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. . : . . :( ) . : (Stratum corneum) (Stratum granulosum) : (Stratum malpighi , Prickle cell layer) (spinosum Stratum) - (Basal layer, Stratum germinativum) (Stratium Lucidum) : (Stratum corneum) . . . : (Stratum lucidum) .

: (Stratum granulosum) . (Stratum Malpighi, Prickle cell layer) . . : (germinativum, Basal layer Statum) . (Basement membrane) . . :(Stratum corneum) . . () . . ( - ) . . : . : (Cytokines) . : .

: (Langerhans cells) . ." T " : (Melanocytes) .Basement) (membrane. . . (Dermis) . Papillary ) . (layer . . ( Reticular layer) . . (Dermal cells) (Reticulum cells) .(Mesenchymal cells): (Fibrous tissue) : (Fibrolasts) ..(Ground substances): . . .

: (Histiocytes) . .( Reticuloendothelial system). : (Mastocytes) . . : (Lymphocytes) .. : (Plasma cells) .(Immunoglobulins). : (Eosinophils) . : : (Collagen) . . . . :(Elastic fibres) .. : (Ground substance) . . . ..(Subcutaneous tissue) . .

« » (Adrenergic) (Cholinergic). . «» «» «» «» . .: : .. : . ( ) .. : :(papilla Hair) .(bulb Hair) Hair ) : "Hair root " . (matrix : :(Hair shaft) . .« » .( ) :

. (body) .. (Free edge) .. (Nail root) ."Lanula" .. (Nail bed) .. (Nail matrix) .(Nail folds) . . : . . : . .. .. .. .. .. ..« » .. . "D" .. .

. : . . : "Lameller" . . . pH . . . : . : . . : .. . .. : . . : .. .

: .. : .: . . . (Whealing). . .. "D" . skin Abraham W, Downing DT. Preparation of model membranes for;permeability studies using stratum corneum lipids. J Invest Dermatol-:.ultrastructural Breathnach AS. Embryology of human skin. A review of- :; studies. The Herman Beerman Lecture. J Invest Dermatol..London: J.Breathnach AS. An Atlas of the Ultrastructure of Human SkinA. Churchill,&.. New York and Oxford: Skin VolBiochemistry and Physiology of the-:Oxford University Press,.-:; Blank IH. Cutaneous barriers. J Invest DermatolDermatol.Elias PM. Epidermal lipids, membranes, and keratinization. Int J-: ;

dermis. J Invest DermatolNewPathology of the Skin. London: Prentice Hall.Deutsch TA, Esterly NB. Elastic fibers in fetal-: ; ..Farmer ER, Hood AF, eds ,International.nd ednGoldsmith LA, ed. Biochemistry and Physiology of the SkinYork: Oxford University Press,Regional development of the epidermis in the .Holbrook KA, Odland GFsecond trimester fetus (ages related to the first trimester embryo and the: ; biopsy). J Invest Dermatol timing of amniocentesis and fetalStructure of the developing human embryo and..-..Holbrook KA, Hoff MS- :; fetal skin. Semin DermatolHashimoto K, Gross BG, Lever WF. The ultrastructure of the skin of human; embryos. I. The intraepidermal eccrine sweat duct. J Invest Dermatol.- :edn thLever WF, Schaumburg-Lever G. Histopathology of the Skin.human Briggaman RA, Wheeler CE. Epidermal-dermal interactions in adult:; skin. II. The nature of the dermal influence. J Invest Dermatol.-.Montagna W, Yun JS. The skin of primates. XVI The skin of Lemur,. Philadelphia: Lippincott-: ; mongoz. Amer J Phys Anthrop.

,McKee PH. Pathology of the Skin. Philadelphia: LippincottGoldsmith LA, :Scheuplein RJ, Bronaugh RL. Percutaneous absorption. Ined.barrier: a comparison Smith JG, Jr, Fischer RW, Blank H. The epidermal- : ; between scrotal and abdominal skin. J Invest DermatolIn: Goldsmith LA, .Scheuplein RJ, Bronaugh RI. Percutaneous absorptionand Oxford: ed Biochemistry and Physiology of the Skin Vol II. New York-: Oxford University Press,.keratinizing tissues. In: Bereiter-Hahn J, Matoltsy AG, Wertz PW. Lipids of: Vertebrates. Berlin: Biology of the Integument. Vol .Richards KS, edsBiochemistry and..- ;Springer-Verlag,..Yardley HJ. Epidermal lipids. In: Goldsmith LA, ed- : ,Physiology of the Skin. New York: Oxford University Press. : : . .

. . . : .(... ) . . «» . . . . . . . . . :

.( ) . (Xeroderma pigmentosum) . .. .. . : . ... ... . ( Coccidomycosis) .

. . . . .( ) . (Mg.dailyPentostam I.M.) ( ) . . Season . . . .

. (Gentian violet) . .. . () . ( ) . . . . . . . . .

. . . . () . : . :(Macule) .. . : (Papule) .. : (Nodule) . : (Plaque) .. : : (Erythema) .. . : (Blister) .. : (Vesicle) .. : (Bulla) .. : (Pustule) . : (Nevus) ..()

. : . : ( Scales) . . . : (Crust) . :( (Excoriation. : (Fissure). : (Erosion) . : (Atrophy) . : (Lichenification). : (Fibrosis) () : (Abscess) . : (Cellulitis) ( ) . . : (Pyoderma) () : (Alopecia) () . . . :(Burrow) . : (Comedo). : (Hemartoma) . : (Ecchymosis) . : ( Petechiae) . : (Stains) . : (Exfoliation) () : (Hemosedroses) .

: (Fistula). . : (Keratoderma) . : (Stria). : (Callous) . : (Milium) . : (Vegetations) . : (Papilloma ) . : (Aphthae) :) (Koebners phenomenon) ) . . . . . . ) .(..... .

. Auerbach AD. Diagnosis of diseases of DNA synthesis and repair that affect- :; the skin using cultured amniotic fluid cells. Semin Dermatol.that affect Auerbach AD. Diagnosis of diseases of DNA synthesis and repair- : ;the skin using cultured amniotic fluid cells. Semin Dermatol.determination by Ahlstedt S, Eriksson N, Lindgren S et al. Specific IgEdiagnosis with RAST compared with skin and provocation tests in allergyAllergy birch pollen. Timothy pollen and dog epithelium allergens. Clin-: ; Koebner. Int J DermatolTesting. Identification of food allergens..Boyd AS, Neldner KH. The isomorphic reponse of-: ; .Committee on Provocative Food- :; Ann Allergy. (Prenatal diagnosis) . .

. : . . : . : : . . . : . . DNA : . . () .«» «» «» . : (Tzank test) . . : (Diascopy) .

. : (Skin scrappings) : . : . SMS KOH % % . .« »:(Blood picture) . : : (Neutrophilia) : . . ..(gangrenosum Pyoderma).(Leukemia) .. .(Eosinophilia) : . .. .. ( ) : .. : .. : ..(Erythema neonatarum) .

. .(Lymphocytosis) : . .. () : ." ESR " . : . : .. .. ..(SLE) .. .. .. ..( ) . : (Serum protein estimation) . "ANA" : ." SLE " .. .. () .. .. .. .. .. .. .

() . () . : . (tests Cryoglobulin) . : : . . (Porphobilinogen test) . : .«» . « » (Skin biopsy) .

(Skin tests) .() . .. . (Patch test) . : . . : . . .() : . : . . : (patch test Open) - :

. (Provacative patch test) () -. % . (Vapor patch test) - . . : - . . (test Photopatch) -. (Control) . . (Antigen) .. . . : . :+. :+. :+. :+

: . . . . ( Intradermal test) . : . ( ) , , , : . : . (): . . : . . . . . . . :

. . : : . . . (Prick test) . . :. . ( Scratch test ) . . . :. : : . :. : : .IgE IgE . .. . "ELISA, RAST "-

ELISA) ( (RAST. ( RAST.() ( Oral provocation test) () . . : . . - : . (Exclusion tests&Elimination) . (Wood's light) .(Aْ ) . () . : ( Micosporon) : & Trichophyton violaceum ) ( ) (Trichophyton tonsurans. . (Erythrasma) :(versicolor Pityriasis) . (Bacterial infections) ( .(Pyocyanin)

(Acne bacillus) () . . (Erythrasma) : . . .() : ) . . (Porphyria cutanea tarda ) . :. ( carcinoma Squamous cell) : . :. repair that affect Auerbach AD. Diagnosis of diseases of DNA synthesis and- : ; the skin using cultured amniotic fluid cells. Semin Dermatol.IgE determination by Ahlestedt S. Eriksson N, Lindren S, et. Al., Specificdiagnosis with RAST compared with skin and provacation tests in allergyAllergy birth pollen. Timothy pollen and dog epithelium allergens. Clin-:; Boyd AS, Neldner KH. The isormorphic response of Koebner. Int. J. : ; Dermatolof food allergies..Committee on Provocative Food Testing. Identification.

: ; of Wood's lamp. J Am Med Assocusing the hemocytometer-Gynaecologists,-: ; J Hosp Med-: ; Ann Allergy.Caplan RM. Medical uses .Pepys J. Skin tests. Br.Dutz W, Kohout E. Dermatologic diagnosis by:; and the dental broach. Int J Dermatol.Diagnosis. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and-: Nicolaides KH, eds. Prenatal Elias ,Eady RAJ, Rodeck CH. In: Rodeck CHdiagnosis of hereditary skin disorders. S. Use of fetoscopy for the prenatalWhepper ,In: Gedde-Dahl T, JrPrentice Hall:Farmer ER, Hood AF, eds. Pathology of the Skin. LondonSandler M, ed. Amniotic Fluid and its-: Dekker,excisions. Clin Exp Dermatol..International,.:Gosden CM, Ross A, Eason PJ. InClinical Significance. New York: Marcel.Harrison PV. A guide to skin biopsies and-: ; .Diagnosis of Heritable Skin Diseases. Current Problems KD, eds. Prenatal-: Karger, :in Dermatology. BaselPrenatal Diagnosis...Kaback MM. In: Rodeck CH, Nicolaides KH, eds- : ,London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologistsfood testing: a.Lehman CW. A double blind study of sublingual provocative

- :; study of its efficacy. Ann Allergy.,McKee PH. Pathology of the Skin. Philadelphia: LippincottMarks R, Dawber RPR. Skin surface biopsy: an improved technique for the-: ; examination of the horny layer. Br J Derm..: ; Kligman AM. The follicular biopsy. Dermatologica,Mills OHabnormalities..of developmental and other genetic Polani PE. Incidence-: ; Proc Roy Soc Med.-: ; Inherited metabolic disorders. Br Med Bull.Patrick AD.Quantification of weal reactions with laser Doppler flowmetry..Serup J-:; AllergyRAST and.Seltzer JM. Correlation of allergy test results obtained by IgE-: ; prick- puncture methods. Ann Allergy.Neldner KH. The isomorphic reponse of Koebner. Int J Dermatol-,Boyd AS:; .University:Rothman S. Physiology and Biochemistry of the Skin. Chicagoof Chicago Press,.: ; lamp. J Am Med AssocCaplan RM. Medical uses of Wood's-.Anderson RR et al. Localization of melanin,Gilchrest BA, Fitzpatrick TB

-: ; Br J Dermatol.pigment on the skin with Wood's lamp.The reproducibility of intradermal.Gottlieb PM, Stupniker S, Askovitz J-:;skin tests: a controlled study. Ann Allergy.thedn. SkinLever WF, Schaumburg-Lever G. Histopathology of thePhiladelphia: Lippincott,.Skin. Philadelphia: Lippincott,McKee PH. Pathology of the.-: ; MedPepys J. Skin tests. Br J Hosp.Ahlstedt S, Eriksson N, Lindgren S et al. Specific IgE determination bycompared with skin and provocation tests in allergy diagnosis with RASTTimothy pollen and dog epithelium allergens. Clin Allergy .birch pollen-:; Diseases..Ackerman AB. Histologic Diagnosis of Inflammatory SkinFebiger, & Philadelphia: Lea.eds. Pathology of the Skin. London: Prentice Hall,Farmer ER, Hood AF,InternationalDermatol.Harrison PV. A guide to skin biopsies and excisions. Clin Exp-: ; prenatal diagnosis of genetic.Eady RAJ. Fetoscopy and fetal skin biopsy for- :; skin disorders. Semin Dermatol.Eady RAJ, Rodeck CH. In: Rodeck CH, Nicolaides KH, eds. PrenatalDiagnosis. London: Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists,- :

and its.Gosden CM, Ross A, Eason PJ. In: Sandler M, ed. Amniotic Fluid- :Clinical Significance. New York: Marcel Dekker,diagnosis andPediatrics.Auerbach AD, Adler B, Chaganti RSK. Prenatal and postnatal.carrier detection of Fanconi anemia by a cytogenetic method-: ; . . . » . .« . . . . . : .

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. . . . . . : .. : : . : . . .

. . :"Droxaryl cream or Flogocid"( ) ). . : . : . . . .

. . : . (NCHCH) . . : (Receptors H) : . - . (Receptors H) : .. (H) : .. . . .

. . (Trimeperazine) : .(Azatidine, Pyrilamine,Clemastine ) : "Alkylamines ". :(Chlorophenaramine maleate) (a . (..Chlortrimaton, Polaramine) : . // .,. : . - - - - . (Dimetapp) "Bromopheneramine maleate" (. / . / - (Polaramine) " Dexachlorophenarimine maleate " (. - : . / . . / - : " Ethanolamines": .Benadryl capsules “ : (Diphenhidramine) / , : ,, ”or syrup. .

: . -: (Promathazines): . , (Phenergan). , . // / . .(Cyproheptadine; Periactin) (Piperadine) . // / . . . . . (Piperazine : (Hydroxazine HCL; Atarax) ./ : . . : :. / - : . // . . .

"Atarax" . " .mgm Benadryl," . " Vistaril " : (Hydroxazine pomate). - Cyproheptadine .. Phenindamine& Tripolidine ,Bromopheneramines, Chloropheneramines ).. ( " Hydroxazine " . " Tartrazine" . "Atarax" . . .. .: : ( mg ):"TerfenadineTeldane . "..

. . . . : . H / / : . / / .:(Zyrtec) . . . (Placebo) . . :(Clairatin) . . . . () ( ) . (Anticholinergic) (FDA) :

. . :. : (mg) AstimazoleHismanal, . . " H" . . . . . «» "FDA " : . " H" : // , ( ) . H . / : - CORTICOSTEROIDS TOPICAL .. : . . ( ) .

. : : :( ) . ) : ( . (ELOCOM) % %, . . . . . : . . () . . : . . . :

.() %, % , ) .%, (%. . . . (Cordran tape) . . (Psoriasis) (Lichen planus) . :(Elocom) ..(Eumovate) : .(Synalar) (Celestoderm) . (Dermovate) : (FDA) (Elocom) : .. . (Eumovate) : . : .. : (Fluromethazone) . "Vioform" (Tar) (Salicylic acid)

. (Betnovate) (Celestoderm) . . (Diprosone) : ( (Decoderm : (Decoderm trivalent) (Decoderm compound cream). (Salidecoderm) ( . (Aristecort ) . (Kenalog orabase) (Kenalog) "Dermovate" . "Lotion " . " Locoid" . "Betnovate ".( + ) " Diprosalic". "Dermovate" . . . . . . .( )

. .« » .( ) « » : (Adrenal failure) . . (Dermovate) . ( ) : ( ) : ( ) : (Colbetasol, Dermovate ointment) . : . ( ) : ( ) : ( Systemic steroids ) "CorticotropinACTH" .(ACTH). ( )

. : . (Electrolytes) : :"ACTH" . . . . . .( ) : : . . . : = = , = = . , . .( ,Celestone ) .( ,) .(.mg -Medrol ) . (Prednisone) . , (Triamcinolone) . (mg IM Kenacort ) :(mg IM Depot medrol ) .

.. ( ml mg / Leddercort / ) : ) .( . . : .Emla ) . (cream, ASTRA. : Solitary lesion of hypertrophic lichen ) .(planus. (Neurodermatitis) . (Discoid lupus erythematosus) . (Psoriasis) Necrobiosis ) . (diabeticorum. (Keloids) () (Bacterial skin infections)

. -- - . . . . : . :. : . . . . . - (INFECTIONS SKIN). .(infections Bacterial skin ) .. (Fungal skin infections ) ..(Viral skin infections) . (Normal skin flora): . :

. . . :SEX . : RACE : . : . . . : . .. .. . . (flora Normal skin) . : ( ) . (Anaerobes) : (Propionobacterium species) .

. . (Streptococcus pyogens) . % (Streptpyogens) . :. .. . . . pH () .. .. (Muperacin, Bactroban) .. () (Bacterial skin infections) . ()

. . . ( ) . FURUNCULOSIS: . . . . : : : . . . (Muperacin cream) . . " Dial soap Cidal soap " : . .

. . . (Normal saline) : or. Bactroban cream , Garamycine cream) : .(Fucidine (Bactropan cream). . (Antibiotics) ( ) .. : . () . . Carbunculosis (Staph aureus) . . : .

. : : .. : .: . . . : : . . . . .(Hypoglobulinemia) : . Folliculitis . . : : : "Bockhart impetigo" » .

. : . () ."Folliculitis Decalvans" « » . : () IMPETIGO . IMPETIGO CONTAGIOSA: . . . . . . . : : : . . .

. . : . . (Bullous impetigo) . . . (Pemphigus neonatarum) . : . . « » .. .

. . . . . Beta-hemolytic ) : .. % (sterptococci (Scalded skin syndrome) . . Impetigo neonatrum . . Staphylococcal ) (scalded syndrom. . . :.

. . . . : «» : .. : () . . .(): : . : / .(Muperacin ,Bactroban) . (Zithromax; zithromycin) . (Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome) . Staph.aureus ) .(,phage .

: . . : . . . . : :(necrolysis Toxic epidermal) . ( Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome) . : (Drug reaction) . . : (Bullous impetigo) .. : (Erythroderma) .. : (Bullous diseases) .. : (Systemic antibiotics)

" " " ". . (Corticosteroids) . . : . / . :"" .(...Bactroban , Fucidine, Garamycine): . . Abscess. : : : . . . .

. . . . .. : .: . . : . . . : . . . Cellulitis (/). . : : .

. . .(Hemophilus influenza) . . : . (Erysipelas) . (B-hemolytic streptococci) :: .: . (/) . . :

.. : . .( ) . (Septicemia) . : : . . . . () . . () . . . . .. .

- Tuberculosis of skin: (/) . : . : .:"Lupus vulgaris" "Scrofuloderma" " Tuberculosis verrucosus cutis" "Tuberculids" " Exanthematous lesions" "Tuberculosis miliaris disseminatus" " Lupus miliaris disseminatus" " tuberculid Papulonecrotic" " Lichen scrofuloderma" : .(Miliary tuberculosis) .( Primary tuberculosis complex ) Lupus vulgarisVulgaris a LupusFig.

. Lupus vulgarisFig. . . : . . » .«: : . . . . ( ) complex Primary tuberculosis(/). : . . : . . . :

. . () Miliary tuberculosis . . : . . Papulonecrotic tuberculid(Paapulonecrotic tuberculid (Fresh lesion .cFig.(Fresh lesion) d. Paapulonecrotic tuberculidFig. . (/) . : () . . (scrofulosorum Lichen) .

. . cutis Tuberculosis verrucosus)d. Tuberculosis verrucosus cutisFig. . : . . () : .(Hypertrophic lichen planus) .(Blastomycosis) : .(Bromoderma) ( ) (Erythema induratum). . . . : : (/)

. . Scrofuloderma . . : . (Tuberculosis cutis orificialis) . . : . : . .. .. .. (Tuberculin test) .. . . . (/). :(Isoniazid ,INH) .

. // : . : ( ) (Pyrazinamide) .. ,. , ,. , ,.(// ) : (Ethambutol) . .: ( ) : :/: .. : : (INH) (PAS) .. (BCG vaccination) : . .(Subclinical) . "BCG" ( ) . : . . ( )

(/) ( ) , . () : ; Procvalue of tuberculin testing. Gracey DR. Tuberculosis in the world today. Mayo Clin-: ; ChestTuberculosis in the United States.parameters inInfect Dis-.Capewell S, France A, Uzel N et al. The currentand.BCG vaccination in children. Br J Dis.Rieder HL, Cauthen GM, Kelly GD et alJ..- :; Am Med Assoc.Sehgal VN, Srivastava MD, Khurana VK et al. An appraisal of,epidemiologic.clinical, bacteriologic, histopathologic and immunologiccutaneous.- :; tuberculosis. Int J Dermatol.Grosset JH. Present status of chemotherapy for tuberculosis. Rev.): (Suppl. ; Primary inoculation tuberculosis of..Goette DK, Jacobson KW, Doty RD

- :; the skin. Arch Dermatol.clinical:Ramesh V, Misra RS, Jain RK. Secondary tuberculosis of the skin:; features and problems in laboratory diagnosis. Int J Dermatol-skin lesions..Kennedy C, Knowles GK. Miliary tuberculosis presenting with: ; BrMed J.Lupus vulgaris with numerous tubercle.Duhra P, Grattan CE, Ryatt KS-:; bacilli. Clin Exp Dermatol.clinical:Ramesh V, Misra RS, Jain RK. Secondary tuberculosis of the skin-:; features and problems in diagnosis. Int J Dermatol.(/);Voyce MA, Hunt AC. Congenital tuberculosis. Arch Dis Child-:tuberculosis. Am.Hassoun PM. Erythema induratum and active pulmonary-: ; JMed.chemotherapy for tuberculosis. Rev Infect Grosset JH. Present status of- :((Suppl. ; Disdrugs. Rev.Sensi P. Approaches to the development of new antituberculosis-): (Suppl. ; Infect Dis.Studies on treatment of skin tuberculosis with extracts from:.Maruyama, C

(Jan.)-:bacilli.Jap..J.Derm.(ser. B)tubercle.(Leprosy) . : . . .( ) . . : . .. .. .. .. : .: . (Lepromatous leprosy) .. (Tuberculoid leprosy) .. (Borderline leprosy) . (leprosy Lepromatous) .

. .: (/) . . . : . . : :(type Macular) .: . . . . . : (Lepromatous type) .. (type Diffuse) . :() : . .

. .(Lion face) ( ) () : . . (Diffuse leprosy of Lucio) : . :(Ulcerating type) .(/) . :(Lichen leprosus) .. ." " :(Neural involvement) . . : .. . . . . (Trophic ulcers) .

