<strong>Sexuality</strong> in Late Lombard Italy 271111234222567222891011123222456789202221234567893011112343567894011112322219. For example, see the critique of Goffart’s view by Hans-Hubert Anton, “OrigoGentis—Volksgeschichte. Zur Ausieriandersetzung mit Walter Goffarts Werk ‘TheNarrators of Barbarian History,’” in Historiographie, eds Scharer and Scheibelreiter,263–307 and the very effective restatement of views in the preface to the paperbackedition of Walter Goffart, The Narrators of Barbarian History (A.D. 500–800) (NotreDame: University of Notre Dame Press, 2005), ix–xxxiv.20. Foulke, History, 235: Theodorus archiepiscopus peccantium iudicia, quantis scilicetannis pro unoquoque peccato quis poenitere debeat, mirabili et discreta considerationedescripsit (Bethmann and Waitz, Historia, 154).21. Frantzen, Before the Closet; Payer, Sex and the Penitentials, 60–2; James A. Brundage,Law, Sex and Christian Society in <strong>Medieval</strong> Europe (Chicago IL: University ofChicago Press, 1987), 164–5. There is a convenient English translation in McNeilland Gamer, <strong>Medieval</strong> Handbooks, 179–215. For the considerable textual problemsand further references see Thomas Charles-Edwards, “The Penitentials of Theodoreand the Iudicia Theodorici,” in Lapidge, Archbishop Theodore, 141–74.22. The length of his stay in Francia is disputed: see the texts referred to in note 5 above.Paolo Diacono, Storia dei Longobardi, ed. and trans., Lidia Capo (Milano: FondazioneValla, 1992), 551, also argues that Paul had read the text.23. David Ganz, Review in Speculum 71 (1996), 969–71.24. Famously Benedict Biscop, Wilfrid, Wilibald and Boniface. Janet L. Nelson,“Viaggiatori, pellegrini e vie commerciali,” and J. Mitchell, “L’Italia e l’Inghilterraanglosassone,” both in Il futuro dei Longobardi. L’Italia e la costruzione dell’Europeadi Carlo Magno, Catalogo eds. Carlo Bertelli and Gian Pietro Brogiolo (Milan: Skira,2000), 163–72, 402–13.25. Eddius Stephanus, Life of Wilfrid, trans. J. F. Webb and David H. Farmer(Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1983), 133–4. For Wilfrid’s own travels to Italy see AllanThacker, “Wilfrid,” Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford, 2004), accessedat www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/29409.26. Michael Tangl, ed., Die Briefe des heiligen Bonifatius und Lullus, MGH Epistolaeselectae In usum scholarum, 1 (Berlin, 1916); Ephraim Emerton, trans., The Lettersof St Boniface (New York: Columbia University Press, 2000), with a new introductionby Thomas F. X. Noble (originally published 1940). The chapter on “Sex andMarriage” in Christine Fell, Women in Anglo-Saxon England (London: BritishMuseum, 1984), 56–73, is still very useful. For recent work on Boniface see: JamesPalmer, “The ‘Vigorous Rule’ of Bishop Lull: Between Bonifatian Mission andCarolingian Church Control,” Early <strong>Medieval</strong> Europe 13 (2005), 249–76.27. Emerton, Boniface, Letter LVII [Tangl 73], 102–8.28. Thomas F. X. Noble, The Republic of St Peter: The Birth of the Papal State 680–825(Philadelphia PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1984), 27.29. Willibald, Life of St Boniface, trans. C. H. Talbot, in Soldiers of Christ: Saints andSaints’ Lives from Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, ed. Thomas F. X. Noble andThomas Head (London: Sheed & Ward, 1995), 107–40, here at pp. 120–1, 130.30. Robert Meens, “The Frequency and Nature of Early <strong>Medieval</strong> Penance,” in HandlingSin: Confession in the Middle Ages, ed. Peter Biller and Alastair Minns (York: York<strong>Medieval</strong> Press, 1998), 35–61; Guy Halsall, “Material Culture, Sex, Gender andTransgression in Sixth-Century Gaul: Some Reflections in the Light of RecentArchaeological Debate,” in Indecent Exposure, ed. Lynne Bevan (Edinburgh: Cruithne
