f] x'“b}
s'lt k'u]/ ltAat ;/sf/sf clwsf/Lx?;“u e]6 u/L jfl0fHo / sfg"g;DaGwL ;lGwsf] d:of}bf tof/
kf/L nfdf ;b:ox?sf] Ps bn;lxt eP/ lzufhf]{ªdf k'uL Toxf“sf /fhf;+u d}qLk"0f{ s'\/fsfgL ePs}
;dodf ltAatlt/ O{;fO wd{ k|rf/ ug]{ e]ifn] cfPsf kfb/Lx?sf] g]tf Sofa/]nn] ef/tlt/ emg]{ 5f]6f] /
;lhnf] af6f]sf] vf]hL ubf{ sflGtk'/ /fHosf jlsn eLd dNn cfPs} af6f]af6 ef/ttkm{ hfg] lgbf] u/L
Toxf“sf] /fhfsf] cg'dlt lnP/ kfb/Lx?sf] Ps ;fgf] bn s'tLsf] af6f] x'“b} g]kfn pkTosf lelqO{
sflGtk'/sf /fhf k|tfk dNn;“u e]6u/L l;Gw'nLsf] af6f]af6 ef/ttkm{ nfu] .
ha o;/L kfb/Lx?nfO{ ef/taf6 e"6fg x'“b} lxdz[ªvnf kf/ u/L ltAat hfg'kg]{ af6f] g]kfnsf]
k"lj{ kxf8df /x]sf l;Gw'nL gfds af6f] kf/ u/]/ tfdfsf]lzsf] lt/}lt/ bf]nvf zx/ lgl:s nfdfau/sf]
af6f] x'“b} l6+u|L d}bfg eP/ s'tL, lburf{ / Nxf;f hfg Toxf“af6 kfO{g] x'“bf logLx? ltAatsf] /fhwfgL
Nxf;f;Dd klg ;lhn} hfg ;Sg] eP . x'gt dxfef/t n]ssf] kfgL9nf] blIf0ftkm{ kg]{ b"g / efj/x?
;]g //fHos} clwgdf ky]{ tfklg Tolta]nf lahok'/nfO{ g} /fhwfgL sfod u/L a;]sf /fhf xl/x/
;]gsf] / sflGtk'/ /fhf k|tfk dNnsf] /fd|f] ldqtf sfod ePsf] x'gfn] b'a}lt/sf ofq'x?nfO{ cfpg] /
hfg] ljifonfO{ lnP/ s'g} lsl;dsf] sl7gfO{ pkl:ylt ePsf] lyPg .
o;/L ef/t / ltAatdf cf]xf]/ bf]xf]/ ug]{ 5f]6f] / ;lhnf] dfu{sf] to ePkl5 sflGtk'/df klg
O;fO{ wd{k|rf/s cv8fx? agfpg' ;dofg's"n kl/l:yltsf] k|ltIff ub}{ /xg nfu] . k|tfk dNnsf] d[To'[
lj=;= !&#! df ePsf] df ePsf] x'gfn] sflGtk'/sf] /fhl;+xf;gdf afns g[k]Gb| dNn /flvP tyf
rf}tf/fsf] kbdf lrs'6L al; xtf{stf{ eP/ zf;g rnfPsf dfq s] lyP sl/a !* aif{sf] pd]/df lj=;+=
!&#& df g[k]Gb| dNnsf] d[To' x'“bf pgsf efO{ kfly{a]Gb| dNn sflFtk'/sf] /fhf ePsf] & aif{kl5 lj=;+=
!&$$ df kfly{j]Gb| dNnsf] d[To' ljifk|of]uåf/f ePsf] x'“bf sflGtk'sf k|hfx?n] cfÎgf /fhfnfO{ ljif
14

VjfP/ dfg]{x?sf] w'O“w'O“lt vf]hL ug{ nfUbf eQmk'/sf /fhf lhtfldq dNn cfO{ yfdy'd kfg{ nufO{
kfly{j]Gb| dNnsf gfjfns 5f]/f e"kfn]Gb| dNnnfO{ sflGtk'/sf /fhf agfO{ kms]{ .
o;/L sflGtk'/ /fHosf] lelq cj:yf lalu|Psf] tyf eQmk'/ / nlntk'/sf zf;sx? oL
kfb/Lx?nfO{ Dn]R5fsf] ;+1f lbO{ b'a} cf“vfn] b]Vg klg rfxfb}g lyP tyf sflGtk'/sf] l:ylt klg /fd|f]
geO{;s]sf] x'“bf oL kfb/Lx? leqleq} d;f+u|L/x]sf lyP . t/ k|tfk dNnsf kgflt e"kfn]Gb| dNnsf 5f]/f
ef:s/ dNn -dxLGb|l;+x_ /fhf x'“bf g} sflGtk'/ /fHodf s]lx zflGt :yfkgf klg eO;s]sf] lyof] . To;}n]
sflGtk'/sf /fhf ef:s/ dNnsf] zf;gsfn lj=;+= !&&@ tfsf kfb/Lx?n] O{;fO wd{sf] Ps cfvf8f
sflGtk'/ /fHodf :yfkgf ug{ ;kmn eP . o;} u/L qmdzM logLx?sf] k|efj eQmk'/ tyf nlntk'/df
klg kg{ yfNof] / oxf“ logLx?sf] r]nfr]nL klg x'g yfn] .
lj=;+= !&(( ;fndf uf]/vfsf] k'Vof}{nL /fhl;+xf;gdf >L % k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx cf;Lg ePkl5
g]kfn pkTosfdf cfqmd0f ug]{ aGbf]a:t ldnfpg] sfdsf] ;d]t pb]Zo lnP/ jf/f0fL;Dd uPsf lyP .
jf/f0fL;df k'u]kl5 Toxf“ wd{k|rf/s s'O/]x?n] ef/tnfO{ s'g cj:yfdf k'¥ofg nfu]sf /x]5g eGg] s'/f
klg >L % k[yjLgf/fo0f zfxn] a'‰g] df}sf kfP . >L % k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] ef/tsf] tTsflng l:ylt
a'‰g'sf] ;fy} cfjZosLo xltof/x? klg lnP/ /fhwfgL lelqbf k"j{lglZrt of]hgf cg';f/ lj= ;+=
!*)! df g'jfsf]6 gfds lsNnfdf cfqmd0f u/L clwsf/ hdfPkl5 qmdzM pkTosfsf c? ufp“ /
sf]6x?df klg sAhf hdfp“b} pkTosfleq cfly{s gfsfalGbsf] >Lu0f]z u/]sf lyP .
o;/L rf/}lt/af6 cfly{s gfsfalGb u/L k]Nb} cfPsf uf]/vfnLx?n] cfÎgf] b]znfO{ g} vt/fdf
kfl/;s]sf] x'“bf sflGtk'/sf /fhf hok|sf; dNn lgs} cflQ;s]sf lyP . tfklg b'O{ b'O{ k6s lslt{k\'/sf]
n8fO{df uf]/vfnLx?sf] k/fho ePsf]n] /fhf hok|sf; dNnnfO{ s]xL 9f8; nfu]sf] lyof] . ctM la= ;+=
!*!( df >L % k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf ;}Gobnx?n] dsjfgk'/dfly clwsf/ hdfpg ;kmn ePsf] b[Zo
sflGtk'/sf /fhf hok|sf; dNnn] x]/L/x]sf] x'bf“ ogL of] b[Zon] ubf{ 8/fO{/x]sf lyP . t/ dsjfgk'/sf
/fhf lbUa4{g ;]gn] cfÎgf sfhL ssgl;+x aflgofnfO{ cfÎgf gjfkm sflzdcln vf“ sxf“ ;}lgs
;xfotfsf] k'sf/fkq ;lxt k7fPsf x'“bf / sflzd cnLvf“n] u'lu{ vf“ gfds ;]gfkltsf] dftxtdf
k|;:t ;}Gobn uf]/vfnLx?sf] lj?4df k7fPsf] va/n] eg] hok|sf; dNnn] lgs} ;Gtf]if dfg]sf lyP .
t/ u'uL{ vf“sf ;}lgs hjfg;+u c;n vfnsf xltof/ ePtf klg uf]l/Nnf o'4 ug]{ lzIff kfPsf
uf]/vfnL ;}Gobnsf] cuf8L Tof] d';njfgL kmf}h l6Sg g;sL htfaf6 cfPsf] ToxL“ af6f] s'n]nfd 7f]sL
efu]sf] va/ >L % k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] ;'g]kl5 xif{ a9fO{ u/L v';L dgfp“bf hok|sf; dNn lgs} tl;{P
.
o;/L htftt} uf]/vfnL ljho u/]sf]n] / t];|f]k6s klg s[ltk'/df cfqmd0f u/L ljho ul/
5f]8]sf] x'“bf hok|sf; dNn lg?T;flxt eP/ af6f] ;f]Rb} lyP . uf]/vfnLx?n] htftt}af6 cf]u6\b}
NofPsf / s]xL ;do kZrft pkTosf ltg} dNn 7s'/fO{sf] pGd'ng x'g] b]v]sfn] oxf“ a;]sf O{;fO{
wd{k|rf/s s]k'lrg kfb/Lx?n] ltAataf6 h;/L x6\g'k/]sf] lyof] ;lf]xL lx;fan] g]kfn g} 5f8\g'k5{ egL
;+z+lst eO{/x]sf lyP .
sf7df8f}+ luhf{3/df a;]sf kfb/L hf];]kLn] ca t'?Gt g} csf]{ /fhgLltsf] rfn grn] oxf“
c+u|]hn] clwsf/ hdfpg] t s] s'/f kms]{/ x]g{ts gkfpg] b]v]sfn] s] ug]{ s] gug]{ eGg] l:yltdf df}g
eO{/x]sf sflGtk'/sf /fhf hok|sf; dNnnfO{ kfb/L hf];]kLn] c+h|]h;+u ;}lgs ;xfotf dflu
uf]/vfnLx?nfO{ x6fpg' k5{ elg cf; b]vfO{ 3R3rfpg yfn]sf lyP . oL kfb/Lx? O;fO{ wd{sf
15

k|rf/ssf] e]ifdf ;fw' la/fnf] alg h/f] uf8L;s]k5L Jofkf/df xft xfnL ;dofg's'n x'gf;fy
/fhgLltdfly x:tIf]k u/L o'/f]k]nL ;Qmf sfod ug{sf] nflu cfqmd0f klg ub{y] . o;/L logLx?sf] ;fw'
la/fnf]sf] rfnn] sflGtk'/sf /fhf hok|sf; dNnnfO{ s]lx lbnf;f lbnfof] . sflGtk'/ /fHodf o;
lsl;dsf] jftf{ rn]kl5 eQmk'/df /fhf /0flht dNn ;d]tsf] ;xdlt lnO{ hok|sf; dNnn] cfÎgf] ;a}
Joxf]/fsf] kq n]lv oxf“ /x]sf kfb/L h];]kLsf] l;kmfl/; ;lxt k|fy{gfkq u'KtL tl/sfn] k6gfsf xflsd
dfkm{t snsQf sf}lznsf ue{g/sxf“ k7fP . ;f] kq k6gfsf xflsdn] klg cfqmd0fsf/L cleofg bnsf]
cfjZostf b]vfO{ ljz]if hf]8sf ;fy c+u|]hsf] cfqd0fdf====l;kmfl/; kq n]nL snsQf ue{g/
j]/]n]i6sf gfddf kq n]v] . ;f] kqsf] pk/ sf]l;nsf] ljz]if ;ldltn] larf/ ubf{ cfqmd0f ug]{ lgwf]df
k'u]kl5 k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxnfO{ g]kfn pkTosfsf] 3]/f p7fO{ hok|sf; dNnsf pk/ cfqmd0f k'gM gug'{
ltldn] sDkgL ;/sf/sf] o; dof{bfnfO{ yfd]/ sfd u/]gf} eg] ltdLnfO{ sDklg ;/sf/ zq' 3f]lift
ug]{5 / n8\g cfpg]5g\ eGg] Joxf]/fsf] kq n]Vg; eGg] cfb]z kf6gsf /+jf]8nfO{ k7fof] / ;fy}
l6k/fsf] n8fO{ lht]/ kms]{sf sKtfg lsg nsnfO{ k6gf hfg] cfb]z lbof] .
>L % k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] hok|sf; dNnn] c+u|]h ;xfotfsf] k'sf/ kq k7fPsf tyf nuQ}
eg]h;f] c+u|]hx?sf] cfqmd0f x'g] ;d]tsf] ;'rgf k6gfdf a;]sf cfÎgf u'Ktr/x?åf/f kfPsf]n] ;f]
sfdsf] lgldQm cfjZos k|aGw klg ldnfpg nfu]sf lyP . To;}tfsf /+af]8sf] gfsfaGbL p7fpg' eGg]
wlDskq cfp“bf ;f] kqnfO{ /2Lsf] 6f]s/Ldf Îof“sL vhf~rL jL/eb| pkfWofo, sfhL j+z/fh kf+8],
lzsf/L j+z' u'?Ësf] dftxtdf sf]xL uf]/vsfnL ;}Go bnnfO{ l;+w'nLtkm{ k7fP .
sflGtk'/sf /fhf efis/ dNn -dxLGb| dNn_ sf] l;+xsf] d[To'kl5 ul2df a;]sf /fhf huHho
dNn;“u emf“ufemf]nL rogk'/sf lgjf;L gGgd'gL k|;fO{n] ;g\ !&&^ df ?= !@^) df d'lu6f/ nufot
s]xL hUufx? sgL a;f]af; hdfPdf x'“bf pgsf 5f]/f >L s[i0f k|;fO{n] klg k/sjf; / dGynLdf ;d]t
y'k|} hUufx? hf]8L wgL / 7"nf7fnfdf gfd b/fo/ a;]sfn] pgsf klg 5f]/f /fdrGb| k|;fO{sf] k|efj
lgs} 6f9f;Dd km}lnPsf] / oLgL sflGtk'/sf /fhf hok|sf; dNnsf kIfkftL klg ePsf x'“bf
uf]/vfnLx?n] oLgnfO{ xft lng rfx]sf klg lyP . o;}tfsf hgsk'/sf] af6f]af6 tLy{ofqf ul/ 3/
kmls{Psf kxfl8of bfh'efO{x?sf] d'vb]vL l;Gw'nLsf] af6f]af6 l56} g} c+u|]hx?sf] cfqmd0f x'g] ePsf] 5
eGg] xNnf ;'g]sf] / Tolta]nf g} eg]h:tf] sflh j+z/fh kf+8], jL/eb| pkfWofo, j+z u'?sf dftxtdf
ePsf ;]gfn] l;Gw'nL e~Hofªdf k'Ug sl/a ! sf]z hltg} psfnf] gplSnb} lgufn] eGg] 7fp“df 7fgf
jf/L l;Gw'nL eGHofËaf6 cfpg] hfg] ofq'x?sf] s8f lgu/fgL /fvL c? ug'{kg]{ sfdsf] rf“hf] klg
ldnfp“b} lyP .
dNn /fhfsf /fHox?df eGbf uf]/vfnLx?n] ljho u/]sf] If]qx?df zflGt x'g'sf] ;fy} /fd|f]
Joj:yf :yflkt ePsf] / sflGtk'/sf /fhf hok|sfz dNnn] g} c+u|]hx?nfO{ cfqmd0f ug{ af]nfPsf x'“bf
s]xL aif{ cl3 dfq ef/tsf s'g} k|b]zx?df c+u|]hx?n] g/;+xf/ u/L k|;:t n'6lk6 dRrfPsf] xNnf
g]kfnsf w]/}h;f] efux?df tfhf g} /lx/x]sf] / To; xNnfn] ubf{ g} klg c+u|]hsf] cfqmd0f x'g] s'/fn]
g]kfnsf hgtfx? eo+eLt eO{/x]sf lyP . sflGtk'/sf /fhf hok|sfz dNnsf kIFkftL eP/ a;]df
cfÎgf] sNof0f gx'g] / ca t'?Gt g} uf]/vfnLx?sf] kIfdf ldln lbnf]Hofgn] e]6];Ddsf] sfd u/L
c+u|]hx?nfO{ x6fpg] sfddf cfjZosLo d2t lbg ;s] uf]/vfnL /fhfaf6 dfgdof{bf kfpg'sf] ;fy}
cfÎgf] wghgsf] klg /fd|f] ;'\/Iff x'g] b]v]sfn] /fd]5fksf] 8f“8faf6 sl/a # sf]if hlt k/ klZrddf kg]{
d'uL6f/sf afl;Gbf /fdrGb| k|;fO{n] lgufn]df 7fgf af/L a;]sf uf]/vfnL ef/bf/x?;“u e]6 u/L æpk|fGt
l;Gw'nLdf lkm/ËLsf] an cfp“b} 5 eGg] xNnf 5 s] xf] < xf] eg] s;f] u¥of xf] < km]/L oxf“ ePsf
l;kfxLx?n] dfq lkm/ËLnfO{ x6fpg d'l:sn knf{ . lgufn]df g} 7fgf af/L a;]sf lkm/ËLsf] an e~HofË
16

pef] r9\of eGof o;sf] ann] ldlr g]kfn l5rf]Ng]5 . To;}n] 7fgfkf/L -l;Gw'nL df9Ldf_ xfn]/ cf8 -
lsNnfsf] aflx/L 9f]sf_ alnof] u/L a:of hftL xf]nf . >L dxf/fhlw/fhaf6 x's'd ePdf cfÎgf] ju{tn]
e]6]hlt cGgkfgLsf] rf“hf] ldnfp“nf t/ sflhx?n] eg]hlt ?k}of“ cfÎgf] 5]pdf 5}g vf]Hg'k5{ s] ug]{ <
a6'Ng kg]{ emf/f a6'nL le8'nfÆ eGg] Joxf]/fsf] clh{kq lj= ;+= !*@$ ;fn efb| dlxgflt/ lbbf ;f]
cflh{kqsf] o;nfO{ cfÎgf] kIfdf ldnfO{ -xft lnO{_ sfd u/]df ;fy} rflxbf] d2t, cfjZosLo wg /
cGgkfgLsf] /fd|f] e/y]s x'g]5 eGg] ;d]tsf] l;kmfl/z kq n]vL e/kbf]{ dflg;sf ;fy /ftf/ft u/L
lslt{k'/ k7fP . /ftlbg u/L xtf/sf ;fy l;Gw'nLaf6b cfPsf] Ps ef/bf/n] dfly n]lvPadf]lhsf] kq
6qm\ofp“bf >L k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] nuQ} eg]h:tf] rfjlxnlt/ 7fgf ;fb}{ a;]sf cfÎgf ;]gfklt
/fds[i0f s'“j/nfO{ af]nfO{ ldnfpg kg]{ kl/aGb ldnfpg / rflxbf] kmf}h lnP/ l;Gb'nL hfg' eGg] x's'd
lb“bf d'uL6f/sf lgjf;L /fdrGb| k|;fO{nfO{ o'4df ef/bf/x?n] k|of]u ug]{ xltof/ tyf nofpg] n'uf /
cfjZosLo ;fdfgsf] ;fy} æltldn] k7fPsf] kq cfof] cy{ dfn'd eof] lkm/ËLsf] cfqmd0f x'G5 eGg]
xNnf 5 s] ug]{ xf] egL k7fPsf] enf] xf] . l;Gw'nLaf6 g} lkm/ËLsf] cfqmd0f x'G5 eGg] ;f“rf] xf]
hok|sf;sf] x'“bf] eP/ cfpg] xf] tf klg ef/tnfO{ vfg]n] g]kfnnfO{ dfq} 5f8\nf eGg' kb}{g . uf]/vf
eGg / g]kfn eGg' pg} uf]/vgfy x'g t Ps} x'g\ . lkm/ËL eg]sf] Ajf“;f] xf] p;n] g} lhTof] eg] xfld
s;}n] klg af“Rg' kb}{g . ltldn] 7fgfkf/L -lelq dw];_ l;Gw'nL df8Ldf agfO{ a;]hlt xf]nf elg k7fP5f}{+
clxn] lgufn]df g} a;] klg kl5 l;Gw'nL eGHofËdf uO{ hlnof u/L a:g'k5{ . t/fO{lt/ hfg' x'“b}g .
lkm/ËLn] cf“t kfpnf, kfof] eg] lhTg ufx|f] x'G5 . hogf/fo0fn] v'/sf]6lt/sf] emf]/f a6'Nof 5 t} klg
k'Ub}g . c? e/ ltd|} 5 cf8 alnof] u/L agfpg' k5{ . @)))÷– ?k}“of eP clxn]nfO{ k'U5 . vfg]
;fdn cfhnfO{ k'u]klg kl5 s] knf{ k'Ubf] ldnfp . To;afkt hUuf g} eG5f} tfklg sfhLx?n] a'emL
hf“lrL n]lv k7fPsf]df nfndf]x/ u/L k7fp“nf . oxf“af6 klg rfO“bf] ;]gf labf u/L k7fPsf] 5' . c? e/
ltd|} 5 . cfh ltldn] ldx]gt u/]kl5 ltldnfO{ 5f8L s;nfO{ u?“nf eGg] Aoxf]/f nfndf]x/ n]lv
lslt{k'/af6 t'?Gt} g} k7fP .Æ
k"j{ ! gDa/ /fd]5fksf] 8f“8f]sf] km]bLdf aUg] ;'gsf]zLsf] blIf0f lsgf/fdf /x]sf] v'/sf]6af6
sl/a @ sf]zdf lgufn] / Toxf“af6 sl/a ! sf]z hlt 7f8f] psfnf] t'/]kl5 dxfef/t 8f“8f]sf] n]sdf
hf] e~HofË /x]sf] 5 . Tof] k|flrg sfnb]lv g} l;Gw'nL e~HofËsf] gfdn] k|l;4 lyof] . kl5 - lj=;+=
!*@$_ df >L % k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf kmf}hx?n] ;f] e~HofËdf u4L -lsNnf_ agfPsf x'“bf Tof] e~HofË
ca l;Gw'nL u9Lsf] gfdn] k|Voft x'g yfNof] .
>L % k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx;+u labf eO{ rflxbf] kmf}h / cfjZos xftxltof/;d]t lnP/ ;bf{/
/fds[i0f s'“j/ l;Gw'nL k|:yfg ubf{ k};f, vfg] ;fdn tyf emf/f lbP/ /fdrGb| k|;fO{ klg uf]/vfnL
ef/bf/x?;“u ;fd]n x'g k\u]sf lyP .
d'Vo ;]gfklt /fds[i0f s'“j/, j+z/fh kf+8], jL/eb| pkfWofo, a+z' u'?Ë / ;fy} /fdrGb|
k|;fO{;“usf dflg;n] l;Gw'nL e~GofËsf] bfof“afof“sf cUnf–cUnf r'r'/] 8f“8fdf @ ljzfn lsNnfx?
agfO{ To;sf] tn 3f“6Ldf alnof] cf8 -9f]sf_ sf] sfo{ lgdf{0f ;dfKt u/L tn a];Lb]lv /fd]5fk;Dd
nDjfodfg ePsf] cUnf] 8f“8f] -ltNs]ofg gfds 8f“8f]_ df klg Ps dha'b lsNnf agfO{ lgufn]sf
afl;Gbf hogf/fo0f yfkf du/;+u dflg;x? / ;a} ;]gfx?nfO{ rf/ efudf ljeflht u/L j+z' u'?Ësf
dftxtdf 9'ª\u|]jf;Lk§L / s]lx ;]gfx?nfO{ ltNs]ofgtkm{ k7fO{ af“sL ePsf] kmf}hsf] cfwf efu a+z/fh
kf+8] / jL/eb| pkfWofo;+u af“8L hogf/fo0f yfkf du/;+u ePsf 9fs|]x?nfO{ 3f/]df}/L cl/Ëfn tyf
aR5\o'“x?nfO{ laRSofp] cleef/f lnbf /fdrGb| k|;fO{ ;lxtsf af“sL ;]gfx? tof/ u/fO{ ;/bf/ /fds[i0f
s'“j/ c+u|]haf6 x'g] cfqmd0fsf] k|ltIff ub}{ /xg yfn] .
17