: .. :. : . . . . (Tuberculoid leprosy) . .. . : ( ) (/) . . . :

. ..( pigskin ) . : : . .. .. : . (Borderline tuberculoid) . . . (Borderline tuberculoid) . .(/). : . . . () (Indeterminate leprosy)

. . : . : (leprosy Lepromatous) . ( ) . . . (Tuberculoid leprosy) .. : .(Giant cells) .( ) : (Borderline tuberculoid) .. . (Borderline leprosy) .. . . . (Giant cells) : " " .: .. ..

. .( ) .(Erythema chronicum migrans) : .. . .(Erythema nodosum) () .(Erythema induratum) . (/). .(erythematosus Discoid lupus) : .. . . . (Berloque dermatitis) .(reaction Lepromin test, Mistuda) ) : . (Lepra reaction) : . : : .. : (Erythema nodosum leprosum) ..

: . . . (DDS) ( ) .. . : . . . . / : (Ciba SU- ) .. . : (Madribon ) . . (Lampreme, Geigy ).. : (Lepra reaction): . .(/). .. .. .: . .. .

children: general considerations; initial and early.WHO, :Genevalepromatous. .. .. .Lara CB. Leprosy instages. WPR/LEP/.Kaplan G, Cohn ZA. Regulation of cell mediated immunity in,-: ; leprosy. Lepr Rev.AW, Broome CV. Leprosy in the United States. J Inf Neill MA, Hightower,- :; Dis.McDougall AC, Archibald GC. Lepromatous leprosy presenting with,-; i: swelling of the legs. Br Med JPearson JMH et al. A clinical and immunological ,Duncan ME, Melsom Rwith lepromatous leprosy, two of whom Study of four babies of mothers,- : ; developed leprosy in infancy. Int J Leprof lepromatous.Drutz DJ, Chen TSN, Lu W-H. The continuous bacteraemia,-: ; leprosy. New Engl J MedGaitonde BB. A study of autonomic functions in leprosy.Churchill..,Dabholkar VR,- : ;Leprosy in India:rd edn. EdinburghBryceson ADM, Pfaltzgraff RF. Leprosy; (Special Issue): Lepr Revet al. Leprosy in peripheral nerves:.,Livingstone,..Pearson JMH. Dapsone resistant leprosy.SS-.Pedley JC, Harman DJ, Waudby H

(/)patients in Nepal. J Neuroluntreated histopathological findings in,-: ; Neurosurg Psych,-: ; DS. Reactions in leprosy. Lepr Rev.Ridley.Ridley DS, Jopling WH. Classification of leprosy according to immunity, a,-: ; five-group system. Int J Lepr.of multidrug regimens recommended by a WHO Ellard GA. Rationaleleprosy for control programmes. Int J Study Group on chemotherapy of,-:; Lepr.ME, Melsom R, Pearson JMH et al. A clinical and immunological Duncanbabies of mothers with lepromatous leprosy, two of whom Study of four,-: ; infancy. Int J Lepr developed leprosy in.Treponemal skin infections syphilis Congenital () . . : ( Stigmata) . . : (Hutshinson's triad)

. .( ) . .(moles Malbery) « » : . . :(Condyloma lata) () .. (/): : . . «Snuffles» : () ..() "Rahgades" : . : . ( alopecia Syphilitic) :.«» . .

. «Tertiary stage» .: :( Gumma) .. . . () .: . : . ( FTA - ABS (IGM) - TPI - VDRL) : (/) . . . . / , . . / , : . Treponemas Non venereal( ) (Yaws) . . Pertunue

: " Treponema Pertenue" . " Hippelates" .. : . : "Frambesiform) ) . ) .( : . . . (/) . . . : . . . : . .. . (Periosteitis) :

. . . () (/). . : . . . . : . : ( ) (PMA) , . ,, .( ,) (Pinta) . ( disease Blue stain) » . . ( Treponema carateum) .() .

: . (Hippelates ) . . : . : : : .. . . . . .S.T.S: .(/) . . . . % STS. (Spirochetes) :- :- : .

. . ) ( ) « » .( . . : . ( ) . ,, . (Bejel) (/). : : . : : () . : . .

AP, Menke HE et al. congenital syphilis in the Boot JM, Oranje-: ; clinical features. Genitourin Med & Netherlands: diagnosis.dental stigmata of prenatal syphilis. Oral Surg Oral Med Bradlaw RV. The- :; Oral Pathol-: ; Browne SG. Yaws. Int J Dermatol.FS. Involvement of aortic valve and ascending aorta in congenital Bengali-: ; Vener Dis syphilis. Br Jchanges in congenital.Dunlop EMC, Wink RB. Incidence of corneal-: ; syphilis. Br J Vener DisGlenn M, MacBride-Stewart G et al. Yaws in the Solomon Islands.trimester. Am J Obstet..,Feign D- : ; J Trop Med Hyg.Harter CA, Benirschke K. Fetal syphilis in the first-: ; Gynecol.LJA. Differential Diagnosis of Yaws. Monograph Hackett CJ, Loewenthal ,. Geneva: WHOSeries, No.revisited. Am J.Mascola L, Pelosi R, Blount JH et al. Congenital syphilis-: ; Dis ChildTreponematosis in the Americas. WHO.Medina R. Pinta. An Endemic,INT/VDT/Cockayne A, Schouls LM et al. A new attempt to ,Noordhoek GTsubspecies of Treponema pallidum causing distinguish serologically the- : ; syphilis and Yaws.J Clin Microbiol..

(/)- :; Robinson RCV. Congenital syphilis. Arch DermatolLancet..Willcox RR. Njovera: an endemic syphilis of Southern Rhodesiayaws. J Laryngol Otolrevisited. Am J Dis-; i: .Whittet HB, Quiney RE. Nasal manifestation of-: ; Differential Diagnosis of Yaws...Hackett CJ, Loewenthal LJA ,. Geneva: WHOMonographSeries, No..Mascola L, Pelosi R, Blount JH et al. congenital syphilis-: ; ChildSchouls LM et al. A new attempt to ,Noordhoek GT, Cockayne ATreponema pallidum causing distinguish serologically the subspecies ofsyphilis and Yaws.. Geneva: infections. Technical Report Series No..WHO. TreponemalExpert Committee on Venereal Diseases and Treponematoses. Sixth. Geneva: WHO, Technical Reports Series No.WHO,..WHO.Report Tropical ulcer .. :

. : . . .. : : . : : : (/) : .. : :. : .. : :«Frambesia» . T. Pertenue : . . .

(Carrion's disease) (Bartonella) . . . (P.verrcarum) (noguchi Phlebotomus): : : : .. : : : : . : . (/) : (OROYA) .. . : . . . B et al. The infectious aetiology of tropical. : . . . .Adriaans B, Hay RJ, Drasar

: ; anaerobic bacteria. Br J Dermatolulcer - a study of the role of-.Adriaans B, Hay RJ et al. The epidemiology and clinical,Robinson DC-: ; ulcer. Int J Dermatolfeatures of tropical.-:; J Clin MicrobiolGambian.Wilkinson M, Agett P, Cole TJ. Zinc and acute tropical ulcers in- :; children and adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr.infectionsFungal skin Superficial fungal infections Tinea capitis . . . ( ) . (/) .

. : . : : . . : . . " M.canes ": . : (Micosporon auduini) .. : (M.Canis) .. :(Trichophyton mentagrophyte ).. :( Trichophyton tonsurans ).."Black dot type" :( T.Vioaceum ).. :( T.schoenleini ).: . "T.Mmentagrophyte" . " T.Tonsurans" (/) ." KOH" : . : . :" Blackdot" .

. . . : "Kerion" . "" . . : "Favus" . . : : : . . . : . .(/) : . (KOH) . : . .FAVUS ."%KOH "

. . . . Micosporon )" Ectothrix " .( T.verrucosum memenentagrophytes ( T. violaceum T.Tonsurans ) "Endothrix " . " : . . " " " . . : :" Alopecia Areata" ." . "exclamation. . (/) : .. (kerion) : .. . : . : (Discoid lupus erythematosus) . . . : (Lichen planus) .

. . : . . . : (Griseofulvin) . . : (Microtubules) . .: - "" (/). : . "" ./ . : ( ).: :

.( ) : / / / : ( ,) / : ( ) / : - . .( ) . : : ./ / . () . : . ( ) (Azoles) . . : "T. rubrum" . . : . " itraconazole": / (/).: . .

. : .. ::. / : . . " ALT SGPT " . . :: .. . . . ...: . . " " . . . : "Allylamine " . "epioxidase Squalene " .

(/). ( Terbenifine ,Naftifine) . ( Terbinifine -Lamisil )./ , : . : ./ : ./ : () . " " :(Onychomycosis( . : . : (T. Rubrum) .: . . . :(T. Mentagrophtes) .Candidal ) ) . . :(nail infection. .

. : . : : : Tinea corporis . (/). : . : . . . : . . . ( ) : : ( ) : ( )

: : . . . . . : .. . circinata Tinea . : . . . : :(type Plaque) . .: (Crusted type) .. . "Scatula" (/)

: : Tinea profunda . ."Trichophyton verrucosum " : : : .. . : . ."Trichophyton": . . . (Granuloma Majochi's). : . imbricata Tinea . .

Favus" Trichophyton schoenleini " . . (/).: : : .. (patch Herald) ) . . ( . . "KOH" : : (Discoid eczema) .. :(Discoid lupus erythematosus) .. . . : (Psoriasis) .. :

(/) : . "%KOH " : . % . :: : ,Imadizole )" Tolnaftate " : : : ( Miconazole , Econazole . . . : . : : . . ) (T.Rubrum. - . . ( Itraconazole )

Tinea cruris . (/): (Trichophyton rubrum & Epidermophyton floccosum)(Mentagrophytes .T) . (T. verrucosum). . : . . : . . . .: . . .

. . . . () . . . "Epidermophyton flocossum" (/) : "T. Rubrum" . .. : : : : : : : . . : (Pityriasis rosea) l. . : (Erythrasma) . . . . (Satellites) :( Candidiasis)

(/)T. pedis Epidermophyton ) . . ( Moulds) (floccosum. : . . . : . . : .. ..( ) : . "pH" . .. . .. .:

. . . . . . : (/) .. ..( Daktarin powder) ..(Lamisil cream, Dektacort ) . (Tolnaftate) / . %- .. : . - . : . .

. : . . : . / / / : . / : - . / - : - / . .(/). Tinea versicolor "Malassazia furfur" . . . . : . . . . .

.: . . : : . l: : . :Vitilligo . : . . (/) : . : . . : . : . .

. . . : (Nizoral) ( Selsun shampoo) ) %, . ( . . " (spray Pevaryl) " . . . . . (/) (Pevaryl) . . . ( ) () : . . . .

. ( Pevaryl sachets) . . Piedra . . . : (White piedra) (Black piedra) : .(Asteroid) .( Trichosporon beigelii& Piedra hortae) : (/): . . /"White piedra " . .. . . :

: :. :. .( ) : .. / . (/) . . : . . Herpes Simplex .

. : . : . . . . . . . (/). . : : : : : Neonatal herpes simplex (HSV) .:

. II . . : . . . . : .. : . : . : (/): :() . . . : . . " .

Aphthous ) " (Vincents angina) " ".(disease Ulcerating bullous) (stomatitis. . . . . : . . . . . (/). . % . .. ( -- ) : - (CHAPTER ) .

%cream days(she was given mupericin e.The same child after &.dFig.((Bactroban cream) applied once daily for the exfoliated area - : (/) : !!!!!!! . .( ) . . ( ) . ( ) . . . : .)......................................... ((HPV Human papillomavirus--) . (/)

%,gel Immiquinol--Aldara cream and Podofilix--Condylox) (herpeticum Eczema) : . . : . . ." " :. . "Fatal viraemia" ( ) () . . " II " . .: " Whitlow" .. . (/). "kerato-conjunctivitis Herpetic": .

. . "Herpes progenitalis" : . . . . . . : "Ano-genital herpes " . . . . Central nervous system herpetic ) : .(infection . . : (Recurrent herpes simplex) . . . . . (/) . . : :

. . () . . . IGM . : . . : % . / ( Zovirax cream) :(Acyclovir) . . . : . / . : . . . : . (/) . : .

.(mgm , Zovirax tablets, ) : . . . . : . ./ / (/). . . : . .(II) . :. . / Herpes ZosterVaricella - Zoster Virus

) : . ( :- ( ) : :- : : . . . . . . (/). . :. "Gangrane ": . . : . "Ataxia " . . : : .

: . / . (Zovirax) . : . Faciclovir) ) .Valacyclovir) ) . . : . / / . : . B : ( mgDepot Medrol ) . . . (/)(Congenital herpes zoster) .Varicella zoster virus . . : . / . /

Chicken PoxVaricella zoster " . "virus .. : . - . : . : . : . (/). . . : - : . ( ) : :

: : :: . . . . : : . : : (lotion Calamin) . . "Droxaryl cream " : : . . : : . Neonatal Varicella (/). :

: : .. : . . . : . " " . : .: . . : . % . : . :. . . . :.

(/). Gamma) ( Zoster-immune globulin) (globulin. The Infectious Exanthemas . . .Measles . : : 39 . . : . . : (Koplik's spots) . .

. . : : : (/). . . . . . Rubella . .: : . . () . .: . ( )

: . : . : . :. :(/) () . . Congenital rubella : (cataract Congenital) : . . . . () . :

. :. . . . . . (/). Roseola. : : . . . . : . . . . infantum Roseola

. . : : . . . : . . . .. . . : . : . (/) .Small Pox . .

: . : . . . . . . :. . (Complement fixation test) : . . : . Vaccinia. . : response Immediate response or immune" : . "

(/) " Primary response" : . "Accelerated response": . " vaccina Generalized ": . : " Eczema vaccinatum ": . "Multiple vaccination": . . " Roseola vaccination" : . "Vaccinia necrosum": . " Roseola vaccinia": . Hand-foot-mouth disease. " " : . : : (/).

. . mouth disease Foot - and . . . . : . . . : . :. Hiv disease in childhood " HIV" . : : " HIV" . . . . . . : . . " E .B. V " :

.% :: . " B- Cell " .. : " HIV" .(/) " T. Cell" .. " IgG" " HIV" "HIV" : . . "HIV " : (AIDS) . : " HIV " . . . "Azidothymidine) Zidovodine) ,Retrovir , AZT " : .. () " Zidovudine " " CSF" " HIV " . (Zidovudine) . " HIV " .

: " HIV" . / Parasitic skin infestations / Skin manifestations due to Protozoa (/)(Leishmaniasis) . (Phlebotomus sand fly) . . : .(Cuutaneous leishmaniasis) : . : . . . :

. . . : ( ) : ( ) : : "Oriental sore": . (/). . . : Abortive type . :" type Abortive" .. : "Disseminated type" : ( ) : ( ) : : :" L. infantum"/ /

. " L. Major": . . () . :" L. tropica " . . () (/):" L. Ethiopia" () . . . : . "" . : .: . Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

. : . : . : . : . : . : . . (/). . : / / / "Yaws" / : . .

"Pentavalent antimony " . " ." (Pentostan) . . / / : . (Neostibosan ,Bayer) . " (Fouadin) " " . "/ : (isothionate Pentadine) (/). . . (stibogluconate Sodium) . (snow Co) . .() . " CO " .

() : ( ) : leishmaniasis Visceral : "Dum-Dum Fever " . : . . . . . . : ." " Post kala azar leishmaniasis: . . . (/)Peters W. Killick-Kendrick R, eds. The :Bryceson A. Therapy in man. In

. London: Academic Press, Leishmaniases in Biology and Medicine Volvisceral- :Ho M, Koech DK, Iha DW et al. Immunosuppression in Kenyan-: ; leishmaniasis. Clin Exp ImmunolSadeghi E, Torabi S. Kala azar with disseminated dermal-: ; Med Hyg,Kumar PVleishmaniasis. Am J Tropkala-azar dermal leishmaniasis Rashid JR, Chunge CN, Oster CN et al. Postleishmaniasis in Kenya. E Afr Med J occurring after long cure of visceral-: ; leishmaniases. Report of WHO Expert Committee. Technical WHO. TheGeneva: World Health Organization, .Report Serieset al. Safety and efficacy of high dose Ballou WR, McClain JB, Gordon DMAmerican cutaneous leishmaniasis. Lancet sodium stibogluconate therapy of-; ii: Therapy in man. In: Peters W. Killick-Kendrick R, eds. The. London: Academic Press, Biology and Medicine Vol.Bryceson ALeishmaniases in-: J, Weinrauch L, Livshin R et al. Topical treatment of recurrent El-Onleishmaniasis with ointment containing paromomycin and cutaneous-: ; chloride. Br Med J methylbenzathoniumazar with disseminated dermal Kumar PV, Sadeghi E, Torabi S. Kala- :; leishmaniasis. Am J Trop Med HygMontalban CK, Martinez-Fernandez R, Calleja JL et al. Visceralleishmaniasis (kala-azar) as an opportunistic infection in patients infected:; with the human immunodeficiency virus in Spain. Rev Infect Dis

- Human Trypanosomiasis( )Chigas diseae(/): (South American trypanosomiasis) : : . : (Kissing bugs)" " . . : . . . : :. Sleeping sickness .( ) :

: : . : . :(Chancre) . . : : ." " . :(/). . Toxoplasmosis ( ) .(Gonadi Toxoplasma) . ()Congenital Toxoplasnosis : . . : . :

.% . . "Acquired Toxoplasosis" . : . : .:. . ." " " " . . . IgG IgM " " IgM" : (/)."IgG : .: (Daraprim) (/ ) . / .. "Rovamycine ". / / /" Spiramycin "

. . GL, DouglasMcCabe RE, Remington JS. Toxoplasma gondii. In: Mandell.RG.nd edn. New DiseaseBennett JE, eds. Principles and Practice of Infectious,-: York: John Wiley,.;Congenital toxoplasma infections. Proc Roy Soc Med.Beverley JKAlike-,-:Topi GC, D'Alessandro L, Catricata C et al. Dermatomyositis.,-:; syndrome due to toxoplasma. Br J Dermatol Zoonosis .: .() () . ( ) : : . . .: (/) () : .

. : . :. :. :"" () : . . : . :( ) "Trombidiosis "() . . :" Creeping Eruption" . (Ancylostom). () scabies Human .() (/). . ( ) :

: . . . : : . . . . . : . ) ( . (/). Animal scabies: . . () ( ) : ( ) : Parasitophobia .

. . Norwagian scabies . : . . . Scabies in Babies . : . . . . : . . . . : .

(/). . . . " Kwell Eurax " ( ) . . . .: % : (Benzyl benzoate) ."Lindane" "Kwell" . (Eurax) . : (Crotamiton) .. (/)

" . " . Skin Manifestations of Other Mites( Grain itch) .(Chiggers mite ) .(Rat mite itch ) .(Grocer's itch ) .( House dust mite) . . . :" pteronyssinus Dermatophygoides" . ( ) . . " Asperigellus penicilloides". . (Harvest ) : : (Atopic dermatitis) (/).

. . . Natamycin . . . Pyemotes mitesmites Grain itch " " ." " " " . Trombidosis( ) . .. Tsutsu. : : . : " ."gammushi

Mites Harvest (/) . () ." Rickettesia" . . () () . .(). (Chiggers) Eutrombi cula : . . . . . Cheyletiella (Cheyletiella) . . : (/)

. (/). . Dermanyssid ( ) . . :Liponyssoides Sanguineus. Family Macronyssidae. : . . : () . . . .

. ." " : .. :Family Tambidia . "ums No see" : Helediae . (Simuliides) : : : (Simuliides) . : : . .( ) : . " Psyclodidae" . . (Chloropidae) . (/). : (myiasis Cutaneous) . .(Screw Worm )

. . : :"Primary myiasis " . . . : .. (Walfahrtia) . . " D.Hominin Human bottle fly" .."Fly Stable" ( ) .. "Tumbu". :" myiasis Secondary" .. : .. " Creeping eruption" . : . (Genera Casterophillus) . ( Hypoderma): (/)

: .% .: ; myiasis. Arch Dermatol. . Poindexter HA. Cutaneous.EA. The use of maggots in wound Reames MK, Christensen C, Luce.- :; debridement. Ann Plast Surg: ;Spigel CT. Opportunistic cutaneous myiasis. Arch Dermatol; i: Lancet..-.Wildy GS, Clover SC. Myiasis due to tumbu fly larva..-.// . : . " Stargazers" : .

. :: " " " Stingrays Weaver " .(/).. . . : Phylum Coelentrata ' Hydroids " . "Potuguese Man-of-War" . . . : Portuguese man of war: : Barbs . ." Tentacles ":

. . . :. "Tentacles" : . . . : . : " ACTH " : . " Solu - Medrol "()(/). ( ) Seabathers dermatitis .. ( ) : (Algicid&Chlorine c.Swimming pool dermatitis(Due toFig.) : Seabather's dermatitis .dFig. . Schistosoma .:.

. . Snake Injuries. . . "Spitting " . : .:. . . . . (/). .. . : . .

Sting Scorpoin . . (Adrenergic) . (Cholinergic) : . : . : . : . . . . : .. . . . . . . :.