28 Ross BalzarettiPress, 2001), 130–46; Nancy F. Partner, “No Sex, No Gender,” Speculum 68 (1993),419–44; Danuta Shanzer, “History, Romance, Love, and Sex in Gregory of Tours’Decem Libri Historiarum,” in Gregory of Tours, ed. Kathleen Mitchell and Ian N.Wood (Leiden: Brill, 2002), 395–418; Mayke de Jong, “To the Limits of Kinship:Anti-incest Legislation in the Early <strong>Medieval</strong> West (500–900),” in Bremmer, FromSappho to De Sade, 36–59; Ian N. Wood, “Incest, law and the Bible in sixth-centuryGaul,” Early <strong>Medieval</strong> Europe 7.3 (1998), 293–303.31. Vern L. Bullough and James A. Brundage, Sexual Practices and the <strong>Medieval</strong> Church(Buffalo NY: Prometheus Books, 1982); James A. Brundage, “<strong>Sexuality</strong>,” in <strong>Medieval</strong>Italy. An Encyclopedia, ed. Christopher Kleinhenz (New York: Routledge, 2003), 2,1024–7; Brundage, Law, Sex and Christian Society.32. Shanzer, “History, Romance.”33. Marios Costambeys, “The Monastic Environment of Paul the Deacon,” in Chiesa,Paolo Diacono, 127–38.34. Foulke, History, 306.35. Karras, <strong>Sexuality</strong>, 43.36. Bethmann and Waitz, Historia, 157–8; Foulke, History, 241–2; Capo, Storia, 557–9.37. Bethmann and Waitz, Historia, 158.38. Bethmann and Waitz, Historia, 160: unum puteum de testiculis impleam clericorum.Foulke, History, 248, “the members of churchmen.”39. HL 5.6; Foulke, History, 219.40. Nick Everett, Literacy in Lombard Italy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,2003), 245, n. 38, calls this “an odd story” and “a somewhat strange and distastefulexchange.” But it is surely not so odd that an anti-hero such as the godless Alahisshould behave in this way? Everett also argues that a surviving inscription dealingwith a chaste Thomas refers to the same person, which, if it is this man, is certainlythought-provoking.41. Skinner, Women, Chapter 4.42. fuit autem vir elegans et omni bonitate conspicuous audaxque bellator.43. Rex Cuningpertus sublimatus tempore moderno rector fortis et piissimus, devotus fidemchristianam colere, ecclesiarum ditator et opifex, verse 4, Carmen de Synodo Ticinensi,in Monumenta Germaniae Historica. Scriptores Rerum Langobardorum, eds LudwigBethmann and Georg Waitz (Hannover, 1878), 189–91, here at 190; Everett, Literacy,245–7; Paul Lehmann, “Stefanus magister?” Deutsches Archiv XIV (1958), 469–71.44. Foulke, History, 240–1. Capo, Storia.45. Everett, Literacy, 254–56.46. HL 2.28, Foulke, History, 81.47. Translated by Everett, Literacy, 257.48. Emerton, Boniface, 103–4, modified translation.49. Goffart, Narrators, 418.50. Rosamond McKitterick, “Paul the Deacon and the Franks,” Early <strong>Medieval</strong> Europe8 (1999), 319–39 and her History and Memory in the Carolingian World (Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 2004), Chapter 3. For Charlemagne see: Nelson, “Womenat the court of Charlemagne.”51. Bethmann and Waitz, Historia, 172–3; Capo, Storia, 326–9, 576–7.52. Foulke, History, 267; Everett, Literacy, 111.53. Argait’s name is spelled variously but not arga.
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