ptf c+u|]hkl§sf ;]gfklt sKtfg lsgnsn] ;}lgs / cfjZos ;fdfgsf] ;fy} k|;:t dfqfdf
xltof/sf] aGbf]a:t u/]kl5 dfu{bz{ssf] vf“rf] x'g] x'“bf ;f] sfdsf] cleef/f /fdbf; a}/flun]
lnO{lbPsf]n] o; sfddf klg pgn] cflQg' k/]g . clZjg ;Dddf klg cfqmd0f gePdf uf]/vfnLx?n]
sflGtk'/ bVvn ug]{5g eGg] sflGtk'/sf] luhf{3/df a;]sf] kfb/L hf];]kLn] /Djf]8nfO{ ;'rgf k7fPkl5
sKtfg lsgnsn] rflxbf] kmf}h lnO{ l;Gw'nL tkm{ k|:yfg u/] . t/ c+u|]hL xdnfaf/x? cfpg] s'/fsf]
uf]/vfnL u'Ktr/x?af6 ;"rgf kfPkl5 hgsk'/b]lvs} k;nx? pl7;s]sf lyP . sktfg lsgns
hgsk'/ cfOk'Ubf Toxf“ /;b gkfOg] b]v]/ lgs} x8a8fPsf eP klg cfkm";+u ePsf] /;bsf] e/df tL
c+u|]h ;}Gobn dflylt/ /;b kfpg] cf;f lnP/ 9Ns]au/af6 nfnu9 x'“b} sdnf vf]nfsf] au/}au/ Tof
cfqmd0fsf/L bn l;Gw'nL dfl8df cfO{k'u]sf] ;a} b[io uf]/vfnLx?n] x]l//x]sf] / lgufn]sf lgjf;L
hogf/fo0f yfkf du/ ;lxtsf] bnn] l;Gw'nLe~HofË b]lv 9['ª\u|]jf;;Dd ePsf 3f/] df}/L nufot
cl/Ëfn / aR5\o'“x?nfO{ laRsfO{/x]sf lyP . Pslbg Toxf“ 8]/f hdfO{ ;f] cfqmd0fsf/L bnn] vRr/df
tf]k bnfO{ c? ;/;fdfg el/ofx?nfO{ af]sfO{ laxfgsf] ld/ld/] pHofnf] x'“bf l;Gb'nL e~HofËlt/
k|:yfg u¥of] . k|;:t cUnf] / l;:g'sf] 3f/Laf6 x'“b} ha of] c +u|]h kmf}h 9[ª\u|]jf;sf] tn -
klZrdkl§af6_ km]bLaf6 e~HofË pqg] vf]r}vf]r p3f] nfu]sf] dfq s] lyof] ;f]xL df}sf kf/]/ hogf/of0f
yfkf du/sf 6]nLn] 3f/]df}/L ,cl/Ëfn , aR5\o'“sf uf]nfx?df n'sLn'sL 9'Ëf / sf“8fn] xfgL laRSofp“bf
tL uf]nfx? /ftfsfnf h+uL n'uf nufP/ cfPsf c+u|]hx?dfly emg laRsb} vlgP . Psfkl§ logLx?sf]
lrnfO{ / csf]{kl§ l;:g' / cNnf]sf] kf]nfO{n] ubf{ c+u|]hL ;]gfx?sf] dl:t uln;s]sf] ePklg of]
uf]/vfnLx?s} s/t''t xf] / uf]/vfnLx? l;Gw'nLe~HofËdf g} a;]sf 5g\ eGg] 6'Ëf] nufO{ cfkm";+u
n]/fPsf] tf]k l;Gw'nL eGHofËtkm{ tfls kmfo/ ug{ yfn] . t/ l;Gw'nLu9LnfO{ 5]Sg]u/L 9'ª\u|jf;sf] kx/f]
/x]sf]n] t];|f] u/L lg;fgf dfbf{ 9'ª\u|jf;sf] kx/f]df nfUg] tyf cln 7f8f] u/L kmfo/ ubf{ lsNnfdf
gnfuL dflyaf6 g} gf3\g k'Ug] ePsf]n] ;f] sfddf klg c+u|]hx?n] ;kmntf kfPgg\ . o;/L ;fydf
n]/fPsf] tf]kn] klg Tolta]nf sfd glbPsf]n] ;f] bn xf]l;of/sf ;fy cuf8l a9L uf]/vfnLx?åf/f
gjlgld{t cf8 -9f]sf_ g]/ dfq s] k'Ug yfn]sf] lyof] sfhL j+z/fh kf+8], jL/eb| pkfWofo;“u /x]sf
;}Gobnx?n] PSsf;L b'O{lt/af6 cfqmd0f ubf{ pQm bnx?df xfxfsf/ dlRrof] . ptf c+u|]hL bn ;+dfnL
;Qm g;Qmf /fdrGb| k|;fO{ ;d]t ePsf] kmf}h lnO{ uf]/vfnLx?sf] d'Vo ;]gfktL /fds[i0f s'“j/sf] csf]{
alnof] kmf}hn] cuf8Laf6 wfjf af]Nbf c+u|]hL ;}Gobn l6Sg g;sL cf]/fnf] tkm{ kmls{ s'n]nfd 7f]Sg
yfNof] . t}klg sKtfg lsgnsn] kmf}hx?nfO{ pT;flxt kfb}{ cfkm" cuf8L a9]s]fn] km]/L c+u|]hL kmf}h s]lx
;dfln“b} uf]/vfnLx?k+u 86]/ ;fdgf ug{ nfu]sf dfq s] lyP 9'ª\u|] af“;kl§ a;]sf a+z' u'?Ësf bnx?n]
bk]6f lb+bf pQm c+u|]hL kmf}h ;+xflng g;sL efufefu ug{ nfUof] . t/ Toxf“ Pp6} dfq af6f] ePsf] /
a+z' u'?Ësf bnx?n] ToxL af6f]af6 cfqmd0f ubf{ lgs} c+u|]hL kmf}hn] jL/ult k|fKt ubf{ s]xL n'nf
n+u8fx?n] sKtfg lsgns;+u} efuL Hofg hf]ufp“bf yf]/} ;]gf uf]/vfnLx?sf] clwsf/df k¥of] / ;f]
;]gfn] cfTd;dk{0f ubf{ Toxf“ ePsf c+u|]hL xltof/x? pgLx?nfO{ g} af]sfO{ dfly u9;Dd n]/fpg
nufO{ 5f8L lbbf uf]/vflnkl§sf 3fOt]x?nfO{ klg cf]vtLd'nf] u/L hflt u/fO{ ;/bf/ /fds[i0f s'“j/
xl/x/k'/ u9Ltkm{ k|:yfg ug{ nfUbf >L % k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] cfÎgf laho ef/bf/x?nfO{ l;/f]kfpsf]
;fy;fy} d'uL6f/sf afl;Gbf /fdrGb| k|;fO{nfO{ OHhtsf] ;fy hflu/sf] lgo'lQmkq -nfndf]x/_ k7fPsf
lyP .
18

;+of]hssf] sndaf6
@)%@ ;fn a}zfv @ ut] emfkfsf] sGsfO{ dfWolds ljBfnosf] ;efsIfdf ;DkGg k|;fO{
aGw'x?sf] a[xt e]nfn] cfjZos 5nkmn u/L aGw'x?aLrsf] P]Sok4tf kl/jt{g, cfly{s, ;fdflhs
;Gbe{df cfhsf kl/jlt{t l:ylt;“u tfbfDo sfod ug{ jfG5gLo ePsf] x'“bf / k|;fO{x?sf] of] /fi6«sf]
lgdf{0fdf of]ubfg k'¥ofpg] x]t'n] k|;fO{ kfl/jfl/s 6«i6 kl5 o;nfO{ k|= kf= 6«i6 -sNof0f sf]if_
gfdfs/0f ul/of] , ljlwjt ;'qkft ul/of] . of] ;+:yfsf] ;+rfngsf] nflu k|=kf= 6«i6 @)%@ sf] ljwfg
klg olx e]nfn] kf; ul/ cfh of] ;+:yf sfo{/t 5 . of] ;+:yfsf] @)%@ ;fn df3 @( ut] ljlwjt
lhNnf k|;f;g sfo{no emfkfdf btf{ eof] . k|;fO{ aGw' / cfd hgtfsf] wd{k|ltsf] cf:yfnfO{ sb/ ub}{
sGsfO{ wfd -sf]6L xf]d_ emfkfdf ;KtfxJofkL >Ldb\efujt dxfk'/f0fsf] cfof]hgf eof] .
oxL k'/f0f sfn / Tof] eGbf cl3 klg 7"nf] ;d:of k|;fO{ aGw'x?sf] aLrdf pkl:ylt lyof], Tof]
lyof] gftsf], s;nfO{ s] eg]/ ;Daf]wg ug]{ / 9f]ue]6sf] cfbfg k|bfg s] cfwf/df ug]{ < To;} sf/0fn]
Tof] ;d:ofsf] lg/fs/0fsf] nflu j+zfjnL tof/ ug'{ kg]{ dxlQ sfd xfdL ;+rfns ;ldltsf] sf“wdf
cfof] . k'/f0f cjfwd} Pp6f j+zfjnL kmf/fd tof/ u/]/ ljt/0f / hDdf ug]{ sfo{sf] ;'qkft eof] t/
j+zfjnL tof/ ug]{ sfo{ ;d:ofo'Qm / hl6n lyof] . s;}n] klg #÷$ lk+9L eGbf dflysf] lk+9Lsf af/]df
hfGb}gy] . a;}n] cfÎgf] xh'/a'jfsf] gfd hfg]sf lyPgg\ / ;d:osf] lg/fs/0fsf] nflu xfld;+u cg'/f]w
ub{y] . xfldx? :jod\ s'/fO{sf] su ePsf lyof}+ . oxL k'/f0fsfndf klxnf slxNo} gb]v]sf / glrg]sf
bfh'efO{;+u e]63f6 / kl/ro eof] / gftf s]nfpg] ;Gbe{df kmnfgfnfO{ s] eGb5g\ elg To;}sf
;+jf]wgaf6 gftf hf]8]sf sf/0fn] clxn] cfP/ j+zfjnLsf] jfbnkmf6L 5n{Ë pHofn] ePkl5 sltko;“u
lx“hf] hf]8]sf gftf pN6f k'N6f x'g uof] / gftf plN6Psf sf/0fn] sltko l/;fo eg] slt v';fP
To;sf] n]vfhf]vf cfÎg} 7fp“df 5 t/ casf eflj ;+tltnfO{ of] ;d:of lglZrt ?kn] cfpg] 5}g eGg]
s'/fdf ljZj:t x'g ;lsG5 .
k|;fO{ kfl/jfl/s 6«i6 -sNof0f sf]if_ dg] dxlQ sdfo{ j+zfjnL tof/ ug'{ lyof] . k'/f0f
cjlwdf h] hlt j+zfjnLsf kmf/fdx? elgP . tLgLx?sf] d"NofÍg, cg;Gwfg / cg'udg h:tf] uxg
sfo{ ;DkGg ug{sf] nflu ldlt @)%# ;fn >fj0f ( ut] a;]sf] k|=kf= 6«i6sf] ;+rfns ;ldltsf] a}7sn]
& ;b:oLo j+zfjnL ;b:o pk–;ldlt u7g u¥of] . h;df ;+of]hs vu]Gb| k|;fb k|;fO{, ;lrj pkdl0f
k|;fO{, ;b:o l8NnL k|;fO{, ;b:o t'n;L/fd k|;fO{, ;b:o lszf]/ k|;fO{, ;b:o sf]dn k|;fO{ / ;b:o
o1/fh k|;fO{ j+zfjnL ;+sng pk–;ldlt u7g u/]kl5 of] ;ldltn] cfÎgf] sfo{ yfn] klg JolStx?sf]
Jo:ttsf]sf/0fn] j+zfjnL ;+sngsf] sfo{ b|'tultdf x'g'kg]{ Tof] x'g ;s]g . ;+rfns ;ldltsf]
@)%#÷(÷!( df a;]sf] k'Vof}nL ynf]x?dWo]sf] Ps ks/jf;df uO{ j+zfjnL ;+sng u/L Nofg ;lrj
pkdl0f k|;fO{ / ;b:o l8NnL k|;fb k|;fO{nfO{ To;tkm{ k7fOof] . To;} k|sf/n] Onfd kf“ry/, tfKn]h'ª,
t]¥xy'd ;d]tdf hfgsf nflu ;+rfns ;ldltsf ;b:oåo 3gZofd k|;fO{ / ch'{g k|;fO{nfO{ j+zfjnL
vf]h ug{ / lhNnf ;Dks{ ;ldlt u7g ug]{ cleef/f ;d]t lnO{ To;tkm{ k7fOof] . ;fwf/0f ;efdf
tfKn]h'ªsf aGw'x?sf] rf6{ l8NnL k|;fO{ / tlSb//fh k|;fO{n] k]z ug'{ePsf] lyof] . h;nfO{ cfwf/
agfP/ To; e]usf] k|;fO{ aGw'x?sf] vf]h ug{ ;xof]u k'Uof] .
19

To;} k|sf/n] @)%# ;fn r}tlt/ ;+of]hs vu]Gb| k|;fO{ / ;lrj pkdl0f k|;fO{ af/f, /f}tx6 /
;nf{xLdf j+zfjnL cg';Gwfgsf] sfddf Toxf“ uO{ Toxf“sf bfh'efO{nfO{ j+zfjnL vf]h cg';Gwfgsf nflu
clek|]l/t ul/ sld6Lx? u7g u/L kmls{of] . Toxf“ klg j+zfjnL cg';Gwfgsf] sfd cWof/f]df s'g}
nIonfO{ tfs]/ lt/ xfGg'h:t} ;fljt eof] . Toxf“sf bfh'efO{x? :jod\ cfÎg}af/]df cgle1 lyP .
@)%$ ;fn r}tdf k/sjf; /fd]5fkaf6 s'g}klg k|sf/sf] j+zfjnL ;DaGwdf vf; k|sf/sf]
k|ltj]bg gcfPsf] x'“bf ;+of]hg vu]Gb| k|;fO{ / ;~rfns ;ldltsf cWoIf ch'{g k|;fO{ To;tkm{ nfUof}+ .
t/ Toxf“ vf; s'g} sfd ePsf] /x]g5 . To;}sf/0f Toxf“sf bfh'efOx?nfO{ j+zfjnL ;+sng cg';Gwfg
ug]{ dxlQ o1df ;xeflu aGg] cg;/f]w ub}{ kmls{g afWo x'g'k¥of] . To:t} k|sf/n] @)%% ;fn d+l;/df
sf7df8f}+df, kj{t, lrtjg / /fd]5fk j+zfjnL vf]h tyf cg';Gwfgsf nflu uPsf j+zfjnL ;ldltsf
;lrj pkdl0f k|;fO{ tyf ;b:o l8NnL k|;fO{sf] 6f]nLsf] o; k6ssf] e|d0f lglZrt ?kn]
pknlAwd'ns /x\of] eGbf s'g} clto'lQm gxf]nf . oBlk pxf“x? b'a}hgfnfO{ Ps};fy ;a}lt/ hfg] lgb]{zg
lyof] t/ sltko sf/0f;“u} hfg ;+ej gePklg l8NnL k|;fO{n] k'/ftTj ljefuaf6 s]xL dxTjk|0f{
b:tfj]h pknAw ug'{k¥of] . To:t} k|sf/n] pkdl0f k|;fO{n] lrtjg, kj{tdf wd{/fh k|;fO{sf] ;xof]udf
/ /fd]5fkaf6 ;d]t tYoo'Qm / k|dfl0fs j+zfjnL agfpg ;kmn x'g'eof] . oBlk j+zfjnL @)%% df3
;Dddf k|yd ;{:s/0f k|sfzgdf Nofpg] ;+rfns ;ldltsf] c7f]6 lyof] t/ vf]h k'/f gePsf sf/0f
of] ;+ej ePg .
@)%% r}q ^ ut] k|=kf= 6«i6 -sNof0f sf]if_ sf7df8}+ pkTosf ljif]z ;ldltn] sf7df8f}+df a[xt\
jgef]hsf] cfof]hgf u/]/ ;+rfns ;ldltnfO{ lgoGq0f lnPsf] lyof] . ;f] jgef]hdf ;xefuL x'g cWoIf
>L g;'x k|;fO{, dxf;lrj sf]dn k|;fO{, sf]ifWoIf vu]Gb| k|;fO{, j+zj[If ;+sng pk;ldltsf ;lrj
pkdl0f k|;fO{, ;b:ox?df kml0fGb| k|;fO{, 3gZofd k|;fO{ tyf lrtjg cWoIf wd{/fh k|;fO{ ;d]tsf]
6fnL uPsf] lyof] . r}t & ut] :6'8]G6 6«feN;df s]Gb|Lo ;+rfns ;ldlt / sf7df8f}+ pkTosf laif]z
;ldltsf] ;+o'Qm a}7sn] sf]ifWoIf vu]Gb| k|;fO{s} ;+of]hsTjdf ;lrj pkdl0f k|;fO{ ;d]t k'/fgf
;b:ox? oyfjt /fvL >L t]h axfb'/ k|;fO{, l;tf/fd k|;fO{, >L wd{/fh k|;fO{ -lrtjgaf6_, /fh]Gb|
k|;fO{, nIdL k|;fb k|;fO{ -lgZrn_ / @)%^ ;fn h]7 !% ut]sf] s]=;=;= sf] a}7sn] bL3{/fh k|;fO{nfO{
j+zfjnL pk–;ldltdf dgf]gog ubf{ of] ;ldltdf !# hgf ;b:o aGg k'u] . o;/L !# hgfsf] of]
;ldltnfO{ sfddf cem} k|efjsf/L ?kdf ;Dkgg ug]{ lhDa]jf/L lbOof] .
j+zfjnL cg';Gwfg ug]{ sfd lglZrt ?kdf Tolta]nf ;lhnf] lyPg . lk9L yk36 ePsf]
sf/0fn] gftfdf kl/jt{g cfof], To:tf] ug{ kfOb}g elg s]xL JolStx?;“u e]63f6 u/L k|ltj]bg k]z ug{
sf“zLgfy k|;fO{sf] ;+of]hsTjdf 6«i6sf sf]iffWoIf tyf j+zfjnL ;ldltsf ;+of]hs vu]Gb| k|;fO{ s]lGb|o
;b:o 3gZofd k|;fO{ ;d]t # hgfsf] cWoog 6f]nL u7g u/L lbPsf] x'“bf of] 6f]nLn] aneb| k|;fO{,
uf]kfn k|;fO{, u0f]z k|;fO{, u+uf k|;fb k|;fO{ -ef~hf afa'_ / k|]dgf/fo0f k|;fO{nfO{ e]6 u/L j+zfjnL
;daGwdf ljleGg k|Zgx? u/L k|ltj]bg k]z u/]kl5 @)%% ;fn kf}if !* ut] a;]sf] s]=;=;= sf]
a}7sn] cem ulxl/P/ kz'{\/fdsf 5f]/f sf] x'g kQf nufP/ j+zfjnL k|yd ;+:s/0f 5fKg] lg0f{o
u/]kZrft o; lbzftkm{ cem vf]hlag ;'? eof] . @)%% ;fn d+l;/df uPsf] ;lrj pkdl0f k|;fO{ /
;b:o l8NnL k|;fO{sf] cnu cnu k|ltj]bg dWo] ;lrjsf] k|ltj]bgdf :j=;'j]bf/ >L rGb|k|;fb k|;fO{ /
s[i0fbQn] kz'{/fdsf] 5f]/f v8fgGb - cltan_ x'g eGg] s'/fdf ljjfb p7fPkl5 km]/L To;sf]
k|df0fLs/0fsf=] nflu ;lrj / ;b:o l8NnLk|;fb k|;fO{ l;gfd lji0f'eQm k|;fO{nfO{ e]6\g hfg] lgb]{zg
lbOof] . ;ldltsf ;lrj pkdl0f k|;fO{ c? vf]h cg';Gwfg ug]{ pb]Zon] l;gfdtkm{ nfUg'eof] / xfndf
k|;fO{x?sf aof]j[4 lji0f'eQm k|;fO{;“u cGt/jftf{ ln“bf klg d / a8faf gGbfdl0f sf7df8f}+ -To;
20