(/):Alexander JO‘D. Scabies. In: Arthropods and Human Skin. Berlinof human scabies (women and,-: Springer-Verlag,Bartley WC, Mellanby K. The parasitology,-: ; children). Parasitology:; Neste DJJ. Human scabies in perspective. Int J DermatolVan,-:Alexander JO‘D. Scabies. In: Arthropods and Human Skin. Berlin. -Kauai, Hawaii,,-; Springer-Verlag,,Funaki B, Elpem DJ. Scabies epidemiology:,; IntJDermatolimmune system in scabies. ln: Orkin M, Maibach HI, eds. Dahl MV. Theand Insect Bites. New York: Marcel Dekker, Cutaneous Infestations,-:: ; Human scabies in perspective. Int J Dermatol,: ; Bullous scabies. J Am Med Assoc,-: ; babies. Am J Dis Child,-: ; scabies by T.E.T.M.S. Br Med J.Van Neste DJJ,-.Bean SFHurwitz S. Scabies inClayton TM. Treatment of

Clinical experience with crotamiton cream and.Cubela V, Yawalkar SJ: ; with scabies. Br J Clin Practlotion in the treatment of infants,-Reisch JS. Absorption of lindane (gamma benzene,Ginsburg CM, Lowry W,-l: ; children. J Pediatrhexachloride) in infants andet al. Mites in the personal environment,-: ; DermatolHewitt M, Barrow GI, Miller DCand their role in skin disease. Br Jflies. In: Arthropods and Alexander JO‘D. Reactions to Dipterous biting,- :Human Skin- Berlin: Springer-Verlag,(/)Matusow RJ. Oral inflammatory responses to a sting from Portugese man-. Hoeffler DF. Swimmers itch. -: ; J Am Dent Assoc .oX war,-:; Cutis;Bernhardt MJ, Mandojana RM. Sea bathers eruption. Clin Dermatol,-:,-:; Hoeffler DF. Swimmers itch. CutisHelm,Kettle DS. Medical and Veterinary Entomology. London: Croom,pneumotropica. MedMedley S. A dog bite wound infected with Pasteurella,-: ; J Australia

Fanning GR et al. Capnocytophaga canimorsus sp.,Brenner DJ, Hollis DGa cause of septicaemia following dog ,(nov. (Formerly CDC group DF-local wound infection following bite, and C. cynadegmi sp. nov., a cause ofdog bite. J Clin): ( ; bites and stings. Emerg Clin North AmThe investigation and management of arthropod bites acquired: ; MicrobiolStawiski MA. Insect,-.Burns DA.- : ; Exp Dermatol in the home. ClinAnimal poisons - scorpion stings. In: Manson-Bahr PEC, Bellth edn. London: BalliEre Tindall, Tropical DiseasesBerlin:,-.Warrell DADR, eds. Manson‘s,- :.Alexander JO‘D. Scorpion stings. In: Arthropods and Human Skininfected with Pasteurella pneumotropica. Med(/),-: Springer-Verlag,Medley S. A dog bite wound,- :; J Australiascorpion Gueron M, Yaron R. Cardiovascular manifestations of severe,- :; sting. Clinicopathologic correlations. ChestPearn J, Morrison J, Charles N et al. First-aid of snake bite. Efficacy of aconstrictive bandage with limb immobilization in the management of human,-: ; envenomation. Med J Aust

: :( Nematode) " Strongyloides" (Oxyrius ) . . : "Cestoda ". " Trematoda" . (Enterobiasis)" Vermicularis Entrobius " . . : (Vermicularis Entrobius) . . : .. : :

. . . (/). : . . :. . : : .. . . . . : . (Antepar) ( ) / . () . . / (pamoate; Pyrental ) / . (Mebendazole) :

. . / (pamoate Pyrivium): (/). / (Thiabendazole) :. () . () . Dracunculosis. . . "Cyclops" . . : . . ( Mating ) . .:

: . : . : . ./ /(/) . .. :. . "Cyclops" . : : . (Phenothiazine) . (Benzomidazole, Metronidazole) . : ." " .

. Bilharziasis. :" Schistosoma or blood fluke" ( ) . (Cercaria) (/). . . ( ): . : : . . . :. . . : ." " :

. . "Cauliflower" . : . . (/). . .( ) : . . : . . . : . .

. . . : : . . : "Triostan " "Stibophen" ( Tartar emetic) . . (Ambibhar) . . . : . : : . : (/) . . . . .

: . : . . . . . : . : : (Metronidazole) . (Diloxanide ) : . . . . () Trichomonasis(/) . . . %

. : . . . : . : (): . . . . . ( ) % . .: / ( Metronidazole ) .. ( ) (/) " Vinegar" . Creeping Eruption

(Strongyloides) . . : . (Hook worms) (/). . : . . . .( ) b.Creeping eruptionFig. . :: . . . :(Dohome& Mentezole-Merk Sharp ) . .% , % . ()

. "" . Ground Itch "Dew itch " . .Strongeloides Round worm: : . . : : . : .() :. ::"" / , . . :"" . . (Alcopar) ( )Ancylostomiasis. () (/). .

. . . : . . :: : . . . :." % " " ": . . . ." " "".-: ; dracunculosis. Dermatol Clin Elgart ML. Onchocerciasis andReport. Regional workshop on . Morbidity and Mortality Weekly, :; dracunculiasis in Africa. MMWR

incidence,: its geographic extentWatts SJ. Dracunculiasis in Africa in,-: ; and at-risk population. Am J Trop Med Hyg(/). Pearson RD, Irons ; i: Broadbent V. Children's worms. Br Med JIrons RP Jr. Chronic pelvic peritonitis due to the pinworm Enterobius,RP-: ; vermicularis. J Am Med Assoc-: ; Strongyloidiasis in childhood. Am J Dis Child.Burke JAGenta RM. Cutaneous manifestations of strongyloidiasis.,. von Kuster LC,-:; Arch Dermatoleruption and Katz R, Ziegler J, Blank H. The natural course of creeping,- :; treatment with thiabendazole. Arch DermatolPhiladelphia:,Beaver PC, Jung RC, Cupp EW, eds. Clinical Parasitology,: Febiger,& Lea-: ; Schistosomiasis. Quart J MedDavis A. Recent advances ingranuloma of the skin. Br J Dermatol. El-Zawahary M. Schistosomal,-: ; Schistosomiasis, cercarial dermatitis and marine dermatitis..Gonzalez E,-:;Dermatol ClinMedicine andMahmoud AAF, ed. Schistosomiasis. In: Clinical Tropical, ,Communicable Diseases. London: Bailliere Tindallinfections. In:Mahmoud AAF. Praziquantel for the treatment of helminthic

Year Book:. ChicagoStollerman GH, ed. Advances in Internal Medicine,-: Medical Publishers,manifestations of Schistosomiasis mansoni. Torres VM. Dermatological,- :; Arch DermatolWorld Health Organization. Atlas of the global distribution of ., GenevaSchistosomiasis. Parasitic Diseases Programme. WHO,DermatolBaird JK, Wear DJ. Cercarial dermatitis. The swimmers itch. Clin,-: ; (/); Bernhardt MJ, Mandojana RM. Sea bathers eruption. Clin Dermatol,-:Letter. Drugs.Medical-: ; Hoeffler DF. Swimmers itch. Cutis,-: ; for parasitic infections. Med LetWH, Barr RJ, Gottschalk HR. Cutaneous amoebiasis. Arch Dermatol Fujita,- :; ; TodayMartinez-Palomo A. The pathogenesis of amoebiasis. Parasitol.-: ; Antimicrob ChemotherKnight R. The chemotherapy of amoebiasis. Jvaginalis. Reevaluation of its clinical,-: Fouts AC, Kraus SJ. Trichomonas

,-: ; Infect Dispresentation and laboratory diagnosis. Jin human medicine. In: Kreier Honigberg B. Trichomonads of importance,-: Press, . New York: AcademicJP, ed. Parasitic Protozoainfection. Rev Infect DisLossick JG. Treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis,-; (Suppl.): S-: ; trypanosomiasis in Africa. Br Med JFoulkes JR. Human,African trypanosomiasis. In: Weatherall DJ, Ledingham.Greenwood BMnd edn. Oxford: Oxford Textbook of Medicine.JGG, Warrell DA, eds,,Oxford University Pressallopurinol in Gallerano RH, Marr JJ, Sosa RR. Therapeutic efficacy of- : ;patients with chronic Chagas' disease. Am J Trop Med Hyg, and clinincal immunology Allergy . . (/) . . .

: ( ) : . . .( SIS) ( SALT) . (Macrophages). ( Non specific immune system ) . :. .( . ) . ( NK) ::(immune system Specific) (Antigen) . (Humoral) (Cellular) . : "T" "B" (/). : IgM, Ig A IgE , IgG ": "" : . ."IgD"

. :" Antigen" : ."Antibodies" Cell mediated" "response: . :(molecular weight antigens High) . : (weight antigens Low molecular) () ) Humoral Haptens. ( Delayed cell type:(Anaphylactic) . (Allergen) "" : (Antibodies) . . . ( Ig) . . (/): (Antigen-antibody reaction) : . "Humoral" (I, II, III ) : (Plasma cells) " B-lymphocytes " .

( IV ) : (Cell medited) . . (T-lymphoctes) : (Coombs & Gell )" " : ." anaphylactic reaction Immediate or" : . . IgE : (Antigen-antibody reaction) : : (Degranulation of Mast cells). (SRS) : . -. -. -: I . (Cytotoxic antibody II ) (Hapten) :(/). ." IgM IgA , IgG " :() (Complement) . .(Cytolysis) : . .(Agranuloctosis Hemolytic anemia)

. (Auto-immune diseases) III / / (Antigen-antibody immune complex) .(reaction Arthus) . :." "IgG" : " ( III) :. (Complement) : (Antigen-antibody reaction) . . (Phagocytosing cells) . . . . (Necrosis) : III .( - ) -. -. -Erythema ) (Erythema multiforme) -( nodosum. (IV ) : . :(/) .( Lymphokines). : : .

. . : : (Mast cells) . " " : Atopic ) . (dermatitis.( RAST) " IgE" : : " . " (/).(Atopic dermatitis) . . Eczema :"" . ." " () : (Baer) (Lichenification) . . . % : , ."Dermatitis"

. . . : . :: . (Atopic dermatitis) .(dermatitis Seborrheic) . (Discoid eczema) . (Dyshydrotic eczema) Metabolic eczema or eczema ) (associated wit systemic diseases.(Juvenile plantar dermatoses) .(drug reactions Eczema due to) . (Stasis dermatitis) : (Primary irritant dermatitis) (Allergic contact dermatitis) (Photoallergic reaction) (/)(Polymorphous light eruption) (Infective dermatitis) : Neurodermatitis, Lichen simplex) " ": (chronicus

Skin: Ann NY".Nodular Prurigo" : . . . Longley J, Braverman IM, Edelson RL. Immunology and theAcad Sciimmune system (SIS): Bos JD, Zonneveld I, Das PK et al. The skinsubpopulations in normal distribution and immunophenotype of lymphocyte- :; human skin. J Invest Dermatolallergicthe Bruynzeel-Koomen C. IgE on Langerhans cells: new insights into- :; pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. DermatologicaKim KM, Mayumi M, Iwai Y. IgE receptor-bearing lymphocytes in- :; and non-allergic children. Pediatr ResStreilein JW. Skin-associated lymphoid tissues (SALT): Origins andss-: ; functions. J Invest Dermatolantigens of human B-lymphocytes. Immunology Todaycells - aZola H. The surface- :; Chernielewski J, Vaigot P, Prunieras M. Epidermal Langerhans- :; cycling cell population. J Invest Dermatol: ;Wolff K, Stingl G. The Langerhans cell. J Invest Dermatolantigen-presentingss-Weaver CT, Unanue ET. The costimulatory function of-: ; cells. Immunology Today

Brozek C, Wood N et al. Circulating IgG auto-antibodies to IgE in,Quinti I-: ; syndromes. J Allergy Clin Immunolatopic(/),Cronin E. Contact Dermatitis. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstonepathogenesis Sampson HA. Role of immediate food hypersensitivity in the- :; of atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clin Immunolcassia oil and,Rudzki E, Grzywa A. Immediate reactions to Balsam of Peru-: ; ethyl vanillin. Contact Derm. Dyes in clothing. Trans St Studies in contact dermatitis..Cronin E-: ; SocJohn's Hosp Dermthe definition of a:Reynolds CW, Ortaldo JR. Natural killer activity-:; function rather than a cell type.Immunology TodayPostgrad Med.Maibach HI, Epstein WL. Plant dermatitis: fact and fancy-: ; Allergic contact dermatitis from.Mitchell JC, Dupuis G, Geissman TA-:;sesquiterpenoids of plants. Br J Dermatoldermatitis Mitchell JC, Geissmann TA, Dupuis G et al. Allergic contact; caused by Artemisia and Chrysanthemum species. J Invest Dermatol- :

from plants. Int JMitchell JC, Rook AJ. Diagnosis of contact dermatitis-: ; Dermatollin K-E. Temperature dependent primary /St,Rothenborg HW, Menne T-: ; perfume. Contact Dermirritant dermatitis from lemonof contact dermatitis from Rhus Powell SM, Barrett DK. An outbreak-: ; Contact Derm .(verniciflua (Toxicondendron vernifluvum: ; releasers. Contact DermDahlquist I, Fregert S. Formaldehydetesting with paraben esters. ContactMenne T, Hjorth N. Routine patch-: ; Derm(/) Atopic dermatitis .( ) : .EIg : . " " Coca . :

. : : . . (White dermograhism) : . : (Wheal raction) (Erythema). . . : : . : (/)(Infantile atopic dermatitis) Childhood atopic) ) .(dermatitis.(dermatitis Adult atopic) ( ) atopic dermatitis Infantile. ( ) : (uncommon type & a. Infantile eczema(Severe .Fig() : :

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(/)subclass inGwynn CM, Morrison Smith J, Leon GL. Role of IgG,-; i: allergy. Lancetchildhooddiagnostic tool for atopic dermatitis-): (Suppl. ; VenereolSvensson A, Edman B, M"ller H. Abased on clinical criteria. Acta Derm,-:; . Br J Dermatol atopicBraathen LR. T-cell subsets in patients with mild and severe,-(Suppl.): ; dermatitis. Acta Derm VenereolJR. Reduction of active natural killer cells in patients with atopic Jensen; estimated at the single cell level. Acta Derm Venereol dermatitis,-:(.(SupplSpringerVerlag,:Rajka G. Essential Aspects of Atopic Dermatitis. Berlin,for atopic dermatitis Svensson A, Edman B, M"ller H. A diagnostic tool-): Suppl. ) ; based on clinical criteria. Acta Derm Venereol,Berlin: SpringerVerlag,.Rajka G. Essential Aspects of Atopic Dermatitis,eczema in early childhood. Br JWalker RB, Warin RP. The incidence of,: ; DermatolYunis E, Mendell N et al. Preventive allergy: genetics of,Blumenthal MN,-: ; J Allergy Clin Immunol.IgE mediated-diseases

Atopic Dermatitis. Berlin: SpringerVerlag,Rajka G. Essential Aspects of,Wadsworth M et al. Changes in the reported,Taylor B, Wadsworth J; ii: war. Lancet-theprevalence of childhood eczema since,-RA et al. Total and specific IgE (RAST) in Wuthrich B, Baumann E, Fries,- :; atopic twins. Clin AllergyCookson WOCM, Hopkin JM. Dominant inheritance of atopic,-; i: immunoglobulin-E responsiveness. Lancet(/)Ring J, Dorsch W. Altered releasability of vasoactive mediator secreting,- :(.(Suppl ; cells in atopic eczema. Acta Derm Venereol Food Allergy . (Mast cells) "I" . ." Ig M IgG IgE " .

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mgmg Ascorbic acidhydrochloridemg RiboflavinThiamin(/) "" . food. Andersson, JB. And Lessof, MH. : Diagnosis and treatment of.() , allergies. Proceedings of the nutrition society,adverse Atkins FM, Steinberg SS, Metcalfe DD. Evaluation of immediatereactions to foods in adult patients II. A detailed analysis of reaction- :; patterns during oral food challenge. J Allergy Clin Immunolreactions to Bock SA, Lee W-Y, Remigro LK. Studies of hypersensitivity,- :; foods in infants and children. J Allergy Clin Immunolatopic,Sampson HA. The role of food allergy and mediator release in,-: ; dermatitis. J Allergy Clin ImmunolStC, Merrett TC. Food allergy and atopic eczema. Proc Nutr Barnetson R,- :; SocpatientsJackson PG, Lessof MH, Baker RWR. Intestinal permeability in,-; i: with eczema and food allergy. Lancet

BM, Hjorth N. Skin reaction to topical food exposure. Dermatol Hausen- :; Clinafter food:Sampson HA, Joli PL. Increased plasma histamine concentrations;challenges in children with atopic dermatitis. N Engl J Med,-() Eagle, R. :Eating and allergy. Futura, London.NutrBarnetson R StC, Merrett TC. Food allergy and atopic eczema. Proc,-: ; Soc(/)Carini C. IgE immune complexes in food allergy; significance,,-: ; and clinical consideration. Clin Allergy pathogenicityStC, Merrett TC. Food allergy and atopic eczema. Proc Nutr Barnetson RAtopic Dermatitis .-: ; Socpermeability in patients Jackson PG, Lessof MH, Baker RWR. Intestinal,-i: ;with eczema and food allergy. LancetatopicSampson HA. The role of food allergy and mediator release in,-: ; dermatitis. J Allergy Clin DermatolR StC, Merrett TC. Food allergy and atopic eczema. Proc Nutr Barnetson,- :; Soc,Carini C. IgE immune complexes in food allergy; significance,- :; pathogenicity and clinical consideration. Clin Allergy

subclass inGwynn CM, Morrison Smith J, Leon GL. Role of IgG-; i: childhood allergy. LancetJoost Th. Perioral dermatitis in a child due to Satyawan I, Oranje AP, van,-:; Derm rosin in chewing gum. Contacthypersensitivity in the pathogenesis Sampson HA. Role of immediate food,-: ; Immunol of atopic dermatitis. J Allergy Clinhistamine concentrations after food Sampson HA, Joli PL. Increased plasma: ; dermatitis. N Engl J Med challenges in children with atopic,- Primary irritant dermatitis . . (/) . . . .

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. . .(a.Primary irritant dermatitis (MetalFig. ) (b.Primary irritant dermatitis (PerfumesFig. ) d. Primary irritantFig. ) (dermatitis(Stockingsdermatitis f.Acute irritantFig. Livingstone, Cronin E. Contact Dermatitis. Edinburgh: Churchill(/)Holst R, M"ller H. One hundred twin pairs patch tested with primary-: ; irritants. Br J DermatolIrritant Contact Dermatitis. New York: MarcelWooding WM. A method for the measurement and-: ; skin. J Invest Dermatolnd edn. Copenhagen: Dermatitis,; Cleansing. Trans St John's Hosp Dermatol Soc.Jackson EM, Goldner R, edsDekker,,Kligman AMevaluation of irritants on humanFregert S. Manual of ContactMunksgaard,Symposium on Skin-:

Valk PGM, Crijns MC, Nater JP et al. Skin irritancy of Van dersoap and detergent bars as measured by water commercially available- :; vapour loss. DermatosenWood DCF, Bettley FR. The effect of various detergents on human-: ; epidermis. Br J Dermatolexternally applied drugs and inert substances. Zesch A. Adverse reactions of- :; Dermatosen De Groot AC. Patch Testing. Test concentrations and vehicles forrd edn. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, Dermatitis,Bodde HE, van Driel LMJ et al. Skin irritation caused bydays) application. Brallergens. Amsterdam: Elsevier,Fisher AA. Contact,Hurkmans JFGMdelivery systems during long-term ( transdermal drug- :; J Dermatol Neonatal Contact Dermatitis(/): :

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: : (/)Zeasorb" ". "Pufexamac ,Droxaryl" "Parfinac, Flogocid" . . " cream Decoderm compound" Vaseline, Moisturel cream, Baby ) ."Alpha keri , (baby oil . / . ) . .. () :pH " . ": (/)

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(/) . : ; Child.. . Pratt AG. Perianal dermatitis of the newborn. Am J Dis-on pH of stool, pH of skin Pratt AG, Reed WT. Influence of type of feedingnewborn infant. J Pediatr and the incidence of perianal dermatitis in the-: ; B. The relationship of perianal dermatitis to Tanino J, Steiner M, Benjamin- :; fecal pH. J PediatrNeonatal Skin..Boisits EK, McCormack JJ. In: Maibach H, Boisits EK, eds-: New York: Marcel Dekker,Hubbert RM, Sarkany I. Skin flora of infants with napkin rash.laundered diapers. Am,Brookes DB- : ; Br J DermatolBrown BW. Fatal phenol poisoning from improperly-: ; J Public Healthirritant role of feces in the genesis of perianal itch. Caplan RM. The- :; Gastroenterol

.- :; Gall LS. Normal fecal flora of man. Am J Clin Nutrdermatitis. J Honig PJ, Gribetz B, Leyden JL et al. Amoxicillin and diaper-: ; Am Acad DermatolCryptorchidism Study Group. Effect of John Radcliffe Hospital: ; in infants. Br Med J corticosteroid creams on descent of testes(/)-H, Boisits EK, eds. Neonatal Skin. Jordan WE, Blaney TL. In: Maibach- :New York: Marcel Dekker,Pratt AG, Reed WT. Influence of type of feeding on pH of stool, pH of skinand the incidence of perianal dermatitis in the newborn infant. J Pediatr- : ;diapers onZimmerer RE, Lawson KD, Calvert CJ. The effects of wearing-: ; skin. Pediatr DermatolL, Lospalluti M et al. Granuloma gluteale infantum Bonifazi E, Garofaloand histological observations in eleven cases. with atrophic scars: clinical- :; Clin Exp Dermatol Dermatitis Diaper(Napkin dematitis): .

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dermatitis simulating an acute herpes Herpetiform napkin dermatitis: napkin- :;simplex infection. Br J Dermatolof Keswick BH, Seymour JL, Milligan MC. Diaper area skin microflora;normal children and children with atopic dermatitis. J Clin Microbiol-:diapers onZimmerer RE, Lawson KD, Calvert CJ. The effects of wearing-: ; skin.Pediatr Dermatoldiaper rash when using cloth and disposable diapers. J Stein H. Incidence of- :; Pediatrthe role:Buckingham KW, Berg RW. Etiologic factors in diaper dermatitis-: ; of feces. Pediatr DermatolKD, Berg RW et al. Diaper dermatitis: frequency and Jordan WE, Lawson-: ; infant population. Pediatr Dermatol severity among a general(/)Munz D, Powell KR, Pai CH. Treatment of candidal diaper dermatitis: ablind controlled comparison of topical nystatin with topical plus oral double-: ; J Pediatr .nystatinEtiologic factors in diaper.Berg RW, Buckingham KW, Stewart RL-:;dermatitis: The role of urine. Pediatr Dermatoldermatitis: The roleBuckingham KW, Berg RW. Etiologic factors in diaper-: ; of feces. Pediatr Dermatol

RL, Bartlett AV, Sarbargh FC et al. Effect of diaper types on Campbellassociated with diarrhoea and antibiotic use in children diaper dermatitis-: ; Pediatr Dermatol .and day-care centresDiaper dermatitis: Frequency and .Jordan WE, Lawson KD, Stewart R et al, : ; Pediatr Dermatol .severity among a general infant population Cosmetic Dermatitis . . . () : . :. (/) "" . "" . . . . . . .