a]nfsf] g]kfn_ hf“bf d'“uL6f/ ;'j]bf/ lx/fnfnsf] 3/df jf; a;L bfh'efO{sf] af/]df a8fafn] ;f]wk'5
ubf{ ltldx? v8fgGb -cltan_ ;Gtfg /x]5f} eg]sf] ;'g]sf] / cltansf] afa'sf] gfd klg eg]sf] lyof]
t/ dnfO{ Tof] gfd km'd /x]g eGg'ePsf] / cltansf afa' sf] x'g t elg km]/L k/sjf; tkm{ g}
cg';Gwfgsf] lbzf df]l8Psf] x'“bf of] ;d:osf] 6'Ëf] nufpg km]/L klg k/sjf;s} d'v tfSg' k/]sf]n]
uf]kfnsf 5}7f}+ lk9Lsf n5'dg -zlzw/sf 5f]/f_ h]7f x'g jf s'g efO{ x'g eGg] klg lgSof}n, uf]/vfdf
uO{ uf]kfnsf] ;DaGwdf yk hfgsf/L k|fKt ug'{kg]{,k/sjf;df uO{ kz'{/fdsf 5f]/f / gftLsf] af/]df yk
cg';Gwfg ug'{ k/]sf] x'“bf @)%^÷!!÷@* ut] a;]sf] sf]=;=;= a}7sn] cWoIf g;'x k|;fO{, ;Nnfxsf/
tyf j+zfjnL ;ldltsf ;lrj pkdl0f k|;fO{ / lrtjgsf cWoIf wd{/fh k|;fO{ dfly pNn]lvt
;d:ofsf] lg/fs/0f ug{ To;tkm{ k7fpg] lg0f{o u¥of] . Tof] e|d0fsf] k|ltj]bg cg';f/ uf]/vfdf k'vf{
g]kfnsf af/]df k|fdfl0fs s'/f k|fKt ePg zlzw/sf 5f]/f nIf'dgsf] ;DaGwdf pgL sfG5f ePs} 7x/
eof] / kz'{/fdsf 5f]/f v8fgGb -cltan_ g} x'g\ eGg] s'/f v8fgGbsf sfG5f 5f]/f glGbs]z/af6 kf“rf}
lk9Lsf ;Gtfg s[i0fbQ -hf] k/sjf;df df}nf] ?“u]/ a:g'ePsf] lyof]_ n] 7f]s'jf u/]/ kz'{/fdsf 5f]/f
v8fgGb -cltan_ x' \g\ eg]/ klxnf g} s[i0fbQ / ;'j]bf/ rGb|k|;fbn] oxf“sf ;Dk"0f{ aGw'x?sf]
pkl:yltdf pkdl0fnfO{ elg;s]sf] s'/fnfO{ k|]d k|;fb / lty{ k|;fbn] cfÎgf] cGtjf{tfsf] qmddf eg]sf]
x'“bf ljjfbsf] cGTo ePsf] 5 .
o;/L j+zfjnL k|sfzgsf] nflu cGo cfjZos ;fdfu|Lx? ;+sng ug]{ sfdsf] lznlznfdf
@)%& ;fn >fj0f @ ut] cWoIf >L g;'x k|;fO{ / j+zfjnL ;ldltsf ;lrj pkdl0f k|;fO{ bfh]{lnËsf]
ldl/s eGg] 7fp“df uO{ Toxf“ a;f]af; u/L cfPsf k|;fO{ bfh'efO{nfO{ e]6L l;Ssddf ;d]t xfd|f aGw'x?
/x]sf] kQf nufO{ cfpg' eof] . xfdL j+zfjnL tof/ kf/L k7fO{lbG5f}+ . Toxf“sf bfh'efO{n] eg]sfdf
clxn];Dd l;lSsdkl§sf j+zfjnL k|fKt x'g ;s]sf] 5}g . To;kl5 rf6{x? tof/ kfg]{ sfd ;'? eof] .
r6{sf] tof/Ldf j+zfjnL tof/L ;ldltsf ;lrj pkdl0f k|;fO{n] cfÎgf] 3/ Jojxf/nfO{ kG5fP\/ nflu
kg'{eof] . olb pxf“ o;/L rf6{ tof/L kg]{ sfddf gh'6\g' ePsf] eP ;+ejt k|sf;gsf] sfd cem 6f“luP/
hfg ;SYof] . pxf“n] 3/df a;]/ rf6{ tof/ kfg]{ sfd dfq ug'{ePg j+zfjnL tof/ kfg]{ sfddf cfÎgf]
uf]hLsf] k};f vr{ u/]/ ljleGg lhNnfdf hfg'eO{ j+zfjnL k|sf;gnfO{ of] cj:yfdf NofO{ k'¥ofg' eof] .
o; sf/0fn] pxf“ lglZrt ?kn] ljz]if wGojfbsf] kfq x'g'x'G5 .
j+zfjnL ;+sng pk–;ldltn] vf]h u/]sf aGw'x?sf] af/]df k|;fO{x?sf] ;+lIfKt gfda]nldf /
rf6{df k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 . j+zj[Ifsf] of] rf6{df gfd ;dfj]z ePsf aGw'x?sf] gfd tndfyL k/] of
gfd unt eP ;Rofpg / j+zj[Ifdf gfd ;dfj]z gePsf aGw'x?n] j+zj[Ifdf cfÎgf] gfd ;dfj]z
ug{sf lglDt k|;fO{ kfl/jfl/s 6«i6 -sNof0f sf]if_ sf] s]Gb|Lo sfo{no ;'?Ëfdf ;Dks{ /fVg ;d]t
cg'/f]w ub{5' . o;/L gfd tndfyL k/]sf], gfd unt ePsf], gof“ gfd ;dfj]z u/L kl/dflh{t ul/
bf];|f] ;+:s/0fdf 5flkg] ;d]t hfgsf/L u/fp“b5f}+ .
cGTodf d j+zfjnL tof/ kfg]{ sfddf ;xof]u k'¥ofg'x'g] kbdfb/0fLo :j= ;'j]bf/ >L rGb|k|;fb
k|;fO{ -d'lu6f/_, >L lji0f' eQm k|;fO{ -l;gfd_, k|]dk|;fb k|;fO{ -sf]xjf/f_, wd{/fh k|;fO{ -lrtjg_,
wgZofd k|;fO{-;'?Ëf_, ch'{g k|;fO{ -bds_, sf]dn k|;fO{ -bds_ / cWoIf g;'x k|;fO{ -w'nfjf/L_
;d]tnfO{ cEoGt/]vL g} wGojfb 1fkg ub{5' .
21
vu]Gb| k|;fO{
;+of]hs j+zj[If ;+sng
pk–;ldlt

k|=kf= 6«i6 -sNof0f sf]if_ emfkf
k|;fO{ kfl/jfl/s 6«i6 -sNof0f sf]if_ lxhf], cfh / ef]nL
dflg; hGdG5 d5{ of] k|s[ltsf] zfZjt lgod xf] . ;dfhdf ;do ;dodf o:tf JolStx? hGdG5g\
h;n] /fi6«nfO{ 7"nf] C0f nufP/ uPsf x'G5g\ . ;f]xL sf/0faf6 /fi6«n] To:tf JolStsf] C0f ltg{
;w}el/ ;lDem/xg'kg]{ x'G5 . /fi6«nfO{ 7"nf] C0f nufP/ hfg] zfxj+zLo /fhf cyf{t /fi6«lgdf{tf
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfx klg Ps x'g\ . k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] l5Gg leGg ePsf /fHox?nfO{ Pp6} /fi6«dfq
agfpg vf]h]sf lyPgg\cfÎgf] dft[e"lddf ;d|Ho km}nfpg vf]Hg] c+u|]hx?nfO{ g]kfnaf6 nv]6\h ;kmn
;d]t ePsf lyP . c+u|]hx?nfO{ l;Gw'nLu9Lsf] n8fO{df g]kfnaf6 nv]6\g, >L % k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxnfO{
;xof]u k'¥ofpg] k/sjf; d'lu6f/ lgjf;L xfd|f k'vf{ /fdrGb| k|;fO{sf] klg dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf lyof] eGg]
s'/f df]xg k|;fb vgfnn] -k|flrg g]kfn ;+Vof !$, @)@& df3_ pNn]v ug'{ePsf] . h'g s'/f xfld
;Dk"0f{ bfh'efO{sf] nflu uf}/jsf] laifo xf] .
/fdrGb| k|;fO{h:t} xfd|f w]/} lktf k'vf{x?n] dft[e"ld g]kfnnfO{ ;d[4 t'Nofpg cf–cfÎgf]
If]qaf6} y'k|} dxTjk"0f{ sfo{ u/]sf lyP eg], xfn klg /fi6« lgdf{0fsf] sfo{df ltg} k'vf{sf pQ/flwsf/Lx?
ljleGg If]qdf lqmoflzn /xb} cfPsf 5g\ . xfd|f k\j{hx?n] lbPsf] of]ubfgsf] Oltxf;nfO{ lhjGg /fVg
uf}/jdo k|;fO{ kl/jf/sf ;Gtltx? cfh cfÎgf k'vf{n] u/]sf] of]ubfgsf] cg';Gwfg ug{, k'vf{n] agfPsf
dlGb/ kf6Lkf}jf, wd{zfnf/ ljBfno cflbsf] ;+/If0f ug{ / ;Dk"0f{ k|;fO{ kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?nfO{ xfdL
Pp6} k'vf{sf ;Gtfg ePsf]df ue{ ub}{ kfl/jfl/s Pstfsf] ;Gb]z ;Dk"0f{ aGw' afGwjx? aLrdf k'¥ofpg
/ cfly{s ;fdflhs b[li6sf]0fn] kl5 k/]sf cfÎgf bfh'efO{sf] ;fy} cGo ju{ / ;fd'bfosf dflg;x?sf]
;d]t enfO{ ug]{ ;femf a[xt 5nkmn x'“bf kfl/jfl/s ;+:yf btf{ u/L ;f]xL ;+:yfsf] dfWodaf6
kfl/jfl/s Pstfsf] z+v3f]if ug]{ lg0f{o eof] . o;} pb]Zo adf]lhd ;+:yfsf] ljwfg tof/ u/L ;+:yfsf]
gfd æk|;fO{ kfl/jfl/s ax'pb]Zo sNof0fsf]ifÆ /fvL lhNnf k|zfzg sfo{no sf7df8f}+af6 -btf{ g+= %#@
ldlt )%#÷!!÷!%_ k|df0fkq lng] sfo{;d]t eof] . o;/L ;+:yf btf{ P]g @)#$ adf]lhd btf{ ePsf]
;+:yfsf] ;+:yfks ;b:ox? lgDgadf]lhd lyP . >L nIdL k|;fO{ -lgZrn_ cWoIf–lhNnf tfKn]h'Ë
km'naf/L –#, >L w|'a k|;fb k|;fO{ pkfWoIf– lhNnf tfKn]h'Ë xfËkfË–%, >L o1/fh k|;fO{ dxf;lrj–
lhNnf tfKn]h'Ë–xfËkfË–%, >L t]h]Gb| s'df/ k|;fO{ sf]ifWoIf–lhNnf tfKn]h'Ë xfËkfË–#, >L nIdL k|;fO{
-kqsf/_ ;b:o– lhNnf tfKn]h'Ë xfËkfË–&, >L g/]Gb|s'df/ k|;fO{ ;b:o– lhNnf tfKn]h'Ë xfËkfË–#,
>L zflGt/fh k|;fO{ ;b:o– lhNnf tfKn]h'Ë xfËkfË–#, >L l8NnL/fd k|;fO{ ;b:o– lhNnf tfKn]h'Ë
xfËkfË–%, >L uf]lks[i0f k|;fO{ ;b:o– lhNnf tfKn]h'Ë xfËkfË–%, >L gj/fh k|;fO{ ;b:O– lhNnf
tfKn]h'Ë xfËkfË–#, >L t]h]Gb|s'df/ k|;fO{ -efj\'s_ ;b:o– lhNnf tfKn]h'Ë xfËkfË–# . o;l/ ljlwjt
;+:yf btf{ u/L ljleGg 7fp“df a;f]af; ug]{ k|;fO{aGw'x?nfO{ ;d]6\g] sfo{x?sf] yfngL ubf{ emfkfdf
k|;fO{ kfl/jfl/s 6«i6 gfdsf] ;+:yf ;d]t btf{ eO;s]sf] s'/f cjut x'g cfof] . o;/L Pp6} pb]Zo
af]s]sf] ;dfgfGt/ b'O{cf]6f ;+:yf ePsf] x'“bf b'a} ;+:yfnfO{ ;dGjo u/L Ps agfpg] eGbf afx]s csf]{
ljsNk lyPg / emfkfdf a;f]af; ug]{ k|;fO{aGw'x? / sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf a;f]af; ug]{ aGw'x?aLr
Jofks 5nkmn ug]{ pb]Zon] @)%# ;fn r}t !^ ut] lqe'jg kfs{ yfgsf]6df agef]hsf] cfof]hgf ug]{
lg0f{o ul/of] . pQm a[xt aGw' e]nfn] sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf btf{ ePsf] k|;fO{ kfl/jfl/s ax'pb]Zo
sNof0f sf]if / emfkfdf btf{ ePsf] k|;fO{ kfl/jfl/s 6«i6sf] ljifodf Jofks 5nkmn u/ pQm e]nfn]
emfkfdf btf{ ePsf] 6«i6nfO{ dfGotf lbg] jf sf7df8f}+df btf{ ePsf] sNof0f sf]ifnfO{ sfod /fVg] eGg]
22

ljifodf clGtd 6'Ëf] nufpg t]h axfb'/ k|;fO{, l;tf/fd k|;fO{ ,leid/fh k|;fO{, k|hfklt k|;fO{, lb3{/fh
k|;fO{, s[i0f k|;fO{, nIdL k|;fO{, s]zj k|;fO{, vu]Gb| k|;FO{, o1/fh k|;fO{ -lgZrn_ ;d]t !! ;b:ooL
lg0ff{os ;ldltsf] rog ePkl5 pQm ;ldltn] k'gM Psk6s emfkf / sf7df8f}+sf] aLrdf s'g} k|sf/sf]
ljjfb gxf]; eGg] pb]Zo /fvL @)%$÷&÷#) df ljZjefif SofDk;df Ps j[xt e]nfsf] cfof]hgf ul/of]
. pQm e]nfn] yfgsf]6df ag]sf] @)%#÷!@÷!^ sf] ;lGw emfkfdf btf{ ePsf] 6«i6 sf7df8f}+df sNof0f sf]if
/ g]kfnsf ljleGg 7fp“df k|ltlglwTj u/L cfpg'ePsf k|;fO{ aGw'x?sf] ;+o'Qm ?kdf ePsf] e]nfn] clGtd
lg0ff{os ;ldlt u7g u/L ;f]xL ;ldltn] u/]sf] lg0f{onfO{ ;j{;Ddtaf6 kfl/t ug]{u/L t]h a= k|;f{O{, 8f= leid
k|;fO{, lb3{/fh k|;fO{, sf]dn k|;fO{, xl/s'df/ k|;fO{, vu]Gb| k|;fO{ , s[i0f k|;fO{, wd{/fh k|;fO{, a]g'k/fh k|;fO{,
k|hfklt k|;fO{, o1/fh k|;fO{ ;d]t !! ;b:ooL clGtd lg0ff{os ;ldltn] b'a} ;+:yfx?nfO{ Plss[t u/L n}hfg]
;DaGwdf Jofks 5nkmn u/L lgDg adf]lhdsf lg0f{o ul/of] . ;ldltaf6 ePsf lg0f{ox?df k|;fO{ kfl/jfl/s
6«i6 ;+rfns ;ldltsf] gfd k|;fO{ kfl/jfl/s sNof0f sf]ifsf] -6«i6_ /fVg], sf7df8f}+df btf{ ePsf] ;+:yf vf/]h
ug]{, sf7df8f}+ pkTosf leq tLg lhNnfnfO{ ;d]6\g] u/L sf7df8f}+ okTosf ljz]if ;ldltsf] Joj:yf ug]{, pQm
ljz]if ;ldltsf] cWoIf s]Gb|Lo ;+rfns ;ldltdf kb]g ;b:o x'g], Ps ;Nnfxf/ ;ldlt u7g ug]{, cGo ;Dks{
;ldlt lj36g ug]{ ;fy} lgDg adf]lhdsf] k|;fO{ kfl/jfl/s sNof0f sf]if -6«i6_ sf7df8f}+ pkTosf ljz]if tby{
;ldlt u7g ug]{ , cWoIf nIdL k|;fO{ -lgZrn_, pkfWoIf w|'a k|;fO{, dxf;lrj o1/fh k|;fO{, sf]ifWoIf t]h]Gb|
k|;fO{, ;b:ox?df nIdL k|;fO{, g/]Gb| s'df/ k|;fO{, zflGt/fh k|;fO{, l8NnL/fd k|;fO{, ufkLs[i0f k|;fO{, gj/fh
k|;fO{, t]h]Gb| s'df/ k|;fO{, vu]Gb| k|;fO{,gljg k|;fO{ !$ ;b:ooL u7g u/L pQm ;ldltn] sf7df8f}+ pkTosfdf
a;f]a; ug]{ cu|hgx?af6 cfjZos ;/;Nnfx ;'emfa lngsf] nflu ;ldltsf] ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldltdf lgDg
JolStx?sf] rog u/]sf] lyof] . . t]h a= k|;fO{, 8f= eLid/fh k|;fO{, l;t/fd k|;fO{, k|jfklt k|;fO{, lb3{/fh
k|;fO{, >Ls[i0f k|;fO{, lzj/fh k|;fO{, 8f= df]xg k|;fO{, r/0fs'df/ k|;fO{ ;d]t ( ;b:ooL ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldlt
rog kZrft pNn]lvt lg0f{ox? ljlwjt ?kn] j}BFlgstf k|fKt ug{ ;fwf/0f ;efaf6 kfl/t u/fO{ ljwfgdf
;+;f]wg ug{ k|;fO{ kfl/jfl/s 6«i6 s]Gb|L ;+rfns ;ldltn] lhDdf lnO{ k|;fO{ aGw'aLrdf ;fdfGo ?kdf b]vf
k/]sf] ;+:yut ljjfbsf] cGTo ePsf] lyof] . ca cufl8sf lbgx?df sf7df8f}+df a;f]af; ug]{ aGw'x?sf nflu
Ps gof“ sfo{ yfngL ug]{ r'gf}lt klg lyof] . o; >[ª\vnfsf] cGTokZrft sf7df8f}+ pkTosf ljz]if tby{
;ldltsf] klxnf] sfd eg]sf] gof“ sfo{;ldlt agfpg' lyof] . @)%$÷(÷@^ ut] cf/\=cf/\ SofDk;df pkTosfdf
a;f]af; ug]{ aGw'x?sf] j[xt e]nfn] & ;b:ooL sfo{;ldlt / @ hgf yk ;Nnfxsf/sf] rog u/]sf] lyof] .
pQm ;ldltsf] cWoIf nIdL k|;fO{ -lgZrn_, tfK]h'Ë, pkfWoIf u0f]z k|;fO{ ;nf{xL, ;rlj gf/fo0f k|;fO{
/fd]5fk, ;x–;lrj gljg k|;fO{ tfKn]h'Ë, sf]iffWoIf ab|L k|;fO{ emfkf, ;b:ox?df vu]Gb| k|;fO{ tfKn]h'Ë, /
o1/fh k|;fO{ tfKn]h'Ë, ;Nnfxsf/x?df gGbs'df/ k|;fO{/ eLid k|;fO{nfO{ rog u/]sf] lyof] .
o;/L kl/jf/ cGo ju{ ;d'bfo ,;dfh / /fi6«sf] ;]jfsf] lglDt btf{ ePsf] ;]jfd"ns ;+:yf / ;+:yfdf
sfd ug]{ ;b:ox/?sf nflu ;'Goaf6 p7\g / cuf8L sfd ug{ lgs} r'gf}ltk"0f{ lyof] . ;j{k|yd sf7df8f}+
pkTosfdf cfO{ a;f]af; ug]{ k|;fO{ kl/jf/sf ;b:ox? s] slt 5g\ < s'g cj:yfdf 5g\ < kl/jf/ ;+Vof slt
5g\ < kl/jf/–kl/jf/ aLrdf cfPsf hl6n ;d:ofx? s] s] 5g\ < oL ;a}sf] /]s8{ lng'lyof] . ;f]xL d'tflas
;b:otf agfpg] sfd ;ldltsf] klxnf] sfo{ x'g uof] . o;sf cltl/Qm xfdL aGw'x?sf] aLrdf Pp6f csf]{ 5'§}
;d:of lyof] . j+zj[If kQf nufpg', k'vf{x?n] u/]sf ;fdflhs sfo{sf] ;+/If0f / ;+Dj4{g ug'{,vf]h
cg';Gwfg ug'{, k/Dk/fut s'n wd{ ;+:s[ltsf] /Iff ug'{ kfl/jfl/s ;+:yfut ?kn] Ps eO{ cGo ju{
;fd'bfo / /fi6«sf] ;]jf ug'{ o:tf w]/} r'gf}ltx?sf] ;fdgf ub}{ sf7df8f}+ pkTosf ljz]if ;ldltn] @)%$
;fnb]lv xfn;Dd k|To]s aif{ /Qmbfg sfo{qmdsf] cfof]hgf u/L ;]jf k'¥ofp“b} cfPsf] 5 eg] An8 8f]g;{
P;f]l;o;gsf] ;b:otf ;d]t k|fKt u/]sf] 5 . ;fy} @)%% ;fnsf] dxflzj/fqLsf] kfjg pknIodf
kmfNu'g !!, !@ / !# ut] lgz'Ns :jf:yo lzlj/ ;+rfng u/L $)) eGbf a9L eQmhgx?nfO{ :jf:Yo
pkrf/ / lgz'Ns cf}iflw ljt/0f ;d]t ul/Psf] lyof] . pQm sfo{df 8f= leid/fh k|;fO{, 8f= df]xg
k|;fO{, 8f= 8'h'k k|;fO{, 8f= lu;'k k|;fO{, 8f= /]g' k|;fO{, 8f= lb3{/fh k|;fO{ -cWoog/t_ lrlsT;ssf]
23

?kdf ljz]if ;xof]u k'¥ofg'ePsf] lyof] eg] kl/jf/sf] lrlsT;ssf] ?kdf x]dlGtsf k|;fO{, sNkgf
k|;fO{, uf}/f k|;fO{, ld/f k|;fO{ / ;+lutf k|;fO{n] ;xof]u k'¥ofg'ePsf] x'“bf pxf“x?nfO{ / @)%$ / @)%%
;fndf /Qmbfg ug]{ /Qmbftfx?nfO{ ljz]if ;]jf u/]jfkt sf7df8f}+ pkTosf ljz]if ;ldltn] ;fdflhs
sfo{df nfUg] aGw' tyf cGo ldqx?nfO{ k|]/0ff lbg] sfdsf] ;'qkft u/]sf] lyof] . o;}u/L sf7df8f}+
pkTosf ljz]if ;ldltn] @)%* ;fnsf] aflif{s Sofn]G8/ k|sfl;t u/L ;a} aGw'x?aLrdf k'¥ofpg] sfd
;d]t u/]sf] lyof] .
pQm ldlt @)%%÷!@÷^ ut]sf] -blIf0fsfnL_ a[xt e]nfn] k'gM sf7df8f}+ pktosf ljz]if
;fldltsf] lj36g u/L nIdL k|;fO{ -lgZrn_ sf] cWoIftfdf !# ;b:oLo gof“ sfo{;ldlt u7g ul/Psf]
/ xfn;Dd pQm sfo{;ldltn] g} sfd ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . sf7df8f}+ pkTosf ljz]if ;ldltn] k|/Deb]lv g}
ultlzn ?kdf sfd ub}{ cfPsf] 5 . j+zj[If kQf nufpg emfkf s]lGb|o ;+rfns ;ldlt sf7df8f}+
pkTosf ljz]if ;ldlt / ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldlt ;d]tsf] @)%%÷!@÷^ ut]sf] -blIf0fsfnL_ ;+o'Qm e]nfn]
klxnf] sfd j+zj[If vf]h cg';Gwfg u/L ;a} aGw'x?sf] aLrdf Nofpg], k|sfzg ubf{ h] hlt nfUg]
;Dk"0f{ vr{ sf7df8f}+ pkTosf ljz]if ;ldltn] Joxf]g]{ egL dxTjk"0f{ lg0f{o u/L j+zj[If pk;ldlt ;d]t
u7g u/L pQm ;ldltsf] ljz]if kxndf j+zj[If tof/ kfg]{ sfo{ ul/of] . ljz]if ?kdf j+zj[If pk
;ldltsf ;+of]hs vu]Gb| k|;fO{,;lrj pkdl0f k|;fO{, g;'x k|;fO{ -s'df/ afa'_ sf]dn k|;fO{, 8LNnL
k|;fO{,wd{/fh k|;fO{, tlUb//fh k|;fO{ / ;Dk"0f{ k|;fO{ aGw'x?n] cf–cfÎgf] If]qaf6 lbPsf] of]ubfg
pNn]vlgo /x]sf] 5 . vu]Gb| k|;fO{ / pkdl0f k|;fOsf] Jofks ;lqmotf nugzLntf / d]xgtnfO{ xfdL
;Dk"0f{ aGw'x?n] x[boaf6 g} :jLsf/ u/L xfd|f cu|h k'vf{ zfl08No Clif;“u xfd|f] j+zj[If hf]8\g] sfddf
c? ;lqmo eO{ ;Dk"0f{ aGw'x?sf] dgf]sf+Iff k'/f ug{ cfufld lbgdf klg pxf“x?sf] e"ldsf dxTjk"0f{
x'g]5 eGg] s'/fdf b'O{dt 5}g . ;'?sf lbgb]lv g} j+zj[If vf]h cg'[;Gwfg u/L k|sfzg gNofOGh]n;Dd
6«i6df s'g}klg aGw'x?af6 k};f p7fpg] lg0f{o gePsf] x'“bf h] hlt pNn]lvt ultljlw nufot s]lx
aGw'x?nfO{ :jf:Yof]krf/ / cGo sfdsf] nflu cfly{s ;xof]u o; sf7df8f}+ pkTosf ljz]if ;ldltsf
;b:ox?af6 g} JolStut ?kn] ;+sng u/L ljz]if ;xof]u k'¥ofp“b} cfPsf] 5 . cfly{s sl7gfO{sf
sf/0fn] ;d]t j+zj[If vf]h cg';Gwfg sfo{df s]xL ;do l9nf x'g uPtfklg ;Dk"0f{ k|;fO{ aGw'x?s}
;xof]uaf6 g} of] ;Dej ePsf]n] j+zj[If pk;ldltn] cfÎgf] sfo{nfO{ aGw'x? ;dIf Nofpg ;kmn
ePsf] xf] .
xfldn] k|;fO{ kfl/jfl/s 6«i6 -sNof0f_ sf]ifnfO{ Pstfj4 ?kdf cuf8L a9fpg g;s]df 6«i6
pb]Zoljlxg aGg hfG5 . t;y{ 6«i6nfO{ pb]Zoljlxg x'gaf6 arfpg / nIo k|flKtsf] dfu{df cuf8L
a9fpg ;du| k|;fO{ kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?sf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xg] ePsf] x'“bf 6«i6k|lt k|lta4 /xL cuf8L
a9\g ;s]df xfd|f k'vf{x?n] 5f]8]/ uPsf ofubfgx?sf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ug{ xfdL ;IFd x'g]5f}+ . xfd|f]
nIo k|flKtsf] nflu xfld :jfy{ /lxt eO{ xfd|f] ;]jf / ;dk{0fnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbO/xf}+ . of] g} xfd|f] k/d
st{Jo xf] .
cGTodf gjaif{ @)%* ;fnsf] z'esfdgf ;lxt j+zj[If k|sfzg ug{sf] nflu cfly{s ;xof]u
k'¥ofpg'x'g] aGw'x? tyf j+zj[If vf]h cg';Gwfg / k|sfzg ubf{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ;Dk"0f{ aGw' ;fy} cGo
ldqx?nfO{ sf7df8f}+ pkTosfsf ljz]if ;ldltsf] ;fy}, d]/f] JolStut tkm{af6 ;d]t xflb{s wGojfb
1fkg u{b{5' .
wGojfb †
nIdL k|;fO{ -lgZrn_
24

k|;fO{x?sf ;+:sf/ / k/Dk/f
-cWoIf_
k|;fO{ kfl/jfl/s 6«i6 -sNof0f sf]if_
sf7df8f}+ pkTosf ljz]if ;ldlt
dflg;n] slxn]b]lv k'hf / alnsf] k|f/De u¥of] ls6fg;fy eGg ;lsg] cj:yf 5}g . t/ k'hf /
aln cfh blIf0f Pl;ofsf] of] e'ufudf dfgjLo lhjgsf] cleGg c+s ag]sf] 5 . dfgj hfltsf]
Oltxf;nfO{ cWoog ubf{ k'hf / alnsf] cfv]6 o'udf ;'? ePsf] cg'dfg;D dug{ ;lsG5 . dflg;
k|fs[lts ?kn] g} le? :jefjsf] x'G5 . cfÎgf] k|f/lDes sfndf dflg; h+undf a:bYof] . p;sf] lgjf;
eg]sf] u'ef / sGb/f g} lyof] . 1fg lj1fgsf] lasf; geO;s]sf] cj:yf x'“bf ltgtfsf dflg;n] 7"nf–
7"nf k|fs[lts ljkbfsf] ;fdgf ug'{ kb{Yof] . cfkm"eGbf zlQmzfln;+u gtd:ts x'g] dfgj k|j[lt ePsf]
x'“bf / k|fs[lts cfkm" ;Dk"0f[ ?kn] lge{/ x'g'kg]{ sf/0fn] k|s[ltsf] ;Defljt ljkbfaf6 aRg p;n]
k|s[ltnfO{ v';L kfg{ k'hf / alnsf] k|yf{ ;'qkft u¥of] eGbf km/s gknf{ .
cfh dfgj hflt 1fg lj1fgsf] pT;u{sf] of] sfnv08df cfOk'u[/ klg cfÎgf] le?tfnfO{
lg8/tfdf kl/0ft ug{ ;s]sf] 5}g . 1fg lj1fgsf] of] o'udf o;n] cfÎgf] k|flr ;+:sf/ / k/Dk/fnfO{
cfTd;fy u/]s} 5 . cfv]6 o'udf x'“bf o k|s[ltsf] dfq k'hf ub{Yof] , aln r9fp“Yof] . 1fg / lj1fgsf]
kl/k"0f{ ePsf] cfhsf] dflg;n] olt w]/} b]lj b]jtfsf] k"hf cf/wgf ub{5, pgLx?nfO{ aln r9fp“5
To;sf] s'g} ;Ldf 5}g . dfjg hlt cfv]6 o'ub]lv g} 3'dGt] rl/qsf] x'“bf Ps 7fp“ b]vL csf]{ 7fp“df
a;fO{ ;g]{ qmddf gof“ kl/j]zdf k|j]z u/]kl5 p;n] cfÎgf] cf/Wo b]jtfsf] z[ª\vnf gof“–gof“ gfd yKb}
uof] olx qmddf p;n] k'hf / alnsf] ljlwdf klg gof“ cfofd yKg] sfd u¥of] . log} ;+:s[lt /
k/Dk/sf] j[Qdf k|;fO{x?n] ug]{ s'n k"hf, aln k"hf cflbnfO{ x]g'{kg]{ x'G5 . slt k"hf / wfld{s
;+:sf/x? kf/dfly{s lhjgnfO{ x]/]/ klg ul/G5 . t/ oxf“ of] n]vfdf kf/dfly{s ≈j}g ls n}lss
hLjgnfO{ k|efj kfg]{ k'hf / anLsf] pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . k|;fO{x?n] slxn]b]lv s;/L s'n k'hfsf]
k/Dk/fnfO{ c+ufn] olsg ;fy eGg ;lsb}g . t/klg zflG9No uf]qL k|;fO{x?df cfÎgf] s'n b]jtf sfnL
uf]l/n / led;]gnfO{ k'hf ug]{ / aln lbg] kyf{ rln cfPsf] 5 . k|;fO{x?sf k'vf{ uf]/vf /fHodf /x“bf
uf]/vsfnL eg]/ cfÎgf] s'n b]jtfnfO{ sfnL uf]/Ln eGg yfn] . oLg} sfnL uf]l/n k|;fO{x?sf s'n b]jtf
x'g\ .
kj{tdf s'n b]jtfsf] k'hfsf] k|f/De
kj{tdf k|;fO{x?sf] 7"nf] a:tL 5 . Toxf“ pgLx?n] cfÎgf] s'n b]jtfsf] k'hfsf] k/Dk/fnfO{
oyfjt /fv]s} 5g\ . zlzw/n] afh'ªsf] latf{ kfPkl5 sf]t3/ :yfkgf u/L To;}df s'nfog :yfg agfO{
df}nf] klg ToxL /fvL lgzfg rnfpg] u/] . /f3'sf ;do;Dd s'n b]jtfsf] k'hf ubf{ uf]l/n -s'nfog
b]jtf_ nfO{ z\4 ;]tf] af]sf] / eLd;]gnfO{ e]8f] of /f“uf] anL lbO{ k+raln ul/GYof] .
/f3's} lhjgsfndf s'n b]jtfsf] k'hf ubf{ Pp6F cgf}7f] 36gf 36\g uPsf] x'“bf To;a]nf b]lv
s'n b]jtfsf] k/Dk/fut k'hfsf] rng g} km]l/of] . /f3' s'n b]jtfnfO{ aln lbg] ;dodf la/fdL k/]sf
25

sf/0fn] s'nnfO{ aln lbg csf{nfO{ nufp“bf p;n] c1fgtfa; s'nfogsf] v8\sn] af]sfsf] aln lbg
vf]Hbf af]sfsf] ub{gdf v8\s k'Ug'eGbf klxNo} s'\nfogsf] v8\sf] aLrdf r'l8P/ k'/fgf] b/af/sf] 5]pg]/
v;]sf] x'“bf ;f] v8\sf] 6'qmf] lng Pshgf u'?Ë hftsf] dfG5] uP5g\ . pgn] pQm v8\ssf] 6'qmf]nfO{ 5'g]
lalQs} y// sfld tTsfn d[To' eP5 . o;n] ubf{ ;f] 6'qmfnfO{ s;}n] g5f]O{ 3]/fxfnL ;f] 7fp“nfO{
cBFjlt ;'/lIft /flvPsf] 5 . km]b eg] s'n b]jtfsf] yfgd g} /x\of] . To;}a]nf /f3'sf gflt zlzw/sf
sfO{“nf 5f]/fsf zl//df s'n r9L ca pk|fGt dnfO{ aln glbg' z'4 b'w r9fpg' eg]sf] x'“bf
To;a]nfb]lv kj{tdf s'n b]jtfnfO{ z'4 b'3 r9fpg] / sfnL / eLdz]gnfO{ k/Dk/fut ?kd} aln lbg]
rng 5 . To:t} k|sf/n] nf]xf;'/ kf/;uf]qL lzjIf]qLaf6 pTklt eP/ xfd|f] s'nsf] /Iff ul/ a;]sf
vf“8f]nfO{ ;d]t lgv'lg ufO{sf] b'3 r9fpg' eg]sf x'“bf b]jtfsf] :yfgdf /fv]sf] c3{ v8\snfO{ klg b'w
r9fpg] rng oyfjt 5 . zlzw/sf sfO“nf 5f]/fsf] z/L/df s'n b]jtf cfPsf sf/0fn] pgsf gfd g}
s'nklt /xg uof] . s'n k'hfsf] csf]{ k/Dk/f klg s] /x]5 eg] k'hfsf] cleef/f lnO{ a;]sf] d'Vo
dflg; k'hfsf] ;dodf b]z, k/b]z hfg'k/]df pgn] s'n b]jtfsf] k'hf ug{ s;}nfO{ k|ltlglw agfpg] /
;f]xL k|ltlglwaf6 k"hf ;DkGg x'g] /x]5 . To:t} s'n k'hf ug]{ JolStsf] 3/df hGd ;'ts k/]df pgn]
c¥xfPsf] JolStn] k"hf ;+rfng ug]{ / pgsf] 3/sf] k'hf ;fdfu|L klg grNbf] /x]5 . o;/L z'4 ?kdf
s'n b]jtfsf] k'hf kj{tdf ul/bf] /x]5 .
k/sjf; -d'uL6f/_ df s'n b]jtfsf] k'hfdf ;dofg's'n kl/jt{g cfPsf] 5 . klxn] k|To]s 3/n]
a8fbz}+df sfnL / led;]gnfO{ aln lbOcfPsf]df xfn e]6Lkflt hDdf u/L ;fd'lxs ?kn] k'hf ug]{ rng
/x]5 . 3/sf] aLr cf“ugdf df}nf] /fVg], r}t] bz}df ci6hfd o1 u/L gjdLsf] lbg /fqLdf sfnLnfO{
sfnf] af]sf] aln lbg], s'n b]jtfsf] -uf]l/n_ nfO{ ;]tf] af]sf] / eLd;]gnfO{ xf“; of e]8f] lbg] rng 5 .
h]7f] 5f]/f hGd“bf of 5f]/fx?sf] ljjfx x'“bf s'n b]jtfsf] a8fefu lbg] k|;fO{x?df cBfjlw rng 5 .
klxnf s'n b]jtfsf] k"hf k/Dk/fut ?kdf h;sf] 3/df ul/cfPsf] 5, p;}sf] 3/df x'GYof] eg] clxn]
d'“uL6f/df a:tL eGbf dfly 8f“8fdf s'n dlGb/ agfO{ k"hf ug]{ rng rn]sf] 5 . df}nf]nfO{ @)!@
;fnkl5 k|;fO{ aGw'x?sf] / u'7Lof/ ;d]taf6 e]l6kftL hDdf u/L sf]/L k'hf / alnsf] k"hf ug]{ rng
rnfPsf] 5 .
o:t} k|sf/n] k"j{ hfg] aGw'x?n] klg j8fbz}df s'n b]jtfsf] Ps} 7fp“df e]nf eP/ k"hf ug]{ rng lyof]
. t/ of] k/Dk/f cfh vl08t ePsf] 5 . k"j{df k|;fO{ aGw'x?sf] a:tL 5l/P/ /x]sf] x'“bf klg ;DejtM
of] k|yf ljsl;t eof] . cfh k|To]s a:tLsf] s'g} 3/df s'n b]jtfsf] :yfkgf ul/G5 . ToxL s'n k'hfsf]
nflu af]sf]x? lnP/ aGw'x? hfG5g\ . s;}–s;}n] e]6kflt k7fP/ cfÎgf] k/Dk/f k'/f u5{g\ . k"j{df e'iffn
y/sf bdfO{x? s'n k'hfsf] lbg uP/ afhf ahfp“5g\ . ltlgx?nfO{ s'n k"hfsf] k|;fb klg lbg] rng
/x]sf] 5 . o;/L s'n b]jtfsf] k"hf ug]{ k/Dk/f oyfjt sfod /lx cfPsf] 5 .
uf]7w"k
cfv]6 o'usf] ;dflKtkl5 s[lif o'udf dfgj hfltn] k|j]z u/]kl5 p;sf /xg–;xg, vfgkfg
;d]tdf qmflGtsf/L kl/jt{g cfof] . ca s]lx 8]lunf] eP/ a:g yfNof] . p;nfO{ cfv]6 o'usf] h:tf]
vfB ;fdfu|Lsf nflu ef}tfl//xg' k/]g . p;n] s[lif o'udf cfPkl5 cfÎgf ;fyL / ;xof]uLsf] ?kdf s]lx
hgfj/x?nfO{ 3/]n' agfof] . To;df d'VotM ufO{, uf]?, 3f]8f, s's'/, la/fnf] cflb lyP . logLx?af6
p;n] v]ltsf] sfd, oftfoftsf] ;fwgsf] ?kdf / 3/sf] /Iffsf] lglDt k|of]u ug{ yfNof] . oL
hgfj/x?df klg dxTjk"0f{ hgfj/ lyof] . ufO{af6 b'w k|fKt ub{Yof] eg] uf]?nfO{ p hldg hf]Tg] sfddf
k|of]u ub{Yof] . x'gt 3f]8fnfO{ klg hldg hf]Tg] sfddf k|of]u ul/GYof] t/ klg uf]?sf] t'ngfdf 3f]8f
26

cfp“b}gYof] . To;a]nfsf] ljleGg wgx?dWo] kz'wgn] klg dxTjk"0f{ 7fp“ cf]u6]sf] lyof] . To;}sf/0f
kz'wgsf] ;d'lrt ;'/Iffsf] lglDt dflg; ;w} lrlGtt /xGYof] . dflg;n] kz'nfO{ afXo ljkbfaf6
arfpg cg]s k4ltsf] ljsf; u¥of] . ltg} k4ltx?dWo] uf]7w"k k4lt klg Ps xf] . of] uf]7w"ksf]
k|rng slxn]b]lv ;'? eof] lglZrt ?kn] eGg ;lsg] cj:yf 5}g . t/klg uf]7w"k k/Dk/fut ?kdf
clxn] ljBdfg 5 . clxn] klxn]sf] h:tf] cj:yf eg] lglZrt ?kdf 5}g . dfgj ;d"xsf x/]s y/ /
uf]qLx?n] cfÎgf] k/Dk/f cg';f/ s;}n] lbjfnL, uf]7w"k ug]{ ub{5g\ . k|;fO{x?n] klg cfÎgf] kz'wgsf]
j[l4 / ;'\/Iffsf] lglDt k|To]s aif{ r08L k"l0f{dfsf] lbg aGw'x?sf] 3/ emf/f u/]/ ;a}nfO{ cfÎgf] uf]7sf]
b"w / e]6Lkflt ;lxt tf]lsPsf] uf]7 rf]sdf e]nf x'g] plb{ ul/G5 . ;f] pbL{nfO{ ;a}n] ;xif{ :jLsf/
ul/ cfÎgf] uf]7sf] w"k / e]6Lkflt ;lxt glhs} 5 eg] kl/jf/ ;d]t lnP/ tf]lsPsf] 7fp“df ;a} e]nf
x'G5g\ . uf]73w"kdf uf]7sf b]jtf uf]l/n uf];fO“, dxf?b| / u}8“' uf];fO“nfO{ / cfÎgf Oi6 b]jtf -sfnL
led;]g_ ;d]tsf] sf]/L k"hf ul/G5 . of] uf]7w"k k'hfdf d]jf, ldi7fGgsf cltl/Qm b"wsf] lv/ agfO{
r9fOG5 ;fy} lv/ k|;fbsf] ?kdf 3/–3/df k7fOG5 . o;/L uf]7w"k ugf{n] ufO{ j:t' :j:yjw{s /xg]
uf}wg a9\g] cflb ck]Iff ul/G5 . o;/L aif{df PskN6 uf]7w"k ul/G5 .
k|;fO{x?sf] j}jflxs k/Dk/f
ljjfx dfgj hfltsf] k|d's sfo{ xf] . ljjfxn] ;Gtfgsf] j[l4 dfq xf]Og s'n k/Dk/f /
;+:sf/nfO{ ;d]t hLjGt /fVb5 . ljjfxsf cg]s /Lltl:ylt 5g\ . s;}n] ljjfxdf b"wdfq af5{g . of]
k|yf d'l:nd ;Dk|bfodf 5 . s'g} s'g} hflt y/x?df dfdf r]nL km'k' r]nfsf aLrdf klg ljjfx ug]{
rng 5 . k|;fO{x?df cfÎg} s'n s'6'Dadf ljjfx ug]{ rng lyof] . olb s;}n] cfÎgf] hft eGbf tNnf]
hftsf] s]6L ljjfx u/]df o;nfO{ k|;fO{ y/ n]Vg af6 ;d]t al~rt ul/GYof] . To:tf] JolStn]
dl/d/fpsf] !) cf}+ lbgsf] sfo{df ;d]t ;xeflu x'g kfp“b}gYof] . t/ Tof] k|yf cfh sl/a sl/a ;dfKt
e};s]sf] 5 .
klxnf k|;fO{x?sf] cfÎgf s'6'Dax?;“u dfq j}jflxs ;DaGw sfod ug]{ k|rng lyof] . tL
s'6'Dax?df d}gfnL, pk|]tL, v/]n, lzjfsf]6L, kf7s, s8l/of, e]6jfn, yklnof / ;]9fO{ lyP . Pp6}
s'6'Dadf ^ lk+9L km/s ePkl5 ljjfx ug]{ k|rng ePsf] x'“bf dfly pNn]lvt ePsf s'6'Dax?sf] 3/df /
k|;fO{x?s} 3/df ;d]t ;f;' / a'xf/L Pp6} kl/jf/af6 ljjflxt eP/ cfp“by] . t/ ca of] k/Ddk/fnfO{
lj:tf/} 5f]8\b} nu]sf 5g\ . k|;fO{x?sf] s'nb]jtf / d}gfnLx?sf] s'n b]jtf ldNg] ePsf] x'“bf d}gfnLx?
k|;fO{x?sf] lglDt s'n s'6'Da dflgG5g eg] cGo y/x? s'6'Da dfq dfGg] rng /xL cfPsf] 5 . dfly
pNn]v ePsf k/Dk/fx? k"j{hfg] k|;fO{x?n] s'n s'6'Dasf] 3]/fnfO{ tf]8L cGo hft / y/x?;“u j}jflxs
;DaGw sfod u/L pbf/ larf/nfO{ c+ufn]sf] 5 . jt{dfgdf cem cGt{hflto ljjfxnfO{ k|rngdf NofO{
j;'w}j s'6'Dasd\ eGG] ljZj aGw'Tjsf] efjgfnfO{ d'vl/t u/]sf] kfOG5 .
k|;fO{ kfl/jfl/s 6«i6 -sNof0fsf]if_
s]lGb|o ;ldlt emfkf, ;'?Ëf .
27