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.: " " "" . : . : : . . . . / : . ."Z ithromax " (Decoderm cream). . (/)Adams RM, Maibach HI. A five-year study of cosmetic reactions. J Am-: ; Dermatol AcadGroningen, The.De Groot AC. Adverse Reactions to CosmeticsNetherlands: State University of Groningen,JP, de Groot AC. Unwanted Effects of Cosmetics and Drugs Used inNater

nd edn. Amsterdam: Elsevier, ,Dermatologyal. Contact dermatitis due to Bardazzi F, Misciali C, Borrello P et- :; antioxidants. Contact Derm:,Cronin E. Contact Dermatitis. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone-Drugs Used inNater JP, de Groot AC. Unwanted Effects of Cosmetics andnd edn. Amsterdam: Elsevier,Dermatology,; AC. Labelling cosmetics with their ingredients. Br Med JDe Groot-:allergyDe Groot AC, Beverdam E. Tjong Ayong C et al. The role of contact.in the spectrum of adverse effects caused by cosmetics and toiletries-: ; Contact Dermcosmetic dermatitis and coal tarSuyai T, Takahashi Y, Takagi T. Pigmented :; dyes. Contact DermNakayama H, Harada R, Toda M. Pigmented cosmetic dermatitis. Int J-: ; DermatolChloracetamide: an unusual cause of.Koch SE, Mathias T, Maibach HI-:;cosmetic dermatitis. Arch DermatolContact Dermatitis,.Taylor JS. Adhesives, gums and resins. In: Fisher AA-:rd edn. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, Contact Derm.Calnan CD. Unusual hydroxycitronellal perfume dermatitis: ;

Contact and systemic contact- .Dooms-Goossens A, Dubelloy R, Degreef H- :; type dermatitis to spices. Dermatol Clin(/)- :; Larsen WG. Perfume dermatitis. J Am Acad DermatolShelley WB, Hurley HJ. The allergic origin of zirconium deodorant-: ; granulomas. Br J Dermatol Clothing dermatitis . : : : . :. : : .

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. (/). : : . : ( Patch test) . . : -. : . : . . . . . . Dyes in clothing. Trans St .Cronin E. Studies in contact dermatitis.-: ; John's Hosp Derm Soc

E. Contact Dermatitis. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone,CroninSites of contact dermatitis in relationship to particular allergens..Edman B-: ; DermContactshirts in B.L.A. J Roy ArmyHodgson CA, Hellier FF. Dermatitis caused by-: ; Med Corps(/)Epstein E, Maibach HI. Ethylenediamine allergic contact dermatitis. Arch-: ; Dermatolthe stinging capacity of Frosch PJ, Kligman AM. A method for appraising- : ;topically applied substances. J Soc Cosmet Chmtest data Christophersen J, Menné TM, Tanghof P et al. Clinical patch- :; evaluated by multivariate analysis. Contact Dermtoothpaste.Kirton V, Wilkinson DS. Sensitivity to cinnamic aldehyde in a-: ; Contact DermBrand?o F et al. Thin layer Berger C, Muscleman M, MeeknessDisperse and chromatography search for Disperse Yellow-:; stockings and pantyhose. Contact DerminOrange-:; Cronin E. Formal in textile dermatitis. Br J Dermatolclothing. Trans StCronin E. Studies in contact dermatitis: XVIII. Dyes in

-: ; John's Hosp Derm SocGreenberger B, Grandson K et al. Allergic contact dermatitis,Fregert S-: ; military textiles. Contact Dermfrom chromate inPhototoxic textile dermatitis (`Bikini dermatitis'). Arch-.Hjorth N, M"ller H:; Dermatol-:; Jordan WP. Clothing and shoe dermatitis. Postgrad Medsofteners.Lundkofoed M. Contact dermatitis from formaldehyde in fabric: ; Contact Derm: ; footwear. Minnesota MedDahl MV. Allergic dermatitis from-urticaria from a chemical textile finish.De Groot AK, Gerkens F. Contact- :; Contact DermContact Derm.Farli M, Gasperini M, Giorgini S et al. Clothing dermatitis-: ; (/); Fisher AA. How to obtain shoes free of common sensitizers. Cutis:Fisher AA, Kanof NB, Bionchi EM. Free formaldehyde in textiles and-: ; paper. Arch Dermatol

of standardized textile dye allergens - a Foussereau J, Dallara JM. Purity-: ; Contact Derm .thin layer chromotography studyfinish dermatitis. Contact DermHatch KL, Maibach HI. Textile chemical-: ; , ) J. roy. Army. Med. Corps. F. (HELLIER &.HODGSON G: ; Textile fiber dermatitis. Contact Derm.Hatch KL, Maibach HI-H. Phototoxic textile dermatitis (`Bikini dermatitis'). Arch Hjorth N, M"ller- :; Dermatol-:; Jordan WP. Clothing and shoe dermatitis. Postgrad Medsofteners.Lundkofoed M. Contact dermatitis from formaldehyde in fabric: ; Contact Dermchemical finish dermatitis. Contact DermHatch KL, Maibach HI. Textile-: ; :; Maibach HI. Textile fiber dermatitis. Contact Derm,Hatch KL-Trans St.. Dyes in clothingCronin E. Studies in contact dermatitis.-:; John's Hosp Derm SocDermatitis. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone,Cronin E. ContactFF. Dermatitis caused by shirts in B.L.A. J Roy Army-Hodgson CA, Hellier:; Med Corps

dermatitis. ArchEpstein E, Maibach HI. Ethylenediamine allergic contact-: ; Dermatol, Derm.) Br. JOsmundsen P.E. (, ) Br. J. Derm Osmundsen P.E. ((/)." " dermatitis Detergent . : ) "Acid Mantle" . ( . . . "Hygroscopic" . . .

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. . . . . : . . dishwashing liquid. Allergic contact dermatitis from aMagnusson B, Gilje,-:; containing laurel ether sulphate. Acta DermVenereolenzyme- White IR, Lewis J, El Alami A. Possible adverse reactions to an,-: ;containing washing powder. Contact DermDS, Bandmann H-J, Calnan CD et al. The role of contact allergy Wilkinson,-: ; Trans St John‘s Hosp Derm Soc .in hand eczema(/)th edn. London, Wilkinson DS. Nursing and Management of Skin Diseases,Faber,& Faber,-:; Calnan CD. Nickel dermatitis. Br J DermatolContact Derm.Christensen OB, Moller H. Nickel allergy and hand eczema

test results. Trans St John's Hosp,-: l; Cronin E. Clinical prediction of patch,-: ; Derm SocSites of contact dermatitis in relationship to particular allergens.: ; answers. Cutis,-: ; Derm.Edman BContactFisher AA. Metal dermatitis - some questions and,and-year material. Contact Derm Occupational dermatitis in a; Derm, , , .Fregert S,- :; Husain SL. Contact dermatitis in the West of Scotland. ContactPatch test reactivity toallergy to metals.,-: .Menné T, Brandrup F, Thestrup-Pedersen K et al,- :; nickel alloys. Contact DermMoller H. Intradermal testing in doubtful cases of contact,-: ; Contact Derm( ) Plant Dermatitis : . ..

(/) . . (Ivy) "Rhus" . "Poplar" . . . : . . . . . . . ( ) . Hyperpigmentation( PhotosensetizationFig.(figs trees by Furocumarine in(/)

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(/) (.mgDepot Medrol ) . . . / -: ; Dermatol: ; Contact Derm: ; resins. Contact DermSensitization to tropical woods giving. (Desinstization) REFERENCEKligman AM. Poison ivy (Rhus) dermatitis. Arch.Malten KE. Tracing back a positive to epoxy resins: ; Contact Derm-: ; Dermatol Socand fancy. Postgrad MedAllergic contact dermatitis from.Malten KE. Tracing back a positive to epoxy..Holst R, Kirby J, Magnusson B.erythema multiforme-like eruphonsWoods B. Irritant plants. Trans St John‘s Hosp.Maibach HI, Epstein WL. Plant dermatitis: fact.-: ; .Mitchell JC, Dupuis G, Geissman TA.- : ;sesquiterpenoids of plants. Br J Dermatoldermatitis Mitchell JC, Geissmann TA, Dupuis G et al. Allergic contact;caused by Artemisia and Chrysanthemum species. JInvest Dermatolplants. Int J.- :Mitchell JC, Rook AJ. Diagnosis of contact dermatitis from.-: ; DermatolK-E. Temperature dependent primarylin/Rothenborg HW, Menne T, St.-: ; Contact Derm .irritant dermatitis from lemon perfumeand fancy. Postgrad Med Maibach HI, Epstein WL. Plant dermatitis: fact

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. . . : . (/). % D. Adverse chromate reactions on the skin. In: Burrows D, ed. Burrows Metabolism and Toxicity. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press, :Chromium-: Hambly EM, Wilkinson DS. Contact dermatitis to butyl acrylate in : ; frames. Contact Derm spectaclecinnamic aldehyde in a toothpaste. Kirton V, Wilkinson DS. Sensitivity to -: ; Contact Derm-: ; Nickel dermatitis. Br J Dermatol .Calnan CD Nickel allergy and hand eczema. Contact Derm .H Christensen OB, M?ller-: l; WB, Hurley HJ. The allergic origin of zirconium deodorant Shelley ,-: ; Dermatol granulomas. Br Jand contact toxic reactions Volden C, Kiokan H, Kauli G et al. Phototoxic cheilitis? Contact Derm to the exocarp of sweet oranges: a common cause of,-: ; patch test results. Trans St John‘s Hosp Cronin E. Clinical prediction of ,-: ; Derm SocB. Sites of contact dermatitis in relationship to particular Edman

,-: ; Derm allergens. Contact; answers. Cutis Fisher AA. Metal dermatitis - some questions and ,and , , , : -year material. Contact Derm Occupational dermatitis in a .Fregert S ,- :; Derm Husain SL. Contact dermatitis in the West of Scotland. Contact ,-: ; Patch test reactivity .Menné†T, Brandrup F, Thestrup-Pedersen K et al ,-: ; to nickel alloys. Contact DermMeller H. Intradermal testing in doubtful cases of contact allergy to .-: ; Contact Derm .metals(/)Berger C, Muslmani M, Menezes Brandao F et al. Thin layer in and Disperse Orange search for Disperse Yellow chromatography,-: ; pantyhose. Contact Derm stockings and,-: ; dermatitis. Br J Dermatol Cronin E. Formalin textile dermatitis: XVIII. Dyes in clothing. Trans Cronin E. Studies in contact ,- :; St John‘s Hosp Derm SocDe Groot AK, Gerkens F. Contact urticaria from a chemical textile ,-: ; finish. Contact Dermal. Clothing dermatitis. Contact Farli M, Gasperini M, Giorgini S et ,-: ; DermNB, Bionchi EM. Free formaldehyde in textiles and Fisher AA, Kanof ,- :; paper. Arch Dermatol.Fisher AA. The notorious poison ivy family of Anacardiaceae plants ,-: ; Cutisdermatitis from plants. Int J Mitchell JC, Rook AJ. Diagnosis of contact ,-: ; Dermatol

Menne T, Stlin K-E. Temperature dependent primary ,Rothenborg HW ,-: ; perfume. Contact Derm irritant dermatitis from lemonof contact dermatitis from Rhus Powell SM, Barrett DK. An outbreak ,-: ; Contact Derm .(verniciflua (Toxicondendron vernifluvum.- :; Rook A. Plant dermatitis. Br Med J and Rudzki E, Grzywa A. Immediate reactions to Balsam of Peru, cassia oil,-: ; ethyl vanillin. Contact DermYJ. Photosensitivity and allergy to aromatic lichen Thune PO, Solberg oleoresins and other plant substances. Contact Derm acids and compositae,-: ; .E. Contact Dermatitis. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, Cronin (/).Edman B. Sites of contact dermatitis in relationship to particular allergens,-: ; Contact Dermcaused by shirts in B.L.A. J Roy Hodgson CA, Hellier FF. Dermatitis ,-: ; Army Med CorpsE, Maibach HI. Ethylenediamine allergic contact dermatitis. Epstein ,- : ;Arch Dermatolcapacity Frosch PJ, Kligman AM. A method for appraising the stinging of topically applied substances. J Soc Cosmet Chm,- : ;data Christophersen J, MennE TM, Tanghof P et al. Clinical patch test .- :; evaluated by multivariate analysis. Contact Derm Skin Sensitization due to Other Irritants

. . . . (/). : years old child misused as ayoungest welder" :.a,b,c,d."TheFig..minimal protective safety measures metal welder without the : : . .. : . . . . ( ) . :

. () (Eusol) . : (/).: . . . () : . .:.( ) :. . . . .

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. "Bloom,s shoes" . . . Stocking Dermatitis Azo . : (/) . . . : :. : . . .Band AID""Dermacil, Sterr Strip production of Raesaenen L, Lehto M, Reunala T. Decreased monocytedermatitis. and impaired lymphocyte proliferation in atopic interleukin-

,-: ; Arch Dermatol Resreactions of externally applied drugs and inert substances. Zesch A. Adverse,- :; Dermatosendue to Hezemans-Boer M, Toonstra J, Meulenbelt J et al. Skin lesions,- :; exposure to methyl bromide. Arch Dermatolsensitivity in man.Hostynek JJ, Patrick E, Younger B et al. Hypochlorite,-: ; Contact Dermeds. Irritant Contact Dermatitis. New York: Marcel,Jackson EM, Goldner R,,DekkerisolatedMiddleton JD. The mechanism of action of surfactants on the,-:; stratum corneum. J Soc Cosmet Chem(/)Pryce DW, White J, English JSC et al. Soluble oil dermatitis: a review. J,-: ; Occup Med SocOccupational Dermatitis. Rycroft RJG. Soluble Oil as a Major Cause of.(dissertation) Cambridge: University of Cambridge,office workersVerbeck SJA, Buise-van Unnik EMM, Malten KE. Itching in,: ; from glass fibres. Contact Derm,rd edn. Philadelphia: Lea and FebigerContact Dermatitis,.Fisher AA,

Dermatitis.Foussereau J, Benezra C, Maibach HI. Occupational Contact,Copenhagen: Munksgaard,nd edn. Copenhagen: Dermatitis,Fregert S. Manual of Contact,Munksgaard,Studies in contact dermatitis XIV. Resorcin. Trans.Caron GA, Calnan CD,-:;St John‘s Hosp Dermatol Socthe feet. DermatosenCorreia S, Menezes Brand?o F. Contact dermatitis of,-: ; the incidence of contact sensitivity to Sugai T, Yamamoto S. Decrease in, :; formaldehyde. Contact DermTrans St.Cronin E. Studies in contact dermatitis: XIX. Nylon stocking dyes,-: ; John‘s Hosp Derm Soc: ; dermatitis from footwear. Minnesota MedDahl MV. Allergic,-; to obtain shoes free of common sensitizers. CutisFisher AA. How,: (/) Seborrheic dermatitis .

"" . .. . . : : : : : : : - . . . . : ( ). (/). .

Leiner's ) (Erythroderma) (Exfoliative dermatitis).(disease: : . . . () : . : . ( ) : . dermatitis Infantile seborrheic ."" (Cradle cap) (Atopic dermatitis) . " ovale .P " (/). : . . : Lococorten vioform , ) : ."" ((Pufexamac, flogocid

. : . Pufexamac " : .," "Flogocid cream . . : "Nizoral or zincon shampoo": : . (Lococorten lotion , Locoid scalp lotion) : . : Polytar or zincon .((shampoo : . (Nizoral) (/). (Selsun) . . (Dalacin T lotion) (Eryderm) . . "Zithromax"

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( ) Leiner's disease . : (C) . C . . . Leiner's diseaseFig.: . . . . . C :. . . . . B considerations and Bonifazi E. Infantile seborrheic dermatitis: pathogenetic- :; nosological aspects. Pediatr Dermatol News(/)

Yates VM, Kerr Rei, Mackie R. Early diagnosis of infantile seborrheic:; dermatitis and atopic dermatitis-clinical features. Br J DermatolPediatrPrince GE. Erythroderma desquamativa of the newborn infant. J-: ; . J Pediatr deficiency of C Miller ME, Koblenzer PJ. Leiner's disease and-: ; MacFarlane H. Yeast opsonization defect and ,Evans DIK, Holzel Ainfantile dermatitis (Leiner's disease). immunoglobulin deficiency in severe- :; Arch Dis Child Infective Dermatitis . . . . : . . : . .

. : . (/) . . . . : : (Plantar eczema) . (Juvenile plantar dermatoses) . :(pedis .T) : : :. . . : : . . ( ) ( )

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. . . . : : :(/). : "Locasalene or Diprosalic ointment" (Diprosalic ointment) . (Cetrizine,Zyrtec tablets or syrup) : . .. ( ) Dyshydrotic eczema. . . : . . .

. . : . . : . : : ( )(/). :. . . . : . ( )Juvenile plantar dermatoses. :

. . . : : . () : : : . . " Petrolum" . . . . " A " "Retonic Acid" A (/)(Stasis Dermatitis) . . : .

Welbourn E, Champion RH. Hypersensitivity to bacteria in ,Parish WEeffect of antibacterial antibody on skin cells eczema. IV: Cytotoxic-: ; J Dermatol acquiring bacterial antigens. BrHypersensitivity to bacteria in .Parish WE, Welbourn E, Champion RHantibodies to staphylocci and eczema. Titre and immunoglobulin class of- :; micrococci. Br J Dermatol; Weismann K, Hjorth N. Microbial eczema of the feet. Br J Dermatol- :bacteria in Welbourn E, Champion RH, Parish WE. Hypersensitivity toimmunofluorescent generalized eczema. I: Bacterial culture, skin tests, and; Dermatol detection of immunoglobulins and bacterial antigens. Br J-: morphological pattern of Bendl BJ. Nummular eczema of stasis origin: a- :; diverse etiology. Int J DermatolHospCalnan CD, Meara RH. Discoid eczema - dry type. Trans St John's-: ; Dermatol Socfollow-up and analysis of,Cowan MA. Nummular eczema - a review- :; cases. Acta Derm Venereol; Rollins TG. From xerosis to nummular dermatitis. J Am Med Assocatopy or footwear? :- Ashton RE, Griffiths WA. Juvenile plantar dermatosis-: ; Clin Exp Dermatol

(/)Graham RM, Verbov JL, Vickers CFH. Juvenile plantar dermatosis. Clin: ; Dermatol Expplantar dermatosis - an Jones SK, English JSC, Forsyth A et al. Juvenile- : ; patients. Clin Exp Dermatol eight year follow-up of-:;Mackie RM. Juvenile plantar dermatosis. Semin Dermatol:;M"ller H.Atopic winter feet in children. Acta Derm Venereol-; J DermatolShrank AB. Aetiology of juvenile plantar dermatosis. Br-: identical twins. Br J DermatolStankler L. Juvenile plantar dermatosis in-: ; Hyperkeratotic dermatitis of the palms. Br J.Hersle K, Mobacken H-: ; DermatolBoer EM, Bruynzeel DP, Van Ketel WG. Dyshidrotic eczema as an de-: ; dermatitis in metal workers. Contact Derm occupationalRyatt KS. Haemorrhagic pompholyx in bullous pemphigoid. Clin,Duhra P-:;Exp Dermatolmothers' political Burton JL. Venous `stasis' ulcers, stasis dermatitis and- :; ambitions for their offspring: Reply Br J Dermcomponents of Fraki JE, Peltonen L, Hopsu-Havu VK. Allergy to various; Derm topical preparations in stasis dermatitis and leg ulcers. Contact

-: -: ; Contact Derm.Breit R. Allergen change in stasis dermatitisdermatitis and mothers' political Ryan TJ. Venous stasis ulcers, stasis(letter) : ; ambitions for their offspring. Br J Dermatol(/) Urticaria Erythemas AndErythema . . : . : : . : (Eryhema palmare) () : (Erythema intertrigo) . . : (Erythema pernio) :(Erythema caloricum) . . : (solareErythema) Vasomotor ) . (instability

: . . Toxic erythema of the new born (/). :. . : . . . : . . . . . . : : . : . . (Incontinentia Pigmenti) :

. . : . erythema Exanthematous. ( ) . ( ) ( )Erythema infectiosum . ( ) .. : .(/). . . ( )Erythema multiforme (Antigen antibody reaction)

. . : : : Erythema multiforme Fig. : Erythema multiforme Fig.: . : . () (Iris lesion)" " . . Hebra: . (/). : . . : .

: . : . Steven's-Johnson syndrrome . : . . : . . . : . . (/) : . . . . . :. . : . :

: . . : . : . : . BCG : . : . . . . (Fire Sponges) (Rhus) : ( ) : . : . . . . : . . . . :. diutinum Erythema elevatum . .

(/) . nodosum Erythema . ( ) chronicum migrans Erythema. . : rheumaticum Erythema annulare . . . Erythema annulare centrifugum . . . . ( ) : : .

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. : . (Cholinergic) . . .( ) . . (Urticaria pigmentosa) . (Papular urticaria) . . (/). . : . (Wheal) . . :/ / . .. :

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Heridofamilial urticaria C . : (/). . : . . : :: . . . . . ." C C " C :. . " C " " Danazol " . Urticaria pigmentosa.