gd{b]Zj/
uf]/vf /fHonfO{ kl/Tofu u/L dNn /fHo l;Gw'nLsf] emf“ufemf]nLdf cfO{ gGbd'gL k|;fO{ a;f]af; ug{
yfn] efis/ dNnkl5 /fhf ag]sf sflGtk'/sf /fhf huHho dNn;“u ?= !@^) df d'“lu6f/ lsg]kl5
gGgd'gLsf] kl/jf/ d'“lu6f/df a;f]af; ug{ yfNof] . d'“lu6f/ lsgfOn] ubf{ gGgbd'gL k|;fO{sf] dNn
b/jf/;+u /fd|f] ;DaGw sfod eof] . gGgd'gL k|;fO{ d'“lu6f/ cfPktl5 :gfg, Wofg, hktsf] csf]{
tfdfsf]lz / ;'gsf]zLsf lqj]0fL -r'N7L_ nfO{ agfP . ToxL glhsdf s'n b]jtfsf] :yfg ;d]t agfO{
;f“em laxfg r'N7L cfO{ :gfg u/L k'hf ug]{ x'“bf gGgd'gL k|;fO{ Pslbg ;f]xLadf]lhd k"hfcfhf ul//x]sf]
avt aiff{ofd ePsf] x'“bf ;'gsf]zLaf6 crfgs af9L cfO{, lzjlnË / s'nb]jtf /x]sf] dlGb/ ;d]t
cfkm"nfO{ aufpg nfUbf glhs 3f6df a;]sf u}8] dfemLn] b]lv arfp eg]sf] cfjfh ;'gL gbLdf xfd
kmfnL To;df To;df /x]sf lzjlnË s'nb]jtf 6f]kLdf /fvL d'vn] RofkL gGg d'gLnfO{ lk7\o'df af]sL
otf lgSnbf“ af9L al9/x]sf] x'“bf kf/Lkl§ lgSnL af9L zfGt gePsf] x'“bf ToxL /ft ljtfpg afWo eP .
o;/L ;w}em}+ k"hf ;s]kl5 uf}/L z+s/sf] cfjfh ;'Gg] u/]sf] ;do laTbf klg z+vsf] cfjfh gcfp“bf
vf]h tnf;sf] lbzfdf cfkmGt kl/jf/x? af9Lsf] rk]6fdf k/]sf] b]lv vf]h tnf;sf] bf}8w'k gGbd'gLn]
b]v]kl5 cfÎgf] xftdf /x]sf] uf}/z+v ahfO{ cfkm" lhljt ePsf] ;+s]t lbPsf lyP . ef]nL bf];|f] lbg
laxfg af9L zfGt ePkl5 cl3Nnf] lbgh:t} ul/ lk7\o'df af]sL r'N7L eGbf s]xL dfly y'Ds] 8f“8fdf
cfÎgf kl/jf/ l5d]sLx? cfO{ a;]sf 7fp“df k'uL la;fP . o;} cj:yfdf gGgd'gL k|;fO{n] d]/f Oi6b]j
s'nfog d]/f] ;d]t /Iff u/]sf] x'“bf lognfO{ Oi6gu/rLsf] ?kdf k"hf ug]{ rng sfod ug]{5g\ elg u}+8'
dfemLsf] ;Ddfg u/]5g\ .
tn lqj]0fLdf dlGb/ agfp“bf aif]{lkR5] cfPsf] af9Ln] b'Mv lbg] x'“bf lqj]0fL eGbf %)) lkm6
dfly y'DsL 8f“8f hxf“ cfkmGtx?;“u e]8 ePsf] :yfgdf k"vf{x? cfp“bf g/dbfb]vL NofPsf] gd]{b]Zj/
lzjlnËsf] :yfkgf u/L s]lx ;dosf] nflu s'nfogsf] :yfg klg u/]sf lyP / kl5 k/sjf; ljtf{
kfPsf] x'“bf s'nfog yfg k/sjf; d} /x\of] . r'N7Ldfly y'Dsfdf ag]sf] gd{b]Zj/sf] dlGb/ /fd]5fk /
l;Gw'nLsf] k|d'v :ynsf] ?kdf ljsl;t ePsf] 5 . dNnsfnLg /fhfx?nfO{ lalGtkq n]lv dlGb/df ufO{
/ k"hf/Lx? a:gsf] nflu glhssf] vf]l/ofaf/L u'7Lsf] ;d]t Joj:yf u/]sf lyP . o;sf] cf;kf;df
wd{;fnf, uf}zfnf ;d]t lgdf{0f u/]sf lyP . oxf“ afnfrt'b{zL, dxflzj/fqL, hg}k"l0f{df h:tf dxTjk"0f{
rf8{df d]nf ;d]t nfUg] eof] . kl5 gGgd'gLsf 5f]/f >Ls[i0f k|;fO{n] o;} 7fp“df lty{ofqL hfg /
cfpgsf nflu ;'ljwf xf];\ elg Pp6f lemu6Lsf] 5fgf nufP/ 7"nf] wd{zfnfsf] lgdf{0f u/fOlbPsf lyP
. oxf“ r9fOPsf ufO{x? gd{b]Zj/sf x'g] / ufO{ / b'w lalqm ug{ gkfpg] rng 5 . s]lx ;do sfnkl5
7"nf] dxfdfl/sf] ?kdf ck"jL{ -dfOsf]_ k|sf]kn] Hofb} dflg;x?sf] csfndf d[To' eof] / kz'{/fdsf 5f]/f
cltansf ;Gtfg k"j{lt/ nfu]sf x'“bf pgx?n] rlrPsf hUuf / ck'tflndf k/]sf hUufx?
s'ltof/x?nfO{ lbO{ p7]sf] s'n gd{b]Zj/df hfg] u/]sf] lyof] . kl5 o;/L dxf“ hf“r cfp“bf s'l6of/x?n]
ljjfb u/L s]lx hUuf dfq u'7Ldf /xg uPsf] x'“bf !$ 3/] v]taf6 &) d'/L s't c;'Ng] u/L u'7L sfod
ePsf] 5 . o; afx]s kz'{/fdsf] c+z k/]sf] l/]jf/L lghsf ;Gtfg k"j{ uPkl5 s'ltof/x?nfO{
28

hg}k"l0f{dfsf] lbg Ps d'/L bxL / &@ sfO“of s]/f lqj]0fL r'N7Ldf nlu a'emfpg] k|yf a;fOof] . o;/L
dfly pNn]lvt hUufx? gd{b]Zj/ u'7Ldf /x]kl5 klg s'ltof/x?n] ljjfb ug{ /f]Ssf ug{ >L % df lalGt
r9fp“bf ;f] ;DaGwdf 5fgljg ug]{ ;'Aaf bz/y vqL vl6O pgn] !*%# ;fn sflt{s alw $ /f]hdf
j]gL dxfb]jsf gfddf cl3 b]lv kSsf u'7L u/L aSofsf] /x]5 cfh klg a'‰bf kSsf /x]5 lxhf] lbof
adf]lhd kmf]Olbg' ;'Aaf bz/y sZokq ul/lbPkl5 cfh;Dd ljfjb g/xL oyfjt\ /xg] Joj:yf sfod
5 . dfly pNn]lvt ePsf] l/]jf/Lsf] s'ltof/af6 lqj]0fLdf k'¥ofPsf] Psd'/L blx &@ sfO“of s]/f dWo]
aL; dfgf blx !@ sfO“of s]/f r'N7Ldf r9fO{ af“ls /x]sf] bxL s]/f cfÎgf k'/f]lxt HjfO{ eflgh ;d]t
/fvL kmnfxf/sf] ?kdf hg}k"l0f{dfsf] lbg vfg] rng cBfjlw 5 .
o;} :yfgdf s]lx ;dokl5 k|;fO{x?sL Ps ljBjf r]nLn] afnf rt'b{zLsf lbg lvr8L agfO{
;lTjp“ 5g{ cfpg] eQmhgx?nfO{ v'jfpg] rng a;fn]sL /lx5g\ . cfh;Dd klg oyfzlQm ljBjf
r]nLx?n] To;/L lvr8L agfO{ v'jfpg] rng 5b}+5 .
:j= ;'j]bf/ rGb|k|;fb k|;fO{n] u'7Lsf] pNn]v ub}{ o;f] eGg'ePsf] 5 M– æ of] gd{b]Zj/ u'7Ldf
k"j{ hfg] bfh'efO{x?sf] c+z efu k/]sf] x'“bf O{Zj/sf] cg'sDkfn] k"j{ hfg] bfh'efO{x? af7f, ljåfg /
P]Zjo{o'Qm 5g\ . xfld oxf“ a;]sf]n] klg ;f]xL u'7Laf6 o1, k'/f0f, ;Gt, dfxfTdf cgfy 5f]/f /
5f]/Lx?sf] ;]jf ub}{} cfPsf 5f}+ .
gd{b]Zj/ dxfb]jsf] dlGb/ lqj]0fL -r'N7L_ eGbf %)) lkm6 dfly /x]sf] x'“bf ;+ufdf cfO{ :yfg
u/L hn38f af]sL gd{b]Zj/ lzjlnËnfO{ r9fO{ k"hf cr{gf ug{nfO{ ljs6 7fp“ ePsf] x'“bf gGbd'gL
k|;fO{n] lqj]0fLaf6 dlGb/df hfg af6f] agfPsf lyP . ;f]xL af6f]nfO{ gGbd'gLsf gflt /fdrGb| k|;fO{n]
;a} aGw'x?sf] 3/ emf/faf6 9'Ëfsf] l;+8L agfO{ cfjt hfjtnfO{ ;lhnf] agfOlbP . cfh;Dd tfdfsf]lz
/ ;'gsf]lzsf] of] kljq :yndf cjl:yt gd{b]Zj/ dxfb]jsf] of] dlGb/n] gGbd'gLsf] ufyfnfO{ hLjGt
/fv]sf] 5 eGbf cTo'lQm gxf]nf
ljleGg ;|f]t / vf]haf6_
k|;fO{ kfl/jfl/s 6«i6 -sNof0f sf]if
s]Gb|Lo ;ldlt ;'?Ëf, emfkf .
29

xfd|f wfld{s ;+:sf/x?df kfl/jfl/s P]Soa4tfsf] cfjZostf
k[i7e"ldM
xfd|f] wfld{s u|Gycg';f/ ha dfgj hfltsf] ;[li6 eof], dfgj ;[li6;“u} p;n] ug]{ ;+:sf/sf]
klg qmlds ?kdf ljsf; x'“b} cfof] . wfld{s ;+:sf/lagfsf] dfgj lhjg cw'/f] / cz'4 x'g] s'/f xfd|f]
wd{zf:qdf jl0f{t 5 . xfd|f] wd{zf:qdf CUj]b, oh'j]{b, ;fdj]b / cy{j]b ;d]t rf/ lsl;dsf] j]bnfO{
>'ltsf] ?kdf lnPsf] 5 . oL j]bx?df dflg; hlGdPb]lv d[To';Ddsf] kfl/jfl/s lgod jf/]df JofVof
ul/Psf] 5 . To;}n] s'g} klg wdf{jnDjL, ju{ jf ;fd'bfosf] dflg; lsg gxf];\ p;n] ;gftg k/Dk/f
b]lv rlncfPsf] cfÎgf] wfld{s ;+:sf/nfO{ 5f]8\g ;s]sf] kfO“b}g . cfÎgf] s'nfdf rlncfPsf] wfld{s
;+:sf/, k/Dk/f / dof{bfnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg'sf] d'Vo sf/0f g} wd{ / ;+:sf/ k|ltsf] cf:yf / ljZjf; xf]
.
xfd|f] wfld{s u|Gy lutfsf] klxnf] cWofosf] $) cf}+ Znf]sdf ch'{gn] æs'nIfo k|0fZolGt
s'nwdf{M ;GttfM . wdf]{gi6] s'n s[T:gdwdf]{˜ leejTo"t ..Æ cyf{t s'n gf; ePkl5 cfÎgf] ;gftg s'n
wd{ gf; x'G5 . wd{ gi6 ePkl5 ;Dk"0f{ s'nnfO{ cwd{n] 5f]K5 eg]sf 5g\ . o;/L xfd|f] k/Dk/f wd{s}
cf8df rlncfPsf] 5 / wd{ / ;+:sf/sf] ;lx kfngfn] cfbz{ ;dfhsf] :yfkgf x'G5 . cfbz{ ;dfhsf]
:yfkgf cfbz{ kl/jf/af6 dfq ;Dej x'g] / cfbz{ kl/jf/af6 /fi6«sf] sNof0f x'g] x'“bf wd{nfO{ xfldn]
JolSt, kl/jf/, ;dfh / /fi6«nfO{ dof{lbt / cg'zflzt dfu{df 8f]¥ofpg ;Sg] ;lx dfu{lgb]{zgsf] ?kdf
lnPsf 5f}+ . wd{sf] dxTjsf] af/]df xfd|f] wfld{s u|Gy uLtfsf] rf}+yf] cWofosf] & cf}+ Znf]sdf eujgf
s[i0fn] æobf obf lx wd{:o Unflge{jlt ef/tM . cEo'Tyfgd wd{:o tbfTdfg+ ;'hfDoxd\ ..Æ cyf{t h'g
sfndf wd{sf] xflg x'G5 . cwd{sf] j[l4 x'G5 . To; sfndf wd{sf] /If fug{ cfÎgf] OR5fcg';f/ cjtf/
lnP/ cfp“5' eg]sf 5g\ . o;/L wd{nfO{ ;a} If]qaf6 ;Rrf dfgj lhjgsf] ;xL dfu{ bz{ssf] ?kdf
lng vf]lhPsf] 5 .
g]kfn clw/fHosf] ;+ljwfg @)$& n] k|To]s JolStnfO{ k|rlnt k/Dk/fsf] dof{bfdf /fvL
;gftgb]vL rlncfPsf] cfÎgf] wd{sf] cjnDag / cEof; ug{ :jtGqtf k|bfg ug'{sf] ;fy} k|To]s
;fd'bfonfO{ cfÎgf] efiff, lnlk / ;+:s[ltsf] ;+/If0f / ;+j4{g ug{ kfpg] ;+j}wflgs xs k|bfg u/]sf] 5 .
o;}u/L d'n'sL P]g cbnsf] !-s_ n] s;}n] s;}sf] wfld{s :yn jf wfld{s sfo{df vnn kfg{ s'g} sfo{
ug{ gkfOg[] / u/]df tLg aif{;Dd s}b / tLg xhf/ ?k}+of hl/jfg jf b'j} ;hfo x'g] sfg'gL Joj:yf
u/L k|To]s ju{ / ;fd'bfosf] dflg;nfO{ cfÎgf] wfld{s / ;+:s[lts sfo{sf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4[{g ug]{
:jtGqtf k|bfg u/]sf] 5 . o;/L ;gftgb]vL rlncfPsf] wfld{s / ;f+:s[tls sfo{nfO{ ;+j}wflgs /
sfg"'gL ?kdf g} cfÎgf] OR5fcg';f/ kfng ug{ kfpg] Joj:yf ePsf] 5 . t;y{ xfd|f] wd{, ;+:s[lt /
;gftgb]lv rlncfPsf] k/Dk/fsf] ;+/If0f / ;Dj4{g ug'{ xfd|f] ;+j}wflgs / sfg"gL st{Jo ;d]t x'g
cfp“5 . wd{ / ;+:s[ltsf] kfng ug{ g;s]df JolSt kl/jf/ / ;dfhljlxg x'g uO{ /fi6«nfO{ g} 7"nf] Iflt
x'g hfG5 .
30

;gftgb]lv xfdLn] dfGb} cfPsf wfld{s ;+:sf/x? lgDgadf]l;hd 5g\ M–
ljjfxM xfd|f] lxGb' ;+:sf/x?df ul/g] ljleGg ;+:sf/x?dWo] ljjfxnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ ;+:sf/sf] ?kdf
lnOG5 . xfd|f] wfld{s ;+:sf/ cg';f/ k'?if / :qLaLrsf] ;+of]u g} ljjfx xf] eGg] s'/f xfd|f] wd{zf:qLo
jrgx?n] k|:6 kf/]sf 5g\ . ljjfxsf] k|d'v pb]Zo t[i0ff d]6fpg' xf]Og . nf]sdf j+z cljl5Gg ?kdf
sfod /fVg' xf] egL wd{zf:qdf pNn]v 5 . xfd|f] wd{zf:qn] :qL / k'?ifnfO{ k|s[lt / k'?ifsf] /kdf
lnPsf] 5 . oL b'O{sf] ;+of]uåf/f ef}lts cWoflTds nIo k|fKt x'G5 egL wd{zfnfdf pNn]v ePsf] 5 .
xfd|f] wd{zf:qn] xf8gftfdf ljjfx ug{ k|ltaGw nufPtf klg ;Djt\ !**& ;fneGbf cufl8 h};L
afx'gn] dfdfsf] 5f]/L ljjfx ug]{ k|rng lyof] . ;dosf] kl/jt{g;“u} pQm ;+:sf/sf] lj/f]w ;dfhdf
ePkl5 To:tf unt ;+:sf/df k|ltaGw nufpg tTsfnlg ;dodf ljleGg ;bg, ;jfn / nfndf]x/x?
hf/L ePsf pbfx/0fx? g]kfnL sfg'gsf] Oltxf;df kfOG5 . xfn k|rlnt g]kfn sfg'gn] xf8gftfdf
ljjfx ug{ k"0f{?kdf aGb]h u/]sf] 5 . s;}n] xf8gftfdf ljjfx u/] 5'6\ofOlbg' kg]{ sfg'gL Joj:yf 5
t;y{ xf8gft ljjfx wfld{s / ;fdflhs ?kn] alx:s[t , lgGbgLo / sfg'gL ?kn] b08gLo 5 .
xfd|f] Pp6} kl/jf/leq klg ljjfx ug]{ k|rng leGbfleGb} /x]5 . h:tf] k"j{sf] bfh'efO{df afa'n]
h'g hfltsf] s]6L ljjfx u/]sf] 5 kl5 pgLx?af6 hGdg] 5f]/fn] dfOtL cyf{t s]6fsf] dfjnL / y/
ePsL s]6L;“u ljjfx ug]{ rng 5}g t/ cGo -h:t}M /fd]5fk, ;nf{xL_ lt/sf bfh'efO{x?df s'6'Da
gkfP/ xf] jf klxn] b]lvg} To:t} k/Dk/f rlncfP/ xf]nf afa'n] h'g y/sL -v/]nsL 5f]/L_ s]6L ljjfx
u/]kl5 p;sf] 5f]/fn] -k|;fO{ / v/]nssL 5f]/Laf6 hlGdPsf]_ cfdfs} dfOtLsf] y/ -v/]n_ ePsL
s]6L;“u ljjfx ug]{ k|rng /x]5 . o:tf] ljjfxaf6 ;f;' / a'xf/L Pp6} y/ cyf{t Pp6} uf]qsf x'G5g\ .
o:tf] ljjfxnfO{ ;dfhn] dfGotf lbPkl5 j}1flgs b[li6n] eg] cg'ko'Qm 5 lsgeg] o:tf] ljjfxaf6
j+zf0f'ut /f]ux? ;g]{ ;Defjgf a9L x'G5 . oxL eP/ xf]nf dg':d[ltdf cfdf, afa'sf] & lk9L;Ddsf]
gftfdf ljjfx ug'{ cg'ko'Qm x'G5 egl pNn]v ePsf] 5 . -dg':d[lt #÷& kfl/jfl/s sfg"g 1fOGb|
axfb'/ >]i7_ j}1flgs cg';Gwfgn] klg Tof] tYosf] k'li6 u/]sf] 5 . s'n'sL P]g xf8gftfdf s/0fL ug]{sf]
!) -s_ n] cfÎgf hft jf s'ndf rlncfPsf] rng cg';f/ ljjfx jf s/0fL ug{ x'g] gtf ;DaGwdf
ljjfx jf s/0fL ePsf]df ;hfo x'g] 5}g egL k/Dk/fb]vL ljjfx u/L cfPsf] gftfdf ljjfx ug{ /f]s
nfufPsf] 5}g . tf klg glhssf] gftfdf ljjfx ubf{ j+zf0f'ut ljs[lt a9\g] ;Defjgf x'g] x'“bf o:tf]
ljjfxnfO{ qmdzM x6fp“b} n}hfg' g} pko'Qm x'G5 . xfd|f] ;dfhdf cfh ef]nL cGt/hflto ljjfx klg x'g]
u/]sf] 5 . of] ljjfx wfld{s b[li6n] pko'Qm gePtf klg j}1flgs b[li6sf]0fn] pQmd dflgG5 . t;y{
glhssf] gftfdf sfg'gsf] ljkl/t gx'g] u/L ;hflto ljjfx ug'{eGbf cGt/hflto ljjfx ug'{ g} pko'Qm
x'G5 . o; lsl;dsf] ;DaGwaf6 /fli6«o Pstfdf klg k|j4{g x'G5 .
cfzf}rM xfd|f] j+zfjnLdf pNn]v ePadf]lhd clw/fHoe/L h'g;'s} 7fp“df 5l/P/ a;]sf ePklg
xfdL ;Dk"0f{ bfh'efO{ Pp6} k'vf{sf ;Gtfg xf}+ eGg] s'/fdf s'g} ljjfb /x]g . t;y{ hxf“;'s} a;]sf xfd|f]
kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?sf] :ju]{ x'“bf :ju]{ bfh'efO{sf] ;Demgf / >4fsf] nflu xfd|f] wfld{s k/Dk/f adf]lhd
czf}r -h'7f]_ afg'{ k5{ . xfd|f] j+zj[If tof/ gx'“bf;Dd xfdLnfO{ s] e|d lyof] eg] k|;fO{x? klg
a]Unfa]Un} k'vf{sf] ;Gtfg kf] x'g ls < To;}n] sltko a'9fkfsfx? eGg' x'GYof] . Tof] dg]{ t 6f9fsf]
31