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Champion RH. Urticaria. London: W.B. Saunders,Parish RP(/)Parish WE Possible relevance of changes in mast cells and neutrophils toperpetuation of chronic urticaria. In: Champion RH, Greaves MW, Black:RJ, eds. The Urticarias. Edinburgh: Churchill-Livingstone, AK, Pye-,Carini C. IgE immune complexes in food allergy; significance-:; pathogenicity and clinical consideration. Clin AllergyandHeavey DJ, Kobza-Black A, Barrow SE et al. Prostaglandin D-:; histamine release in cold urticaria. J Allergy Clin ImmunoldyeMichaelsson G, Juhlin L. Urticaria induced by preservatives and- :; additives in food and drugs. Br J Dermatolmast cellThompson HL, Burbelo PD, Segui-Real B et al. Laminin promotes-: ; attachment. J ImmunolR, Knox JM. Histopathology of erythema toxicum Freeman RG, Spiller- : ;neonatorum. Arch Dermatol-:;Harris R, Schick B. Erythema neonatorum. Am J Dis Child;Keitel HG, Yadav V. Etiology of toxic erythema. Am J Dis Child- :

present at birth. Am JLevy HL, Cothran F. Erythema toxicum neonatorum-: ; Dis ChildKeefe M. Severe toxic erythema caused by,Wakeel RA, Gavin MP:; diltiazem. Br Med JAcadcases. J Am Hasan T, Jansen CT. Erythroderma: a follow-up of-: ; Dermatolerythroderma on the body. ArchZoon JJ, Mali JWH. The influence of: ; DermatolSpencer M-J, Tidman MJ. Papulo-erythroderma - clinical and,-: ; features. Clin Exp Dermatol,Harris DWSultrastructural(/)Uvnas B. Chemistry and storage function of mast cell granules. J Invest-: ; DermatolPhotochemotherapy (PUVA) in.Vella Briffa D, Eady RAJ, James MP et al-:;the treatment of urticaria pigmentosa. Br J Dermatoldiarrhea and prostaglandin Poynard T, Nataf C, Messing B et al. Secretory: ; J Med overproduction in systemic mastocytosis. New Engl D(.(Letteral. Adult mastocytosis, an Omerod AD, Herriot R, Davidson RJL et; Br J Dermatol .immunophenotypic and flow cytometric investigation

-: unusual case of urticaria pigmentosa.Rasmussen JE. Xanthelasmoidea: an- :; Arch Dermatoland Sutter MC, Beaulieu G, Birt AR. Histamine liberation by codeine- :; Polymyxin B in urticaria pigmentosa. Arch Dermatolthe Soter NA, Austen KF, Wasserman SI. Oral disodium cromoglycate in- :; treatment of systemic mastocytosis. New Engl J Med Reactions Drug . . : : . : . . . (/) : . "Atabrine". "Periosteal" A :

: :. : : :. . : . Epoxy. : . : . : . : . : . : . : "Zirconium": . . : (/) ACTH : ."". . : . . ( ) :() . : : . :

. . . . : . . . . (Anaphylactic reaction) : . .(/) Chinoform)Vioform) (Sterosan ) ( Parabans,Nipagins) . : ( ) .( ) : . . : . : (Corticosteroids) .

. . : ( ) () . : . .:(/) K , E , A . . . : . . . () : ( ) : ( ) : ( ) : () : ( ) :

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. . : . : .: . B . . : . (/). (Triparanol) . :. :. A review. Arch DermatolKorkij W, Soltani K. Fixed drug eruption. A brief,-: ; of the newborn. In: Clinical Pediatric Hurwitz S. Cutaneous disorders,- ; ,Dermatology. Philadelphia; WB Saundersparacetamol.Meyrick Thomas RH, Munro DD. Fixed drug eruption due to,-: ; Br J DermatolR. Trimethoprim associated fixed drug Hughes BR, Holt PJA, Marks,- :; eruption. Br J Dermatol

eruption in a Feinstein A, Sofer E, Trau H et al. Urticaria and fixed drug,- :; patient treated with griseofulvin. J Am Acad Dermatol,-:; Commens C. Fixed drug eruption. Aust J Dermatoleruption.Alanko K, Stubb S, Reitamo S. Topical provocation of fixed drug,-: ; Br J Dermatolet al. Wandering fixed drug eruption: A Guin JD, Haynie LS, Jackson D: ; J Am Acad Dermatol .mucocutaneous reaction to acetaminophen,-Topical provocation of fixed drug eruption..Alanko K, Stubb S, Reitamo S,-:; Br J DermatolClin.Andersen KE, Maibach HI. Allergic reaction to drugs topically. Angelini C, Vena CA, Meneghini CL. Contact-: ; Toxicol,-: ; allergy to antiviral agents. Contact DermH-J, Calnan CD, Cronin E et al. Dermatitis from applied Bandmann,-: ; Dermatol medicaments. Arch(/)Beck MH, Burrows D, Fregert S et al. Allergic contact dermatitis to epoxy,-: ; resin in ostomy bags. Br J SurgPhotocontact dermatitis from Jadit. Br J Dermatol.Burry JN, Hunter CA,-:;

; Calnan CD. Diethyldithiocarbamate in adhesive tape. Contact Derm, :mercaptobenzo-thiazole Calnan CD, Cronin E. False positive reaction to,- :; from rubber in eyedrop bottle. Contact Dermfrom Calnan CD, Frain-Betl W, Cuthbert JW. Occupational dermatitis,- :; chlorpromazine. Trans St John's Hosp Dermatol SocsensitizingClark EW, Blondeel A, Cronin E et al. Lanolin of reduced,-: potential. Contact DermMcVithe E et al. Dermatitis due to intravesical ,Colver CB, Inglis JAhypersensitivity reaction? Br J Dermatol mitomycin C: a delayed-type,-: ; Dooms-Coossens A. Cross-reactions in topical corticosteroid: Churchill Livingstone,-: ; Contact Derm: Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone,,Coopman S.contact dermatitis:Cronin E. Contact Dermatitis. Edinburgh,-.Cronin E. Contact Dermatitis,-andMacfarlane AW, King CM. Contact sensitivity to the amide; prilocaine, and mepivacaine. Arch Dermatol-,Curley RK,anaesthetics lidocaine,-: I, Fregert S, Cruvberger B. Detection of formaldehyde in Dahlquist,: ; Contact Derm .corticoid creamsnecrolysis following measlesShoss RG, Rayhanzadeh S. Toxic epidermal

,- :; vaccination. Arch Dermatol(/)Roujeau J-C, Guillaume J-C, Fabre J-P et al. Toxic epidermal necrolysis. Arch -Lyell syndrome). Incidence and drug etiology in France ),-:;Dermatolof toxic epidermal Revuz J, Roujeau J-C, Guillaume J-C et al. Treatment,- :; necrolysis. Cretail's experience. Arch Dermatolsyndrome). Br JLyell A. Toxic epidermal necrolysis (the scalded skin,-: ; DermatolMarvin JA. Toxic epidermal necrolysis. A step,Heimbach DM, Engrav LH,-: ; Assocforward in treatment. J Am Medfrom clothing impregnatedBarnes RL, Wilkinson DS. Epidermal necrolysis,-; iv: with paraffin. Br Med JGroot AC, Conemans JMH. Contact allergy to furazolidone. Contact De,- :; Dermcontact Deschamps D, Carnier R, Savoye J et al. Allergic and irritant:; dermatitis from diethyl-betachloroethylamine. Contact Derm,-sesame oil Van Dijk E, Neering H, Vit?nyi BEJ. Contact hypersensitivity to- :; in patients with leg ulcers and eczema. Acta Derm Venereol,

.Dohn W. Beitrag zur Frage der Chloramphenicol-Kontaktallergien,-: ; Hautarztrequirements. Contact DermAllergenicity prediction and pharmacopoeial,-, and -: ; Degreef H, Coopman S. Corticosteroid contact allergy:,Dooms-Goosens AFrosch:a reality. IninPJ, Dooms-Coossens A, Lachapelle J-M et al., eds. Current Topics,-: Contact Dermatitis. Berlin: Springer,(/)Dooms-Coossens A, Degreef H, Vanhee J et at. Chlorocresol andallergens in medications, glues and cosmetics. Contact :chloracetamide,-:; DermFebiger,rd edn. Philadelphia: Lea andFisher AA. Contact Dermatitis,,-: ethylenediamine hydrochloride to Fisher AA. Unnecessary addition of,- : ; 'generic' nystatin creams. J Am Acad Dermatolhalogen- Fregert S, M?ller H. Photo cross-sensitization among,- :; hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives. J Invest DermatolFregert S, Trulson L, Zimerson E. Contact allergic reactions todiphenylthiourea and phenylisothiocyanate in PVC adhesive tape. Contact,- : ; Derm

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,-; ii: phagocytosis. LancetBiotin in some erythemato-squamous dermatoses of.Vujasin J, Petrovic D,-:;babies. DermatologicafromShono M, Hayashi K, Sugimoto R. Allergic contact dermatitis,-: ; croconazole hydrochloride. Contact Derm-fluorouracil. D, Lachapelle J-M. Allergic contact dermatitis toTennstedt,-;Contact Dermibuproxam. A case with Valsecchi R, Cainelli T. Contact dermatitis from, :; cross-reactivity with ketoprofen. Contact DermVan Ketel WC. Systemic contact-type dermatitis by derivatives of,-; adamantane. Dermatosendermatitis from nystatin. Arch DermatolWasilewski C. Allergic contact,-: ; Erythroderma desquamativum (Leiner's disease). Arch Dermatol.Crotty RQ,-:; desquamativum.Den Tandt W, Eggermont E, Bourgeois N. Erythroderma,-: ; Acta Paediatr Belg(/)Evans DIK, Holzel A, MacFarlane H. Yeast opsonization defect and.(immunoglobulin deficiency in severe infantile dermatitis (Leiner's disease,-: ; Arch Dis Child

: ; metabolism. Arch DermatolNyhan WL. Inborn errors of biotin,- diseases Manifestations of primary immuno-defficiency . . : : . . . . . . . IgE : . ." " " " ." " "" :. (/)

" " : IgM IgA .Ataxia telengectasiaIgA : . Syndromes associated with immuno-defficiency diseases( ) . : . IgE . . . A IgA : . (Varicella) . . . (SLE) IgA . IgE . IgA

IgM : .. (/). IgM . : . . : : .. IgE IgA , IgG Ig M : ( ) (Branchial pouches) .() : " " : . . : . . . T

. . DNA . : . : . (/) .( Ectodermal dysplasia). .. : . . (Cytomegalic virus).( ) :. " Bare " . II I B T II I I . T :

. . . .Omenn's : . . : . : . . . . . IgE :(/). : . . XP . . (CD)

: . : : . . IgG IgE . (Isohaemaglutinins) . IgG . . : :. : : .(CO - Trimoxazol) : . . : . Ataxia telengectasia : : .() (/). . .

: . . . . . . . . . . :. . : . . IgA :. (Biotinidase defficiency) . : . . . . . :

.: / . Griscili's Syn (/) . "" (Albinism) . (Neutrophil disorders) . : . : .( ) : . : . / .() E. Coli : . . () . :

:. : . : : . . . . :(/) . . "Colony stimulating factor" : ." " . ." " ."" . Fanconi's anemia . . . : :

. . (Freckles) . (/). : . . . . . . . . :. . . (Alkylating agents) . . . IgE . IgE : :

. .. : . . .() A . () . : .% . IgE . IgD . IgM IgA , IgG . IgE (/) Wheal Flare . "Prick" . :. .

. . Leukocyte adhesion deficiency . . (Natural killer-cells)-(NK): . .() E.coli . ( ) . . . . :: . cCD&,ba, CDCD. :. . (/). disease Chronic granulomatous .

. . % . : . . . : . . . . . . : . . . . . : . . : . . (/)

. IgE :. . . (Bactrim, septrin fort) . . . . . . . Schwachman syndrome : . . . : : . . : . . . :.

. (/) . . .B . . . () : . . . . C : . . . . .

. C C , C C C . . : C . . : C . . . . (/). : sC rC . . . C : . . .C . : : . : .

. . . . C C . : . . . (, C C , , C , C C) : . . . : .() Osteogenesis imperfecta tarda .Brestei EP, Klingberg WG, Veltri RW et al- : ; in a child with hyper-IgE syndrome. Am J Dis Child(/)Gilson IH, Banett JH, Conant MA et al. Disseminated ecthymatous herpesvaricella-zoster virus infection in patients with acquired immunodeficiency-: ; syndrome. J Am Acad DermatolComplex viral and fungal skin lesions of patients.Gretzula J, Penneys NS

: ; syndrome. J Am Acad Dermatolwith acquired immunodeficiency-et al. A familial, plasma-associated defect of Miller ME, Seals J, Kaye R- :; iiphagocytosis. LancetRC, Paller AS. Disorders of the immune system. In: Schachner LA, Hansen- :eds. Pediatric Dermatology. New York: Churchill-Livingstone,sign ofPatrizi A, Masina M, Tassoni P et al. Erythroderma in infancy: a-: ; immunodeficiency? J Am Acad DermatolOchs HD, Quie PG et al. Defect in neutrophil granulocyte,Hill HR:; iisyndrome of recurrent `cold' abscesses. Lancetchemotaxis in Job's-infectionDonabedian H, Gallin JI. The hyperimmunoglobulin E recurrent-: ; (Job's) syndrome. MedicineGallin JI. The hyperimmunoglobulin E recurrent infection,Donabedian H-: ; Medicine.(Job's) syndromehyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome. In: Buckley RH, Sampson HA. The: New York: Elsevier .Franklin ED, ed. Clinical Immunology Update-the regulation of human IgE Buckley RH, Becker WG. Abnormalities in- :; synthesis. Immunol Revhyperimmunoglobulinemia Mawhinney J, Killen M, Fleming WA et al. Theby histamine H E syndrome: a neutrophil chemotactic defect reversible

- :; receptor blockade. Clin Immunol Immunopathol(/)Morgan G, Hendrickse W, Harvey BAM et al. Treatment of the hyper-IgEwith cimetidine. In: Vossen J, Griscelli C, eds. Progress in syndrome: Research and Therapy II. Amsterdam, Elsevier, Immunodeficiency-; Atherton DJ. Hyper-IgE syndrome. Clin Exp Dermatol,Zachary CB-:Evans DIK, Holzel A, MacFarlane H. Yeast opsonization defect and.(immunoglobulin deficiency in severe infantile dermatitis (Leiner's disease-: ; Arch Dis Child.: ; metabolism. Arch DermatolNyhan WL. Inborn errors of biotin-immune system. In: Schachner LA, Hansen RC, Paller AS. Disorders of the-: York: Churchill-Livingstone, eds. Pediatric Dermatology. NewExperimental experiences with biotin in babies. Ann.Svejcar J, Homolka J-:; Paediatr:;Nyhan WL. Inborn errors of biotin metabolism. Arch Dermatol-Schachner LA, Hansen RC,:Paller AS. Disorders of the immune system. In

-: Churchill-Livingstone,experiences with biotin in babies. Ann:eds. Pediatric Dermatology. New YorkSvejcar J, Homolka J. Experimental-: ; PaediatrM, Thiel S, Lu J et al. Association of low levels of mannanbinding Super-; ii: a common defect of opsonisation. Lancet protein withNilsson UR. A familial deficiency of the phagocytosisenhancing ,Miller MErelated to a dysfunction of the fifth component of activity of serum-: ; Med ). New Engl Jcomplement (Cerythemato-squamous dermatoses of Vujasin J, Petrovic D. Biotin in some- :; babies. Dermatologica(/)Brestei EP, Klingberg WG, Veltri RW et al. Osteogenesis imperfecta tarda-: ; child with hyper-IgE syndrome. Am J Dis Child in aOchs HD, Quie PG et al. Defect in neutrophil granulocyte; ii: syndrome of recurrent `cold' abscesses. Lancet,Hill HRchemotaxis in Job's-RA, Eng J, Cooper JB et al. Imbalances in subsets of T lymphocytes Karolpedigree with Omenn's syndrome. Clin Immunol Immunopath in an inbred- :; Dreskin SC, Goldsmith PK, Gallin JI. Immunoglobulins in thehyperimmunoglobulin E and recurrent infection syndrome. J Clin Invest- :;

infections, Blum R, Geller G, Fish LA. Recurrent severe staphylococcaldivergent eczematoid rash, extreme elevations of IgE, eosinophilia and- :; chemotactic responses in two generations. J PediatrinfectionDonabedian H, Gallin JI. The hyperimmunoglobulin E recurrent-: ; (Job's) syndrome. MedicineRichards KL, Douglas SD et al. Immunoglobulin E anti- ,Walsh GA; antibodies in atopic patients. J Clin MicrobiolandStaphylococcus aureus- :Buckley RH, In: Stiehm ER, ed. Immunologic Disorders in Infants-: Children. Philadelphia: WB Saunders,Neonatal Job's syndrome featuring a vesicular eruption.ii:.Kamei R, Honig PJ- : ;Pediatr Dermatolgranulocyte Hill HR, Ochs HD, Quie PG et al. Defect in neutrophil; chemotaxis in Job's syndrome of recurrent `cold' abscesses. Lancet(/)-Morgan G, Hendrickse W, Harvey BAM et al. Treatment of the hyper-IgEin with cimetidine. In: Vossen J, Griscelli C, eds. Progress syndrome:Immunodeficiency Research and Therapy II. Amsterdam, Elsevier,-anti- Walsh GA, Richards KL, Douglas SD et al. Immunoglobulin E

;Staphylococcus aureus antibodies in atopic patients. J Clin Microbiolplasma-associated defect of- :,Miller ME, Seals J, Kaye R et al. A familial-; ii: phagocytosis. LancetEP, Klingberg WG, Veltri RW et al. Osteogenesis imperfecta tarda Brestei-: ; hyper-IgE syndrome. Am J Dis Child in a child with; Atherton DJ. Hyper-IgE syndrome. Clin Exp Dermatol,Zachary CB- :hyper-IgE Morgan G, Hendrickse W, Harvey BAM et al. Treatment of thein syndrome with cimetidine. In: Vossen J, Griscelli C, eds. Progress:Immunodeficiency Research and Therapy II. Amsterdam, Elsevier,failure-,Glover MT, Atherton DJ, Levinsky RJ. Syndrome of erythroderma.to thrive and diarrhea in infancy: a manifestation of immunodeficiencyin a patient with-: ; PediatricsArcher E, Chuang T-Y, Hong R. Severe eczema-: ; DiGeorge's syndrome. CutisAM. Congenital absence of the thymus and its immunologic DiGeorgeoccurrence with congenital hypoparathyroidism. Birth :consequences- :; Defectsisoimmunisation Bastian JF, Williams RA, Ornelas W et al. Maternalgraft-versus-host disease resulting in combined immunodeficiency and fatal-: ; in an infant. Lancet

(/)Weinberg K, Parkman R. Severe combined immunodeficiency due to a; . New Engl J Med defect in the production of interleukin- specificcombinedthe bare- :Gelfand EW, Dorsch HM. Diagnosis and classification of severe- :; immunodeficiency disease. Birth DefectsSchuurman HJ, Huber J, Zegers BJM et al. Placental diagnosis of-: ; lymphocyte syndrome. New Engl J MedAS. Disorders of the immune system. In: Schachner LA, Hansen RC, Paller-: Dermatology. New York: Churchill-Livingstone, eds. PediatricHarvey BAM. Defective opsonization: a common immunityChromosomes. New,Soothill JF- : ; deficiency. Arch Dis ChildDe Grouchy J, Turleau C. Clinical Atlas of HumanYork: John Wiley,hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome. In: Buckley RH, Sampson HA. The: New York: Elsevier .Franklin ED, ed. Clinical Immunology Update-Immunoglobulins in the .Dreskin SC, Goldsmith PK, Gallin JIClin Invest hyperimmunoglobulin E and recurrent infection syndrome. J-: ; Disorders in Infants and Buckley RH, In: Stiehm ER, ed. Immunologic- :Children. Philadelphia: WB Saunders,

hyperimmunoglobulinemia Mawhinney J, Killen M, Fleming WA et al. Theby histamine H E syndrome: a neutrophil chemotactic defect reversible-:; receptor blockade. Clin Immunol ImmunopatholJ Pediatr.Miller ME, Koblenzer PJ. Leiner's disease and deficiency of C-: ; (/)Ochs HD, Davis SD, Mickelson E et al. Combined immunodeficiency and- :; reticuloendotheliosis with eosinophilia. J PediatrAuerbach AD, Min Z, Ghosh R et al. Clastogen-induced chromosomalbreakage as a marker for first trimester prenatal diagnosis of Fanconi-: ; Hum Genet .anemiatransplantation for FanconiGluckman E, Berger R, Dutreix J. Bone marrow-: ; anemia. Semin HematolH, Le Diest F, Nezelof C. Omenn's syndrome: pathologic arguments Jouan-: ; graft-versus-host pathogenesis. Hum Pathol in favor of aNature of the platelet defect in the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome..Baldini MG-: ; SciAnn New York AcadImmunodeficiency in the Wiskott-.Blaese RM, Strober W, Waldmann TA-; XI(I): Article SeriesAldrich syndrome. Birth Defects: Originalal. Genetic mapping of the Wiskott- Kwan S-P, Kandkuyl LA, Blaese M et

polymorphic DNA markers. Aldrich syndrome with two highly linked-: ; Genomicsrecessive disorders: chronic granulomatous disease Mauer AM. X-linked-: ; J Invest Dermatol .and Wiskott-Aldrich syndromeof the Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome Peacocke M, Siminovitch KA. LinkageX-chromosome. Proc with polymorphic DNA sequences from the human-: ; Natl Acad Sci USA(/)B cell collaboration - the response to polysaccharide:Rosen FS. T cell- : ; antigens. Semin Immunol,Standen GR, Lillicrap DP, Matthews N et al. Inherited thrombocytopeniaelevated serum IgA and renal disease: identification as a variant of the-: ; Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome. Quart J MedR. Disorders of the T-cell system. In: Stiehm ER, ed. Ammann AJ, HongInfants and Children. Philadelphia: WB Immunological Disorders in-: Saunders,WL, Reed W, Boder E et al. Dermatologic aspects of ataxia Epstein- : ; telangiectasia. Cutisimportant clue.Peterson RDA, Funkhouser JD. Ataxia telangiectasia: an-: ; New Engl J Med: ; of biotin metabolism. Arch DermatolNyhan WL. Inborn errors-

H, Yoshino M et al. Biotin-responsive carboxylase Thoene J, Bakersubnormal plasma and urinary biotin. New Engl J deficiency associated with- :; Medhuman Bonilla MA, Gillio AP, Ruggeiro M et al. Effects of recombinantgranulocyte colony-stimulating factor on neutropenia in patients with-: ; congenital agranulocytosis. New Engl J MedR. Infantile genetic agranulocytosis; a review with presentation-: ; cases. Acta Paediatr Scand(/)Kostmannof ten new Genodermatoses . . . : . . . : . . ." " . .

: "DNA " . (DNA) " . ""Locus "" : (Homologus) . ." Y X " (/) (Alleles) ."Heterezygous" . (Homozygous) : : (Dominent): .( ) :(Recessive) . ." " Y X Y X . X Y : . X ( Mutation) DNA . . ( )

. "gametes" .() . . (/) . Genetic counselling . % . . . . : .(HLA) . .

. HLA HLA .. (MHC). Haplotype HLA " DR D,C,B,A " HAL .( HLA-DR D , HLA - C , HLA-B , HLA-A )(/) ( ) .HLA-B HLA-A HLA . MIMICRY HLA HLA HLA . Genetic linkage:) HLA ( . effects Receptor HLA .. . HLA

Chromosomal disorders .. %, . .(/). . : . () . . .: . () . : : :

. . . . .( ) . .() . : . . . . . . . : . (/) () . : .: . . "Syringomata Elastosis Perforoms" : .

: . . : . : . () . . IQ . . . . . . Edward's syndrome% / . . .: . : . . .( ) . .

. . : . . (/) % %. Patu syndrome: : . . . . . . . : . . . syndrome Turner's % / . XO () . .

% . X . XXX/XO XX/XO : : . . . . . . . . syndrome Nonan's . (/) . . XY XX. : : . . . . . () . . . .

. % . . . : : . . :: . . Klinefelter's syndrome. XXY : : . . . . . . : . . . . : . :

(/). "Taurodontism" . . : ) . ( . : disease Von Recklen Hausen's. : : (Café au lait) , . . : . . : ( ) : ( ) . .

. : (/) % . : ( ) " ". : . . "Elephantiasis" : . . : . : % . . . . . . . : ( ) .

. : . : . (/) . : . . : . . . . .: . . . . .

: . . CO Neurofibromatosis " " . (/). sclerosis TuberousBournville's disease. : . . .( ) : . .: : : : . :(angiofibroma)

. - . . : . : (/) . : . .: . . : . : " Koenen" . : . :. . . :

. : : . ( ) . : . : () . : . . : % :(/). "CT Scan" . . : . : . .

: . . Epidermolysis bullosa . . () .() Epidermolysis bullosa simplex () . . . . : (/). : . . . () .

. bullosa Dystrophic dominant Epidermolysis . : Epidermolysis Bullosa . Fig. : (Epidermolysis Bullosa(DYSTROPHIC TYPE . Fig. : . .. "" . Psoriasis . . . () % .: : . . .

. . . ( ) : : :(/) : . . . : () . : . . . . ." Kogoj " : : ( ) : . : .

: .. . : . : . ( :) (/): . ) . ( : . : . : . . . .

: : . ( ) .. : ( ) : (/) . () () : : : : . : . :. (). : . : . . :

(Flexural): . : (/). : . . . . . . : . . : . . : PUVA . : (PUVA)

"Dermovate ointment" (/). : .( ). . : :() . : : : . .( ) : ( ) : : . . . . .

(/). : . . : . ." ACTH" : : . . . : . . : (Hallopeau Acrodermatitis continua of) . . . (Scleroderma) . ( ) (Pustular bacterid" (Acute palmoplantar pustular psoriasis"

. . . : : (/)() . . . :. : . . . : (chronica Pityriasis lichenoides) . : . : .

. . : (Pityriasis rubra piliaris) . : (/)(Condyloma) . : ( Bowen's ) Mibelli (erythroplasia Penile) ( Paget's) . : .() . . (Parakeratosis pustulosa) . . . : : . . .

. : : . . . . . . (/): . % "" . . Cade . . " UVB" .. " UVA" " UVB" . ( ) . . .

: . . . . . . . . (/) : .. . . (Cordran Tap) . . : %, %, . % .

: . ( Calciptrol) " D " . (/) PUVA ) : Puva ( PUVB. ( ) (PUVA) . . . (PUVA ) . . : . . . : .

: . . . : A . A(/). A . A "" : .: ." PUVA" "" ( / ) ( ) . : ( / / ). . :( ) . "Zidovudine " . " PUVA" : :

, , .(/). : " " . : . : (Dialysis) . mode of inheritance of psoriasis: evidence for Iselius L, Williams WR. Themultifactorial component and its implication for a major gene as well as a- : ; genetic counselling. Hum Genetexacerbation ofAbel EA, DiCicco LM, Orenberg EK et al. Drugs in-: ; psoriasis. J Am Acad DermatolBarnes S, Le Vine MJ et al. Psoriasis treatment at the Dead Sea:-: ; international study tour. J Am Acad Dermatol,Abel EAsecond(letter)psoriasis in Beylot C, Bioulac P, Grupper C et al. Generalised pustularJacobs PH, ,cases. In: Farber EM, Cox AJ infants and children: report ofNallYorke Medical:nd Int Symposium. New YorkLM, eds. Psoriasis. Proc

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Stratton,& Symposium. New York: Grune rd IntAJ, eds. Psoriasis. ProcControlled trials of PUVA and etretinate for psoriasis. Br J; Arch Dermatoltherapy-:.Corbett M(letter) - :; Dermatol.(Dobson RL. The inheritance of psoriasis (editorial: methoxypsoralen - Danno K, Horio T, Ozaki M et al. Topical- :; photochemotherapy of psoriasis. Br J DermatolEpstein JH, Farber EM, Nall L et al. Current status of oral PUVA-: ; for psoriasis. J Am Acad DermatolPsoriasis; current concepts of its etiology and pathogenesis.Yearbook of Dermatology. Chicago:: ; Dis ChildThiers BH, eds.: Publishers,.Krueger GG,In: Dobson RLYearbook MedicalFarber EM, Jacobs AH. Infantile psoriasis. Am J history and genetics. In: Farber EM, Nall ML. Epidemiology: Natural: Marcel Dekker, :Roenigk HH, Maibach HI, eds. Psoriasis. New York(/)-early and late onset: Henseler T, Christophers E. Psoriasis ofAcad Dermatol characterisation of two types of psoriasis vulgaris. J Am-: ;

Holgate MC. The age-of-onset of psoriasis and the relationship to parental-: ; psoriasis. Br J Dermatolal. Psoriasis: familial predisposition and Kavli G, Frde OH, Arnesen E et- : ;environmental factors. Br Med JPhiladelphia:- :; Jefferson J. Napkin psoriasis. Br J Dermatol.th ednLever WF, Lever GS, eds. Histopathology of the SkinLippincott,treatment of keratinizing Mahrle G. Meyer-Hamme S, Ippen H. Oraletretinate. Arch Dermatol disorders of skin and mucous membraines with-:; al. Detection of circulating immune Kapp A, Kemper A, Stop E etand psoriasis. Acta Derm complexes in patients with atopic dermatitis- : ; VenereolAB. Congenital psoriasis: report of three cases. Arch Lerner MR, Lerner- :; DermatolDermatolPascher F, Wood WS. Erythrodermic psoriasis in children. Arch-: ; psoriasis. In: Goldsmith LA, ed. Wright N. The cell proliferation kinetics inOxford Univer-sity Press, :Biochemistry and Physiology of Skin. Oxford-: genetics. In: Mier PD, van de Kerkhof Zachariae H. Epidemiology and: Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, .PCM, eds. Textbook of Psoriasis-

: ; treatment of psoriasis. Br J DermatolYoung E. The external- Lichen planus . . (/). . . "" : : . . . . :

. : . : : : : : : : : (/). : . . . . : . (Naproxen) B : ( PAS) .:

: . . . : : .. : CO . . :planus. In: Thiers BH, Dobson RC, eds. The Black MM, Newton JA. Lichen-: York: Churchill Livingstone, Pathogenesis of Skin Disease. Newet al. Familial lichen planus. Br JCopeman PWM, Tan RSH, Timlin D-: ; Dermatol(/).Gilhar A, Pillar T, Winterstein G et al. The pathogenesis of lichen planus-: ; Br J Dermatollichenoid tissue reaction: a new Shiohara T, Moriya N, Nagashima M. The- : ;concept of pathogenesis. Int J DermatolShuttleworth D, Graham-Brown RAC, Campbell AC. The autoimmune-: ; background in lichen planus. Br J Dermatol

Gallagher G, Shklar G. A histologic study of epithelial,Odukoya O-: ; planus. Arch Dermatoldysplasia in oral lichenet al. Severe oral lichen planus: treatment Hersle K, Mobacken H, Sloberg K-: ; etretinate). Br J Dermatol ) with an aromatic retinoid Pemphigus . ( )(Pemphigus vulgaris) . .(folaciousPemphigus) Pemphigus vulgaris. : . . . (Nickolsky's sign) . . (/). . .

(. Pemphigus vulgaris (Flaccid BullaeFig.Pemphigus. Pemphigus vulgaris Fig.-Nicoklysk's signe +ve) Fig. ) Pemphigus -Fig.(bullae vulgaris(infected-Pemphigus of the scalp and cicatricial alopecia Fig. -Fig.Pemphigus vulgaris -Pemphigus-Subungual bullae Fig.(Multiformis Simulating Erythema) Neonatal pemphigus vulgaris . . : . . . IgG . ( ) : Pemphigus vegetans. : . . (/): : .

. ( ) : . : : folacious Pemphigus .: .. . . . . Pemphigus erythematosus. . ( ) . : . : . .. . .Disseminated bullous pemphygoidsDisseminated Bullous Pemphigoides - d,e,f Fig.: : .

(/). Plasmophoresis . : / : ( Muperacin) .(diprogenta cream Decoderm or ) () : . pemphigus Benign familial chronic. : . . . . .:

. : . : . : Kenacomb, ( : . (Lotriderm , Decoderm Trivalent. (/) Bullous pemphygoides IgG . (Dermatitis herpetiformis) . "IgA " . : : . . . . . : : . . . :

. : . childhood Bullous pemphygoid of . . . : . . (/) . .« » . . . : : . : . : . . :

. : " C "" IgG" . Dermatitis herpetiformis . (Coeliac disease) : : (/). . . . : . ( ) : ( ) : : . . . . . IgA .

: . . : . . . . . : . .: . . diutinum Erythema .( ) (/). . . . . (Collagen disease) . . . .

: / / . ./. : . : . .( ) . . . . . . . . . . : .() . , . / : . : " ACTH " .

(/) Subcorneal pustular dermatoses . IgG , IgA . . . . : : . . () . : . (Impetigo) . . (Dermatitis herpetiformis) . IgA.(Pemphigus folacious) . (Eosinophilic spongiosis) .

(/) :(Pustular psoriasis) . . . : (Erythema multiforme) . : (Pustular bacterid) . : : . . / . A . : . . / Chronic benign pemphigus of Hailey and Hailey in. .Kandhari KC, Singh G- : ; an Indian child. Br J DermatolImmunopathological .Chorzelski T, Jablonska S, Blaszczyk Mpemphigus and investigations in the Senear Ushersyndrome (coexistence of-: ; lupus erythematosus). Br J DermatolJong MCJM, Doeglas HMG, Dijkstra JWE. ImmunohistochemicalDe

; with penicillamine pemphigus. Br J Dermatol findings in a patient-: Stanley JR, Ciaccio M et al. Epidermal antigens in pemphigus ,Parodi A-: ; a case. Br J Dermatol vegetans. Report of(/)Savin JA. The events leading to the death of patients with pemphigus and-: ; pemphigoid. Br J Dermatolaffecting prognosis in pemphigus vulgaris and Savin JA. Some factors- : ;pemphigoid. Br J Dermatolantigen Eyre RW, Stanley JR. Identification of pemphigus vulgarisextracted from normal human epidermis and comparison with pemphigus-: ; foliaceus antigen. J Clin InvestRJ et al. Pemphigus controlled by Sulphapyridine. Seah PP, Fry L, Cairns- :; Br J Dermatolcases of Barthelemy H, Frappaz A, Cambazard F et al. Treatment of nine:; pemphigus vulgaris with cyclosporin. J Am Acad DermatolArch-.Lever WF, White H. Treatment of pemphigus with corticosteroidsSpringfield: Thomas,pemphigoid with-: ; Dermatol.Lever WF, ed. Pemphigus and PemphigoidBerk MA, Lorincz AL. The treatment of bullous

prednisone- :; tetracycline and niacinamide. Arch DermatolBurton JL, Harman RRM, Peachey RDG et al. Azathioprine plus-; ii: in treatment of pemphigoid. Br Med JAM, Moncada B. Bullous pemphigoid and dermatitis herpetiformis. Eng- : ; Arch Dermatolline therapy forVenning VA, Millard PR, Wojnarowska F. Dapsone as first- :; bullous pemphigoid. Br J DermatolBart's ) Smith AN, Cram DE. A mechanobullous disease of the newborn-: ; syndrome). Arch DermatolChorzelski T, Beutner EH et al. Juvenile dermatitis ,Jablonska Sof immunofluorescence studies. Br J Dermatol herpetiformis in the light-: ; (/)Kim R, Winkelmann RK. Dermatitis herpetiformis in children. Arch- : ; Dermatolbullous dermatitisJordan RE, Bean SF, Triftshauser CT et al. Childhood-: ; herpetiformis. Arch DermatolPW. Juvenile dermatitis herpetiformis. Trans St John's Hosp Grant- : ;Dermatol Socchildhood (chronic Chorzelski TP, Jablonska S. IgA linear dermatosis of- :; bullous disease of childhood). Br J Dermatol

Adam BA, Rajagopalan K. Immunofluorescence in chronic bullous-: ; dermatosis of childhood. Australas J DermatolO Ch, Niordson A-M. Milk sensitivity in dermatitis Pock-Steen- : ; herpetiformis. Br J Dermatol: ; DermatolFaber WR, van Joost Th. Juvenile pemphigoid. Br J-acquired bullous Marsden RA, Skeete MVH, Black MM. The chronic- :; diseases of childhood. Clin Exp Dermatoldisease of Wojnarowska F, Marsden RA, Bhogal B et al. Chronic bullouschildhood, childhood cicatricial pemphigoid and linear IgA disease of-: ; adults. J Am Acad DermatolSI. Bullous eruption of systemic lupus Hall RP, Lawley TJ, Katz- : ;erythematosus. J Am Acad DermatolJacoby RA, Abraham AA. Bullous dermatosis and systemic lupus- :; -year-old boy. Arch Dermatol erythematosus in alupus(/)Olansky AJ, Briggaman RA, Gammon WR et al. Bullous systemic-: ; erythematosus. J Am Acad DermatolSneddon IB. Subcorneal pustular dermatosis. In: Rook AJ et al., eds.rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific of Dermatology Textbook- :Publications,

Burrows D, Bingham EA. Subcorneal pustular dermatosis and IgA-): (Suppl. ; gammopathy. Br J DermatolIwatsuki K, Iwase Y et al. Subcorneal pustular dermatosis with ,Tegami Heruption: demonstration of subcorneal IgA deposits and a vesiculobullous-: ; factor. Br J Dermatol leukocyte chemotactic Prurigo. «» . . . . : (Prurigo simplex) (Pruriginous dermatoses) Prurigo simplex . .(/)( ) : : :

.. (Nodular prurigo) . . . . . .( ) : . : : . . . . . (/)

. . :. : . . . .« » ( ) . : :(Besniers prurigo) .() :(Hutchinson summer prurigo) . :(chronica multiform Prurigo) . . :(Hebra prurigo) . . . . : (Prurigo mitis) . .

(/) :(Prurigo pigmentosa) . :. : . :. : (Prurigo agra) . : . . : . . : . . . . . . :: . . . . :

. . . . " " : (Atara x ) (Zyrt ec ) . . :. (/) : (mg or Depot Medrol, I.M Kenalog ) . . : :. successfullyAso, M., Miyamato T, Morimura T et al. Prurigo pigmentosa- :; treated with minocycline. Br J DermatolDermatolCotterill JA, Ryatt KS, Greenwood R. Prurigo pigmentosa. Br J-: ; Prurigo nodularis: a reappraisal.Doyle JA, Connolly SM, Hunziker N et al: ; Cutan Patholof the clinical and histological features. Jnodular prurigo withHindson C, Lawlor F, Waks H. Treatment of: ; benoxaprofen. Br J DermatolJ, Gath S, Smith EB. Prurigo - a clinical review. J Am Acad Jorizzo- :; Dermatol

hyperpigmentation, Boss JM, Matthews CNA, Peachey RDG et al. SpeckledJ Dermatol palmo-plantar punctate keratoses and childhood blistering. Br-: ; nodularis with thalidomide. ArchVan der Broek H. Treatment of prurigo-: ; Dermatol Connective tissue diseases . . : : (Collagen-vascular diseases ) . (/) : . . :(Genetic group) . :(Degenerative group) Lupus erythematosus . .

(DLE) . . PUVA : . . .. . . : : : ( ) : :. : : . (/). . . . :

(BFB) .. LE : " DLE : . LE "SLE : . (DLE) :() . . ::. .. . . Systemic lupus erythematosus . . (/) (,C C) IgA IgM IgG . :

. . . . . . DLE . SLE ( ) : : . :. : . . : : SLE : : . : (/).« » : . . : erythematosus Neonatal systemic lupus.

. SLE: . . . . . "ANA" " LE" . "SLE" / . . . . . childhood Systemic lupus erythematosus in . . . . . ."SLE " . (Casts) :

(/)."ESR " : . : . " BFP" . / . "DNA " ." ANA " . : . LE . (Inclusion bodies) " SLE " " LE" LE . . . : . " V" . : : . . . " C " " CRP" . :

. .: . "SLE" (/) " C" . () :. . : . . / : .. . . "ESR " . "ANA ". " C" " DNA " . : . . . . . . : :." SLE "

(/) :. : . DLE . .. : : :" Immuno-suppresive drugs" . .SLE . . : : . . , : .. : (/)

: . : .. : Bullous systemic lupus erythematosus. . : . " C IgM IgA IgG " . of Disorders caused by transplacental transferMaternal autoantibodies . " IgA, IgM,IgE " . IgG . . IgG . Dermatomyositis . . : .

(/). : Juvenile dermatomyositis: . : . . : : : . . . : . . . . : . : : . . : : ." ESR" .

. . " LE" . (/): Myasthenia ) .(gravis: . : : . : . . : . . : . Scleroderma . .: ( Morphea ) . .

. : . : . : Spina ) .(bifeda : . : (Guttate) : (Diffuse scleroderma) . . : (/) . : . . . . «» . :

. . . . : . . . . . . : . . . . "LE Cell". " ANA". "BFP". : :. . (/). (Isobrufen). . : . :

.( ) . . : . . . . Lichen sclerosus .( ): . . . . . . Juvenile fibromatoses. . (Fibroblasts) : . (/):

. . . . . . ( ) fibromatoses Infantile . : . . : " " . Fibrous hemartoma . .. . () Juvenile hyaline fibromatoses. : .

(/). . . . .. () . (/) pigmentation Disturbance of: . : . : . . : : . . : . :

..() : (Eumelanin) . . : (Phaeomelanin) . :(Neuromelanin) : . . . . . . ( ) : ( ) : ( ) : ( ) : ( ) : : () : (/) : . . : ( ) :

. : . . : . Vitilligo ( )(PUVA ) . : : : ( ) : : () : () : . : .. ( ) : (/). :

. : : " " . :PUVA . "PUVA " " ". " " % " " . . : " . (mg. IMDepot medrol ) : . ". : . %. . . (mg IMDepot medrol, ) . .(/)

. . . . . . . . . . . . (/) . () Albinism . . .

."Premelanosomes". : : ) ) (. (. . . . ( Piebaldism ) . . (/). . . : : (P.K.U) . :

: . . : : . (Nystagmus) . . . : (Urticaria pigmentosa) (/). : : . . : :(Carotememia ) . . "A" . . . :

: : . ( ) . : . : . : :. : . . Lentigo . . . (/) () : () : : . . :

. Q - Switched Ruby . (Resurfacing) CO . . % : ." ACTH" .. . . : .. . Fanconi's syndrome . : . : (/). :

. . ( ) : . . . Albright's syndrome: .: : . : . ( ) : .: .: . : .% % . .

. :(/) . () . . Riehl's melasma. : . . . . Negeli-Francescetti-Jadassohn syndrome. : : . . : .()

. . . Dyskeratoses congenita. : : (/) . . : . : Becker's syndrome. : . . . . Acromelanosis . . . . :

( )melanosis Heridetary universal(Carbon baby) . % « » . . (/). . . . () «» . Gaucher's disease: « » . . . . pigmentosum Xeroderma .DNA

. . Addison's disease . MSH . . % (/). " MSH ACTH " . ( Sella turcica) . : . . . . " ACTH MSH " ( ) : ( ) : Dermatosis due to physical injuries. () .

:(Actinic Injury) :. . . .. . . . . () .. . .! : (Solar Radiation) (/) . : . (%) UVA. (%) UVB "X" . (IR)

. : : .() : : . . ) : UVA .( . UVB "UVR " : . "UVR " . : (/). : . . : : .« »: . :

: . . () . : : UVA UVB . UVB . UVA . UVB . . . . (/). . : . () . .

: cell carcinoma Squamous: . : : . . . : . . . . (/) . Dermatitis Berloque . . .

. : . . . : " Dopa". . : (PUVA + ) ( ) . : (/) : .. . . .

: . (). . . . . . . (/).. . . . . Sun screens ( ) ( ) .

. . . . " SPF" . . ." UVB UVA " . " II I" "SPF" . . UV (/) . . . ( ) . . skin. J AmKligman AM. Early destructive effects of sunlight on human-: ; Acad Dermatol

Willis I. Biologic changes due to longwave,Kumakiri M, Hashimoto K-: ; J InvestDermatol.ultraviolet radiation in human skindermatosis: a light and electron microscopic Mitchell RE. Chronic solar-:; Dermatol study of the dermis. J Invested. The Aging Skin.,Sams WM. Sun induced aging. In: Gilchrest BA-:; Philadelphia: WB Saunders. Dermatologic Clinicsskin types IFitzpatrick TB. The validity and practicality of sun-reaction-: ; through VI. Arch DermatolChanges in sunburn and mechanisms of protection. J Soc.Johnson BE:; Cosm ChemPathak MA. Sunscreens: topical and systemic approaches for protection:; against harmful effects of solar radiation. J AmAcad Dermatol-simulated,Pfau RG, Hood AF, Morison WL. Photo-ageing; the role of UVB-:; UVB and PUVA. Br J Dermatolinduced aging. In: Gilchrest BA, ed. The Aging Skin. Sams WM. Sun-: ; Dermatologic Clinics .Philadelphia: WB Saunders(/)Gilchrest BA, Blog FB, Szabo G. Effect of aging and chronic sun exposure-: ; melanocytes in human skin. J InvestDermatol on

absorbers-persistent lightHull PR. Eruptive tumours on sun-exposed skin afterii:,Findlay GH;benoxaprofen. LancetRoelandts R, van Hee J, Bonamie A et al. A survey of ultraviolet:; in commercially available sun products. Int JDermatolThune P, Eeg-Larsen T. Contact and photocontact allergy in-: ; reactivity. Contact DermBasic mechanisms of photosensitization. In: Frosch PJ, Dooms- .Thune PLaChappelle LM et al., eds. CurrentTopics in Contact-: Springer-Verlag,,Goossens A:Dermatitis. Berlincontact dermatitis from Thompson G, Maibach H, Epstein J. Allergic; Dermatol sunscreen preparations complicating photodermatitis.Arch-melanoma. J Am Acad-: radiation in contact Ramsay CA. Skin responses to ultraviolet:; photodermatitis due to Fentichlor. J Invest DermatolKopf AW, Kripke ML, Stern RS. Sun and malignant-: ; DermatolFrain-Bell W. A study of oil of bergamot and its ,Zaynoun ST, Johnson BEagent: II. Factorswhich affect the phototoxic importance as a phototoxicand psoralen derivatives. Contact Derm reaction induced by bergamot oil-: ; Kligman AM. The mechanism of photoallergic contact dermatitis. J,Willis I- : ; Invest Dermatol

(/)diseases Cutaneous vascular Purpura () . . . ( ) . . . . / /: . . : ( ) . : (Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura) (/)

. . / : : : : : . . :. : . : : . : .. : . : .( ) : : . . : : . . . . .