fh'efO{ xf] . xfldnfO{ h'7f] nfUb}g . af:tjdf ga'em]/ To:tf] ePsf] /x]5 . ca xflddf Tof] cGof]ntf
xl6;s]sf] 5 . xfd|f hxf“;'s} a;]sf k|;fO{ kl/jf/sf ;fb:ox?sf] dl/d/fp ePdf czf}r -h'7f]_ cjZo
afg'{ k5{ t/ czf}r -h'7f]_ sltlbg afg'{kg]{ xf] To; ;DaGwdf cGof}n g} 5 .
@)@) ;fn efb| ! ut] cyf{t d'n'sL P]g nfu' x'g'eGbf cuf8L k|rlnt czf}r afg]{sf] dxndf
ePsf] sfg"gL Joj:yf, wd{zf:q;Ddt cyf{t dg':d[lt / of1fjnSo :d[ltdf pNn]v ePadf]hd g} lyof]
. dg':d[ltdf k'qaf6 :ju{nf]s k|fKt x'g] gfltaf6 :ju{nf]sdf cgGgtsfn;Dd af; ug{ kfOg] /
kgfltaf6 ;"o{nf]s k|fKt x'G5 eGg] pNn]v 5 . -dg':d[lt (÷!#& kfl/jfl/s sfg"g 1fOGb| axfb'/ >]i7_
t;y{ >f4 ubf{ 5f]/f, gflt / kgfltn] lk98 bfg ug]{,tk{0f lbg] ug'{k5{ eg]sf 5g\ . o;}u/L o1jNSon]
5f]/f, gflt / kgfltaf6 j+z cfjlR5g alg/xG5 / :ju{ k|flKt x'G5 eg]sf 5g\ . -of1aNS:d[lt !÷&*
kfl/jfl/s sfg"g, 1fg]Gb| axfb'/ >]i7- o;af6 s] k|i6 x'G5 eg] cfÎgf afa', afh] :ju]{ x'“bf czf}r afg]{
>f4 ug]{, lk08bfg ug]{, tk{0f lbg] h:tf sfo{ wfld{s b[li6sf]0fn] clgjfo{ 5g\ .
czf}r afg]{ ;DaGwdf k|rlnt sfg"gnfO{ x]bf{ d'n'sL P]g cbnsf] ( g+= n] >L %
dxf/fhlw/fh, df};'kmsf k6aGw dxf/fgL, >L % o'j/f1L jf u2Lg;Lg >L % dxf/fhlw/fhsf] d'df :ju]{
x'“bf u|}x k|hfn] tLg lbg czf}r afg'{kg]{ sfg"gL Joj:yf 5 . To;}u/L d'n'sL P]g cbnsf] ( g+=n] cfÎgf
afa'cfdf, bfh'efO{ OToflbsf] h'7f] / ;'ts afg]{u/L cfPsf]n] cfÎgf] s'nwd{ cg';f/ afg'{k5{ egL pNn]v
ePsf] 5 . ca oxf“ larf/0fLo s'/f s] 5 eg] k|rlnt sfg"g Joj:yfn] czf}r afg]{ ;DaGwdf s'g}
lglZrt l;df lgwf{/0f gu/L cfÎgf] s'n wd{ cg';f/ ug'{ kg]{ elg sfg"gL Joj:yf ul/lbof] eg] csf]{lt/
dg':d[lt / of1jNSo :d[ltn] lkt[n] lkt[ sd{ 5f]/f, gflt / kgfltsf] nflu clgjfo{ ePsf] / lolgx?af6
ePsf] lkt[ sd{af6 cfÎgf afa' afh]n] :ju{ k|fKt u5{g elg pNn]v u/]af6 xfd|f] wfld{s sygnfO{
lg/Gt/tf lbgsf] nflu dg]{sf] tLg k':tf;Ddsf] bfh', efO{x?n] clgjfo{ ?kdf !# lbg;Dd czf}r
afg'{kg]{ b]lvG5 . dg]{sf] -tLg k':tf 5f]/f, gflt, kgflt afx]s_ ;xf]b/ bfh' efO / sfsf, a9fpsf
;Gtfgn] !) lbg;Dd czf}r afg'{ g} wfld{s / Jojxfl/s b[li6sf]0fn] plrt 5 . oL % k':tf afx]s
cGo hlt;'s} k':tfsf] bfh'efO{sf] xsdf tLg lbg;Dd czf}r -h'7f]_ afg]{ k/Dk/fsf] yfngL ug'{ kb{5 .
xfldn] czf}r afg]{ ;DaGwdf lglZrt dfkb08 gagfpg] xf] eg] czf}r afg]{ ;DaGwdf cGof}n pTkGg
x'g uO{ 6f9fs] bfh'efO{ xf] elg h'7f] gafg]{ k|rng sfod} /x]5 .
czf}r afg]{sf] ;fy;fy} xfd|f] kl/jf/df ;'ts k/]df ;'ts afg]{ k/Dk/f klg sfod} 5 . of]
k/Dk/fn] klg sfg"gL ?k u|x0f ul/;s]sf] 5 . t/ slt lbg ;'ts afg]{ ;DaGwdf lglZrt sfg"gL
dfkb08 eg] tf]lsPsf] 5}g . ;'ts eg]sf] d[To' h:tf] b'vfGt kl/l:ylt xf]Og . ;'ts kbf{ kl/jf/df
v';LofnL g} dgfOG5 . t;y{ ;'tsdf ;'ts k/]sf] 3/df aRrfsf] Gjf/g geP;Dd ;'ts afg]{ cGo
bfh'efO{sf] xsdf ;'tsdf afg'{kg]{ sfo{sf] cGTo ug'{k5{ lsgeg] s'g} bfh'efO{sf] 3/df ;'ts k¥of], csf]{
bfh'efO{sf] 3/df ljjfx jt{aGw cflb h:tf z'e sfo{ x'g nfu]sf] 5 eg] ;'tssf] sf/0fn] g} Tof] ljjfx,
j|taGw /f]Sg] ls g/f]Sg] < of] ;Dej 5}g . t;y{ ;'tssf] sf/0fn] ;DalGwt 3/df afx]s cGo
bfh'efO{sf] 3/df ;'ts afg]{ k/Dk/f x6fpg'k5{ .
bz} ltxf/ h:tf] dxfg rf8df ;a} bfh'efO{ e]nf x'g] wlg u/Lasf] e]befj gu/L cfkm" a;f]af;
u/]sf] 7fp“df ;a}eGbf h]7f] efOsf] 3/df bz}sf] l6sf nufpg] k/Dk/fsf] yfngL ug]{ . h'7f] k/L l6sf
nufpg gx'g] cj:yf ;[hgf ePsf] cj:yfdf afx]s bfh'efO{sf] 3/df l6sf nufpg l6sfsf] lbgdf g}
hfg' kg]{ h:tf k/Dk/fsf] yfnlg ug]{ xf] elg xfd|f] kl/jf/leq r8kj{ dgfpg] ;+:sf/ / z}lndf klg
Ps?ktf cfO{ kl/jf/ ;'Gb/ aGg] lyof] .
32

k/f]ksf/ eGbf 7"nf] wd{ / csf{nfO{ b'Mv / lk8f lbg'eGbf 7"nf] kfk s]lx gePsf] x'“bf
cfÎgf] enfO{sf] ;fy;fy} c?sf] klg enfO{ / lgM:jfy{ ;]jfsf] nflu xfd|f] kl/jf/sf] tkm{af6 cfÎgf]
kl/jf/sf] s]lx c+z k|;fO{ kfl/jfl/s 6«i6 -sNof0f sf]if_ nfO{ lbO{ 6«i6 -sf]if_ sf] tkm{af6 ljleGg 7fp“df
hUuf vl/b u/L s'nfog dlGb/, wd{zfnf , kf6L ,kf}jf, j[4f>fd, wf/f, s'jf, Ogf/ cflb lgdf{0f ug{
;lsPdf dfq k|;fO{ kfl/jfl/s 6«i6 -sNof0f sf]if_ :yfkgfsf] ;fy{stf k'/f x'g]5 .
xfd|f] kl/jf/, ;dfh / /fi6« k/Dk/fb]lv g} wfld{s ;+/rgfn] af“lwPsf] 5 . xfld hlt;'s} s6'/
ePtf klg hGdb]lv d[To';Ddsf] xfd|f] wfld{s ;+:sf/af6 xfdL d'Qm x'g cjZo ;Sb}gf} . lsgeg] xfd|f
k'j{hx?n] k/Dk/fb]lv dflgcfPsf wfld{s ;+:sf/x?n] sfg"gL ?kdf g} h/f] uf8L j}wflgs dfGotf ;d]t
k|fKt u/L ;s]sf 5g\ . oL wfld{s ;+:sf/x?nfO{ r['gf}lt lbg] xf] eg] xfd|f] ;dfhaf6 xld alx:s[t x'G5f}
. ;fy} sfg'gsf] gh/df b08gLo klg x'g]5f}+ . To;}n] xfd|f] wfld{s ;+:sf/nfO{ rL/sfn k|o{Gt;Dd
lg/Gt/tf lbOx/xg] xf] eg] ;a} bfh'efO{x? Ps} 7fp“df a;L 5nkmn u/L ;d"lxs lgisif{åf/f ;'ts,
ljjfx, cfzf}r / rf8kj{ dgfpg] h:tf s'/fdf lglZrt dfkb08 tof/ kf/L kfl/jfl/s Ps?ktf Nofpg
g;s]df wfld{s ;+:sf/x? kfng ug]{ ;DaGwdf kfl/jfl/s ljs[lt oyfjt} /xg]5 . t;y{ k|;fO{
kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?aLr dfly n]lvPadf]lhdsf wfld{s ;+:sf/x? ;DkGg ug]{ ;DaGwdf kfl/jfl/s Pstf
cfPdf xfd|f] k|;fO{ kl/jf/sf ;b:ox?sf] lgwg x'“bf 6f9fsf] bfh'efO{ xf] egL h'7f] k/]sf] a]nfdf bz}+
ltxf/df l6sf nufpg]/, /dfOnf] ug]{ / cGo z'esfo{ ug]{ h:tf s';+:sf/sf] cGTo eO{ wfld{s ;+:sf/x?
kfng ug]{ ;DaGwdf kfl/jfl/s Pstf cfpg] 5 .
wGojfb †
clwjQmf o1/fh k|;fO{
-;b:o_
k|;fO{ kfl/jfl/s 6«i6 - sNof0fsf]if_
sf7df8f} pkTosf ljz]if ;ldlt
k|;fO{x?sf] ;+lIfKt gfnLa]nL
Oltxf;sf] pQfn k|jfx;“u} xhf/f}+ aif{b]lv dfjg hfltsf] Oltxf; k|jflxt / k|efljt x'“b} cfO/x]sf] 5 .
oxL qmddf dfgj hfltn] cfkm"nfO{ Tof] w/fdf :yflkt u/]sf] 5 . p;n] cfÎgf] ljsf;qmddf cglulGt
dfgj ;d"xsf] aLrdf cfÎgf] ;fdflhs / hflto klxrfg sfod ug{ cfkm"nfO{ u0f hflt / uf]qdf
:yflkt u/L u¥of] . cfhsf] blIf0f Pl;ofnL e"efudf dflg; ;d"xsf] aLrsf] klxrfg cfh ToxL hflt /
uf]q ePsf] 5 . oBlk dfgj hfltsf] k|f/lDes sfnsf] cj:yf cfh ljBdfg 5}g tfklg hflt / uf]qsf]
dxTj eg] sd ePsf] 5}g . of] ;+;f/df o'uGtsf/L k/jt{g ePsf] 5 . $÷% ;o k'/fgf hft / y/x?
/ s]xL ckjftx?nfO{ 5f]8]/ cfh k"0f{?kdf kl/jt{g eO;s]sf 5g\ / ltlgx?sf ;fd' cfÎgf k|f/lDes
r/0fsf k'vf{x?;“u cfÎgf] ;DaGw sfod ug{ lxdfn hqf] ;d:of t]l;{Psf] 5 . log} ;d:ofx?sf] j[Qdf
?dlNnb} cfÎgf k'vf{x?sf] cflb Oltxf; vf]Hg], s]nfpg] / tL k'vf{x?;“u cfÎgf] ;DaGw hf]8\g] qmddf
/x]sf] y'k|} hflt / y/x?dWo] æk|;fO{Æ y/ ePsf] hftLo ;d"x klg Ps xf] .
33

åfk/ o'udf ;xltsf 5f]/f clUg eP . clUg / pgsf] kTgL :jwfaf6 zflG8Nosf] hGd eof] . logL
cfÎgf] ;dosf k|l;4 Clif lyP . zflG8No Clifsf b'O{ efO{ 5f]/f lyP . cl;t / b]jn . s;} s;}n]
logLx?nfO{ zflG8No Clifsf r]nf x'g klg eg]sf 5g\ . oxL zfvf cGtu{t zfjl0f{, zjhf, ldqf, d}q
/ j?0fsf] gfd klg kfl/jfl/s ;b:osf] ?kdf lnOG5 . logs} ;Gtfgx?n] snfGt/df hflt, y/ /
uf]qsf] k/Dk/f ljsl;t eO{;s]kl5 cfÎgf] s'n uf]qsf] kl/ro lb“bf zflG8No Clifs} gfdaf6 zflG8o
uf]qL eg]/ kl/ro lbg yfn] . cfh klg blIf0f Pl;ofsf] of] e"–efudf y'k|} hflt / y/x? zflG8No uf]qL
5g\ . ltgdf clxn];Dd hfgsf/L cfPdf k|;fO{, sfÎn], dxt, emf, ld> cflb 5g\ . t/ clxn];Dd oL
hflt / y/x?sf] k'Vof}{nL ;DaGw eg] zflG8No Clif;“u hf]8\g ;lsPsf] cj:yf ljBdfg 5}g .
of] n]vdf zflG8No uf]qL k|;fO{x?sf] Oltxf;sf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{ hdsf]{ ul/Psf] 5 . oBlk
k|;fO{x?sf cflb k'vf{ zflG8No Clif;“u hf]8\g jt{dfgdf czDej ePsf] 5 t/ of] dxfef/t eg]
xf]Og . Clif zflG8No kZrft o'u ljlt;s]sf] 5 . pgsf ;Gtfg cg]sf] hft / y/df kl/jt{g
eO{;s]sf 5g\ . pgsf s'g ;Gtfg jf r]nfsf] xf“ufaf6 k|;fO{?sf] pTklt eof] ls6fg ug{ ;Sg] cj:yf
5}g . k|;fO{ y/sf] pTkltsf af/]df lsDabGtL / hg>'ltnfO{ g} cfwf/ dfGg'kg]{ cj:yf 5 . t/ o;
;DaGwdf k|;fO{sf] pTkltsf ;DaGwdf xfn;Dd tYo'Qm k|df0f km]nf gk/]sf]n] ubf{ g} o;} eGg ;Sg]
cj:yf 5}g . k|;fO{x?sf] pTklt ynf] ufvf{ eGg] s'/f ljleGg ;|f]taf6 cfp“bf af:tljstf s] /x]5 elg
oyfy{ a'‰g k|=kf= 6«i6 cWoIf g;'x k|;fO{ j+zfjnL pk;ldltsf ;lrj pkdl0f k|;fO{ / ;b:o wd{/fj
k|;fO{ ;d]t tLghgfsf] 6fnL uf]vf{ uO{ e"=k"= /fhk"/f]lxt ;"o{gfy cof{n -dfOnf afh]_ ;“u e]6L s'/f
ubf{ k|;fO{x?sf cflb k'vf{ uf]vf{ b/jf/sf zfxL u'? lyP eGg] s'/f d}n] klg cfÎgf a8f afa' / bfh'af6
;'g]sf] ;Dd x'“ k|df0f oxf“ 5}gg\ ePsf k|df0f ;a} sf7df8f} nluPsf 5g\ . o;n] ubf{ d tkfO{+sf]
k"j{hx?sf] af/]df o;} xf] eg]/ ls6fg;fy eGg ;lSbg eGg'eP kZrft Tof] 6f]nL l/Qf]xft kmls{of] .
cfh;Ddsf] cWoogsf] lgZsif{df k|;fO{x?sf] pTkltsf] af/]df 7f]s]/ o;} eGg ;Sg] cj:yf 5}g .
k|;fO{sf] pTkltsf] Oltxf; cem} cg';Gwfgsf] ljifo ag]sf] 5 .
clxn];Ddsf] cg';Gwfgaf6 km]nf k/]sf uf]kfn k|;fO{sf kf“r efO{ 5f]/f dWo] h]7f]sf] gfd v'Ng
g;s]sf] / cGo rf/ efO{df dfOnf k|ltdg, ;fOnf k|hfklt, sfO“nf gGbd'gL / sfG5f huGgfy lyP .
tL rf/ efOdf dfOnf k|ltdg / ;fOnf k|hfklt l;Gw'nLsf] ljlQ{hf]/ eGg] 7fp“ dNn /fhfaf6 ljtf{
js; kfO{ a;f]jf; u/]sf / emf“uf emf]nlsf -l;Gw'nL_ gGbd'gLn] dNnsfndf k/sjf;sf] ljtf{ kfO{ ToxL“
a;f]jf; u/]sf lyP . k|hfkltsf kf“r efO{ 5f]/f lyP . ltgdf j+zdl0f, dlgk|;fb, hutdl0f, ?b|dl0f
lyP . logdf hutdlgsf ;Gtfg rf/ efO 5f]/fx? /fdrGb|, cljrGb|, jfn' / ltnrg lyP . cljrGb|sf]
;Gtfg vfN8] r}gk'/ -l;Gw'nL_ df / logsf ;Gtfgx? ;nf{xL, /f}tx6 cflb 7fp“df a;f]jf; ub{5g\ .
;fO{nf afa'sf 5f]/f zlzw/ eP . lolg cfÎgf ;dodf lgs} rNtf k'hf{ JolSt lyP . logL
dfnkf]tdf txljNbf/ lyP . logn] kj{tsf] b'n'{Ë cDan dWo] afh'ª nufot slx 7fp“x? s / v ljtf{
k|fKt u/]sf lyP . logsf rf/ efO{ 5f]/f lyP . != /f3', @=b'Kr], #= sfn', $= n5'dg .
zlzw/ h]7f 5f]/f /f3'sf] c+zefudf rgf}6] / afh'ª k/]sf] lyof] . xfn logsf ;Gtfgx? lrtjg
/ kj{tdf 5g\ . logsf 5f]/f != zlz3. / @= /fdfgGb lyP . sfG5f /fdfgGbsf ;Gtfg e]l6Psf 5}gg\ .
h]7f zlzw/n] kj{tdf l8fsf] hflu/ klg kfPsf lyP / pgn] @ cf]6f ljjfx u/]sf lyP . h]7L cfÎg}
hft y/sL / sflG5 7s'/LsL 5f]/L . logsf % efO{ 5f]/fx? h]7f OGb|gf/fo0f 7s'/LsL 5f]/Lkl§ / dfOnf
jfh]{, ;fO{nf ljh]{, sfO“nf s'nklt / sfG5f rfd'gf/fo0f ax'gLaf6 hGd]sf lyP . To;}sf/0f logsf
7s'/LsL 5f]/Lkl§sf ;Gtfg aiff}{;Dd xdfn 7s'/L eP/ a;]sf kfOPsf 5g\ . h]7f OGb|gf/fo0fn] lhh'
34