(/) . : : (Megakaryocytes) : .(marrow Bone) . : . . . . :. . . : . . : . . ( ) : :

: : . : . . : : . . . . : : (/) . " " ) . ( : . . . . ""

:. . . . . . : (/) . : "Dermovate" . . . () .()

. . ( ) . "" . ( ) (/) . . . . : . () . () : . :

. - . . : Dysproteinaemic purpura . ( ) . (Myeloma) (/). . .( ) ( )Henoch-Schoenleine purpura . . :. . () . : :

. : (/). : . . . : .. etiology Capillaritis of unknown .: : . : . . . . :

: . . . . . ( )Itching purpura . . . (/). . : . : . . . ( ) Liichen aureus. : . ..

:. () ( )( annularis telengectoides ) Majochi's disease Purpura . : . . ( ):. Coagulation defects . . . : (/): . . C S .

. . . . . Angitis. :: () : :. . :. : : . . . . . . purpura fulminans Neonatal .: . . .

. . :(/) . . . "C" :. Infantile acute hemorrhagic edema . . . Disseminated intravascular coagulation . : . S C :: . .( )

. . . . : . . : . . (/) : .. - :. . . . of cutaneous systemic angitis Manifestations . . . . .

. . . : : (/). . . . : . : : . . : "E SR " . . " C IgG" : . . Allergic vasculitis . . . : . "ESR" .

. . . : Taieb A et al. Infantile acute hemorrhagic edema of-: ; cases. J Am Acad Dermatol. ,Legrain V, Lejean Sthe skin: a study of tenJH. Coumarin necrosis, neonatal purpura Gladston CL, Groncy P, Griffinaa-: ; Dermatol fulminans and protein C deficiency. Archpurpura fulminans: a Marciniak E, Wilson HD, Marlar RA. Neonatal; blood. Blood genetic disorder related to the absence of protein C in-: Purpura fulminans in .Powars DR, Rogers ZR, Patch MJ et alproteins C and meningococcaemia associated with acquired deficiencies of-: ; S. New Engl J Medof alloimmune neonatal thrombocytopenia. LancetEditorial. Management-; i: C, Barbagallo C, Cerri D et al. Acute hemorrhagic oedema of the Gelmetticlinical and pathogenic observations in seven cases. Pediatr :skin in infants- : ;Dermatol News- : ;Lowe LB. Cold panniculitis in children. Am J Dis Childi: ; Mann TP. Hypothermia in the newborn: a new syndrome? Lancet

-(/)Mann TP, Elliott RIK. Neonatal cold injury due to accidental exposure to-; i: cold. Lancet thenecrosis, neonatal purpura Gladston CL, Groncy P, Griffin JH. Coumarinaa- : ; fulminans and protein C deficiency. Arch DermatolC andfulminans in Powars DR, Rogers ZR, Patch MJ et al. Purpurameningococcaemia associated with acquired deficiencies of proteins-: ; S. New Engl J Meddisorders. In: Hoffbrand AV, Lewis SM eds. Hardisty RM. Platelet: chapter Oxford: Heinemann, .rd ednPostgraduate HaematologyBleeding Disorders. Investigation and Ingram GIC, Brozovic M, Slater NGP ,Management. Oxford: BlackwelldrugMichaelsson G, Petterson L, Juhlin L. Purpura caused by food and-: ; additives. Arch Dermatol,Masugzawa M et al. Drug induced chronic,Nishioka K, Katayama I- : ; (pigmented purpura. J Dermatol, (Tokyorubber in Batschvarov B, Minkov DH. Dermatitis and purpura from- :; clothing. Trans St Johns Hosp Dermatol Soc: ;Calnan CD, Peachey RDG. Allergic contact purpura. Clin All-

Roy Soc MedLeung AKC. Purpura associated with exposure to sunlight. J-: ; Drug induced chronic-:.Nishioka K, Katayama I, Masugzawa M et al;pigmented purpura. J Dermatol, (Tokyo)-:; iRemazzzi G. Bleeding in renal failure. Lancet-:; Loewenthal LJA. Itching purpura. Br J Dermatol; JournalPoller C. Disseminated intravascular coagulation. Prescribers-: (/)Ratnoff OD. The psychogenic purpuras: a review of autoerythrocytesensitisation, autosensitisation to DNA, `hysterical' and factitial bleeding-: ; the religious stigmata. Semin Haematol andManagement of alloimmune neonatal thrombocytopenia. Lancet.Editorial-:; iProblems in Cupps TR, Fauci AS. The vasculitides. In: Ryan TJ ed. Majorpp :. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, -Internal Medicine volWinkelmann RK,,Winkelmann RK. Classification of vasculitis. In: Wolff K-:eds. Vasculitis. London: Lloyd-Luke,- :; iiEditorial. Viral haemorrhagic fevers. Lancet

of Ahn YS, Harrington WJ, Simon SR et al. Danazol for the treatment- :; idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura. New Engl J MedWinkelmann RK,,Winkelmann RK. Classification of vasculitis. In: Wolff K-: eds. Vasculitis. London: Lloyd-Luke,Kantor GR, Bergfeld WF. Urticarial vasculitis. Int J Dermatol-,Berg RE:; Skin manifestations of internal diseases. . . : . : . . (/). : ) ( ). (. : :

. : . : . : . :. () . : . : . : . :( ) . (/) : . . . : : . . :

: . . . . "K" . : . .. : . Lanula : :. : : . . (/) : . (MSH) : . . Pituitary diseases

: : ) .( ( ) . : . disease Cushing's: .(MSH) :() . (/) . . . . : : h : . : . : . . . :

. : () Skin diseases of thyroid dysfunction: myxedema Pretibial) () .() . . :. : (/). TSH . .. . . Skin manifestations of adrenal dysfunction. : . : " "Addison's disease : .

. : .. : ( ) .() disease Skin manifestations of pancreatic(diabeticorum Necrobiosis lipodeca) () . . . . : . ( ) Necrobiosis Fig.lipodeca diabeticorum (Granuloma annulare) ( .. : (/) : . :

. ( ) gangrene Diabetic skin Fig: . (Lipodystrophy) . " " : . (Xanthomatoses) . : . of intestinal malabsorption syndrome Skin manifestation. : : . . (herpetiformis Dermatitis) . . : . : : .

(enterpathica Acrodermatitis) . (/). : . .. . . : . (Dermatitis herpetiformis) . "IgA" . . (Coeliac disease) . . Internal Disease.Callen JP, Jorrizo JL, eds. Dermatological Signs ofPhiladelphia: Saunders,Oral Manifestations of Systemic Disease..Jones JH, Mason DK, eds ,Philadelphia: Saunders

:nd edn. PhiladelphiaBraverman IM. Skin Signs of Systemic DiseaseSaunders,Cutaneous Aspects of .Lang PG. Pituitary disorders. In: Callen JP, ed, chapter : ,Internal Disease. London: Year Book Medical Publishers-Acanthosis nigricans, insulin .Barth JH, Ng LL, Wojanarowska F et al- : ; resistance and cutaneous virilism. Br J Dermatol(/):; Callen JP. Skin signs of internal malignancy. Austral J Dermatol-cirrhosis, Kurwa A, Waddington E. Hepato-cutaneous syndrome (juvenileDermatol allergic capillaritis of the skin, proctocolitis and arthritis). Br J-: ; hepatitis B virus infection. JMcElgunn PS. Dermatologic manifestations of-: ; Am Acad DermatolNJ, Ertel NH. Urticaria and pruritus: uncommon manifestations of Isaacs-: ;hyperthyroidism. J Allergy Clin ImmunolWinkelmann RK, Randall RV. Acanthosis nigricans and pituitary-: ; eight cases. J Am Med Assoc- :; iPituitary-dependent Cushing's disease. Br Med J,Brown Jtumours. Report of.Editorial

Skin manifestions of metabolic diseases Porphyrin disorders" "" (Co-enzyme-A) "" " . . : ( ) (/).( ) : : : (Hepatic porphyria) ( Porphyria cutanea tarda) (Acute intermittent porphria) "Variegata ": "Porphyria due to bone marrow disturbances "(Erythropoietic porphyria) (Congenital erythropoietic porphria) cutanea tarda Porphyria . ()

. : . . . . . : : . : () (/). : . . . : . Heriditary porphria cutanea tarda. : - . :..

. :. : " "porphria Acute intermittent . : . . . . .. Variagata . . .. : . - (UVL) ." - " .

: . . .. : . . . (/) : : .. . Congenital erythropoietic porphyria. : . . () ( ) . :

(/) :. . . . . . Phenylketonuria . : . .( ) .() . . . : . ( ) : .

Ochronosis & Alkaptonuria . : . . : . . .. metabolism Abnormal lipidXanthomatosis . : : Xanthelasma palpabrum . . . :Plane xanthomas . : Eruptive xanthoma (/). a. Xanthomatosis Fig.

: b. Xanthomatosis Fig. : :( Tendinious xanthomas) . :(Tuberous xanthoma ) . hyperlipoproteinemia Manifestations of: : .I . II .III .IV . V : . . .( ) . . . . .. - . - - . .

: Refsum's syndrome . . . : . : : . ( ) : . (/) . "" . / : . metabolism Abnormal amino-acids . . Alkaptinuria : " " . : . : . . :

. Homocystinuria( ) . : . . . . : " " . (/). disease Hartnup."" "" ."" "": : . . . : :. . "" :

. . (Locasalene) . Lysosomal storage diseases " "" . . " Littere - Swie disease. : . . : . :. . . . ( )Anderson's Fabry disease X . "": .

(/) . . ( ) . . Hurler syndrome & Morquio " " .GH. Recent advances in the identification of enzyme deficiencies in Elder-: ; porphyrias. Br J Dermatol theRA et al. The porphyrias. In: Scriver CR, Kappas A, Sassa S, GalbraithMetabolic Basis of Inherited Disease Beaudet AL, Sly WS et al., eds. The- :th edn. New York: McGraw-Hill, Moore MR, McColl KEL, Rimington C et al. Disorders of Porphyrin: Metabolism. New York: Plenum Medical,Grelier M et al. Prenatal exclusion of,Deybach JC, Grandchamp BGunther's disease) in a foetus at risk. ) congenital erythropoietic porphyriacongenital- :; Hum GenetNitowsky HM, Sassa S, Nakagawa A et al. Prenatal diagnosis of: ; erythropoietic porphyria. Pediatr Res

Moser AB, Chen WW et al. Ceramidase deficiency. Farber's ,Moser HWScriver CR et al., eds :lipogranulomatosis. InNew York: McGraw- .th ednThe Metabolic Basis of Inherited Disease-: Hill,(/):Barranger JA, Ginns EI. Glucogyl ceramide lipidoses: Gaucher's disease. Inth edn. Scriver CR et al., eds. The Metabolic Basis of Inherited Diseasemanifestations of Gaucher disease. Br J-: York: McGraw-Hill,NewGoldblatt J, Beighton P. Cutaneous-: ; DermatolRO, King FM. In: Hers HG, van Hoof F, eds. Lysosomes and Storage Brady: York: Academic Press, Disease. NewThree cases of Niemann-Pick.Forsythe WI, McKeown EF, Neill DW- :; disease in children. Arch Dis ChildGuthrie R, Susi A. A simple phenylalanine method for detecting; phenylketonuria in large populations of newborn infants. PediatricsIn:- :.Rosenberg LE, Scriver CR. Disorderes of amino acid metabolismBondy PK, Rosenberg LE, eds. Metabolic Control and Disease.: Saunders, Philadelphia: WB

H, eds. Inherited Niederweiser A, Curtius H-CH. In: Bickel H, Wachtel; ,Diseases of Amino Acid Metabolism. New York: Thieme Verlaghyperlipo-proteineuria Levy RI, Rifkind BM. Diagnosis and management of- :; in infants and children. Am J CardiolBasis of Goldstein JL, Brown MS. In: Scriver CR et al., eds. Metabolic- :th edn. New York: McGraw-Hill, Inherited DiseaseDermatologica.Polano MK. Xanthomatosis and hyperlipoproteinaemia-: ; Self-healing juvenile cutaneous.Pucevich MV, Lataur DL, Bale G et al-:; mucinosis. J Am Acad DermatolcutaneousBonerandi J, Andrac L, Follana J et al. Self-healing juvenile-: ; mucinosis. Ann Dermatol Venereol(/)Pucevich MV, Latour DL, Bale GF et al. Self-healing juvenile cutaneous-: ; mucinosis. J Am Acad Dermatol: ; metabolic storage diseases. J Cutan PatholGebhart W. Heritable-Mahon B, Levy HL et al. The Hartnup phenotype: mendelian,Scriver CR: ; multifactorial disease. Am J Hum Genet,transport disorder

:; iidisorders in relation to malabsorption. Br Med JWells GC. Skingluten- Ljunghall K, Tjernlund U. Dermatitis herpetiformis: effect ofrestricted and gluten-free diet on dapsone requirement and on IgA and C: ; deposits in uninvolved skin. Acta Derm Venereol; Nutritional deficiency and the skin. J Am Acad Dermatol.Miller S- : abnormal keratinization Diseases of . . . (/). : ( ) Icihyosis () . : . :

. . . : ( ) : : : . " . " : . " X " : : . : . :. :. " "" % " . .." " % ""

. . Lamellar . : (/) (quadrilateral) . . .( ) . (Ectropion) : . :. . A ("" ) . . ( ) : . .

. . - Harlequine fetus . . . .: . (/). : . " " ( )Bullous icthyosiform erythroderma. : . . .

. .( ) . (Siemen ) . : . . . . . : . (Tay ) . :. . . (/). . // , .

. Child syndrome: . . . . . . : : % - .. . . . Nermann Syndrome: "X " . . . . . . . .

. : (/). . : . . ( ) . . . . Keratosis piliaris . . : : . .

Antenna ) .(Sign keratosis Follicular( ) . . (/). : : . : : comedones Familial dyskeratotic . . . . Keratosis piliaris Decalvans. : . . .

. Keratosis piliaris atrophicans. : . . :. % % .. Acquired icthyosis (/).. . : . . . . . Pityriasis rubra piliaris

. :. . . . - : . : : . . () . : . . :. : (/). . .

. . : . . : . : . : . :. . "" . "PUVA" . Darrier's disease . : . : .(Hypertrophic type ) .(Vesiculobullous ) . (Linear type ) : . .( ) (/). : .

:(Flexural) . . . . : : . V (Cobble Stone) : . : .: . Ronds : . . : . // - () Co (/) Acrokeratosis verruciformis . . :

. .. . (Tylosis) . : . . (Mal de meleda ). : . . . . . . . .()

: (acid Salicylic) " ointment Locasalene or Diprosalic" . : : : . (Flurouracil ointment)(/). (Retinoids) syndrome Papillon - Lefevre ( ). : . . . . . (Dural) Callosities. . . . .

. " Corn " . a Callosities Fig. : :(%) (%) . . Co Acanthosis negricans. . : . (Benign) (/) . . . . : )( " Malignant type " . . (Pseudo-acanthosis)

. Keratoderma due to other diseases: . : . : (Pityriasis rubra piliaris) (/) . . : . : . . : "" . . : . . : . . . : . "Crab Yaws" " Yaws" .

. : . : . ( ) Parakeratosis of Meibeli . . : . . (/). .( ) . " Porokeratosis" : . . : . :. %. % .() . Co .

errors of Anton-Lambrecht I, Schnyder UW. Ultrastructure of inbornheterogeneities keratinisation. VI. Inherited ichthyoses-a model system for- :; in keratinisation disturbances. Arch Dermatol ForschInvestMischke D, Wild G. Polymorphic keratins in human epidermis. J-: ; DermatolArrested epidermal morphogenesis .Holbrook KA, Dale BA, Witt DR et aldisorder (restrictive in three newborn infants with a fatal genetic- :; dermopathy). J Invest DermatolFartasch M, Vigneswaran N, Diepgen TL et al. Abnormalities ofkeratinocyte maturation and differentiation in keratosis palmo-plantarisstriata. Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural study before and during-: ; etretinate therapy. Am J DermatopatholAY, Holt PJA. Severe disorders of keratinization: effects of Marks R, Finlay-: ; Tigason (etretinate). Br J Dermatol treatment with(/)Epidermal lipid barrier function and desquamation. J Invest.Elias PM- :; DermatolDavies MG, Reynolds DJ, Marks R et al. The epidermis in Refsum's diseaseheredopathia atactica polyneuritiformis). In: Marks RM, Dykes PJ, eds. The)- :Ichthyoses. Lancaster: SP Medical and Scientific Books,a;Williams ML. The ichthyoses - pathogenesis and prenatal diagnosis-: ; review of recent advances. Pediatr DermatolHickman J, Ragsdale W et al. Therapeutic activity of lactate,Buxman M

: ; treatment of ichthyosis. J Am Acad DermatolKitano Y, Yoshikawa K et al. X-linked ichthyosis and ichthyosiscomparison of their clinical features based on biochemical:Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag,-: ; ichthyosis. Br J DermatolLabbe F et al. Prenatal diagnosis of-: ; Dermatollotion in the %-,Okano M:vulgarisanalysis. Br J,Traupe H. The Ichthyoses. BerlinHazell M, Marks R. Follicular,Blanchot-Bardon C, Dumez Y :; iharlequin fetus.LancetElias S, Mazur M, Sabbagha R et al. Prenatal diagnosis of harlequin-: ; ichthyosis. Clin Genetfetus successfully treated with etretinate. Br JLawlor F, Peiris S. Harlequin- :; Dermatolharlequin Dale BA, Holbrook KA, Fleckman P et al. Heterogeneity inmorphology ichthyosis, an inborn error of epidermal keratinisation: variableJ Invest .and structural protein expression and a defect in lamellar granules-: ; Dermatolal. Abnormal maturation pathway Bernard BA, Robinson SM, Vandaele S et-: ; Dermatol of keratinocytes in psoriatic skin. Br J(/)

Weiss R, Eichner R, Sun T-T. Monoclonal antibody analysis of keratinkd keratins as molecular and expression in epidermal diseases -- :; for hyperproliferative keratinocytes. J Cell BiolGauchermarkersLui K, Commens C, Choong R et al. Collodion babies with-: ; disease. Arch Dis ChildDoria Lamba Carbonne L et al. Prenatal diagnosis ,Eady RAJ, Gunner DBerythroderma: detection of tonofilament clumps in of bullous ichthyosiform-: ; cells. J Med Genet foetal epidermal and amnioticlamellar ichthyosis and other Peck GL, Yoder FW. Treatment of; ii: retinoid.Lancet keratinising dermatoses with an oral synthetic-histologic, and cell kinetic discriminants ,Hazell M, Marks R. Clinicalnon-bullous congenital ichthyosiform between lamellar ichthyosis and- :; erythroderma. Arch Dermatolby cardiacLeys D, Petit H, Bonte-Adnet C et al. Refsum's disease revealed; i: disorders. LancetIchthyosis bullosa of Siemens and bullous .Murdoch ME, Leigh IMof the same Traupe H, Kolde G, ichthyosiform erythroderma - variantsunique type of Hamm H et al. Ichthyosis bullosa of Siemens: a.- :; epidermolytic hyperkeratosis. J Am Acad Dermatol-: ; disease? Clin Exp DermatolDJ, Clayton PT. X-linked dominant Conradinermannsyndrome presentingKalter DC, Athertoncongenital erythroderma. J Am AcadasH-: ; Dermatol

Esterly NB, Holbrook KA et al. The CHILD syndrome. ,Hebert AA-: ; ultrastructural studies. Arch Dermatol Histologic and(/)Motley RJ, Finlay AY. A patient with Tay's syndrome. Pediatr Dermatol- : ;Report of.Baden HP, Bronstein BR. Ichthyosiform dermatosis and deafness- :; a case and review of the literature. Arch Dermatolcarcinoma in Madariaga J, Fromowitz F, Phillips M et al. Squamous cell- :; congenital ichthyosis with deafness and keratitis. CancerInt J.McGrae JD. Keratitis, ichthyosis, and deafness (KID) syndromeet al. Familial occurrence of KIDCase reports of a mother and-: ; DermatolNazzaro V, Blanchet-Bardon C, Lorette G.(keratitis, ichthyosis, deafness) syndrome- :; daughter. J Am Acad Dermatoland Epstein EH, Leventhal ME. Steroid sulfatase of human leukocytesepidermis and the diagnosis of recessive X-linked ichthyosis. J Clin Invest- : ;ichthyosis in a patient with Font J, Ingelmo M, Herero C et al. Acquired : ;systemic lupus erythematosus. Arch Dermatolpilaris in childhood Gelmetti C, Schiuma AA, Cerri D et al. Pityriasis rubra- :; cases. Pediatr Dermatol - a long term study of

Wilkinson DS, :Griffiths WAD. Juvenile pityriasis rubra pilaris (type III). InMascaro JM, Orfanos CE, eds. Clinical Dermatology Berlin CMD Case-: Collection. Stuttgart: Schattauer,. -: ; rubra pilaris. Clin Exp Dermatol Griffiths WA. PityriasisVD. Pityriasis rubra pilaris: report of a Gross DA, Lindan JW, Newcomer-: ; Arch Dermatol .case and analysis of the literature(/)Hunter I, Skerrow D. The effect of increased tissue turnover on the- :; keratinization of human epidermis. Biochim Biophys ActaAm AcadDicken CH. Isotretinoin treatment of pityriasis rubra pilaris. J-: ; DermatolPityriasis rubra pilaris: epidermal cellrubra pilaris..Ralfs IG, Dawber RPR, Ryan TJ et al- :; kinetics. Br J DermatolSoeprono FF. Histologic criteria for the diagnosis of pityriasis-: ; Am J DermatopatholHarpey JP, Lafourcade J. Sj"gren-Larsson syndrome.-: ; NeurologySj"gren-Larsson syndrome in; study. Clin Genet,Guilleminault C.Report of two cases in twins.Jagell S, Gustavson KH, Holmgren GSweden. A clinical, genetic and epidemiological-:

Sj"gren-Larsson syndrome. Impaired .Rizzo WB, Dammann AL, Craft DAfibroblasts due to deficient fatty alcohol fatty alcohol oxidation in culturedoxidoreductase activity. J Clin Invest nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-: ; Lagomarsini P, Arlett CF et al. Xeroderma pigmentosum ,Stefanini Mmutation is present in patients affected by ((complementation group D-: ; photosensitivity. Hum Genet trichothiodystrophy withAcquired ichthyosis and hyperparathy-roidism. J .London RD, Lebwohl M :((; Am Acad Dermatol Panniculitis . . :(/) .. : . . ()

. . . : . : . . . . . : . : (/). : . .. : (Sclerema neonatarum) . .

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. . . . . . . : . . ."" :. : . . D . a study of:Bower RD, Jones LF, Weeks MM. Cold injury in the newborn-; i: cases. Br Med JCS et al. Subcutaneous fat necrosis Blake HA, Goyette EM, Lyter- : ;complicating hypothermia. J Pediatrsubcutaneous fatBarltrop D. Hypercalcaemia associated with neonatal-: ; necrosis. Arch Dis Child

Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn with emphasis on .Balazs M-: ; studies. Int J Dermatol ultrastructural(/)Chen TH, Shewmake SW, Hansen DD et al. Subcutaneous fat necrosis of-: ; newborn: a case report. Arch Dermatol theGarcia-Dorado J, De Unamundo P et al. Subcutaneous ,Fernandez-Lopez Eand idiopathic hypercalcemia. Dermatologica fat necrosis of the newborn-: ;Arias AM. Sclerema neonatorum and subcutaneous fat necrosisSubcutaneous fat necrosis of the-: ; Pediatr Dermatol,Fretzin DF.of the newborn.Katz DA, Huerter C, Bogard P et al- :; newborn. Arch Dermatolassociated with Michael AF, Hong R, West CD. Hypercalcaemia in infancy: ; subcutaneous fat necrosis and calcification. Am J Dis Childfat necrosis of the-Mogilner BM, Alkalay A, Nissim F et al. Subcutaneous-: ; newborn. Clin PediatrElliott RIK. Neonatal cold injury due to accidental exposure tonecrosis of the-i:,Mann TP; the cold. LancetOstwalt GC, Montes LF, Cassady G. Subcutaneous fat

-: ; newborn. J Cutan PatholBarton LL, McAlister WH. Calcified subcutaneous fat ,Shackelford GD-: ; Assoc Radiol necrosis in infancy. J CanSubcutaneous fat necrosis in an .Silverman AK, Michels EH, Rasmussen JEsurgery. J Am Acad Dermatol infant occurring after hypothermic cardiac-: ;(/) membranes Diseases of the mucous . . . . . .: . . . .

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.. ... . taste Loss of sense of:. . . . . . ( )Oral and otal manifestations as the primary symptoms in.Abraham-Inpijn L-: ; granulomatosis. J Head Neck PatholWegener'sOral manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease..Basu MK, Asquith P:() ; Clin Gastroenterolburning Browning S, Hislop S, Scully C et al. The association between- :; mouth syndrome and psychosocial disorders. Oral Surgwearing ofBudzt-Jorgensen E. Oral mucosal lesions associated with the-: ; removable dentures. J Oral PatholMandel EB, Hayes TJ et al. Minocycline staining of the oral,Berger RS-: ; Dermatolcavity. J Am Acad

-: ; OncolCotaldo E. Solar cheilitis. J Dermatol Surgmucosal disorders inDorey JL, Blasberg B, MacEntee MI et al. Oral-: ; denture wearers. J Pros Dent(/).cases with oral involvementHartman KS. Histiocytosis X. A review of-: ; Oral Surgof oral pemphigus. ActaHietanen J. Clinical and cytological features-: ; Odontol ScandSklavounou A, Stratigos J. Bullous pemphigoid, cicatricial,Laskaris GCpemphigus vulgaris: a comparative clinical survey ofpemphigoid and-:;cases. Oral Surgthe Lamey PJ, Lewis MAO, Rees TD et al. Sensitivity reaction to- :; cinnamaldehyde component of toothpaste. Br Dent Jreactions related to-James J, Ferguson MM, Forsythia A et al. Oral lichenoid:; mercury sensitivity. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surgdue to ) Kerr DA, McClarchey KD, Regezi JA. Allergic gingivostomatitis-; ; gum chewing). J PeriodontolCarmichael F, Scully C. Oral pigmentation, Addison's disease,Lamey PJ-: ; screening. Br Dent Jand results of

tongue: a clinicopathological review.Marks R, Radden BG. Geographic,- :; Aust J Dermatol:;Manton S, Scully C. Mucous membrane pemphigoid. Oral Surg-J.Nisengard RJ, Nieders M. Desquamative lesions of the gingiva-: ; Periodontolcheilitis, a review of the aetiology, Picascia DD, Robinson JK. et al. Actinic-: ; Acad Dermatol differential diagnosis and treatment. J Am-: ; cheilitis. CutisSchoenfeld RJ, Schoenfeld FI. Angular; ii: leading article). Lancet ) Scully C. Chronic atrophic candidosis-(/)Scully C. Orofacial manifestations in chronic granulomatous disease of-: ; childhood. Oral Surgand skin. In: Verbov JL, ed. New Clinical Scully C, Porter SR. The mouth. Relationships in Dermatology Vol :Applications in Dermatology-:Lancaster: MTP Press,non-specificTouyz LZG, Peters E. Candidal infection of the tongue with- :; inflammation of the palate. Oral SurgvitaminTheaker JM, Porter SR, Fleming KA. Oral epithelial dysplasia in

-: ; deficiency. Oral SurgBDG, Huggett R et al. The treatment of dentureinducedstomatitis. Br DentWalker DM, Stafford- : ;J-:; Winer LH. Black hairy tongue. Arch Derm the sweat glands Diseases of: : . : Hyperhidrosis . : : . : : .. : . (/)

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(/)Apr;Apr;DermatolOhio ,W.B. Shelly, MD,PhD, N.Y. Talanin , MD, PhD, MD ToledoBotulinum toxin therapy for palmar hyperhidrosis , J Am Acad-:; J-Am-Acad-Dermatol.Akins-DL; Meisenheimer-JL; Dobson-RLtreatment of hyperhidrosis .Tapwater iontophoresis in the -): (device..Int-J-Dermatol.Elgart-ML; :Fuchs-G Use of the Drionic): (Treatment of excess sweating of : - :() Glent-Madsen-L; Dahl-JCDepartment of Dermatology, Odense Universitythe treatment of hyperhidrosis ,review.J-Am-Acad-Dermatol.;Acta-Derm-Venereol..the palms by iontophoresis.Hospital, DenmarkStolman-LP : Efficacy of the Drionic unit in- :((Jul; Arch-Dermatol.Iontophoresis-instrumentation; Sweating- A-): Pt (Oct; be taken in infants and children when using Much care shouldacid powder, which may cause serious toxic antiperspirants especially boricsevere and reluctant hyperhidrosis and even fatal . Other measures forradiation include sympathectomy and localtheir Sato K, Kang WH, Saga K et al. Biology of sweat glands and-, -: ; disorders. J Am Acad Dermatol

WB, Hurley HJ. Studies on topical antiperspirant control of axillary Shelley-: ; hyperhidrosis. Acta Der Venereolof excessive sweating of the palms by iontophoresis. Stolman LP. Treatment- :; Arch Dermatol(/):.Botulinum toxin--a possible new treatment for axillary hyperhidrosisBushara-KO; Park-DM; Jones-JC; Schutta-HS . Department of Neurology,, USA -of Wisconsin Hospital and Clinics, Madison University-): (Jul; .Clin-Exp-Dermatolside-effects of tap water H"lzle E, Alberta N. Long term efficacy andusefulness of home iontophoresis of palmo-plantar hyperhidrosis - the-: ; therapy. DermatologicaSchoomaker EB, Rodman OG. Emotional eccrine sweating. Afor plantar hyperhidrosis. Arch-: ; Dermatol,James WDheritable disorder. ArchJuhlin L, Hansson H. Topical glutaraldehyde-: ; DermatolSA, Montgomery I, Jenkinson DM et al. Effects of topically McWilliams:; antiperspirant on sweat gland function. Br J Dermatol applieddisorder. Br J-Ebling FJG. Hidradenitis suppurativa: an androgen-dependent-: ; Dermatoltreatment of hidradenitis suppurativa with Clemmensen OJ. Topical- :: clindamycin. Int J Dermatol

apocrineMorgan WP, Hughes LE. The distribution, size and density of the- :; glands in hidradenitis suppurativa. Br J SurgMorgan WP, Leicester G. The role of depilation and deodorants in-: ; hidradenitis suppurativa. Arch DermatolAli SD, Kurtz LH. Hidradenitis suppurativa: review of the; management of the axillary lesion. J Nat Med Assoc,Mustafa EBliterature and-:pompholyx.Meneghini CL, Angelini G. Contact and microbial allergy in: ; Contact Derm(/)Oddoze L, Temime P. Dyshidrosis and atopy. Bull Soc Fr Dermatol : ; Syphiligr; DermatolMenne T, Hjorth N. Pompholyx-dyshidrotic eczema. Semin-: Fox-Fordyce disease. Arch.Kronthal HL, Pomeranz JR, Sitomer G-: ; DermatolGreenspan J, Daniels T et al. Anhidrosis (hypohidrosis) in,Mitchell J-: ; Am Acad DermatolSj"gren's syndrome. J Anhidrosis

. . .:. : (Miliaria) (Congenital ectodermal defects) (hypotension Orthostatic) (Diabetic neuropathy) (Multiple myeloma) (Thyrotoxicosis) (Myxedema) (Pemphigus): : : . : . : . . . . (/)

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. ( ). : (/) .: . Eccrine sweat gland function in the newborn.Foster KG, Hey EN, Katz GPP-:; baby. J PhysiolJ Am.Kang WH. Generalized anhidrosis associated with Fabry's disease-: ; Acad Dermatol: ; miliaria. Arch DermatolLoewenthal LJA. The pathogenesis ofpathogenesis of miliaria rubra. Role of the Holzle E, Kligman AM. The- : ;resident flora. Br J Dermatolmiliarias. NewSargent F, Slutsky HL. The natural history of the eccrine, -: ; Engl J Med-: ; neonatal pustular melanosis. CutisAuster B. Transient-: ; bacteria in anhidrosis. DermatologicaSingh G. The role of

Kawagachi H, Miyakawa K et al. Congenital sensory neuropathy- :; Arch Dermatol,Ishii N.with anhidrosis of apocrine glands Diseases . (/). . .( ) .: . . . ; glands in health and disease. Int J Dermatol Ebling FJG. Apocrine-: rd edn. W, Parakkal PF. The Structure and Function of Skin Montagna

syndromes andAcademic Press,:New York, London,Cone TE. Diagnosis and treatment: some diseases- :; conditions associated with an unusual odor. Pediatrics: Jackman PJH. Body odor - the role of skin bacteria. Semin DermatolHealth and-:Hurley HJ, Shelley WB. The Human Apocrine Sweat Gland inDisease. Springfield: Thomas, Abnormalities of sebaceous glands() ACNE () . . . (/). : .:

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. PUVA . . :Co Co : : Co :"Dermabrasion" . : : schoolchildren: no longer a Pacemaker M, Carioca JJ, Simpson NB. Acne in- :; concern for dermatologists. Br Med JJohn's HospMunro-Ash man D. Acne vulgaris in a public school. Trans St-: ; Dermatol Socexcoriates: a protective device. Clin ExpSneddon J, Sneddon I. Acne- :; DermatolCaramaschi F, Del Corne G, Favare C et al. Chloracne followingenvironmental contamination by TCDD in Seveso, Italy. Int J Epidemiol- :; ii:;Jones C, Bleehen SS. Acne induced by PUVA treatment. Br Med J(/)

; Plewig G, Fulton JE, Kligman AM. Pomade acne. Arch Dermatol- :Bhutani LK, Malhotra YK, Kandari M. Vegetable oils and acne form: ; lesions. Indian J DermatolFavare C et al. Chloracne following ,Caramaschi F, Del Corne GSeveso, Italy. Int J Epidemiol environmental contamination by TCDD in-: ; JA. In: The Acnes. London, WB Saunders,Cunliffe WJ, CotterillHolland DB et al. Isotretinoin treatment of severe ,Vahlquist A, Rollman Oconcentration of vitamin A in sebaceous acne affects the endogenous- :; glands. J Invest Dermatol; Stewart ME, Pochi PE. Antiandrogens and the skin. Int J Dermatol-:possible feature of Stankler L, Campbell AGM. Neonatal acne vulgaris: a- :; the fetal hydantoin syndrome. Br J Dermatolacetate on Ebling FJ, Thomas AK, Cooke ID et al. Effect of cyproteronehirsute hair growth, sebaceous secretion and endocrine parameters in a-: ; subject. Br J DermatolThe natural evolution of comedones into-: ; Invest Dermatol.Orentreich N, Durr NPinflammatory papules and pustules. Jof measuring sebaceous gland Ebling FJ. Hormonal control and methods- :; activiry. J Invest Dermatolacne. JKaidbev KH, Kligman AM. The pathogenesis of topical steroid

-: ; Invest DermmatolUltraviolet phototherapy and photochemotherapy.Mills OH, Kligman AM-:;of acne vulgaris. Arch Dermatoldevice. Clin ExpSneddon J, Sneddon I. Acne excoriée - a protective-: ; Dermatol(/)Cunliffe WJ, Clayden AD, Could D et al. Acne vulgaris - its aetiology and-: ; treatment. A review. Clin Exp DermatolBS, Chalker DK et al. Topical erythromycin with zinc in Feucht CL, Allen-: ; controlled study. J Am Acad Dermatol acne. A double-blindComelissen F, Cutsem J van. Synergism of the antimicrobial,Bossche HV-: ; benzoyl peroxide. Br J Dematolagents miconazole and, Jr: Lasers in medicine, New York,Goldman L, Rockwell RJBreach&GordonDufresne RG, Ratz JL et al: Carbon dioxide laser treatment of:scarring, J Dermatol Surg Oncol,Garrett ABpitted acnecarbon dioxide laser in dermatologic surgery: a Olbricht SM: use of the:J Dermatol Surg Oncol , clinically relevant update for:Curr Peobl Surg,Dixon JA: Lasers in surgery

Comparison of isotretinoin and .Greenwood R, Jones DH, Brummitt Lstudy. In: Cunliffe WJ, Miller cyproterone acetate - a clinical and laboratory- : ,A, eds. Retinoid Therapy. Lancaster: MTP Pressin acne Holland DB, Gowland G, Cunliffe WJ. Inflammatory responses; -cis-retinoic acid (isotretinoin). Br J Dermatolpatients treated withdiscontinuation ofTherapy.(/)- :Dai WS, Hsu M-A, Itri LM. Safety of pregnancy after- :; isotretinoin. Arch DermatolCunliffe WJ, Miller AJ. In: Cunliffe WJ, Miller A, eds. RetinoidLancaster: MTP Press,-: ; North AmOlsen TG. Therapy of acne. Med ClinCunliffe WJ, Forster RA, Greenwood ND et al. Tetracycline and acne- :; iva clinical and laboratory investigation. Br Med J :vulgarisstrategyDermatolGreenwood R, Burke B, Cunliffe WJ. Evaluation of a therapeuticfor the treatment of acne vulgaris with conventional therapy. Br J-: ; trimethoprim versus Cibson JR, Darley CR, Harvey SG et al. Oralvulgaris. Br J oxytetracycline in the treatment of inflammatory acne-: ; Dermatolminocycline therapy in tetracycline recalcitrant acne Cullen SI. Low dose- :B; vulgaris. Cutis

treatmentMedicalHarrison PV. A comparison of doxycyline and minocycline in the- :; of acne vulgacis. Clin Exp DermatolOrentreich N, Durr NP. In: Frank SB, ed. Acne. New York: YorkeBooks,scarring. Dermatol ClinImplantation of collagen for depressedand acne. JOrentreich N, Durr NP. Rehabilitation of acne-): (; ; .Stegman SJ, Tromovitch TA- : ;scars. ] Dermatol Surg OncolDowning DT, Stewart ME, Wertz PW et al. Essential fatty acids-: ; Am Acad Drmatol-; i: Pathogenesis of acne. Lancet.Cunliffe WJ, Shuster SCunliffe WJ. An analysis of sebum excretion rate, ,Cove JH, Holland KTproduction rate of free fatty acids on human bacterial population and the- :; skin. Br J Dermatolinvestigations on the(/)JA, Cunliffe WJ, Williamson B et al. Further Cotterill-; ii: pathogenesis of acne. Br Med JBurton JL, Shuster S. The relationship between seborrhoea and acne-l: ; BrJ.Dermatol .vulgariswomen with acne have. MostBunker CB, Newton JA, Kilbom J et a

with- :; polycystic ovaries. Br J DermatolBeveridge GW, Powell EW. Sebum changes in acne vulgaris treated-: ; tetracycline. Br J DermatolJ, Osbome RH. The production of inflammatory Allaker RP, Greenmanacnes and other skin organisms. Br J compounds by Propionibacterium-: ; llDermatolS, Wyatt E, Cunliffe WJ. Genetic control of sebum excretion and Walton-: ; study. Br J Dermatol acne. A twinet al. Isotretinoin treatment of severe Vahlquist A, Rollman O, Holland DBconcentration of vitamin A in sebaceous acne affects the endogenous- :; glands. J Invest DermatolpilosebaceousHughes BR, Cuntiffe WJ. The effect of isotretinoin on the :; duct in patients with acne. Br J Dermatol… Hair Diseases of. . ( ) : " . . ". : :

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Management. Baran R, Dawber RPR, eds. Diseases of the Nail and their- ,; chapter Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications,Ltd,Baran R, Barth J, Dawber RPR, eds. Nail Disorders. London: Dunitz-: Dermatol SyphiligrColomb D. Antimalarial nails pigmentation. Bull Soc Fr-: ; -) (; Dermatologic Clinics:Daniel CR, ed. Paronychia. Inabnormalities. In: Scher RK, Daniel CR, eds. Daniel CR. Pigmentation: Philadelphia: WB Saunders Co, .Nails: Therapy, Diagnosis, Surgery-EKM et al. Shedding of the nails apparently Eastwood JB, Curtin JR, Smithanephric cephoridine and cloxacillin in induced by large amounts of-:; patients. Br J Dermatoltetracycline.Franks SB, Coton HJ, Mirkin W. Photo-onycholysis due to: ; Arch Dermatol-: ; and psoriasis. Br J DermatolGanor S. Chronic paronychia-: ; human nail. Curr Probl DermatolRunne U, Orfanos CE. The: rd edn. London: Heinemann, DiseaseSamman PD. The Nails in-: ; infancy. PediatricsTurano AF. Beau's lines in

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Tattoo : (Co ) : Hirsuitism : . HirsuitismFig.Angiofibroma of lips : . Angiofibroma of lipsFig warts of the knee scar Acne Fig.Angiofibroma : laser removed by COAngiofibroma .Fig.laser removed by CO( ) Acne scar Fig.laser treated by CO: " CO " : . . (/) .. : " Ephelides" - :

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. . . . : . ) " Muperacin Pufexamac " ( . "Vigilion" "" . . " Droxaryl Pufexamac Parfenac " . : . (Oileatum) . . . ." Dove Alpha Keri " : . . :Ablation. :. :Divergence(/)

:Chomophore.( () ). :. ( ) .( = ) :.( ) :Power.( / ) :Power Density. :Excitation (Fiberoptic) . : . . :( ) " gaussian" :Temoo. . :Tem. :Argon. :. :Collimation. Coherent : . . . : : Gaussian .. : Mode Gordon , ,Goldman L, Rockwell RJ Jr: Lasers in medicine, New York

Breach &(/):Polanyi TG : Laser physics, Otolaryngol Clin North AmH ,Anderson RR: Photodynamic therapy in dermatology: recent Lui:Dermatol C LIN ,developmentphotothermolysis :Precise microsurgery Anderson RR, Parrish JA:Selective:radiation, Science by selective absorption of pulsedPenetration of epidermis byablation: effect, :Medlesions in children,:Everett MA, Yeargers E, Sayre RM et al: ultraviolet rays, Photochem Photobiollaser tissue Walsh JT Jr, Flotte TH, Anderson RR et al : Cof tissue type and pulse uration on thermal damage, Lasers SurgHobby LW:Argon laser treatment of superficial vascular(suppl): Lasers Surg MedLL, Tan OT: The Treatment of portwine stains by the Garden JM. Pollaof pulse duration and long-term therapy, Arch pulsed dye laser: analysis: DermatolcutaneousMaser MR, Apfelberg DB, Lash H: Argon laser treatment of:vascular lesions ,West J Mednm) treatment of Garden J et al:Tunable dye laser ( ,Moreilli JG, Tan OT:Surg Medportwine stains, Laser

of port-wineNM for the tratment Tan OT,Morrison P, Kurban AK:: atains, Plast Reconstr SurgLaser treatment of tattoos: a preliminary survey of threetattoos by carbon dioxide laser, J(/):experience , JAMA:Goldman L et alyears' clinicalBeacon JP, E llis H :Surgical removal of:Dermatol Surg OncolJS, Smaoller BR, Stern Rset al; Low-flunce carbon dioxide laser Dover:lentigenes, Arch Dermatol irradiation ofLevine V,Geronemus R : Tattoo removal with Q-switched ruy laser and the, :Nd:YAG laser: a comparative study , Lasers Surg Med Suppl(abstract)port-wine stains Golman MP, Fitzpatick RE, Ruiz-Esparza J: Treatment oflaser, J (Capillary malformation) with the flashlamp-pumped pulsed dye:Pediatrfate of melanosomes in humanSzabo G et al:Racial differences in the:epidermis: NatureFlott,T, Michaud N et al: Q-switched ruby laser (QSRL) ,Taylor CRpigmented lesions: dermal vs., epidermal , Lasers Surg irradiation of benign(abstract) , :Med SupplQ- DeCoste SD, A nderson RR: Comparison of Q-switched ruby andswitched Nd:YAG: Laser treatment of tattoos, Lasers, Surg Med Suppl

(abstract) , :discussion Page number in bold face indicates the mainnotes Paragraphs in italic type indicate the authors(/)