zlzw/n] kfPsf] ljtf{ ;/sf/L vhfgf ga'emfp“bf /f]Ssf /x]sf]df d'lQmgfysf] af6f]df kg]{ /fgLkf}jf eGg]
7fp“df >L % ;'/]Gb|sL /fgLsf] gfddf wd{zfnf agfO{ r9fp“bf v';L eO{ /fhfaf6 ;f]wlg x'“bf d]/f lhhfn]
;/sf/sf afa' afh]af6 kfPsf] ljtf{ /f]Ssf ePsf] x'“bf ;f] ljtf{ km's'jf u/L kfp“ klg ljlGt r9fp“bf lj=
;+= !(#) ;fndf km's'jf ul/lbg pgsf 5f]/f ;De'bQ -sfn'_ k|;fO{ ;d]t $ hgfsf] gfddf axfnL
u/fPsf lyP . o;kl5 df]bLdf cv08 lsQ{g nufO{ Toxf“af6 lx“8]sf OGb|gf/fo0fsf] clxn];Dd d[To'
;+:sf/ sd{;Dd ePsf] 5}g . logsf ;Gtfgx? kj{t / lrtjgdf a;L cfPsf 5g\ .
zlzw/sf sfO“nf 5f]/f s'nklt / sfG5f rfd'gf/fo0fsf ;Gtfg lrtjg / kj{tdf al; cfPsf
5g\ . rfd'gf/fo0fsf 5f]/f nId0f k|;fO{ -nf6f_ n] klg zlzw/sf] ljtf{df lh= d'= kfPsf lyP .
k|hfkltsf kf“rf} lk9Lsf zlzw/sf ;fO“nf 5f]/f sfn'n] rgf]6], cf“uf nufotsf hUufx? /
sfG5f n5'dgn] b'n'{Ë sfÎn] rf}/ nufotsf hUufx? c+z efudf kfPsf lyP . sfn' / n5'dgn] cfÎgf]
k'Vof}{nL ynf] rg}6] cf“uf, b'n'{Ë sfÎn] rf}/ kf}8]nx?nfO{ a]lr cf7f/fOlt/ r'xfg 8f“8f uP . sfn'sf 5f]/f
uf}/]Zj/ -uf]s'n_ r'xfg 8f“8faf6 gDs'n uO{ ToxL cfÎgf] yftjf; ldnfO{ a;f]af; u/]sf] kfOG5 .
logsf ;Gtfg xfn emfkf, sf7df8f}+ / cfk;df a;f]af; u/L cfPsf 5g\ .
n5'dg rflx r'xfg 8f8fdf a;L To;} ynf]nfO{ cfÎgf] sd{ynf] agfPsf] kfOG5 . r'xG8f8fdf
logn] /f]k]sf] j/sf] ?v cfhklg n5'dgsf] Oltxf; af]s]/ lhljt Oltxf;sf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . logsf #
efO{ 5f]/f lyP . != aneb|, @= hutdl0f, , #= ?b}
aneb|sf $ efO{ 5f]/f lyP . elu/y, xl/dg, rGb|dl0f / /fdbQ . logn] yx\ofO klg kfPsf
lyP . logdf h]7f euL/y afa' afh]sf] ynf] r'xfG8f“8fnfO{ 5f]8L Ojf ebf}/]nfO{ cfÎgf] sd{ynf] agfO{
a;f]af; u/] . logsf @ efO{ 5f]/f lyP . efg'nfn / k|ltdfg, elu/yn] cfÎgf] yx/\ofO klg ToxLaf6
rnfPsf lyP . logsf ;Gtfgx?nfO{ cf7/fO{ Ojf, emfkf, df]/Ë, sf7df8f}+ clb 7fp“df a;L cfPsf 5g'
. xl/dgsf @ efO{ 5f]/f lyP . != 5ljnfn, @= Zofd . logsf ;Gtfgx? Ojf, emfkf / cf;fddf a;L
cfPsf 5g\ . rGb|dl0fsf 5f]/f jfjfk|;fb, b]pgf/fo0f, s'Zdfv/ tLg efO{ lyP . logsf ;Gtfgx? Ojf,
emfkf, df]/Ë, sf7df8f}+ cflb 7fp“df al; cfPsf 5g\ . /fdbQsf ^ efO{ 5f]/f lyP . efis/, jfnfgGb,
lrGtfdl0f, dfwj, lbjfs/ / uhfw/ . logsf ;Gtfgx? klg Ojf, emfkf, df]/Ë, sf7df8f}+, cf;fd cflb
7fp“df a;L cfPsf 5g\ . hutdl0f -hug_ sf ^ efO{ 5f]/f lyP . . logdf h]7f 5f]/f cGt/]sf] gfd
kQf nfu]sf] 5}g . d's'Gb, Clif/fd, k|Nnfb / d+un' lyP . logdf d+un'sf ;Gtfg kQf nfu]sf] 5}g . c?
efO{sf ;Gtfgx? cf7/fO{ emfkf, cf;fd, sf7df8f}+ cflb 7fp“df al; cfPsf 5g\ . sfGbf ?b}sf $ efO{
5f]/f lyP . h;dWo] gGbdl0f, h;f]w/, rt'e'h / h3g . gGbdl0fsf] ;Gtfg kf“ry/, cfËa'Ë, cf;fd
emfkf, df]/Ë, sf7df8f}+df al; cfPsf 5g\ . h;f]w/sf ;Gtfg kf“ry/, ;'jfª, emfkf, df]/Ë, cf;fd,
sf7df8f}+ cflbdf a;f]af; u/]sf 5g\ . rt'e'{hsf ;Gtfg ;'efË, Onfd, emfkf cflb 7fp“df a;f]af;
ub{5g\ . h3g afa' ?b} ;“u sflnlDkf]Ë uO{ a;]sf logsf] ;Gtfg of] j+zj[Ifdf ;dfj]z ePsf 5}gg\ .
?b}df ;DaGwdf s'nfgGbsf] 5f]/f sflzsf] s'/f ubf{ cjut x'g]5 .
gGbd'gL uf]vf{af6 k"j{ nflu l;Gw'nLsf] emf“ufemf]nLdf cfO{k'u]kl5 Tof] 7fp“ ;a} b[li6sf]0fn] a:g
nfossf] b]vL Tolx 7fp“nfO{ logn] cfÎgf] sd{ynf] agfP . logn] dNn /fhfaf6 /fd]5fksf] k/sjf;
ljtf{ kfPsf lyP . ljtf{ kfPkl5 logL cfÎg} ljtf{df a;L cfPsf lyP . logn] lj= ;+= !&&^ df
sflGtk'/sf /fhf hutho dNn;“u ?= !@^) df d'“uL6f/ nufot s]lx hUufx? lsg]sf lyP . logsf
tLgefO{ 5f]/f lyP . k|B'Dg, k|z'{/fd / >Ls[i0f . h]7f k|z'{/fdsf @ efO{ 5f]/f lyP lx/fbQ / jfnfgGb .
logL v]ltkflt / uf]7df g} /dfpg] x'“bf logn] cfÎgf] c+zefudf lxnfvs{ nufot uf]7rf]x? kfPsf lyP
. jfnfgGbsf] ;Gtfg clxn];Dd kQf nfu]sf] 5}g . lx/fbQsf 5f]/f gGbd'gL eP pgsf 5f]/f k|hfklt /
35

k|hfkltsf klg $ efO{ 5f]/f lyP . dxfgGb, /fdrGb|, a|Dxk'q, / /fwfs[i0f . logLx?sf ;Gtfg xfn
d'“uL6f/, /fd]5fk, af/f, sf7df8f}+ cflb 7fp“df a;f]af; u/L cfPsf 5g\ .
dfOnf k|z'{/fdn] cfÎgf] c+zefudf s]xL Jof;L v]lt l/]jf/ kfPsf lyP . logsf $ efO{ 5f]/f
lyP . v8fgGbsf] gfddfq kfpg ;lsPsf] 5 . pgsf] af/]df o:tf] lsDabGtL 5 M– PskN6 ;fpgsf]
dlxgfdf df8L a]l;sf] la;f}lg rf}tf/Ldf k|z'{/fd s]lx dflg;x?sf] ;fy al;/x]sf] a]nf ;+u|fd l;+ gfd
u/]sf] JolSt cfO{ d hftn] sfld x'“, kxnjfgL 5', dnfO{ kxnjfgL emf/f p7fO{ vfg] clwsf/ k|fKt 5 .
oxf“ s'g} To:tf] kxnjfg 5f} eg] cfp s'l:t n8f}+ xf]Og eg] dnfO{ kxnjfgL emf/f b]p egL k|z'{/fd;“u
eGbf s] eGg] s] ug]{ cj:yfdf k|z'{/fd ePsf] a]nf k|z'{/fdsf 5f]/f v8fgGb klg !@ kfy] 7]sLdf bxL
lnP/ 3/ hfg 6'Kn'Ss cfOk'u]5g\ . pgn] klg ;+u|fd l;+sf] s'/f ;'gL;s]kl5 t/ lt/ /f]Kg l7Ss kf/]sf]
v]tfdf bxLn] el/Psf] 7]sL km\of“sL klxnf of] lxnf]af6 7]sL lgsfn clg s'/f u/f}+nf eGbf lxnf]df
efl;Psf] 7]sLnfO{ s;} ubf{klg ;+u|fd l;+n] lgsfNg ;s]g / v8fgGb cfkm}n] bxLsf] 7]sL lxnf]af6
lgsfn] . ca s] u5f}{ elg pgn] ;+u|fd l;+xnfO{ k|Zg ubf{ ;+u|fd l;+n] s s':tL n8\5' eGbf d ;fgf]
hft;“u s':tL n8\lbg a? ltldx?nfO{ cfÎgf] an k|bz{g ug]{ df}sf lbG5' egL 3/af6 emDkn lemsfP/
o;nfO{ uf]nf] kf/ eGbf ;+u|d l;+n] slt k|oTg ubf{ klg ;s]g . v8fgGbn] ;+u|fd l;+sf] xftaf6 emDkn
lnO{ cfÎgf] v'§fn] emDknnfO{ aLrdf 6]sL b'O{k§L ;dfO{ Ps csf{sf] 6'Kkf]lt/ tfGbf g'“xL uf]nf] ePkl5
n o;nfO{ l;wf kf/ eGbf ;+u|fd l;+n] l;bf klg kfg{ ;s]g . d}n] xf/ dfg] hfg kfp“ eGbf To;} sxf“
hfg kfOG5 . of] 7]sL / blx emKknsf] bfd / t}n] dfu]sf] em/fsf] bf]Aa/ lt/ clg hf eGbf d h+un
;a]/ cfp“5' egL glhs}sf] vf]N;Ldf uPsf] vf]N;L vf]N;L em/L tfdfsf]zL xfdkmfnL t/L efuL uP5 .
of] 36gfn] v8fgGbsf] gfd rf/}lt/ km}ng uof] . uf]/vsfnL /fhfn] ;'gL v8fgGbnfO{ alnof dWo]sf
clt alnof 7gL æcltanÆ of] pkflw lbO{ ;Ddfg u/]kZrft pgsf] gfd g} cltan /xg uof] eGg]
cfVofg kfOG5 . logsf $ efO{ 5f]/f lyP . /fds[i0f, hutdl0f, s'nfgGb / gGblszf]/ . kl5
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxn] g]kfn Plss/0f u.]kl5 lognfO{ c8\8f cbfntsf] lg/LIf0fsf] sfd lbPsf] / ;f]xL
sfdsf] lznlznfdf Ps lbg bf/L h'“uf gePsf /f8L kflvsf n'uf nufPsf @ hgf cgf}7f dfG];“u e]6
eof] . ltgLx?nfO{ b]lv cfZro{ dflg ltldx? sf] xf} sxf“ lx8\of} elg ;f]wk'5 ubf{ xfdL kNnf] kNnf]
ls/f“t c7/fO{ xfËkfËaf6 cfPsf lnDa'x? xf}+ . /fhfn] af“lwlbPsf] lyltcg';f/ xfldn] klg ;'Aaf
cdfnLsf] clwsf/ kfpg' kg]{df bfh'efO{af6 cGofok"j{s j]bvn ul/+bf /fhf;“u lalGb la;fpg cfPsf
xf}+ eGbf v8fGgb -cltan_ n] lalGt kq n]lv >L % df lalGt kq r8fO{ lbPkl5 pgLx?sf] lhDa'jfn
cdfnLsf] clwsf/ sfod eP5 . o:tf hfGg] dfG5]klg rflxg] /x]5g\ eGg] ;f]lr lt ;'Aafx?n] tkfO“sf
;Gtfg k"j{ cfP eg] xfd|f] 7fp“df cfpg' elg lgDtf lbO{ uPsf x'“bf kl5 v8fgGb -cltan_ sf 5f]/f
s'nfgGb / /fds[i0fsL kTgL cfÎgf bfh'efO{ 5f]/f s0ff{gGb / xs{b]jnfO{ lnO{ k"j{ cf7/fO lt/ a;fO“v
hf“bf s'nfgGbnfO{ lelqof dg k¥of] . pgL Tolx a;] . s0ff{gGb eg] efO{ / cfdfnfO{ lnO{ xfËkfËlt/
nfu] kfg;'jn] ;'Aafx?n] klg s0ff{gGbnfO{ x[bob]lv g} :jfut u/L y¥ofO lbO /fv] . sfG5f sfG5f
xs{b]j l5GtfËsf] 3§]wf/f]df a;f]af; ug{ yfn] .
o;/L /fds[i0fsf bfh'efO{sf 5f]/f s0ff{gGb / xs{b]j xfËkfË / l5GtfËdf a;f]af; ug{ yfn] .
s0ff{gGbsf bfh'efO{ 5f]/f eP . /fds[i0f / l;4dl0f . /fds[i0fsf b'O{cf]6f kTgLaf6 ^ efO{ 5f]/f eP .
h;df gGbdl0f, OGb|dl0f, hutdl0f, led;]g / sf“lz . h]7f gGbdl0fsf ( efO{ 5f]/f eP . lolg cToGt}
wfld{s k|j[lQsf JolSt lyP . 5f]/fx?df ?kgf/fo0f, l8=/fdrGb|, /+unfn, ;'= kz'klt, l8=lji0f'nfn,
bftf/fd, g/Wjh, nIdLk|;fb –nIf0f_, nf]sgfy . xfn logLx?sf ;Gtfg cf7/fO, xfËkf, emfkf, df]/Ë,
Onfd / sf7df8f}+df a;f]af; ub{5g\ . o;}u/L klg l;l4dl0fsf klg @ kTgLaf6 ( 5f]/f eP h;df
36

OGb|dl0f, k|ltdfg, rGb|dl0f, dg/y, j}hgfy, k|hfklt, huGgfy / kz'klt . logLx?sf ;Gtfg cf7/fO,
xfËkfË, emfkf, cf;fd, l;gfd / sf7df8f}+df a;f]af; ub{5g\ . OGb|dl0fsf ;Gtfg l;lSsd /
bflh{lnËdf 5g\ eGg] s'/f hfgsf/Ldf cfP/ klg xf“uf] of gfnLa]nLdf / j+z j[Ifdf ;d]t k"0f{?kdf
;dfj]z ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g . rGb|dl0f, hutdl0f, / led;]gsf ;Gtfg xfËkfË g];d -u}/L_ emfkf, df]/Ë
/ sf7df8f}df a;f]af; ub{5g\ .
s0ff{gGbsf efO xs{b]jsf tLg efO{ 5f]/f v8', bj'{ / /fwfs[i0f eP . v8'sf ;Gtfg 5}gg\ .
bj'{sf b'O{ 5f]/f k/dfgGb eP , oLgsf ;Gtfg emfkfdf a;f]af; u5{g . /fwfs[i0fsf % efO{ 5f]/fx? >L
xs{, kz'klt, cljrGb|, pk]Gb| / dg/y -j}h'_ x'g\ . logLx?sf ;Gtfg klg xfn emfkf, df]/Ë /
sf7df8f}+df a;f]af; ub{5g\ .
v8fgGb -cltan_ sf sfG5f 5f]/f glGbs]zf]/ eg] bfh'efO{n] ljtf{ 5f]8L k"j{lt/ nfu] eg] logn]
tTsfn ljtf{ 5f8]gg\ . logsf $ efO{ 5f]/f lyP . >L gf/fo0f, >L j+z, uf]j4{g / /fwfs[i0f -zlzw/_ .
glGbs]z/sf ;Gtfgn] klg kl5af6 cfÎgf k"j{hfg] bfh'efOs} kblrGxnfO{ cg';/0f u/] . k"j{ hfg] qmddf
h]7f >L gf/fo0f y]rDa' uO{ a;] . xfn logsf ;Gtfg 9'Ë]kfgL Rofª\ yfDk'af6 cf;fd, df]/ª, emfkf,
sf7df8f}+ cflbdf a;f]af; u/L cfPsf 5g\ . >L j+zsf] ;Gtfg k/sjf; / cf;fdsf] hnkfO{u'8L /
lrtjgdf a;f]af; ub{5g\ . uf]j4{g k/sjf;af6 ;f]em} xfËkfË uP . logsf rf/ efO 5f]/f lyP . Toxf“
a:bf lnDa'x?;“u emu8f x'“bf logL cfÎgf] kl/jf/ lnO l;gfd uP . logsf 5f]/f >Lnfn / ljB' -aneb|_
sf ;Gtfg y]rDa', 9'Ë]kfgL, cf7/fO{, Ol;j'Ë, cfª\j'ª\, ;'efª\, Rofª\yfk' / xfn emfkf, df]/ª, ;'g;/L,
cf;fd / sf7df8f}+df a;f]af; ub{5g\ . uf]s'n / hug km]/L xfËkfË g} kmls{ cfP . xfn logsf
;Gtfgx? tfKn]h'Ë, ef“kf, cf;fd / df]/ªdf al; cfPsf 5g\ .
nueu o;}a]nf h]7f k|hfkltsf ;Gtfgdf 5}7f}+ lkl9sf sfn' / nIf'dg klg r'xfG8f8fdf cfO{
a;f]af; ug{ yfn]sf lyP . pgsf] ;Gtfgsf] af/]df cl3Nnf] k|s/0fdf eL ;lsPsf] 5 . oxf“ nIf'dgsf
sfG5f 5f]/f ?b} / s'nfgGbsf h]7f 5f]/f sf“lzsf af/]df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5 . sf“zL / ?b} gftfdf sfsf
elthf ePtf klg ulx/f] ldqtf eof] . sf“lz k|sf08 Hof]ltif lyP . ?b} j8f rnfv / 6f7f af7f lyP .
oL b'Ohgf slxNo} cnu x'“b}gy] . PskN6 oL sfsf elthf g]kfn -sf7df8f}+_ uP . Toxf“ uP/ s'g}
/fhsd{rf/Lsf] lrgf x]bf{ ljjfx u/]sf] w]/} aif{ lalt ;Sbf klg pgsf] ;Gtfg ePsf] /x]g5 . ltdLnfO{
;Gtfgsf] of]u k/]sf] 5 . 5f]/f] hlGdG5 elg eljiojf0fL u/]sf] x'“bf / kl5 5f]/f] hGdbf v'zL eO{ pgsf]
;xof]un] r'xfG8f8 / o;sf] cf;kf;sf] lgs} 7"nf] If]qsf] yx¥ofO“ /fhfaf6 nfndf]x/ åf/f k|fKt u/L
kms]{/ 3/ hf“bf Tof] s'/f lnDa'x?n] rfn kfO{ sf“lz / ?b}nfO{ df5f}{ elg pgLx?dfly cfqmd0f ubf{ sf“lz
/ ?b} Toxf“af6 eflu t/dkf/L dfemL6f/df uO{ a;] . Toxf“ a:bf cf}nf] nfu]kl5 yk'{ gfuL uO{ nfdf] 3/
agfO{ aLrdf af/L b'O{k§L a:g yfn]5g\ . sflt{s dlxgfdf sfln Hofld/ ;f“w]/ vf“bf sf“lznfO{
lgdf]lgof eO{ k/nf]s ePsf / ?b} Toxf“ lnDa' cfOk'U5g\ eGg] 8/n] sfG5f] 5f]/f h3gnfO{ lnO{
sfnLDkf]s uPsf ToxL pgsf] d[To' eof] . sf“lzsf] d[To[kl5 pgsL kTgL hfg'sf tLgefO{ 5f]/fx?
rGb|dl0f u+ufw/ / ?kgf/fo0fnfO{ ;fy lnO{ yk'{sf] gfludf ;lag\ . pgL ljVoft wGjGt/L lyOg\ . pgn]
l;gfdsf] tTsfnLg cfu] ;'Aafsf] 5f]/f] la/fdL ePsf] x'“bf 5f]/f]nfO{ cf}iflw pkrf/ u/L lgsf] kfl/lbOg\ .
To;}sf/0f cfu] ;'Aafn] v';L eP/ efpGg]6f/ 3/af/Lsf] nflu / wfg v]ltsf] nflu /}s/ hUuf u+ufw/sf]
gfddf btf{ ul/lbP . kl5 cfdf hd'gfsf] d[To' kZrft h]7f rGb|d0fL / sfG5f ?kgf/fo0f cfdfsf] sfh
lqmof ug{ l;gfd cfPsf] avt rGb|d0fLn] sfnLyfg / s]xL /}s/ hUuf / sfG5f ?kgf/fo0fn] xfnsf]
37

;]8fO{ vfon cfu] ;'Aafaf6 k|fKt u/L a;] . h]7f rGb|dl0fsf Pp6} 5f]/f dgf]/y -sfn'_ lyP . sfn'
k|efjsf/L ePsf] x'“bf cfu] ;'Aafn] yx¥ofO ;d]t lbPsf lyP . pgsf ;Gtfg l;gfd, emfkf / df]/ªdf
a;f]af; u/L cfPsf 5g\ . dfOnf u+ufw/sf % efO{ 5f]/f lyP . gGbdl0f, hutdl0f, lhjnfn, w|'afnfn
/ k|ltdg . logdf h]7f gGbdl0fn] ;d]t yx¥ofO kfPsf lyP . gGbd'gLsf dfOnf 5f]/f /fdnfn –
efpGg]_ n] lzIFfsf] If]qdf 7"nf] of]ubfg lbPsf lyP . pgn] cfÎg} 3/df Hofltif / kl08t /fv]/ lzIff
lbg] Joj:yf ldnfPsf lyP . cfh u+ufw/sf ;Gtfg tfKn]h'Ë, l;gfd, emfkf, dlgk'/, cf;fd /
sf7df8f}+df a;f]af; ub{5g\ . sfG5f ?kgf/fo0fsf ;Gtfg l;lSsd, cf;fd / emfkfdf a;f]a; ub{5g\ .
s'nfgGbsf tLgefO{ 5f]/fdWo] h]7f sf“lzsf] dfly g} pNn]v eO{;s]sf] 5 . pgsf dfOnf
/ sfG5f s[lt / s'j]/sf ;Gtfgx?df s[ltsf h]7Lkl§ lji0f'nfn / sflG5kl§ sfGt' eP . logsf
;Gtfgx? emfkf, sf7df8f}+ / cf;fddf a;f]af; u/L cfPsf 5g\ . sfG5f s'j]/sf klg @ efO{ 5f]/f
lyP . a]g' / xl/dg . a]g'sf ;Gtfg emfkf / cf;fddf a;f]af; u/L cfPsf 5g\ . xl/dgsf ;Gtfg
l;gddf g} 5g\ .
gGbd'gLsf sfG5f 5f]/f >L s[i0fsf tLgefO{ 5f]/f lyP . efg' /fdrGb| / lktfDa/ -ef]6'_
. efg'sf tLgefO{ 5f]/f lyP . euL/y, lzjgf/fo0f / tf/flgwL . elu/ysf ;Gtfg k/sjf;af6 rf}tf/f
a;f]af; u/L To;kl5 cf;d, lrtjg / emfkf, a;f]af; u/L cfPsf 5g\ . lzjgf/fo0fsf Ps efO{ 5f]/f
lyP . pgsf 5f]/f /fdgf/fo0f lyP / pgsf 5f]/fx? >Lnfn, /fdnfn, c3{nfn lyP / logLx?sf
;Gtfg d'lu6f/, ;nf{xL, xl/cf]g cflb 7fp“df a;f]af; u/L cfPsf 5g\ . tf/flglwsf 5f]/f OR5f/fd /
pgsf 5f]/fx? cfTd/fd k|hfklt sf“lz/fd / ejgfy / logsf ;Gtfgx? d'uL6f/, ;nf{xL cflb 7fp“df
a;f]af; u/L cfPsf 5g\ .
gGbd'gLsf gflt >Ls[i0fsf dflxnf 5f]/f /fdrGb| k|;fO{ s§/ /fi6«jfbL lyP . cfkm"
dNn/fHosf] afl;Gbf x'“bfx'“b} klg c+u|]hx? hok|sfz dNnsf] ;xof]ufy{ l;Gw'nLdf cfqmd0fsf] tof/L
ub}{5g\ eGg] s'/f yfxf kfPkl5 c+u|]hsf] gLltnfO{ /fd|/L a'em]sf /fdrGb|n] hok|sfznfO{ r6Ss 5f8L
k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxsf] kIfdf pleP . b]zsf] /Iffsf] lglDt pgn] k[YjLgf/fo0f zfxnfO{ tg, dg, wg /
hgn] ;xof]u u/] . logn] g]kfnsf] Plss/0fdf of]ubfg lbP/ k|;fO{x?sf] g]kfn /fi6«sf] lgdf{0fdf
of]ubfg k'¥ofPsf 5g\ . k|;fO{x?sf] g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df dxTjk"0f{ :yfg ¥ofPsf 5g\ . k|;fO{x?sf]
g]kfnsf] Oltxf;df dxTjk"0f{ :yfg 5 . logsf af/]df k|Wofks df]xg vfgfnsf] n]vnfO{ dxTj lbO{
;Dk"0f{ k|;fO{x?sf] hfgsf/L u/fpg of] k|;fO{ j+zfjnLdf kfPsf 5f}+ . logsf 5f]/f Ps hgf lyP .
pgsf] gfd bQ' lyof] . logsf tLgefO 5f]/f lyP . k|e'gf/fo0f, hLjgfy / lbgfgfy . k|e'gf/fo0fsf /
hLjgfysf ;Gtfg d“'uL6f/, ;nf{xL, s}nfnL -wgu9L_ df a;f]af; / Joj;fo u/L cfPsf 5g\ .
huGgysf] ;Gtfg clxn];Dd km]nf k/]sf] 5}g .
>Ls[i0fsf sfG5f 5f]/f lktfDa/ -ef]6'_ kxNdfg lyP . logsf] Voflt km}nb} uPkl5 dNn
/f0ffn] lemsfP/ cfÎgf kxndfg;“u s':tL n8fp“bf ;a}nfO{ lht]sf] x'“bf lognfO{ ljhosf] k|lts :j?k
ef]6f] alS;; lbOPsf] lyof] . To;}sf/0f lognfO{ ef]6' klg eGb5g\ . logL v8fgGb -cltan_ kl5sf
k|Voft kxndfg lyP . logsf 5f]/f cf7 efO{ lyP . kb\dlglw, j}hgfy, hutdl0f, pdfsfGt, afns[i0f,
lglwnfn, /+unfn / sfn' . kb\dlglwsf 5f]/f rGb|dl0f / pgsf 5f]/f rqmdl0f eP . logsf ;Gtfgdf
/f0fsfndf xL/fnfn / pgsf 5f]/f rGb|k|;fb ;]gfdf ;'j]bf/;Dd ePsf lyP . ;'j]bf/ rGb|k|;fbn]
38

j+zfjnL cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf cToGt ;/fxgLo sfo{ u/]sf] x'“bf k|=kf= 6«i6 -sNof0fsf]if_ n] pxf“nfO{
@)%& ;fnsf] ;fwf/0f ;efdf bf];Nnf cf]8fO ;Ddfg u/]sf] lyof] .
lktfDa/sf 5f]/fx?df j}hgfy, hutdl0f, pdfsfGt / lglwnfnsf ;Gtfg ge]l6Psf
afns[i0fsf] ck'tfnL ePsf] 5 . j+zj[Ifdf kb\dlglw, /+unfn / sfGt'sf ;Gtfgx? xfn d'“uL6f/, ;nf{xL,
wgu9L / sf7df8f}+ cflb 7fp“df km}lnP/ a;]sf] kfOG5 .
j+zfjnL cg';Gwfgsf] qmddf uf]kfnsf] ;Gtfg dfq kfOPsf x'“bf ;f] eGbf dflysf
k'vf{x?sf] cWoog cg';Gwfg hf/L /x]sf] x'“bf of] j+z j[Ifdf jt{dfgdf uf]kfnnfO{ klxnf] k'vf{ dflg
pxf“s} gfdaf6 lk9L sfod ul/Psf] 5 . o;/L uf]kfnsf 5f]/f k|hfklt / gGbd'gLsf ;Gtfgsf] ljxËd
n]vfhf]vf ubf{ logLx? /fggLlt, ;flxTo, snf, ;fj{hlgs k|zf;g, cWofkg, Gofo, :jf:Yo, kqsfl/tf,
pBf]u / jfl0fHo ko{6gsf ;fy} cGo ljljw If]qdf cfÎgf] cnu klxrfg agfO{ a;]sf 5g\ eGgdf
clto'lQm gxf]nf . xfn k|;fO{x? t/fO{sf] If]qdf s]xL lhNnfnfO{ 5f]8]/ t/fO{sf ;Dk"0f{ lhNnf / kxf8tkm{
Onfd, kf“ry/, tfKn]h'Ë, t]¥xy'd, wgs'6f, /fd]5fk, b]nvf, l;Gw'nL, kj{t, sf7df8f}+ pkTosf cflb
lhNnfx?df a;f]af; u/]sf] kfOPsf] 5 . xfldn] xffd|f] y/Lsf] pTklt sxf“, slxn] / s;/L eof]
vf]htnf; ug{ af“sL g} 5 . of] dxtL sfo{nfO{ gof“ k':tfn] cem ulxl/P/ cg';Gwfg u/L nIo e]bg
ug{ lglZrt ?kn] ;kmn x'g]5 eGg] cfzf / ljZjf; lng ;lsG5 / lnOPsf] 5 .
-ljleGG ;|f]t / vf]haf6
pkdl0f k|;fO{
;lrj
k|;fO{ kfl/jfl/s 6«i6 -sNof0f sf]if_
j+zfjnL pk–;ldlt ;'?Ëf, emfkf .
39

@)%# ;fn a}zfv @ ut] a;]sf] ;fwf/0f ;efn] ljlwjt lgjf{rg u/]sf] k|=kf= 6«i6sf] s]lGb|o sfo{
;ldlt / ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldlt lgDg adf]lhd 5 .
s]lGb|o ;+rfns ;ldlt
s]lGb|o ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldlt
cWoIfM >L g;'x k|;fO{ -s'df/ afa'_ , w'nfaf/L ;+of]hsM t]h a= k|;fO{, latf{df]8
pkfWoIfM o1/fh k|;fO{, sf“s/le§f ;x ;+of]hsM u+uf k|= k|;fO{, -efGhfafa'_, 3}nf8'Aaf
dxf;lrjM sf]dn k|;fO{, bds ;b:oM kbdnfn k|;fO{, u/fd'gL
;lrjM v8\s k|;fO{, a'waf/] ;b:oM pkdl0f k|;fO{, ;'?Ëf
sf]ifWoIfM vu]Gb| k|;fO{, cgf/d'gL ;b:oM sf“lzgfy k|;fO{, wfOhg
;b:oM 3gZofd k|;fO{, lzju+h Æ pbogf/fo0f k|;fO{, bds
Æ l8NnK k|;fO{, sf]xj/f Æ aneb| k|;fO{, lzju~h
Æ xl/ s'df/ k|;fO{, cgf/d'gL Æ >LdtL ;'ldqf k|;fO{, bds
Æ ;'>L ozf]bf k|;fO{, z/0ffdlt Æ t'n;L k|;fO{, bds
Æ
j]g'k/fh k|;fO{, Onfd
Æ kml0fGb| k|;fO{, ;'?Ëf sf7df8f}+ pkTosf ;Nnfxsf/ ;ldlt
Æ ch'{g k|;fO{, bds != t]haxfb'/ k|;fO{, s'kg8f]n
Æ lzj/fd k|;fO{, sf7df8f}+ @= 8f= leid/fh k|;fO{, s'kg8f]n
Æ k'isn k|;fO}, ;'?Ëf #= bL3{/fh k|;fO{, 3§]s'nf]
Æ b]j/fd k|;fO{, lj/f6gu/ $= gGbs'df/ k|;fO{, ;LtfkfOnf
kb]g ;b:oM nIdL k|. lgZrn, sf7df8f}+ %= k|hfklt k|;fO{, yfkfynL
^= ;Ltf/fd k|;fO{, a'9flgns07
sf7df8f}+ pkTosf ljz]if ;ldlt &= >Ls[i0f k|;fO{, 3§]s'nf]
cWoIfM nIdL k|;fb lgZrn, 3§]s'nf] *= lzj/fd k|;fO{, v'dn6f/
pkfWoIfM u0f]z k|;fO{, s'df/Lufn (= r/0f k|;fO{, s'kg8f]n
;lrjM gf/fo0f s'df/ k|;fO{, sfnf]k'n !)= 8f= df]xgs'df/ k|;fO{, dxf/fhu~h
;x–;lrjM gljg s'df/ k|;fO{, d}ltb]jL !!= eLid k|;fO{, wfkf;L
sf]ifWoIfM
;b:oM
Æ
Æ
Æ
Æ
Æ
Æ
Æ
ab|L k|;fO{, rjlxn
vu]Gb| k|;fO{, sfnf]k'n
o1/fh k|;fO{, cgfdgu/
>L k|;fO{, w'Daf/fxL
s[i0f k|;fO{, cgfdgu/
clgns[i0f k|;fO{, nlntk'/
b]j/fj k|;fO{, uf}/L3f6
lqnf]rg k|;fO{, d}ltb]jL
;'>L ;l/tf k|;fO{, nlntk'
40

at{dfg emfkf lhNnf sfo{ ;ldlt
at{dfg t]¥xy'd lhNnf ;Dks{ ;ldlt
cWoIfM l6sfk|;fb k|;fO{, 3}nf8'Aaf ;+of]hsM dgx/L k|;fO{, o'jf, ebf}/]
pkfWoIfM t]hk|sfz k|;fO{, h'/f]kfgL ;lrjM ljgf]bk|;fb k|;fO{, o'jf, ebf}/]
;lrjM ejfgL k|;fb k|;fO{, ;'?Ëf sf]iffWoIfM /fd rGb| k|;fO{, o'jf, ebf}/]
;x–;lrjM df]xg k|;fO{, cgf/d'gL ;b:oM v8\s k|;fb k|;fO{, o'jf,ebf}/]
sf]iffWoIfM o'j/fh k|;fO{, xNbLjf/L Æ 5ljnfn k|;fO{, o'jf, ux]n]
;b:oM dx]Zj/ k|;fO{, 8f“uLjf/L Æ u+uf k|;fb k|;fO{, 5ft]9'Ëf
Æ /fdrGb| k|;fO{, u/fdgL Æ pdfsfGt k|;fO{, Ol;j'ª
Æ
>LdtL wd{snf k|;fO{, 3}nf8'Aaf
Æ u+uf k|;fb k|;fO{, bds jt{dfg tfKn]h\'ª lhNnf sfo{ ;ldlt
cWoIfM hos[i0f k|;fO{, xfËkfË
at{dfg df]/ª lhNnf sfo{ ;ldlt ;lrjM tlSb//fh k|;fO{, xfËkfË
cWoIfM nIdL k|;fO{, lj/f6rf]s sf]ifWoIfM /fdk|;fb k|;fO{, xfËkfË
pkfWoIfM g/]Gb|s'df/ k|;fO{ ;b:oM l8NnLk|;fb k|;fO{, l;gfd
;lrjM pbo/fh k|;fO{, lj/f6gu/ Æ u+ufk|;fb k|;fO{, km"naf/L
sf]iffWoIfM s[i0f k|;fO{, ;nsk'/ ;b:oM gf/fo0f k|;fO{, kmfs'Daf
;b:oM OGb| k|;fO{, jljof ljtf{ Æ e"jfgL k|;fO{, r'“jf
Æ k|]dk|;fb k|;fO{, jljof ljtf{
Æ bz/y k|;fO{, j]njf/L jt{dfg kf“ry/ lhNnf ;Dks{ ;ldlt
Æ xl/k|;fb k|;fO{, bds ;+of]hsM g/k|;fb k|;fO{, kf]v/L
Æ /d]z s'df/ k|;fO{, sfgk'/ ;lrjM nok|;fb k|;fO{, kf]v/L
sf]iffWoIfM clUg k|;fO{, ;'ef
jt{dfg ;'g;/L lhNnf sfo{ ;ldlt ;b:o Mb]j]Gb| k|;fb k|;fO{, ;'ef
cWoIfM b]j]Gb| k|;fb k|;fO{, O6x/L Æ df]xgnfn k|;fO{, ;'efª
pkfWoIfM
ab|L k|;fO{, dx]Gb|gu/
;lrjM ljgf]b k|;fO{, O6x/L jt{dfg Onfd lhNnf ;Dks{ ;ldlt
sf]iffWoIfM uf]kfn k|;fO{, O6x/L ;+of]hsM pdf/fh k|;fO{, uf]nfvs{
;b:oM >LdtL d]g'sf k|;fO{, O6x/L ;lrjM ljZjaGw' k|;fO{, km'juf5L
Æ df]tLnfn k|;fO{, O6x/L sf]iffWoIfM >LdtL ldgf k|;fO{, uf]nfvs{
Æ g/]Gb| k|;fO{, O6x/L ;b:oM /fdk|;fb k|;fO{, km"nuf5L
Æ nj k|;fO{, O6x/L ;b:oM lji0f' k|;fO{, km"nuf5L
Æ
uf]ljGbk|;fb k|;fO{, O6x/L
41

jt{dfg ;nf{xL lhNnf sfo{ ;ldlt
jt{dfg lrtjg kj{t lhNnf sfo{ ;ldlt
cWoIfM s]bf/gfy k|;fO{, sd}{of cWoIfM wd{/fh k|;fO{, e/tk'/
;lrjM huGgfy k|;fO{, sd}{of pkfWoIfM k"0f{k|;fb k|;fO{, lutfgu/
sf]iffWoIfM hfgsL k|;fb k|;fO{, x/Lk'/ ;lrjM s[i0fk|;fb k|;fO{, /Tggu/
;b:oM uf]ljGb k|;fO{, xl/cf}g sf]ifWoIfM /fdk|;fb k|;fO{, /Tggu/
Æ /fdx/L k|;fO{, cl/cf}g ;b:oM kb\dgfy k|;fO{, lj/]Gb|gu/
Æ an/fd k|;fO{, elQmlanf; Æ s[i0fx/L k|;fO{, rDkfgu/
Æ hLjgfy k|;fO{, xhf/lauf Æ OZj/L k|;fO{, /Tggu/\
Æ 6+sk|;fb k|;fO{, sd}{of Æ s[i0f k|;fO{, rDkfgu/
Æ s]zj k|;fO{, sd}{of Æ ljZjsdf{ k|;fO{,kftLrf}/ kj{t
Æ cgGt k|;fO{, sd}{of jt{dfg /fd]5fk l;+w'nL lhNnf sfdo{ ;ldlt
Æ s[i0fk|;fb k|;fO{, dgx/jf cWoIfM k|]dk|;fb k|;fO{, d'“uL6f/
jt{dfg af/f lhNnf ;Dks{ ;ldlt pkfWoIfM k'is//fh k|;fO{, dGynL
;+of]hsM s[i0fk|;fb k|;fO{, ;kmfO{ ;lrjM lbks/fh k|;fO{, d'“uL6f/
;lrjM afz'b]j k|;fO{, s]fxNjL sf]iffWoIfM hfgsLk|;fb k|;fO{, xl/k'/
sf]iffWoIfM ZofdrGb| k|;fO{, ;kmfO{ ;b:oM uf]ljGb k|;fO{, xl/cf}g
;b:oM /fdk|;fb k|;fO{, s]fxNjL Æ /fdx/L k|;fO{, xl/cf}g
;b:oM v]6/fh k|;fO{, sf]xNjL Æ an/fd k|;fO{, elQljnf;
jt{dfg /f}tx6 lhNnf ;Dks{ ;ldlt Æ hLjgfy k|;fO{, xhf/ljuf
;+of]hsM /fdk|;fb k|;fO{, d"lt{of Æ 6+s k|;fb k|;fO{, sd}{of
;lrjM df]xgk|;fb k|;fO{, d"lt{of Æ s]zj k|;fO{, sd}{of
sf]iffWoIfM hgs k|;fO{, d"lt{of Æ cgGt k|;fO{, sd}{of
;b:oM gGb/fh k|;fO{, d"lt{of Æ s[i0fk|;fb k|;fO{, dgx/jf
Æ xl/k|;fb k|;fO{, d"lt{of a+zfjnL ;+sng pk–;ldlt
Æ OGb|k|;fb k|;fO{, d"lt{of ;+of]hsM vu]Gb| k|;fO{, cfgf/d'gL emfkf
Æ gf/fo0f k|;fO{, d"lt{of ;lrjM pkdl0f k|;fO{, ;'?Ëf, emfkf
Æ k"0f{x/L k|;fO{, d"lt{of ;b:o t'n;L/fd k|;fO{, 8f“uLaf/L
Æ nfnx/L k|;fO{, d"lt{of Æ t]h a= k|;fO{, s'kg8f]n
wgul9 lhNnf ;Dks{ ;ldlt Æ bL3{/fh k|;fO{, 3§]s'nf]
;+of]hs kbdk|;fb k|;fO{===== Æ l8NnL k|;fb k|;fO{, sf]xj/f
c? ;b:ox?sf] gfdfjnL gePsf] Æ ;Ltf/fd k|;fO{, a'9fgLns07
Æ
Æ
Æ
sf]dn k|;fO{, bds, emfkf
o1/fh k|;fO{, sfs/le§f
lszf]/ k|;fO{, u/fd'gL, emfkf
Æ /fh]Gb| k|;fO{, skg, sf7df8f}+
Æ
Æ
wd{/fh k|;fO{, e/tk'/,lrtjg
nIdL k|;fO{ lgZrn, d}ltb]jL
42

lji0f'sfGt zdf{ clen]v clws[t /fli6«o clen]vfno sf7df8f}+,
clen]v jif{ !@–@)%! k"0f{Í– !@
;Dkfbs d08n
zflgdfof /f0ff ± clDasf k|;fb /]UdL
k|sfzsM
>L % sf] ;/sf/
lzIff ;+:s[lt tyf ;dfh sNof0f dG qfno , k'/ftTj ljefu /fli6«o clen]vfno
ldlt @)%! clZjg !& ut] k|yd jfxs %)) k|lt
ljifoM b'n'{Ësf cDan dWo] s'Zdfsf hUuf ?k}of“ bA/ vfgdf bflvn u/K hUuf rng ug'{
elg tklzn adf]lhdsf] aGb]h af“lwPsf] ldlt !**@÷&÷!! vfd ;+Vof !^@ .
>L b'uf{ >Lgfy
:j:tL >L dGdxf/fhlw/fhsZo ?= ! sf cfu] zlzw/ k|;fO{ hugk'l/s] b'n'{Ësf cDan DWo]
s'Zdfsf] gf}Nofiff]/ eGofsf] hUuf tflxsf cf:kf s'dfxfnsf] lsk6af6 ldlr vfofsf] !*@@ ;fn
jfUn'Ërf}/ sf] cbfntdf k'k{If u/L ;f] hUuf /}s/ 7x¥ofObf cf:kf s'dfnnfO{ b08 eO{ pS:ofsf]
kN6g sDkgLdf 98\8fdf bl/Psf] *@ ;fnsf hf“rdf bfl/ofsf] adf]lhd tklznsf] z]/df ?k}+of“
?=!.. ;DdfgL ?k}of“ ! hDdf ?k}of“ @.. ;fn ljzfn sGb'sf bAb/ vfgfdf bflvn u/L hDdf rng
ug'{ eGof aGbh]h u/L aSof}==vflt=Hofs;“u 7]saGbL hfgL hUuf rng u/ .
cfzfld 3/ ;]df{ c:dflg hDdf ?k}of“
zlzw/ k|;fO{ ! ! ..÷.. !..÷..
hugk'/L ! .. .÷.. ...÷..
@ !.. ! @..
]
58